Emission factors for burning processes

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Buildings need to be heated in winter so Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants are placed to cities close to humans. Emissions have health impacts locally and globally.

Keywords

Scope

Question

What are the emission factors for burning processes in Finland? D↷

Boundaries

Emission factors are estimated in Finland and kettle/plant types used in Finland only.

Definitions

Emission factors for burning processes is an impact assessment that take a wide perspective over environmental issues that can dealt with on a city level

See discussions with the statements in the discussion page.D↷

Answer

Table 1. Describing emission types in different kind of plants and kettles with differen fuels and fuel power

Emission factors for burning processes(kg /MWh or mg /MJ)
ObsType of plant or kettleFuel power (MW)FuelEmission typePM separatorUnitResultDescription
1--Heavy oilCO2-kg /MWh279-
2Poltinpoltto<5Heavy oilPMpartly syklonemg /MJ20-90Number of plants: 300
3Poltinpoltto5-15Heavy oilPMpartly syklonemg /MJ10-70200
4Poltinpoltto15-50Heavy oilPMpartly syklonemg /MJ5-40100
5->50Heavy oilTSP-mg /MJ15 (5-30)Savolahti M., Personal communication
6->50Heavy oilPM2.5-mg /MJ5Savolahti M., Personal communication
7--Light oilCO2-kg /MWh267-
8Poltinpoltto<5Light oilPM-mg /MJ0-1020
9Poltinpoltto5-15Light oilPM-mg /MJ0-1020
10Poltinpoltto15-50Light oilPM-mg /MJ0-1010
11Diesel/kaasumoottori20-40Heavy oilPM-mg /MJ30-602
12--WoodCO2-kg /MWh0-
13Kerrosleijukattila5-10WoodPMelectricmg /MJ10-708
14Kerrosleijukattila10-50WoodPMelectricmg /MJ5-3010
15Kiertoleijukattila5-10WoodPMelectricmg /MJ5-304
16Puuarinakattila<5WoodPMsyklone/electricmg /MJ20-150120
17Puuarinakattila5-10WoodPMsyklone/electricmg /MJ20-15050
18Puuarinakattila10-50WoodPMsyklone/electricmg /MJ10-15035
19Kaasutuskattila2-7WoodPMsyklonemg /MJ50-1505
20Leijupoltto20-100WoodPM2.5(multisyklone+) electricmg /MJ2-20Reference: VTT 2005
21Leijupoltto20-100BiomassPM2.5(multisyklone+) electricmg /MJ2-20Reference: VTT 2005;wood > biomass
22Leijupoltto100-300WoodPM2.5(multisyklone+) electricmg /MJ1-15VTT 2005
23--PeatCO2-kg /MWh382-
24Leijupoltto5-20PeatPM2.5(multisyklone+) electricmg /MJ5-25VTT 2005
25Leijupoltto20-100PeatPM2.5(multisyklone+) electricmg /MJ4-23VTT 2005
26Leijupoltto100-300PeatPM2.5(multisyklone+) electricmg /MJ2-20VTT 2005
27Leijupoltto300-500PeatPM2.5electricmg /MJ2-15VTT 2005
28Leijupoltto>500PeatPM2.5electricmg /MJ2VTT 2005
295-20Heavy oilPM2.5-mg /MJ4-38VTT 2005
3020-100Heavy oilPM2.5-mg /MJ8-53VTT 2005
3120-100Heavy oilPM2.5cyclone/multicyclonemg /MJ5-24VTT 2005
32100-300Heavy oilPM2.5-mg /MJ8-22VTT 2005
33100-300Heavy oilPM2.5cyclone/multicyclonemg /MJ4-13VTT 2005

VTT 2005 [1]


Conclusion

Emission factors vary greatly depending on kettle or plant type, fuel type and fuel power. Type of emission and possible PM separator also affect to EF number.

Rationale

Data

←--#: . the data is clear --Soroushm 10:25, 4 February 2013 (EET) (type: truth; paradigms: science: defence)

In Finland there are about 700 kettles that has under 5MW fuel power. Same amount is between 5 to 50 MW kettles and over 50 MW kettles there are 200 in Finland. One heating power plant can have several kettles. Many 5-50 MW power plants has also less than 5 MW kettle. [2]

Data been used in this page is from many different study and sources to get wide data base for EF caculations.

Emission factors from Matti's conceptual model

This data comes from File:UrgencheConceptualModel.xlsx.

Table 2.

Emission factors (t/TJt)
CO2 (+CO) CH4 BC Fine PM SO2 NO
Power plant/industry scale Coal 101 0.001 0.02 5 0.7 0.3
Power plant/industry scale Oil (residual) 82 0.003 0.02 0.01 0.5 0.1
Power plant/industry scale NatGas 59 0.001 0.005 0 0 0.06
Power plant/industry scale Biomass (ww+agr) 130 0.025 0.05 1 0 0.2
Power plant/industry scale Municipal waste 100 0.029 0.05 1 0 0.2
Local heating Coal 103 0.301 14 8 1 0.1
Local heating Oil (distillate) 78 0.010 0.2 0 0.5 0.04
Local heating NatGas 59 0.005 0.01 0 0 0.02
Local heating Biomass (wood) 148 0.253 10 1 0 0.7
Transport Petrol 67 0.001 0.01
Transport Diesel 69 0.001 0.028 EURO-III (CRT traps)
Transport LNG 70 0.001 0.007
Transport Liq biofuel 64 0.010 0.03

Table 3.

Energy contents
C2H5OH 29.700 MJ/kg
C2 24.000 molecular weight
H6 6.000 molecular weight
O 16.000 molecular weight
Petrol 45 MJ/kg
Diesel 45 MJ/kg
LNG 56 MJ/kg
1 kg ethanol = 0.522 kg C
produces 1.913 kg CO2
1MJ ethanol produces 0.064 kg CO2

Table 4.

Sulphur contents
%
Coal S 1
Residual oil S 2.5
Distillate oil S 0.5
Diesel S 0.1
Petrol S 0.05

Table 5.

Removal rates
%
Power generation fly ash removal 99.5
Heat/power fly ash removal 99
District heating fly ash removal 95
Power generation SO2 removal 80
Heat/power SO2 removal 0
District heating SO2 removal 0
Power generation NOx removal 0
Heat/power NOx removal 0
District heating NOx removal 0

Table 6.

Energy efficiencies
Fuel Power only CHP Power CHP Heat Heat only
Nuclear 0.37 0.32 0.50 1.00
Hydro
Wind, solar, geothermal
Coal/peat 0.45 0.35 0.55 0.90
Crude oil 0.50 0.40 0.50 0.90
Natural gas 0.53 0.40 0.50 0.90
Biomass 0.40 0.33 0.55 0.90
Municipal waste 0.40 0.33 0.55 0.90

Table 7.

Relative GHG potency
Time CO2 CH4
20 a. 1 72
100 a. 1 25


Emission factors for PM

Table 8. Emission factors for small power plants in Finland.[3]

Type of plant or kettle Fuel power (MW) Fuel PM separator Emission factor (mg/MJ) Number of plants
Poltinpoltto <5 Heavy oil partly syklone 20-90 300
Poltinpoltto 5-15 Heavy oil partly syklone 10-70 200
Poltinpoltto 15-50 Heavy oil partly syklone 5-40 100
Poltinpoltto <5 Light oil - <10 20
Poltinpoltto 5-15 Light oil - <10 20
Poltinpoltto 15-50 Light oil - <10 10
Diesel/kaasumoottori 20-40 Heavy oil - 30-60 2
Kerrosleijukattila 5-10 Wood electric 10-70 8
Kerrosleijukattila 10-50 Wood electric 5-30 10
Kiertoleijukattila 20-40 Wood electric 5-30 4
Puuarinakattila <5 Wood syklone/electric 20-150 120
Puuarinakattila 5-10 Wood syklone/electric 20-150 50
Puuarinakattila 10-50 Wood syklone/electric 10-150 35
Kaasutuskattila 2-7 Wood syklone 50-150 5

("Taulukoissa esitetyt ominaispäästökertoimet edustavat vaihteluväliä, joiden sisällä suurin osa yksittäisten laitosten arvoista on. Vaihteluvälit perustuvat käytettävissä olevien laitostietokantojen arvoihin (VAHTI-tiedot) ja pienten polttolaitosten päästömittaustuloksiin.")



Table 9. Emission factors for wood burning in small scale heating (e.g. secondary heating at houses) can be found from PUPO emission and toxicity database

Table. Emissions of wood burning in different fireplaces.[2]
Fire place Number of measurements Mean (mg/MJ) Min (mg/MJ) Max (mg/MJ)
Panospoltto 32 76 14.15 224.27
Varaava tulisija 22 80 27.97 224.27
-Perinteinen 18 91 30.75 224.27
-Moderni 3 32 27.97 36.52
Kamiinat ja muut 5 54 45.8 74.2
Kiukaat 1 168 - -
Klapikattilat 4 59 14.15 106.14
-Perinteinen 2 102 98.59 106.14
-Moderni 2 16 14.15 17.58
Poltinpoltto 49 20 5.21 89.2
Pellettipoltin 21 21 5.21 89.2
Stokeripoltin 5 15 12.21 18.71

Emission factors for greenhousegases


EFs by fuel based classification

Heljo & Laineen selvityksessä on päädytty seuraaviin kasvihuonekaasupäästökertoimiin (kgCO2/MWh) laskettuna rakennuksen bruttotasolla (rakennukseen hankittu energia)[3]

Table 10.

kgCO2/MWh)
Puu 18
Kevyt polttoöljy 265
Raskas polttoöljy 179
Kaukolämpö, erillistuotanto 231
Kaukolämpö, yhteistuotanto 224
Kaukolämpö keskimäärin (yhteistuotantoa 73 %) 226
Sähkö keskimäärin 204
Sähkön marginaalikulutus 714
Sähkön perustehoalueen kulutus 112
Sähkön välitehoalueen kulutus 459
Sähkön huipputehoalueen kulutus 867
Sähkölämmityksen lämmitysenergia (esimerkkiarvo) 400


Table 11. Fuel classification and emission factors in Finland 2010. [4] [5]. Definitions for classification of fuels and energy sources can be found here.

Code Heading Fuel-specific unit CO2 default emission factor [t/TJ] Default net calorific value (as fired) [GJ/unit] NB
1 Fossil fuels
11 Petroleum products
111 Petroleum gases
1111 Refinery gas t 54.2 * 49.7 *
1112 LPG (Liquefied petroleum gas) t 65.0 46.2
112 Light distillates
1121 Naphtha t 72.7 44.3
1122 Motor gasoline t 72.9 43.0
1123 Aviation gasoline t 71.3 43.7
113 Medium distillates
1131 Kerosene (jet fuel) t 73.2 43.3
1132 Other kerosenes t 71.5 * 43.1
1133 Diesel oil t 73.6 42.8
1134 Light fuel oil (heating fuel oil) t 74.1 42.7
1135 Gasoil (for non-road use) t 73.6 * 42.8
1139 Other medium distillates t 74.1 42.7
114 Heavy distillates
1141 Heavy fuel oil, sulphur content < 1% t 78.8 41.1
1142 Heavy fuel oil, sulphur content ≥ 1% t 78.8 40.5
1143 Other heavy distillates t 79.2 * 40.2
115 Petroleum coke t 97.0 33.5
116 Recycled and waste oils t 78.8 41.0
119 Other petroleum products t 78.8 30.0
12 Coal
121 Hard coal
1211 Anthracite t 98.3 * 33.5
1212 Hard coal, bituminous t 94.6 24.6 *
122 Other coal
1221 Semi-bituminous coal, brown coal, lignite t 108.0 20.0
1222 Coal briquettes t 94.6 * 30.0
1228 Coal tar t 90.6 * 37.0
1229 Other non-specified coal t 108.0 10.0
123 Coke t 108.0 29.3
124 Coke oven gas 1000 m3 41.5 16.7
125 Blast furnace gas 1000 m3 263.7 3.8
13 Natural gas
131 Natural gas 1000 m3 55.04 36.0
2 Peat
21 Peat
211 Milled peat t 105.9 10.1
212 Sod peat t 102.0 12.3
213 Peat pellets and briquettes t 97.0 18.0 *
3 Renewable and mixed fuels
31 Biomass
311 Forest fuelwood
3111 Firewood (stems and split firewood) t 109,6 14.0 * BIO
3112 Chips from roundwood t 109,6 9.5 * BIO
3113 Forest residue chips t 109,6 9.0 * BIO
312 Industrial wood residue BIO
3121 Bark t 109,6 7.5 * BIO
3122 Sawdust, cutter shavings etc. t 109,6 8.0 * BIO
3123 Wood residue chips t 109,6 9.5 * BIO
3128 Unspecified industrial wood residue t 109,6 7.5 * BIO
3129 Other industrial wood residue t 109,6 * 8.8 * BIO
313 Black liquor and other concentrated liquors tka 109,6 11.5 * BIO
314 Other by-products from wood processing TJ 109,6 BIO
industry
315 Recovered wood t 109,6 12.0 * BIO
316 Wood pellets and briquettes t 109,6 16.0 BIO
317 Vegetable-based fuels
3171 NEW!!Reed canary grass t 100.0 14.6 BIO
3172 NEW!!Cereal crops and straw parts t 109,6 13.5 BIO
3179 NEW!! Other vegetable-based fuels t 109,6 15.0 BIO
318 Animal-based fuels t 109.6 30.0 * BIO
32 Other biofuels and mixed fuels
321 Biogas
3211 Landfill gas 1000 m3 56,1 17.0 * BIO
3212 Biogas from wastewater treatment 1000 m3 56.1 23.0 * BIO
3213 Industrial biogas 1000 m3 56.1 20.0 * BIO
3219 Other biogas 1000 m3 56.1 20.0 * BIO
322 Liquid biofuels t 77.4 30..40 BIO
323 Mixed fuels (fossil and non-fossil)
3231 Recovered fuels t 31.8 20.0 1)
3232 Demolition wood t 17.0 15.0 1)
3233 Impregnated wood (chemically treated) t 11.4 12.0 1)
3234 NEW!! Deinking sludge t 60.0 4.0 1)
3238 NEW!!Municipal waste (unsorted) t 40.0 10.0 1)
3239 Other mixed fuels t 110.0 10.0
324 Gasified waste (Product gas) 1000 m3 .. .. 2)
325 NEW!!Biosludge t 109.6 2.5 BIO
4 Other energy sources
41 Nuclear energy
411 Nuclear energy TJ –
49 Others
491 Other by-products and wastes used as fuels
4911 Plastics waste t 74.1 33.0
4912 Rubber waste t 90.0 33.0
4913 Hazardous waste t 117.0 * 10.0 *
4919 Other waste t 75.0 15.0 *
492 Exothermic heat from industry TJ –
493 Secondary heat from industry TJ –
494 Electricity MWh –
495 Steam MWh –
497 NEW!!Sulphur t 0.0 10.5
498 Hydrogen 1000 m3 0.0 10.8
499 Other non-specified energy sources TJ ..

NB

BIO = biofuel, whose carbon dioxide emissions are not counted in the total emission amounts of Finland's greenhouse gases, nor are they taken into account in emissions trading.

1) CO2 factor of mixed fuels is an estimate taking into account only the share of fossil carbon.

2) Gasified waste (Product gas) is reported in the fuel categories of the source materials of gasification.

Calorific values and emission coefficients describe the properties of fuel as fired, inclusive of moisture content (except for 313, where the measurement unit is tonnes of dry matter). Calorific value of natural gas has been specified in normal conditions (0 °C and 1.013 bar).

Emission factors are updated when necessary.

(* Revised values.


Emission factors for district heating is calculated in Motiva CO2 emission calculation introductions[6]. For district heating joint production emission factor is 220 kg CO2/MWh. In this view other GHGs (CH4 or N2O) are not taken account as CO2-ekv! Emission factors by fuel based on Motiva knowledge is in table 2.

Table 12. Emission factors of CO2 by fuel[7].

Fuels kg CO2/MWh
Heavy oil 279
Light oil 267
Gas 202
Fluid gas 227
Peat 382
Coal 341
Coke 389
Wood 0


CO2 EF for electricity can be classified in two categories: purchase electricity and own production. EF for purchase electricity is the same as own electricity vendor has informed or average Finnish electricity procurement CO2 EF (= 200 kg CO2/MWh). EF for own electricity production can be used EF from table 2 (fuel based EFs). If electricity is produced in combined electricity, heating production EFs are calculated with “benefit division method”. Method is explained in Motiva introduction[8] (attachment 2).


Table 13. Average emission factors measured with differed gas analyzator (kk) and FTIR analyzator [9].

Ordinary combustion Distribution (%) Bad combustion Distribution (%) Unit
Temperature of gas 253 1 159 17 Celsius
CO2 (kk) 7.3 5 11 8 %, dry
O2 (kk) 13.3 3 8.7 14 %, dry
H2O (FTIR) 6.5 4 7.7 - %, wet
CO (kk) 2300 10 8100 29 mg/MJ
CO (FTIR) 2000 11 5700 - mg/MJ
OGC (kk) 120 17 1700 46 mg C/MJ
OGC (FTIR) 160 24 1500 - mg C/MJ
CH4 (FTIR) 30 22 350 - mg C/MJ
C6H6 (FTIR) 20 27 210 - mg C/MJ


Table 14 and 15 are from Heljo et al 2005[10]. Coefficient of CO2-ekv/CO2 as 1.02 is used in transformation CO2 emission factors to CO2-ekv. factors for electricity and district heating.

Table 14. CO2 emission factors of energy use of buildings (kg CO2/MWh)

Gross of building level Dispersion Efficiency Efficienfy energy level
Light oil 267 - 0.85 314
Heavy oil 279 - 0.85 328
Wood - - - -
District heating
Separate production 226 20-500 - 226
Co-production 220 dispersion - 220
Electricity production
Average 200 - - 200
Marginal 700 700-900 - 700
or
Basic capacity 110 - - 110
Interval capacity 450 - - 450
Peak capacity 850 - - 850


Table 15. CO2-ekv emission factors of energy use of buildings (kg CO2-ekv/MWh)

Gross of building level Dispersion Efficiency Efficienfy energy level
Light oil 267 - 0.85 314
Heavy oil 279 - 0.85 328
Wood 18 - 0.6 30
District heating
Separate production 231 20-500 - 231
Co-production 224 dispersion - 224
Electricity production
Average 204 - - 204
Marginal 714 700-900 - 714
or
Basic capacity 112 - - 112
Interval capacity 459 - - 459
Peak capacity 867 - - 867

Calculations

Dependencies

  • Plant/kettle type
  • Power output
  • Efficiency

Data that have another unit than mg/MJ should be changed.

e.g. t/TJ -> mg/MJ

+ Show code

Default run: QEq4AnzY04LXx3gX

⇤--#: . How to use this default run? --Sami Rissanen 10:32, 24 January 2013 (EET) (type: truth; paradigms: science: attack)

See also

  • USEPA emission factor information web site [4]
  • Tissari et al 2009 [5]
  • PUPO loppuraportti [6]
  • Heljo et al. 2005 Rakennusten energiankulutus ja CO2-ekv päästöt Suomessa [7]
  • Motiva 2004. Yksittäisen kohteen CO2-päästöjen laskentaohjeistus sekä käytettävät CO2-päästökertoimet [8]
  • Palosuo T. 09 [9]
Urgenche research project 2011 - 2014: city-level climate change mitigation
Urgenche pages

Urgenche main page · Category:Urgenche · Urgenche project page (password-protected)

Relevant data
Building stock data in Urgenche‎ · Building regulations in Finland · Concentration-response to PM2.5 · Emission factors for burning processes · ERF of indoor dampness on respiratory health effects · ERF of several environmental pollutions · General criteria for land use · Indoor environment quality (IEQ) factors · Intake fractions of PM · Land use in Urgenche · Land use and boundary in Urgenche · Energy use of buildings

Relevant methods
Building model · Energy balance · Health impact assessment · Opasnet map · Help:Drawing graphs · OpasnetUtils‎ · Recommended R functions‎ · Using summary tables‎

City Kuopio
 Climate change policies and health in Kuopio (assessment) · Climate change policies in Kuopio (plausible city-level climate policies) · Health impacts of energy consumption in Kuopio · Building stock in Kuopio · Cost curves for energy (prioritization of options) · Energy balance in Kuopio (energy data) · Energy consumption and GHG emissions in Kuopio by sector · Energy consumption classes (categorisation) · Energy consumption of heating of buildings in Kuopio · Energy transformations (energy production and use processes) · Fuels used by Haapaniemi energy plant · Greenhouse gas emissions in Kuopio · Haapaniemi energy plant in Kuopio · Land use in Kuopio · Building data availability in Kuopio · Password-protected pages: File:Heat use in Kuopio.csv · Kuopio housing

City Basel
 Buildings in Basel (password-protected)

Energy balances
Energy balance in Basel · Energy balance in Kuopio · Energy balance in Stuttgart · Energy balance in Suzhou


References

  1. ↑ http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/tiedotteet/2005/T2300.pdf
  2. ↑ http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706
  3. ↑ http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706
  4. ↑ [1]
  5. ↑ http://tilastokeskus.fi/tup/khkinv/fi_nir_150110.pdf
  6. ↑ http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf
  7. ↑ http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf
  8. ↑ http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf
  9. ↑ http://www.uku.fi/fine/src/raportit/PUPOloppuraportti2007.pdf
  10. ↑ http://www.tut.fi/units/rak/rtt/tutkimus/ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf

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