Emission factors for burning processes

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Buildings need to be heated in winter so Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants are placed to cities close to humans. Emissions have health impacts locally and globally.

Question

What are the emission factors for burning processes in Finland? Emission factors are estimated in Finland and kettle/plant types used in Finland only.

Answer

⇤--#: . Rcode for getting the ovariable is missing. --Jouni 22:05, 26 February 2013 (EET) (type: truth; paradigms: science: attack)

Rationale

Inputs

See discussions with the statements in the discussion page.D↷
Variables in the assessment model
Ovariable Dependencies Measure Indices Missing data
emissions (from the model) (emissions in mass per time): energyUse (from Energy use of buildings or other relevant source)
fuelShares (fairly generic knowledge from e.g. Energy balance in Kuopio ----#: . Currently this data is on page Emission factors for burning processes Table Fuel use in different heating types. However, this is clearly case-specific data and should be on a case-specific page. This should be done retrospectively to Kuopio and Basel as well. --Jouni (talk) 09:22, 24 May 2015 (UTC) (type: truth; paradigms: science: comment) Tells how much of fuel is used for a certain neating energy need. Required indices: Fuel_type. Typical indices:
emissionFactors (generic information, but may be cultural differences. E.g. Emission factors for burning processes ## emissions per unit of energy produced (g / J or similar unit) Required indices: Exposure_agent. Typical indices: Emission_height.

Calculations

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Emission factors for heating

These data are used in Urgenche.

Emission factors for wood heating(PJ /a; mg /MJ)
ObsTypeActivity in FinlandPM2.5 emission factorDescription
1Residential buildings34.2 (30.8-37.6)Karvosenoja et al. 2008
2Primary wood-heated residential buildings20.2 (16.6-23.9)Karvosenoja et al. 2008
3Manual feed boilers with accumulator tank5.42 (3.89-7.22)80.0 (37.6-150)Karvosenoja et al. 2008
4Manual feed boilers without accumulator tank2.67 (1.67-3.87)700 (329-1310)Karvosenoja et al. 2008
5Automatic feed wood chip boilers1.46 (1.01-2)50.0 (23.5-93.9)Karvosenoja et al. 2008
6Automatic feed pellet boilers0.102 (0.0693-0.142)30.0 (14.1-56.3)Karvosenoja et al. 2008
7Iron stoves0.142 (0.0976-0.196)700 (329-1310)Karvosenoja et al. 2008
8Other stoves and ovens10.2 (7.86-12.8)140 (65.8-263)Karvosenoja et al. 2008
9Low-emission stoves080 (37.6-150)Karvosenoja et al. 2008
10Open fireplaces0.163 (0.111-0.224)800 (376-1500)Karvosenoja et al. 2008
11Supplementary wood-heated residential buildings14.0 (10.7-17.4)Karvosenoja et al. 2008
12Iron stoves0.212 (0.135-0.316)700 (329-1310)Karvosenoja et al. 2008
13Other stoves and ovens13.6 (10.4-16.9)140 (65.8-263)Karvosenoja et al. 2008
14Low-emission stoves080 (37.6-150)Karvosenoja et al. 2008
15Open fireplaces0.222 (0.14-0.332)800 (376-1500)Karvosenoja et al. 2008
16Recreational buildings5.00 (4.50-5.50)Karvosenoja et al. 2008
17Iron stoves0.782 (0.372-1.37)700 (329-1310)Karvosenoja et al. 2008
18Other stoves and ovens3.96 (3.19-4.59)140 (65.8-263)Karvosenoja et al. 2008
19Open fireplaces0.262 (0.118-0.477)800 (376-1500)Karvosenoja et al. 2008

Karvosenoja et al. 2008 [1]

The table below contains the current situation for Kuopio and Basel and Helsinki. Kuopio uses 'District', and Basel uses 'Long-distance heating', and Helsinki uses 'District heating'.

Fuel use in different heating types(-)
ObsHeatingBurnerFuelFractionDescription
1WoodDomesticWood1
2OilDomesticLight oil1
3GasDomesticGas1
4Heating oilDomesticLight oil1
5Other sourcesDomesticOther sources1
6No energy sourceDomesticOther sources1
7GeothermalGridElectricity0.3Geothermal does not sum up to 1 because more heat is produced than electricity consumed.
8Centrifuge, hydro-extractorGridElectricity0.3Not quite clear what this is but presumably a heat pump.
9Solar heater/ collectorGridElectricity0.1Use only; life-cycle impacts omitted.
10ElectricityGridElectricity1

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⇤--#: . District heating moved out of the generic table. Should be put to city-specific pages. --Jouni (talk) 04:41, 12 June 2015 (UTC) (type: truth; paradigms: science: attack)

Long-distance heating|Large fluidized bed|Waste|0.5|The values are from Wikipedia for Basel. See below. Long-distance heating|Large fluidized bed|Wood|0.1| Long-distance heating|Large fluidized bed|Gas|0.4| Long-distance heating|Grid|Electricity|0|This is geothermally-generated district heating. Note: the fraction you need electricity is ca. 0.3*the amount of geoheat produced. Coal|Large fluidized bed|Coal|1| District|Large fluidized bed|Wood|0.04|These values are for Kuopio. District|Large fluidized bed|Peat|0.84| District|Large fluidized bed|Heavy oil|0.12| District heating|Large fluidized bed|Coal|0.6|These values are for Helsinki. District heating|Large fluidized bed|Gas|0.4|

For guesstimates about Long-distance heating (which is used in Basel), see Climate change policies in Basel and de:IWB.

Emission factors of energy production(mg /MJ)
ObsBurnerFuelPM2.5CO2CO2officialCO2-eqDescription
1DomesticWood140 (65.8-263)7420008333Other stoves and ovens. Karvosenoja et al. 2008
2DomesticLight oil0-1074200-872227420087222Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
3DomesticOil0-1074200-872227420087222Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
4Diesel engineFuel oil0-1074200-872227420087222Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
5DomesticOther sources0-107420074200Same as oil.
6DomesticCoal0-1074200-872227420087222
7DomesticGeothermal0-1074200-872227420087222
8DomesticGas0-35565055650For PM2.5: one third of that of oil. For CO2: 3/4 of that of oil.
9Large fluidized bedGas0-35565055650For PM2.5: one third of that of oil. For CO2: 3/4 of that of oil.
10Large fluidized bedCoal2-20106000106000Same as peat.
11Large fluidized bedWood2-20742000Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Karvosenoja et al., 2008
12Large fluidized bedWaste2-20742000Same as wood
13Large fluidized bedPeat2-20106000106000Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Peat 382 kg /MWh
14Large fluidized bedHeavy oil8-2291111-10600010600091111Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Peat 382 kg /MWh
15GridElectricity1-105300021200050 % of large-scale burning (because of nuclear and hydro). Heavy oil 279 kg /MWh. Officially, electricity is not CHP but requires a double amount of coal to produce it.
EKOREM: Sähkölämmitys ja lämpöpumput sähkönkäyttäjinä ja päästöjen aiheuttajina Suomessa, some values (all CO2-eq) taken from here.
  • Sanni Väisänen: Greenhouse gas emissions from peat and biomass-derived fuels, electricity and heat — Estimation of various production chains by using LCA methodology ----#: . This work should be carefully read. It may affect values. --Jouni (talk) 13:27, 20 March 2014 (EET) (type: truth; paradigms: science: comment)

In Finland there are about 700 kettles that has under 5MW fuel power. Same amount is between 5 to 50 MW kettles and over 50 MW kettles there are 200 in Finland. One heating power plant can have several kettles. Many 5-50 MW power plants has also less than 5 MW kettle. [2]

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Other data

Dependencies

  • Plant/kettle type
  • Power output
  • Efficiency

Data that have another unit than mg/MJ should be changed.

e.g. t/TJ -> mg/MJ

See also

Urgenche research project 2011 - 2014: city-level climate change mitigation
Urgenche pages

Urgenche main page · Category:Urgenche · Urgenche project page (password-protected)

Relevant data
Building stock data in Urgenche‎ · Building regulations in Finland · Concentration-response to PM2.5 · Emission factors for burning processes · ERF of indoor dampness on respiratory health effects · ERF of several environmental pollutions · General criteria for land use · Indoor environment quality (IEQ) factors · Intake fractions of PM · Land use in Urgenche · Land use and boundary in Urgenche · Energy use of buildings

Relevant methods
Building model · Energy balance · Health impact assessment · Opasnet map · Help:Drawing graphs · OpasnetUtils‎ · Recommended R functions‎ · Using summary tables‎

City Kuopio
Climate change policies and health in Kuopio (assessment) · Climate change policies in Kuopio (plausible city-level climate policies) · Health impacts of energy consumption in Kuopio · Building stock in Kuopio · Cost curves for energy (prioritization of options) · Energy balance in Kuopio (energy data) · Energy consumption and GHG emissions in Kuopio by sector · Energy consumption classes (categorisation) · Energy consumption of heating of buildings in Kuopio · Energy transformations (energy production and use processes) · Fuels used by Haapaniemi energy plant · Greenhouse gas emissions in Kuopio · Haapaniemi energy plant in Kuopio · Land use in Kuopio · Building data availability in Kuopio · Password-protected pages: File:Heat use in Kuopio.csv · Kuopio housing

City Basel
Buildings in Basel (password-protected)

Energy balances
Energy balance in Basel · Energy balance in Kuopio · Energy balance in Stuttgart · Energy balance in Suzhou


References

Related files