Further reading on intake fractions

The text on this page is taken from an equivalent page of the IEHIAS-project.

A number of studies have been done using intake fraction. These provide a comprehensive view of how to apply the intake fraction methodology and for which purposes it can be used. The majority of the studies are summarised in the following table with the full references provided at the end of the page.

Sources	Pollutant	Media	Pathway	Method	Reference
Power plants	Primary and secondary PM	Air	Inhalation	CALPUFF dispersion model	Levy et al. 2003
Power plants	Fine PM, sulfur dioxide, sulfate, nitrate	Air	Inhalation	CALPUFF dispersion model	Zhou et al. 2003
Power plants	Primary and secondary PM	Air	Inhalation	CALPUFF dispersion model	Li et al. 2003
General air, 180 source samplesn	SO2, SO42-	Air	Inhalation	CALPUFF dispersion model	Hao et al. 2003
Power plants	Primary fine PM, SO2, sulfate, nitrate	Air	Inhalation	CALPUFF dispersion model	Zhou et al. 2006
Electricity production	Primary pollutants (CO, PM2.5)	Air	Inhalation	Gaussian plume dispersion model	Heath et al. 2006
Traffic	acetaldehyde, PM<subu>2.5	Air	Inhalation	Gaussian plume dispersion model	---
Dry cleaners	Perchloroethylene	Air	Inhalation	Gaussian plume dispersion model	Evans et al. 2000
Air emissions (traffic, line and point sources, indoor air)	Primary pollutants	Air	Inhalation	Gaussian plume dispersion model, box models	Lai et al. 2000
Industry	TSP, SO2	Air	Inhalation	Dispersion model ISTLT3	Wang et al. 2006
Power plants, mobile sources	PM2.5, secondary sulfate and nitrate particles	Air	Inhalation	CALPUFF dispersion model and regression	Levy et al. 2002
Vehicle (self-pollution)	Primary pollutants	Air	Inhalation	Tracer gases (measured concentrations)	Marshall and Behrentz 2005
Motor vehicle (outdoor, indoor and in-vehicle)	Primary pollutants (CO; Benzene)	Air	Inhalation	Tracer gases (measured concentrations)	Marshall et al. 2003
Motor vehicle	Primary pollutants	Air	Inhalation	one-compartment steady-state mass-balance model, empirical emission-to-concentration relationship and model results from National-scale air toxics assessment	Marshall et al. 2005
Episodic indoor sources (cooking, cleaning, smoking)	Acrolein Ethylbenzene o-Cresol	Air	Inhalation	Mathematical models supported by empirical data	Nazaroff 2008
Power plants, vehicles, neighbourhood sources, stoves vented indoors and outdoors, ETS and cigarette smoke	PM	Air	Inhalation	Mathematical models	Smith 1993
Oil refinery	Particles, SO2 and benzene	Air	Inhalation	Gaussian-plume model (ISCLT2)	Phonboon 1996
Power plants, mobile sources	PM2.5, SO2, NOx	Air	Inhalation	CALPUFF	Wolff 2000
Mobile sources	PM2.5, SO2, NOx	Air	Inhalation	S-R matrix	Greco et al. 2007
Smoking indoors	Secondhand tobacco smoke (particles, CO, nicotine)	Air	Inhalation	Mathematical simulation model	Klepeis and Nazaroff 2006
Power plants	S=2, NOx, PM10	Air	Inhalation	CALMET/CALPUFF	Hao et al. 2007
Greenhouse tomatoes	Pesticides (Captan)	Food	Ingestion	Mathematical fate-exposure models and empirical measurements	Juraske et al. 2007
Indoor sources	VOC’s	Air	Inhalation	Mathematical simulation model	Ilacqua et al. 2007
Mobile sources	PM2.5, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate	Air	Inhalation	Steady-state box model, dynamic box model, regression model, particle composition method, dispersion model	Stevens et al. 2007
Power plants	PM2.5, NOx, formaldehyde	Air	Inhalation	Gaussian plume modelling with GIS-method	Heath and Nazaroff 2007
Traffic	CO, PM2.5, NO, NO2	Air	Inhalation	Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM)	Zhou and Levy 2008
Mobile vehicles	Nonreactive pollutants (CO)	Air	Inhalation	Mathematical models supported by monitoring data	Luo et al 2010
Cooking	PM	Air	Inhalation	Mathematical model with emission measurements	Zhang et al. 2010
Fruit and vegetables	Pesticides	Food	Ingestion	Mathematical fate modelling	Juraske et al. 2009a
General air emissions	benzo(a)pyrene, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, benzene, carbon tetrachloride	Air, water, sediment, vegation	Inhalation, ingestion	IMPACT North America model	Humbert et al. 2009
Urban winter wood smoke	PM2.5, evoglucosan	Air	Inhalation	Spatiotemporal statistical models with empirical data	Ries et al. 2009
Airports	benzene, 1,3-butadiene, benzo [a]pyrene	Air	Inhalation	AERMOD dispersion model	Zhou and Levy 2009
General air emissions	PM2.5	Air	Inhalation	Regional-scale dispersion model SILAM.	Tainio et al. 2009
Tomatoes	Imidacloprid	Food	Ingestion	Two plant uptake models, with pesticide deposition model and a dynamic root uptake and translocation	Juraske et al. 2009b
Traffic (diesel vehicles)	EC, PM2.5	Air	Inhalation	CALINE4 model	Wu et al. 2009
Local vehicular traffic	Benzene	Air	Inhalation	EXPAND model, mathematical model based on measurement data and one-compartment box model	Loh et al. 2009
Motor vehicles	NO2, CO	Air	Inhalation	Box model, one compartment model and approximately calculation with IMMPROG2000 gaussian plumemodel.	Carella and Mudu 2009
General	308 organic chemicals	Air, water, food, soil	Inhalation, ingestion	CalTOX multimedia model	Bennett et al. 2002b
General air emissions	PCDD/F	Air, water, food, soil	Ingestion	IMPACT 2002 multimedia model	Margni et al. 2004
General	PCDD/Fs, PCBs	Air, water, food, soil	Inhalation, ingestion	Empirical model and multimedia model with food-chain exposure model	Hirai et al. 2004
General	SVOCs (benzo(a)pyrene, fluoranthene, and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin)	Air, water, food, soil	Ingestion	CalTOX multimedia model with Monte-Carlo simulations	Lobscheid et al. 2004
General air emissions	benzene, carbon tetrachloride, benzo[a]pyrene and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo dioxin	Air, water, food, soil	Inhalation, ingestion	Berkeley-Trent (BETR) North American contaminant fate multimedia model	MacLeod et al. 2004
General	3393 substances	Air, water, food, soil	Inhalation, ingestion	USES-LCA fate and exposure model	Huijbregts et al. 2005a
General	365 substances	Air, water, soil	Inhalation, ingestion	CalTOX and USES-LCA	Huijbregts et al. 2005b
General air emissions	Arsenic, cadmium, chromium, mercury, nickel, lead	Air, water, food	Inhalation, ingestion	Uniform world model (multimedia)	Spadaro and Rabl 2004

References

• Bennett, D.H.; Margni, M.D.; McKone, T.E.; Jolliet, O. (2002). Intake fractions for multimedia pollutants: A tool for life cycle analysis and comparative risk assessment. Risk Analysis 22, 905-918.
• Carella, B.; Mudu, P. (2009). Exposure to Air Pollution: An Intake Fraction Application in Turin Province, Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health 64, 156-163.
• Evans, J.S.; Thompson, K.M.; Hattis, D. (2000). Exposure efficiency: Concept and application to perchloroethylene exposure from dry cleaners, Journal of Air & Waste Management Association 50, 1700-1703.
• Greco, S.L.; Wilson, A.M.; Spengler, J.D.; Levy, J.I. (2007). Spatial patterns of mobile source particulate matter emissions-to-exposure relationships across the United States, Atmospheric Environment 41, 1011-1025.
• Hao, J.; Wang, L.; Shen, M.; Li, L.; Hu, J. (2007). Air quality impacts of power plant emissions in Beijing, Enivronmental Pollution 147, 401-408.
• Heath, G.A.; Granvold, P.W.; Hoats, A.S.; Nazaroff, W.W. (2006). Intake fraction assessment of the air pollutant exposure implications of a shift toward distributed electricity generation, Atmospheric Environment 40, 7164–7177.
• Heath, G.A.; Nazaroff, W.W. (2007). Intake-to-delivered-energy ratios for central station and distributed electricity generation in California, Atmospheric Environment 41, 9159-9172.
• Hirai, Y.; Sakai. S.I.; Watanabe, N.; Takatsuki, H. (2004). Congener-specific intake fractions for PCDDs/DFs and Co-PCBs: modeling and validation, Chemosphere 54, 1383–1400.
• Huijbregts, M.A.J.; Struijs, J.; Goedkoop, M.; Heijungs, R.; Hendriks, A.J.; van de Meent, D. (2005a). Human population intake fractions and environmental fate factors of toxic pollutants in life cycle impact assessment, Chemosphere 61, 1495–1504.
• Huijbregts, M.A.J.; Geelen, L.M.J.; Hertwich, E.G.; McKone, T.E.; van de Meent, D. (2005b). A comparison between the multimedia fate and exposure models CalTOX and uniform system for evaluation of substances adapted for life-cycle assessment based on the population intake fraction of toxic pollutants, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24, 486-493.
• Humbert, S.; Manneh, R.; Shaked, S.; Wannaz, C.; Horvath, A.; Deschênes, L.; Jolliet, O.; Margni, M. (2009). Assessing regional intake fractions in North America, Science of the Total Environment 407, 4812–4820.
• Ilacqua, V.; Hänninen, O.; Kuenzli, N.; Jantunen, M. (2007). Intake fraction distributions for indoor VOC sources in five European cities, Indoor Air 17, 372-383.
• Juraske, R.; Anto´n, A.; Castells, F.; Huijbregts, M.A.J. (2007). Human intake fractions of pesticides via greenhouse tomato consumption: Comparing model estimates with measurements for Captan, Chemosphere 67, 1102-1107.
• Juraske, R.; Mutel, C.L.; Stoessel, F.; Hellweg, S. (2009a). Life cycle human toxicity assessment of pesticides: Comparing fruit and vegetable diets in Switzerland and the United States, Chemosphere 77, 939-945.
• Juraske, R.; Castell, F.; Vijay, A.; Mu˜noz, P.; Antón, A. (2009b). Uptake and persistence of pesticides in plants: Measurements and model estimates for imidacloprid after foliar and soil application, Journal of Hazardous Materials 165, 683–689.
• Klepeis, N.E.; Nazaroff, W.W. (2006). Modeling residential exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke, Atmospheric Environment 40 (2006) 4393–4407.
• Lai, A.C.K.; Thatcher, T.L.; Nazaroff, W.W. (2000). Inhalation transfer factors for air pollution health risk assessment, Journal of Air & Waste Management Association 50, 1688-1699.
• Levy, J.I.; Wolff, S.K.; Evans, J.S. (2002). A regression-based approach for estimating primary and secondary particulate matter intake fractions, Risk Analysis 22, 895-904.
• Levy, J.I.; Wilson, A.M.; Evans, J.S.; Spengler, J.D. (2003). Estimation of primary and secondary particulate matter intake fractions for power plants in Georgia, Eviron. Aci. Technol. 37, 5528-5536.
• Li, J.; Hao, J.M. (2003). Application of intake fraction to population exposure estimates in Hunan Province of China, Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A – Toxic/hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering 38, 1041-1054.
• Lobscheid, A.B.; Maddalena, R.L.; Mckone, T.E. (2004). Contribution of locally grown foods in cumulative exposure assessments. J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 14, 60-73.
• Loh, M.M.; Soares, J.; Karppinen, A.; Kukkonen, J.; Kangas, L.; Riikonen, K.; Kousa, A.; Asikainen, A.; Jantunen, M.J. (2009). Intake fraction distributions for benzene from vehicles in the Helsinki metropolitan area, Atmospheric Environment 43, 301–310.
• MacLeod, M.; Bennett, D.H.; Perem, M.; Maddalena, R; McKone, T.; Mackay, D. (2004). Dependence of intake fraction on release location in a multimedia framework: A case study of four contaminants in North America, J. Indus. Ecol. 8 (3), 89-102.
• Margni, M.; Pennington, D.W.; Amman, C.; Jolliet, O. (2004). Evaluating multimedia/multipathway model intake fraction estimates using POP emission and monitoring data, Environmental Pollution 128, 263–277.
• Marshall, J.D.; Behrentz (2005). Vehicle self-pollution intake fraction: Children’s exposure to school bus emissions, Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 2559-2563.
• Marshall, J.D.; Riley, W.J.; McKone, T.E.; Nazaroff, W.W. (2003). Intake fraction of primary pollutants: motor vehicle emissions in the South Coast Air Basin, Atmospheric Environment 37, 3455–3468.
• Marahall, J.D. Teoh, S.K.; Nazaroff, W.W. (2005). Intake fraction of nonreactive vehicle emissions in US urban areas, Atmospheric Environment 39, 1363–1371.
• Nazaroff, W.W. (2008). Inhalation intake fraction of pollutants from episodic indoor emissions, Building and Environment, Building and Environment 43, 269-277.
• Nigge, K-M. (2001). Generic spatial classes for human health impacts, part I: Methodology, Internation Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 6, 1-8.
• Phonboon, K., (1996). Risk Assessment of Environmental Effects in Developing Countries, Doctoral Thesis, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachussetts
• Ries, F.J.; Marshall, J.D.; Brauer, M. (2009). Intake Fraction of Urban Wood Smoke, Environ. Sci. Technol. 43, 4701–4706.
• Smith, K.R. (1993). Fuel combustion, air pollution exposure, and health: The situation in developing countries, Annual reviews of Energy and Environment 18, 529-566.
• Spadaro, J.V.; Rabl, A. (2004). Pathway Analysis for Population-Total Health Impacts of Toxic Metal Emissions, Risk Analysis 24, 1121-1141.
• Stevens, G.; de Foy, B.; West, J.J.; Levy, J.I. (2007). Developing intake fraction estimates with limited data: Comparison of methods in Mexico City, Atmospheric Environment 41, 3672-3683.
• Tainio, M.; Sofiev, M.; Hujo, M.; Tuomisto, J.T.; Loh, M.; Jantunen, M.J.; Karppinen, A.; Kangas, L.; Karvosenoja, N.; Kupiainen, K.; Porvari, P.; Kukkonen, J. (2009). Evaluation of the European population intake fractions for European and Finnish anthropogenic primary fine particulate matter emissions, Atmospheric Environment 43, 3052–3059.
• Wang, S.; Hao, J.; Ho, M.S.; Li, J.; Lu, Y. (2006). Intake fractions of industrial air pollutants in China: Estimation and application, Science of the Total Environment 354, 127– 141.
• Wolff, S.K., 2000. Evaluation of fine particle exposures, health risks and control options, Doctoral Thesis, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health
• Wu, J.; Houston, D.; Lurmann, F.; Ong, P.; Winer, A. (2009). Exposure of PM2.5 and EC from diesel and gasoline vehicles in communities near the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, California, Atmospheric Environment 43, 962–1971.
• Zhang, Q.; Gangupomu, R.H.; Ramirez, D.; Zhu, Y. (2010). Measurement of Ultrafine Particles and Other Air Pollutants Emitted by Cooking Activities, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 7, 1744-1759
• Zhou, Y.; Levy, J.I.; Hammitt, J.K.; Evans, J.S. (2003). Estimating population exposure to power plant emissions using CALPUFF: a case study in Beijing, China, Atmospheric Environment 37, 815–826.
• Zhou, Y.; Levy, J.I.; Evans, J.S.; Hammitt, J.K. (2006). The influence of geographic location on population exposure to emissions from power plants throughout China, Environment International 32, 365 – 373.
• Zhou, Y.; Levy, J.I. (2008). The impact of urban street canyons on population exposure to traffic-related primary pollutants, Atmospheric Environment 42, 3087-3098.
• Zhou, Y.; Levy, J.I (2009). Between-airport heterogeneity in air toxics emissions associated with individual cancer risk thresholds and population risks, Environmental Health 8