Building stock in Kuopio

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Question

What is the building stock volume in Kuopio (previous, now and in the future)? What are emissions, exposures, and health impacts of heating of buildings in Kuopio? What are the impacts of two key policies:

Changing fuel from peat to wood in the major CHP power pland Haapaniemi.
Changing renovation of buildings to either more energy efficient (for each renovated building) or more active (more buildings renovated).

Answer

For building stock results, see Climate change policies and health in Kuopio.

Rationale

Building stock

Building registry data(#,m2,m3,#)
Obs	Building	Constructed	Number	AreaBR	VolumeBR	AreaHR	VolumeHR	Description
1	Detached houses	2000-2010	756	386081	1633314	101479.9	324433.4	From building registry, except AreaHR and VolumeHR from heat registry
2	Detached houses	1990-1999	291	69238	244161	39061.7	124881.1
3	Detached houses	1980-1989	1332	436466	1578407	178797.9	571620.7
4	Detached houses	1970-1979	1153	533914	2135897	154770.3	494803.8
5	Detached houses	1960-1969	714	239478	825910	95842.12	306409.3
6	Detached houses	1950-1959	769	129148	400137	103224.9	330012.2
7	Detached houses	1940-1949	444	59420	199806	59599.3	190540.2
8	Detached houses	1930-1939	231	29492	117817	31007.75	991332.4
9	Detached houses	1920-1929	182	52362	209142	24430.34	78104.3
10	Detached houses	1910-1919	83	17141	63287	11141.31	35619.0
11	Detached houses	1900-1909	364	8583	26697	48860.69	156208.7
12	Detached houses	1799-1899	80	21416	90078	10738.61	34331.57
13	Row houses	2000-2010	35	4885	14776	14073.89	44638.6
14	Row houses	1990-1999	131	44673	155291	52676.57	167076
15	Row houses	1980-1989	215	53238	167371	86453.91	274208.7
16	Row houses	1970-1979	248	112504	388698	99723.58	316296.5
17	Row houses	1960-1969	169	59354	218500	67956.79	215540.8
18	Row houses	1950-1959	149	51992	181039	59914.57	190033
19	Row houses	1940-1949	150	24266	79655	60316.88	191308.4
20	Row houses	1930-1939	18	2109	6769	7238.002	22957.0
21	Row houses	1920-1929	50	6694	19447	20105.56	63769.5
22	Row houses	1910-1919	10	5649	31095	4021.112	12753.9
23	Row houses	1900-1909	60	1617	4770	24126.67	76523.4
24	Row houses	1799-1899	6	3075	12932	2412.667	7652.3
25	Apartment houses	2000-2010	101	19494	64499	167322.2	585906.9
26	Apartment houses	1990-1999	260	119428	487611	430730.5	1508275
27	Apartment houses	1980-1989	393	136886	479881	651065.8	2279816
28	Apartment houses	1970-1979	149	127426	429284	246841.7	864357.7
29	Apartment houses	1960-1969	122	114214	393011	202112	707729.1
30	Apartment houses	1950-1959	155	55041	236701	256781.7	899164
31	Apartment houses	1940-1949	73	17521	52956	120935.9	423477.3
32	Apartment houses	1930-1939	46	12122	47788	76206.17	266848.7
33	Apartment houses	1920-1929	51	6468	18829	84489.45	295854
34	Apartment houses	1910-1919	17	5361	16580	28163.15	98618
35	Apartment houses	1900-1909	77	3600	18943	127562.5	446681.5
36	Apartment houses	1799-1899	15	9190	37245	24849.84	87015.87
37	Leisure houses	2000-2010	129	27622	106034	27622	106034
38	Leisure houses	1990-1999	628	253150	959798	253150	959798
39	Leisure houses	1980-1989	312	106254	328436	106254	328436
40	Leisure houses	1970-1979	15	17313	61670	17313	61670
41	Leisure houses	1960-1969	23	41800	142756	41800	142756
42	Leisure houses	1950-1959	19	7727	24658	7727	24658
43	Leisure houses	1940-1949	32	6581	19417	6581	19417
44	Leisure houses	1930-1939	11	1671	4028	1671	4028
45	Leisure houses	1920-1929	3	496	1672	496	1672
46	Leisure houses	1910-1919	7	8345	30030	8345	30030
47	Leisure houses	1900-1909	25	8177	31580	8177	31580
48	Leisure houses	1799-1899	11	5187	21517	5187	21517
49	Offices	2000-2010	11	834	2513	24571.1	108975.1
50	Offices	1990-1999	30	5475	16512	67012.09	297204.7
51	Offices	1980-1989	15	15856	61168	33506.05	148602.4
52	Offices	1970-1979	5	8182	35146	11168.68	49534.1
53	Offices	1960-1969	14	12896	42267	31272.31	138695.5
54	Offices	1950-1959	11	4175	14891	24571.1	108975.1
55	Offices	1940-1949	26	5813	19002	58077.15	257577.4
56	Offices	1930-1939	6	7203	25634	13402.42	59441.0
57	Offices	1920-1929	6	18447	73484	13402.42	59441.0
58	Offices	1910-1919	3	7007	28393	6701.209	29720.5
59	Offices	1900-1909	11	1405	6658	24571.1	108975.1
60	Offices	1799-1899	10	8885	28766	22337.36	99068.2
61	Commercial	2000-2010	3	1608	9750	6014.098	33975.3
62	Commercial	1990-1999	90	27412	81016	180422.9	1019260
63	Commercial	1980-1989	59	40501	135660	118277.3	668181.6
64	Commercial	1970-1979	9	17990	66240	18042.29	101926
65	Commercial	1960-1969	6	7613	25440	12028.2	67950.7
66	Commercial	1950-1959	9	3992	17387	18042.29	101926
67	Commercial	1940-1949	40	5824	16901	80187.97	453004.5
68	Commercial	1930-1939	10	2962	12795	20046.99	113251.1
69	Commercial	1920-1929	4	8512	27777	8018.797	45300.5
70	Commercial	1910-1919	1	70	400	2004.699	11325.1
71	Commercial	1900-1909	37	2511	9416	74173.87	419029.2
72	Commercial	1799-1899	8	5221	27778	16037.59	90600.9
73	Health and social sector	2000-2010	1	30	53	4225.8	16458.0
74	Health and social sector	1990-1999	16	26529	174067	67612.8	263327.8
75	Health and social sector	1980-1989	21	9354	27182	88741.7	345617.7
76	Health and social sector	1970-1979	5	976	2743	21129.0	82289.9
77	Health and social sector	1960-1969	3	237	943	12677.4	49374.0
78	Health and social sector	1950-1959	7	793	2677	29580.6	115205.9
79	Health and social sector	1940-1949	5	661	1695	21129.0	82289.9
80	Health and social sector	1930-1939	2	66	147	8451.6	32916.0
81	Health and social sector	1920-1929	0	0	0	0	0
82	Health and social sector	1910-1919	0	0	0	0	0
83	Health and social sector	1900-1909	2	149	487	8451.6	32916.0
84	Health and social sector	1799-1899	2	30	70	8451.6	32916.0
85	Public	2000-2010	0	0	0	0	0
86	Public	1990-1999	17	10065	30863	22048	113251.8
87	Public	1980-1989	8	948	3571	10375.5	53295.0
88	Public	1970-1979	0	0	0	0	0
89	Public	1960-1969	9	16153	58085	11672.5	59956.9
90	Public	1950-1959	12	1716	4432	15563.3	79942.5
91	Public	1940-1949	11	1774	4841	14266.4	73280.6
92	Public	1930-1939	2	752	1328	2593.9	13323.8
93	Public	1920-1929	6	5129	13639	7781.7	39971.2
94	Public	1910-1919	1	31	78	1296.9	6661.9
95	Public	1900-1909	5	375	1103	6484.7	33309.4
96	Public	1799-1899	0	0	0	0	0
97	Sports	2000-2010	3	1601	4892	5231.2	34573.8
98	Sports	1990-1999	9	1330	3777	15693.5	103721.2
99	Sports	1980-1989	23	3993	11721	40105.7	265065.4
100	Sports	1970-1979	1	1010	2980	1743.7	11524.6
101	Sports	1960-1969	4	326	970	6974.9	46098.3
102	Sports	1950-1959	5	561	1421	8718.6	57622.9
103	Sports	1940-1949	5	606	2467	8718.6	57622.9
104	Sports	1930-1939	4	92	214	6974.9	46098.3
105	Sports	1920-1929	1	128	368	1743.7	11524.6
106	Sports	1910-1919	0	0	0	0	0
107	Sports	1900-1909	0	0	0	0	0
108	Sports	1799-1899	0	0	0	0	0
109	Educational	2000-2010	10	965	3291	28041.9	118506.4
110	Educational	1990-1999	35	12690	64092	98146.7	414772.4
111	Educational	1980-1989	50	28242	83710	140209.5	592532
112	Educational	1970-1979	24	24414	77939	67300.6	284415.3
113	Educational	1960-1969	2	240	647	5608.4	23701.28
114	Educational	1950-1959	4	3992	11602	11216.8	47402.6
115	Educational	1940-1949	1	255	620	2804.2	11850.6
116	Educational	1930-1939	5	1730	5190	14021	59253.2
117	Educational	1920-1929	1	151	400	2804.2	11850.6
118	Educational	1910-1919	0	0	0	0	0
119	Educational	1900-1909	11	829	3384	30846.1	130357
120	Educational	1799-1899	4	2129	7063	11216.8	47402.6
121	Industrial	2000-2010	12	1403	4983	12303.7	67793.0
122	Industrial	1990-1999	73	59828	259259	74847.7	412407.7
123	Industrial	1980-1989	100	61742	213089	102531.1	564942
124	Industrial	1970-1979	30	53533	245860	30759.3	169482.6
125	Industrial	1960-1969	25	21774	78599	25632.8	141235.5
126	Industrial	1950-1959	33	54513	171916	33835.3	186430.9
127	Industrial	1940-1949	16	5991	18432	16405	90390.7
128	Industrial	1930-1939	5	3774	16943	5126.6	28247.1
129	Industrial	1920-1929	4	1012	2483	4101.2	22597.7
130	Industrial	1910-1919	1	736	3800	1025.3	5649.4
131	Industrial	1900-1909	8	78	210	8202.5	45195.4
132	Industrial	1799-1899	5	1692	6530	5126.6	28247.1
133	Other	2000-2010	1757	839469	3554193	85457.8	395141.1
134	Other	1990-1999	848	368865	1353085	41245.4	190711.2
135	Other	1980-1989	867	617201	2413346	42169.5	194984.3
136	Other	1970-1979	395	666755	2847441	19212.2	88833.7
137	Other	1960-1969	266	408885	1574959	12937.8	59822.2
138	Other	1950-1959	310	474438	1656934	15077.9	69717.6
139	Other	1940-1949	244	102298	352553	11867.8	54874.5
140	Other	1930-1939	75	50759	187919	3647.9	16867.2
141	Other	1920-1929	93	72101	278959	4523.4	20915.3
142	Other	1910-1919	33	41916	150394	1605.1	7421.5
143	Other	1900-1909	116	34061	120695	5642.1	26087.9
144	Other	1799-1899	41	33680	137878	1994.2	9220.7

Construction and demolition

New buildings per year (current situation ca 2010 and onwards)

Floor area of new houses and additional construction per year(#,m2,m3)
Obs	Building	Number	Area	Volume	Year	Description
1	Detached houses	244-271	35137-40041	120728-141108	2010-2012	From city supervision of buildings
2	Row houses	26-39	13120-18408	44141-62721	2010-2012	From city supervision of buildings
3	Apartment houses	21-31	34815-55460	128154-209340	2010-2012	From city supervision of buildings
4	Commercial	9-14	9742-87323	49576-651239	2010-2012	From city supervision of buildings
5	Offices	3-6	235-23891	993-106590	2010-2012	From city supervision of buildings
6	Industrial	14-23	2948-11638	13555-78906	2010-2012	From city supervision of buildings
7	Public	2-5	313-2819	905-17470	2010-2012	From city supervision of buildings
8	Educational	4-6	220-14730	1745-74718	2010-2012	From city supervision of buildings
9	Health and social sector	2-8	17-28843	280-175064	2010-2012	From city supervision of buildings
10	Sports		0		2010-2012	From city supervision of buildings? Empty row
11	Leisure houses	47-69	2859-3660	9909 12693	2010-2012	From city supervision of buildings
12	Other	317-421	19849-36194	80607-123013	2010-2012	From city supervision of buildings

Construction areas

Where are new buildings built in Kuopio in the future? The numbers are fractions (in %) of total floor area built in Kuopio.

Construction areas(%)
Obs	City area	Fraction of floor area	Description
1	City center	5	All numbers are guesstimates and not based on data.
2	Petonen	10
3	Puijonlaakso	2
4	Saaristokaupunki	17
5	Neulamäki	1
6	Itkonniemi-Männistö-Linnanpelto	1
7	Haapaniemi	1
8	Särkiniemi-Särkilahti	2
9	Niirala	1
10	Saarijärvi	1
11	Jynkkä	2
12	Julkula	2
13	Inkilänmäki-Peipposenrinne	1
14	Päiväranta	1
15	Länsi-Puijo	1
16	Kelloniemi	1
17	Levänen	2
18	Kettulanlahti	1
19	Rahusenkangas-Kuivinniemi	1
20	Pitkälahti	47

Historical construction and demolition

Number of removed buildings has been 15-25 per year during 2009-2012 according dismantling permissions of the city. The actual number may be somewhat larger.

Historically, we assume that there was a wooden house stock of 0.6 M m^2 in the Central Kuopio in the beginning of 1900, but it was demolished during 1955-1975 to build newer buildings.

Note that this table also contains the switches from traditional fuel, typically wood, to new heating systems, typically district heating. The City area information is not accurate, as the current assessment version does not look at city areas. The numbers of heating switches are not based on data but on the current model and the general knowledge that wood heating almost disappeared in the central areas during 1970-1990.

Historical construction and demolition(m2)
Obs	Time	City area	Building	Heating	Efficiency	Floor area	Description
1	1880	City center	Detached houses	Wood	Traditional	600000	Wood-heated houses that exist no more
2	1955	City center	Detached houses	Wood	Traditional	-200000	Demolition
3	1965	City center	Detached houses	Wood	Traditional	-200000	Demolition
4	1975	City center	Detached houses	Wood	Traditional	-200000	Demolition
5	1965	City center	Health and social sector	Wood	Old	-62000	Change to district
6	1965	City center	Health and social sector	District	Old	62000	Change to district
7	1965	City center	Commercial	Wood	Traditional	-44000	Change to district
8	1965	City center	Commercial	District	Traditional	44000	Change to district
9	1965	City center	Offices	Wood	Traditional	-49000	Change to district
10	1965	City center	Offices	District	Traditional	49000	Change to district
11	1965	City center	Educational	Wood	Old	-37000	Change to district
12	1965	City center	Educational	District	Old	37000	Change to district
13	1965	City center	Educational	Wood	Traditional	-28000	Change to district
14	1965	City center	Educational	District	Traditional	28000	Change to district
15	1965	City center	Health and social sector	Wood	Traditional	-16000	Change to district
16	1965	City center	Health and social sector	District	Traditional	16000	Change to district
17	1965	City center	Sports	Wood	Traditional	-8000	Change to district
18	1965	City center	Sports	District	Traditional	8000	Change to district
19	1975	City center	Sports	Wood	Old	-22000	Change to district
20	1975	City center	Sports	District	Old	22000	Change to district
21	1975	City center	Detached houses	District	Old	-16000	Change to district
22	1975	City center	Detached houses	District	Old	16000	Change to district
23	1975	City center	Detached houses	Wood	Traditional	-50000	Change of heating. City area information is just a placeholder.
24	1975	City center	Detached houses	District	Traditional	50000	Change to district
25	1975	City center	Apartment houses	Wood	Traditional	-185000	Change of heating
26	1975	City center	Apartment houses	District	Traditional	185000	Change to district
27	1980	City center	Industrial	Wood	Old	-72000	Change to district
28	1980	City center	Industrial	District	Old	72000	Change to district
29	1980	City center	Other	Wood	Old	-39000	Change to district
30	1980	City center	Other	District	Old	39000	Change to district
31	1980	City center	Public	Wood	Old	-35000	Change to district
32	1980	City center	Public	District	Old	35000	Change to district
33	1980	City center	Apartment houses	Wood	Old	-550000	Change to district
34	1980	City center	Apartment houses	District	Old	550000	Change to district
35	1985	City center	Commercial	Wood	Old	-111000	Change of heating
36	1985	City center	Commercial	District	Old	111000	Change to district
37	1985	City center	Offices	Wood	Old	-103000	Change of heating
38	1985	City center	Offices	District	Old	103000	Change to district
39	1985	City center	Row houses	Wood	Old	-180000	Change of heating
40	1985	City center	Row houses	District	Old	180000	Change to district
41	1995	City center	Detached houses	Wood	Old	-200000	Change of heating
42	1995	City center	Detached houses	District	Old	200000	Change to district

Renovations

Fraction of houses renovated per year(%)
Obs	Age	Result	Description
1	0	0	Assumption Pöyry 2011 s.27 says that on average, 3 % of buildings are renovated.
2	20	0	Assumption Result applies to buildings older than the value in the Age column.
3	25	3	Assumption
4	30	3	Assumption
5	50	3	Assumption
6	100	3	Assumption
7	1000	3	Assumption

Popularity of renovation types(%)
Obs	Renovation	Fraction	Description
1	None	0
2	Windows	10-20
3	Technical systems	20-25
4	Sheath reform	15-20
5	General		The rest of renovations

Heating types of buildings

This table of heating types reflects approximately the situation in 2010.

Fractions of houses according heating type(%)
Obs	Building	Heating	Fraction	Old fraction	Description
1	Detached houses	District	68.36	82.5	City of Kuopio
2	Detached houses	Electricity	16.09	8.93
3	Detached houses	Oil	8.50	4.66
4	Detached houses	Wood	5.24	2.86
5	Detached houses	Geothermal	1.81	1.04
6	Row houses	District	83.1	100	See table below
7	Row houses	Electricity	16.9	100	Subtraction
8	Apartment houses	District	91.3	100	See table below
9	Apartment houses	Oil	8.7	100	Subtraction
10	Leisure houses	Electricity	100	100	Assumption
11	Offices	District	89.3	100	See table below
12	Offices	Oil	10.7	100	Subtraction
13	Commercial	District	100	100	Assumption
14	Health and social sector	District	100	100	Assumption
15	Public	District	100	100	Assumption
16	Sports	District	100	100	Assumption
17	Educational	District	85	100	See table below
18	Educational	Oil	15	100	Subtraction
19	Industrial	District	57	100	See table below
20	Industrial	Oil	43	100	Subtraction
21	Other	District	100	100	Assumption

Explanations:

"Old fraction" is based on data according to which the number of detached houses residing in the central city area but NOT district-heated is 700 (Excel-file from city of Kuopio). However, more accurate number is assumed to be around 3000 (email from Arja A. 8.5.2013), which is reflected in the current "Fraction" column.

Historical heating shares (based mostly on general knowledge and anecdotes about the history of Haapaniemi plant [1]. The year 2010 is based on the model Climate change policies and health in Kuopio which again is based on the other tables on this page.

Historical heating shares(fraction)
Obs	Time	District	Electricity	Oil	Wood	Geothermal	Description
1	1880	0	0	0	1	0	Early on, all energy is local
2	1905	0	0	0	1	0
3	1915	0	0	0	1	0
4	1925	0	0	0	1	0
5	1930	0	0	0	1	0
6	1935	0	0	0	1	0
7	1940	0	0	0	1	0
8	1945	0	0	0	1	0
9	1950	0	0	0	1	0
10	1955	0	0	0.02	0.98	0	After the war, oil import became important
11	1960	0	0.02	0.1	0.88	0
12	1965	0.01	0.05	0.2	0.74	0	The first (small) district heating facility opens 1963
13	1970	0.01	0.1	0.25	0.64	0
14	1975	0.3	0.13	0.2	0.37	0	Haapaniemi 1 opens
15	1980	0.4	0.13	0.2	0.27	0	The district heating network spreads gradually
16	1985	0.6	0.13	0.15	0.12	0	Haapaniemi 2 opens. Oil crises make oil less popular
17	1990	0.75	0.13	0.1	0.02	0
18	1995	0.8	0.11	0.08	0.01	0
19	2000	0.8	0.11	0.08	0.008	0.002
20	2005	0.8	0.11	0.08	0.008	0.002
21	2010	0.805	0.107	0.079	0.007	0.002

Proportion of buildings in district heat in main urban area (Pitkälahti-Sorsalo) area of Kuopio. Data from N:\YMAL\Projects\Urgenche\WP10 Kuopio\Scenarios_data_ver6.xlsx

District heat fraction(#,m2)
Obs	Building	Contracts	Fraction of contracts	Floor area	Fraction of floor area
1	Apartment houses	958	0.646	2417061	0.913
2	Detached houses	3241	0.52	587191	0.476
3	Row houses	393	0.313	499020	0.831
4	Industry and warehouses	129	0.286	354666	0.57
5	Office buildings	90	0.625	330593	0.893
6	Schools and research buildings	61	0.592	412216	0.85
7	Public services	167	0	545507	0
8	Other buildings	30	0	123491	0
9	Total	5069	0.454	5269745	0.706
10	Total residential	4592	0.512	3503272	0.782

Future heating types(%)
Obs	Building2	Heating	Fraction	Description
1	Residential	District		Rest of heating
2	Residential	Geothermal	5-10
3	Residential	Electricity	10-15
4	Non-residential	District	100

Combining different building type categorisations.

Building type comparisons(-)
Obs	Building	Building2
1	Detached houses	Residential
2	Row houses	Residential
3	Apartment houses	Residential
4	Commercial	Non-residential
5	Offices	Non-residential
6	Industrial	Non-residential
7	Public	Non-residential
8	Educational	Non-residential
9	Health and social sector	Non-residential
10	Sports	Non-residential
11	Leisure houses	Non-residential
12	Other	Non-residential

Kuopio city districts

The exposures are calculated for the points listed below. The coordinates were visually checked from http://www.karttapaikka.fi

Kuopio city districts(ETRS-TM35FIN)
Obs	City area	N	E
1	Itkonniemi	6974469	536853
2	Männistö	6974607	535746
3	Linnanpelto	6975014	535490
4	Itkonniemi-Männistö-Linnanpelto	6974697	536030
5	Niirala	6973403	532903
6	Puijonlaakso	6975016	532625
7	Rahusenkangas	6976558	534851
8	Rahusenkangas-Kuivinniemi	6976558	534851
9	Haapaniemi	6972486	534457
10	Levänen	6970609	532094
11	Saaristokaupunki	6968569	534906
12	Jynkkä	6969424	533150
13	Kettulanlahti	6977547	534958
14	Petonen	6967759	532822
15	Neulamäki	6973454	530655
16	Kelloniemi	6976486	535799
17	Särkiniemi	6971873	532398
18	Särkilahti	6971406	531919
19	Särkiniemi-Särkilahti	6971640	532159
20	Saarijärvi	6975883	535098
21	City center	6973853	535023
22	Inkilänmäki	6976028	534434
23	Inkilänmäki-Peipposenrinne	6975755	534453
24	Pitkälahti	6963542	531123
25	Julkula	6977523	532059
26	Peipposenrinne	6975481	534472
27	Päiväranta	6978479	533542
28	Länsi-Puijo	6976667	532399

Calculations for ovariables

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### This is code Op_en5417/initiatetest on page [[Building stock in Kuopio]]
library(OpasnetUtils)
objects.latest("Op_en6007", code_name = "answer")

## Building stock in Kuopio based on historical data. 
## Areal distribution is approximated based on population size.

stockBuildings <- Ovariable("stockBuildings",
	dependencies = data.frame(
		Name = c("population", "year"),
		ident = c("Op_en5417/initiate", "") # [[Population of Kuopio]]
	),
	formula = function(...) {
		st <- Ovariable("st",
			ddata = 'Op_en5932', # [[Building stock in Kuopio]]
			subset = 'Building registry data'
		)
		st@data <- st@data[
			st@data$Observation == "AreaHR" , 
			colnames(st@data) != "Observation"
		]

		areaweight <- oapply(population, cols = "City_area", FUN = sum) # Sum across city areas.
		areaweight <- population / (areaweight * Ovariable(data = data.frame(Result = 1))) # is needed to match the results correctly

		st <- unkeep(st * areaweight * year, cols = "Constructed", prevresults = TRUE, sources = TRUE)

		return(st)
	}
)

renovationRate <- Ovariable('renovationRate',
	dependencies = data.frame(Name = "dummy"),
	formula = function(...) {
		temp <- tidy(opbase.data('Op_en5932', subset = 'Fraction of houses renovated per year'))
		temp$Age <- round(as.numeric(as.character(temp$Age)))
		out <- as.data.frame(approx(
			temp$Age, 
			temp$Result, 
			n = (max(temp$Age) - min(temp$Age) + 1),
			method = "constant"
		))
		colnames(out) <- c("Age", "renovationRateResult")
		out$renovationRateResult <- out$renovationRateResult / 100
		out <- Ovariable("renovationRate", output = out, marginal = c(TRUE, FALSE))
		return(out)
	}
)

construction <- Ovariable(
	name = 'construction',
	ddata = 'Op_en5932',
	subset = 'Floor area of new houses and additional construction per year'
)
construction@data <- construction@data[
	construction@data$Observation == "Area" , 
	colnames(construction@data) != "Observation"
]

constructionAreas <- Ovariable(
	name = 'constructionAreas',
	ddata = 'Op_en5932',
	subset = 'Construction areas'
)
colnames(constructionAreas@data) <- gsub(" ", "_", colnames(constructionAreas@data))
constructionAreas@data$constructionAreasResult <- constructionAreas@data$constructionAreasResult / 100

renovationShares <- Ovariable("renovationShares",
	dependencies = data.frame(Name = "dummy"),
	formula = function(...) {
	out <- Ovariable("raw", ddata = 'Op_en5932', subset = 'Popularity of renovation types')
	out <- findrest((out), cols = "Renovation", total = 100) / 100

	renovationyear <- Ovariable("renovationyear", data = data.frame(
		Obsyear = factor(seq(2015, 2050, 5)),
		Result = 1
	))

	out <- out * renovationyear # renovation shares repeated for every potential renovation year.

	out@output$Renovation <- factor(out@output$Renovation, levels = c(
		"None", 
		"General", 
		"Windows", 
		"Technical systems", 
		"Sheath reform"
	), ordered = TRUE)

	return(out)
	}
)

buildingTypes <- Ovariable(
	name = 'buildingTypes',
	ddata = 'Op_en5932',
	subset = 'Building type comparisons'
)
buildingTypes@data$buildingTypesResult <- 1

### Change of building stock based on construction rate or other data.

changeBuildings <- Ovariable("changeBuildings",
	dependencies = data.frame(Name = c(
		"construction", 
		"constructionAreas",
		"heatingShares",
		"efficiencyShares"
	)),
	formula = function(...) {
		hb <- EvalOutput(Ovariable("historicalBuildings", 
			ddata = "Op_en5932", subset = "Historical construction and demolition")) 
		colnames(hb@output) <- gsub("[\\. ]", "_", colnames(hb@output)) # City.area to City_area

		out <- heatingShares
		out@output <- out@output[as.numeric(as.character(out@output$Time)) > 2012 , ] # Only keep future construction.
		out <- construction * constructionAreas * out * efficiencyShares * 5 # For 5-year period 
		# Statistics are for three years (2010-2012) BUT PER YEAR?!

		out <- unkeep(combine(out, hb), prevresults = TRUE, sources = TRUE)

		# Note that if historical buildings and construction have different marginals (typically policies),
		# there will be NA in these indices. This will be corrected below.
		for(i in colnames(out@output)[out@marginal]) {
			if(any(is.na(out@output[[i]]))) {
				out@output <- fillna(out@output, i)
				print(paste("Column", i, "treated with fillna (difference between historical buildings and construction)."))
			}
		}

		return(out)
	}
)

dummy <- 1

heatingShares <- Ovariable("heatingShares",
	dependencies = data.frame(Name = "buildingTypes"), # dummy is not needed but used to fill the table.
	formula = function(...) {
		# Historical heating shares
		hs1 <- opbase.data("Op_en5932", subset = "Historical heating shares")

		# Current heating shares
		hs2 <- opbase.data("Op_en5932", subset = "Fractions of houses according heating type")
		hs2$Result <- hs2$Result / 100
		hs2 <- merge(hs2, data.frame(Time = "2015"))

		# Future heating shares
		hs3 <- Ovariable(
			name = 'hs3',
			ddata = 'Op_en5932',
			subset = 'Future heating types'
		)
		hs3 <- findrest(hs3, cols = "Heating", total = 100) / 100
		hs3 <- unkeep(hs3 * buildingTypes, cols = "Building2", prevresults = TRUE, sources = TRUE)
		hs3 <- hs3 * Ovariable(
			output = data.frame(Time = as.factor(2020 + 0:6 * 5), Result = 1),
			marginal = c(TRUE, FALSE)
		)

		out <- orbind(orbind(hs1, hs2), hs3)
		out$Obs <- NULL
		out <- out[out$Result != 0 , ]
		out <- fillna(out, "Building")
		out <- Ovariable(output = out, marginal = colnames(out) != "Result")
		
		return(out)
	}
)

emissionLocations <- Ovariable("emissionLocations", ddata = "Op_en7328", subset = "Emission locations") 
# [[Kuopio energy production#Emission locations]]
colnames(emissionLocations@data) <- gsub("[ \\.]", "_", colnames(emissionLocations@data))
emissionLocations@data$emissionLocationsResult <- 1

objects.store(
	stockBuildings, 
	renovationShares,
	renovationRate,
	construction,
	constructionAreas,
	buildingTypes,
	heatingShares,
	changeBuildings,
	heatingShares,
	emissionLocations,
	dummy
)

cat("Objects 
	stockBuildings, 
	renovationShares,
	renovationRate,
	construction,
	constructionAreas,
	buildingTypes,
	heatingShares,
	changeBuildings,
	heatingShares,
	emissionLocations,
	dummy
initiated!\n")

Dependencies

Other preliminary calculations