Building model: Difference between revisions

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==Answer==
==Answer==


For examples of model use, see [[Building stock in Kuopio]] and [[Climate change policies and health in Kuopio]].
:''For examples of model use, see [[Building stock in Kuopio]] and [[Climate change policies and health in Kuopio]].


The model uses the following ovariables and their inputs:
The model uses the following ovariables and their inputs:
<math>buildings = (stockBuildings + changeBuildings) * heatingShares * efficiencyShares * renovationShares * renovationRate</math>


{| {{prettytable}}
{| {{prettytable}}
Line 53: Line 55:
|
|
|----
|----
|rowspan="4"| heatingEnergy (from the model):
| buildings (from the model; see above).
|
|
|
|----
| energyUse (fairly generic data for a cultural and climatic area, e.g. from [[Energy use of buildings]])
| Energy consumption per floor area (kWh / m2 /a)
| Required indices: - . Typical indices: Building, Heating.
| if this data is missing, you can only calculate building stock but nothing further.
|----
| efficiencyRatio (fairly generic data for a cultural and climatic area, e.g. from [[Energy use of buildings]])
| Relative energy consumption compared with the efficiency group Old.
| Required indices: Efficiency. Typical indices: Time, Building.
| If no data, use 1 as default.
|----
| renovationRatio (fairly generic data for a cultural and climatic area, e.g. from [[Energy use of buildings]])
| Relative energy consumption compared with the Renovation location None.
| Required indices: Renovation. Typical indices: Building.
| If no data, use 1 as default.
|----
| rowspan="3"| emissions (from the model) (emissions in mass per time):
| heatingEnergy (from the model; see above)
|
|
|
|----
| fuelShares (fairly generic knowledge from e.g. [[Energy balance in Kuopio]] {{comment|# |Currently this data is on page [[Emission factors for burning processes]] Table Fuel use in different heating types. However, this is clearly case-specific data and should be on a case-specific page. This should be done retrospectively to Kuopio and Basel as well.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 09:22, 24 May 2015 (UTC)}}
| Tells how much of fuel is used for a certain neating energy need.
| Required indices: Fuel_type. Typical indices:
|
|----
| emissionFactors (generic information, but may be cultural differences. E.g. [[Emission factors for burning processes]] ##
| emissions per unit of energy produced (g / J or similar unit)
| Required indices: Exposure_agent. Typical indices:  Emission_height.
|
|----
| rowspan="3"|exposure (from the model) is in ug/m3 in ambient air average concentration:
| emissions (from the model; see above) is in ton /a
|
| Required indices: - . Typical indices: Time, City_area, Exposure_agent, Emission_height.
|
|----
| iF (generic data but depends on population density, emission height etc)
| conc (g /m3) * pop (#) * BR (m3 /s) / emis (g /s) <=> conc = emis * iF / BR / pop # conc is the exposure
| Required indices:  Typical indices:
|
|----
| population
| Amount of population exposed.
| Required indices: - . Typical indices: Time, Area
|
|}
|}


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===Calculations===
===Calculations===


<rcode name='initiate' label='Initiate variables (only for developers)' embed=1>
<rcode name='buildings' label='Initiate buildings (only for developers)' embed=1>
### This code is Op_en6289/buildings on page [[Building model]].
 
library(OpasnetUtils)
library(OpasnetUtils)


Line 222: Line 174:
)
)


### HeatingEnergy
objects.store(buildings)
 
heatingEnergy <- Ovariable("heatingEnergy",
dependencies = data.frame(Name = c(
"energyUse",
"efficiencyRatio",
"renovationRatio",
"buildings"
)),
formula = function(...) {
out <- buildings * energyUse * efficiencyRatio * renovationRatio
out <- unkeep(out, prevresults = TRUE, sources = TRUE)
out <- oapply(out, cols = c("Building"), FUN = sum)
return(out)
}
)
 
####### Calculate emissions
 
emissions <- Ovariable("emissions",
dependencies = data.frame(
Name = c(
"heatingEnergy",
"fuelShares",
"emissionFactors",
"emissionLocations"
)
),
formula = function(...) {
 
out <- oapply(heatingEnergy, cols = c("Building", "Efficiency"), FUN = sum)
out <- out * fuelShares * emissionFactors * 3.6  * 1E-9 # convert from kWh /a to MJ /a and mg to ton
 
if(!"City_area" %in% colnames(out@output)) {
out <- out * Ovariable(
output = data.frame(City_area = "Not known", Result = 1),
marginal = c(TRUE, FALSE)
)
}
out <- unkeep(out * emissionLocations, sources = TRUE, prevresults = TRUE)
out@output$Emission_site <- as.factor(ifelse(
out@output$Emission_site == "At site of consumption",
as.character(out@output$City_area),
as.character(out@output$Emission_site)
))
 
out <- oapply(
out,
cols = c("Burner", "City_area"),
FUN = sum
)
return(out)
}
)
 
exposure <- Ovariable("exposure",
dependencies = data.frame(
Name = c(
"emissions", #  is in ton /a
"iF", # conc (g /m3) * pop (#) * BR (m3 /s) / emis (g /s) <=> conc = emis * iF / BR / pop # conc is the exposure concentration
"population"
),
Ident = c(
NA,
"Op_en5813/initiate", # [[Intake fractions of PM]]
NA
)
),
formula = function(...) {
BR <- 20 # Nominal breathing rate (m^3 /d)
BR <- BR / 24 / 3600 # m^3 /s
out <- 1E+12 / 365 / 24 / 3600 # Emission scaling from ton /a to ug /s.
out <- (emissions * out) * iF / BR / population # the actual equation
out <- unkeep(out, prevresults = TRUE, sources = TRUE)
out@output <- out@output[!out@output$Pollutant %in% c("CO2", "CO2official") , ]
colnames(out@output)[colnames(out@output) == "Pollutant"] <- "Exposure_agent"
out <- oapply(out, cols = c("Renovation"), FUN = sum)
 
return(out)
}
)
 
objects.store(buildings, heatingEnergy, emissions, exposure)


cat("Saved ovariables buildings, heatingEnergy, emissions, exposure\n")
cat("Saved ovariable buildings\n")
</rcode>
</rcode>


Revision as of 04:58, 24 June 2015



Question

How to estimate the size of the building stock of a city, including heating properties, renovations etc? The situation is followed over time, and different policies can be implemented.

Answer

For examples of model use, see Building stock in Kuopio and Climate change policies and health in Kuopio.

The model uses the following ovariables and their inputs:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle buildings = (stockBuildings + changeBuildings) * heatingShares * efficiencyShares * renovationShares * renovationRate}

Variables in the assessment model
Ovariable Dependencies Measure Indices Missing data
buildings (from the model) stockBuildings (case-specific data from the user) e.g. Building stock in Kuopio Amount of building stock (typically in floor-m2) at given timepoints. Required indices: Time (time the building was built. If not known, present year can be used for all buildings.) Typical indices: City_area, Building (building type) You must give either stockBuildings, heatingShares, and efficiencyShares or changeBuildings or both. For missing data, use 0.
heatingShares (case-specific data from the user) Fractions of heating types. Should sum up to 1 within each group defined by optional indices. Required indices: Heating. Typical indices: Time, Building If no data, use 1 as a placeholder.
efficiencyShares (case-specific data from the user) Fraction of energy efficiency types. Should sum up to 1 for each group defined by other indices. Required indices: Efficiency. Typical indices: Time, Building. If no data, use 1 as default.
changeBuildings (case-specific data from the user) Construction or demolition rate as floor-m2 at given timepoints. Required indices: Time, Efficiency, Heating. If both stockBuildings and changeBuildings are used, changeBuildings should have all indices in stockBuildings, heatingShares, and efficiencyShares. Typical indices: Building, City_area. If the data is only in stockBuildings, use 0 here.
renovationShares (case-specific data from the user) Fraction of renovation types when renovation is done. Should sum to 1 for each group defined by other indices. Required indices: Renovation, Startyear. Startyear is the time when the renovation is done, and it must be different than the Time index. Typical indices: If no data, use 1 as default.
renovationRate (case-specific data from user. You can also use fairly generic data from Building stock in Kuopio.) Rate of renovation (fraction per time unit). Required indices: Age (the time difference between construction and renovation, i.e. Startyear - Time for each building).
obstime (assessment-specific years of interest) one-column data.frame about the years to be used in output. The column name must be the same as the index name in RenovationShares (typically Startyear). E.g. Climate change policies and health in Kuopio

Rationale

Causal diagram of the building model.

Calculations

+ Show code

Dependencies

See also

Helsinki energy decision 2015
In English
Assessment Main page | Helsinki energy decision options 2015
Helsinki data Building stock in Helsinki | Helsinki energy production | Helsinki energy consumption | Energy use of buildings | Emission factors for burning processes | Prices of fuels in heat production | External cost
Models Building model | Energy balance | Health impact assessment | Economic impacts
Related assessments Climate change policies in Helsinki | Climate change policies and health in Kuopio | Climate change policies in Basel
In Finnish
Yhteenveto Helsingin energiapäätös 2015 | Helsingin energiapäätöksen vaihtoehdot 2015 | Helsingin energiapäätökseen liittyviä arvoja | Helsingin energiapäätös 2015.pptx
Urgenche research project 2011 - 2014: city-level climate change mitigation
Urgenche pages

Urgenche main page · Category:Urgenche · Urgenche project page (password-protected)

Relevant data
Building stock data in Urgenche‎ · Building regulations in Finland · Concentration-response to PM2.5 · Emission factors for burning processes · ERF of indoor dampness on respiratory health effects · ERF of several environmental pollutions · General criteria for land use · Indoor environment quality (IEQ) factors · Intake fractions of PM · Land use in Urgenche · Land use and boundary in Urgenche · Energy use of buildings

Relevant methods
Building model · Energy balance · Health impact assessment · Opasnet map · Help:Drawing graphs · OpasnetUtils‎ · Recommended R functions‎ · Using summary tables‎

City Kuopio
 Climate change policies and health in Kuopio (assessment) · Climate change policies in Kuopio (plausible city-level climate policies) · Health impacts of energy consumption in Kuopio · Building stock in Kuopio · Cost curves for energy (prioritization of options) · Energy balance in Kuopio (energy data) · Energy consumption and GHG emissions in Kuopio by sector · Energy consumption classes (categorisation) · Energy consumption of heating of buildings in Kuopio · Energy transformations (energy production and use processes) · Fuels used by Haapaniemi energy plant · Greenhouse gas emissions in Kuopio · Haapaniemi energy plant in Kuopio · Land use in Kuopio · Building data availability in Kuopio · Password-protected pages: File:Heat use in Kuopio.csv · Kuopio housing

City Basel
 Buildings in Basel (password-protected)

Energy balances
Energy balance in Basel · Energy balance in Kuopio · Energy balance in Stuttgart · Energy balance in Suzhou


References


  • Sundell, J., Levin, H., Nazaroff, W. W., Cain, W. S., Fisk, W. J., Grimsrud, D. T., Gyntelberg, F., Li, Y., Persily, A. K., Pickering, A. C., Samet, J. M., Spengler, J. D., Taylor, S. T., Weschler, C. J., Ventilation rates and health: multidisciplinary review of the scientific literature. INDOOR AIR 21 (2011) 3: 191 - 204. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2010.00703.x ISSN 0905-6947
  • Brightman, H. S., Milton, D. K., Wypij, D., Burge, H. A., Spengler, J. D. Evaluating building-related symptoms using the US EPA BASE study results. INDOOR AIR 18 (2008) 4: 335-345. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2008.00557.x
  • Nishioka, Y, Levy, JI, Norris, GA, Bennett, DH, Spengler, JD. A risk-based approach to health impact assessment for input-output analysis - Part 2: Case study of insulation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT 10 (2005) 4: 255-262. doi:10.1065/lca2004.10.186.2 ISSN 0948-3349
  • Samet, JM, Spengler, JD. Indoor environments and health: Moving into the 21st century. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 93 (2003) 9: 1489-1493. 10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1489 doi:DI 10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1489 ISSN 0090-0036
  • Nishioka, Y, Levy, JI, Norris, GA, Wilson, A, Hofstetter, P, Spengler, JD. Integrating risk assessment and life cycle assessment: A case study of insulation RISK ANALYSIS 22 (2002) 5: 1003-1017. doi:10.1111/1539-6924.00266 ISSN 0272-4332
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