Emission factors for burning processes: Difference between revisions
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{{method|moderator=Pauliina}} | <noinclude>{{method|moderator=Pauliina}} | ||
[[Category: BIOHER]] | [[Category:BIOHER]] | ||
[[Category: Emission factors]] | [[Category:Emission factors]] | ||
[[Category:Energy]] | [[Category:Energy]] | ||
[[Category:Emission]] | [[Category:Emission]] | ||
[[Category:Contains R code]] | [[Category:Contains R code]] | ||
</noinclude> | |||
== Question == | == Question == | ||
What are the emission factors for burning processes | What are the emission factors for burning processes and how to estimate emissions based on them? The focus is on the situation in Finland. | ||
== Answer == | == Answer == | ||
[[File:Emissions from heating in Helsinki.png|thumb|centre|600px|Example of the use of emission factors: CO<sub>2</sub> and fine particle emissions in Helsinki. Scenarios are based on [[Helsinki energy decision 2015]].]] | |||
An example code for downloading and using the variable. | |||
<rcode embed=1> | |||
## This code is Op_en2719/ on page [[Emission factors for burning processes]]. | |||
library(OpasnetUtils) | |||
library(ggplot2) | |||
objects.latest("Op_en2791", code_name = "emissionstest") | |||
objects.latest("Op_en2791", code_name = "emissionFactors") | |||
oprint(summary(EvalOutput(emissionFactors))) | |||
</rcode> | |||
== Rationale == | == Rationale == | ||
=== | === HSY emission factors === | ||
''This section describes the use of HSY emission factors used for CO2 emission estimates. This should be merged with the other data, but it is first described as such. | |||
:'' | These emission factors are derived from the Helsinki Region Environmental Services (HSY) climate data [https://www.hsy.fi/fi/asiantuntijalle/ilmastonmuutos/hillinta/seuranta/Sivut/Paastot.aspx] on 27th Nov 2018. Emission factors were initially calculated for every entry in the data file (4180 rows in total). Then, emission sectors were compared along timeline for each city separately. We noticed that several sectors shared practically the same emission factors with few differences, which are not plausible as real differences (Table ''Sector classification''). So, we took a mean of the values to represent all sectors in the same EFclass group. | ||
Then, we compared results from different cities. There were minor changes that may be due to some real differences in data, and also a some changes that looked like artefact. However, there were two sectors, namely ''district heating'' and ''fuels'' that clearly differed between cities in a plausible way. Therefore, we used city-specific emission factors for these two sectors and those of Helsinki for all other sectors (because Helsinki seemed to have the least amount of artefact in the data). | |||
=== | <t2b name="Sector classification" index="Sector,Sektori,EFclass,PKluokka" obs=dummy unit="-"> | ||
metro|metrot|electricity|sähkö|1 | |||
trams|raitiovaunut|electricity|sähkö|1 | |||
local trains|lähijunat|electricity|sähkö|1 | |||
consumer electricity|kulutussähkö|electricity|sähkö|1 | |||
passenger ships|matkustajalaivat|ships|laivat|1 | |||
cargo ships|rahtilaivat|ships|laivat|1 | |||
buses|linja-autot|diesel machines|dieselkoneet|1 | |||
vans|pakettiautot|diesel machines|dieselkoneet|1 | |||
machinery|työkoneet|diesel machines|dieselkoneet|1 | |||
trucks|kuorma-autot|diesel machines|dieselkoneet|1 | |||
leasure boats|huviveneet|boats|veneet|1 | |||
professional boats|ammattiveneet|boats|veneet|1 | |||
district heating|kaukolämpö|district heating|kaukolämpö|1 | |||
oil heating|öljylämmitys|oil heating|öljylämmitys|1 | |||
electric heating|sähkölämmitys|electric heating|sähkölämmitys|1 | |||
geothermal heating|maalämpö|geothermal heating|maalämpö|1 | |||
fuels|polttoaineet|fuels|polttoaineet|1 | |||
processes|prosessit|processes|prosessit|1 | |||
private cars|henkilöautot|private cars|henkilöautot|1 | |||
motor cycles|moottoripyörät|motor cycles|moottoripyörät|1 | |||
</t2b> | |||
< | <t2b name="Sector hierarchy" index="Class,Subclass,Luokka,Alaluokka" obs="dummy" unit="-"> | ||
heating|district heating|lämmitys|kaukolämpö|1 | |||
heating|oil heating|lämmitys|öljylämmitys|1 | |||
heating|electric heating|lämmitys|sähkölämmitys|1 | |||
heating|geothermal heating|lämmitys|maalämpö|1 | |||
electricity|consumer electricity|sähkö|kulutussähkö|1 | |||
transport|road transport|liikenne|tieliikenne|1 | |||
transport|rail transport|liikenne|raideliikenne|1 | |||
transport|shipping|liikenne|laivaliikenne|1 | |||
industry and machinery|machinery|teollisuus ja työkoneet|työkoneet|1 | |||
industry and machinary|fuels|teollisuus ja työkoneet|polttoaineet|1 | |||
industry and machinery|processes|teollisuus ja työkoneet|prosessit|1 | |||
waste management|landfill|jätteiden käsittely|kaatopaikka|1 | |||
waste management|biowaste composting|jätteiden käsittely|biojätteen kompostointi|1 | |||
waste management|waste water treatment|jätteiden käsittely|jäteveden käsittely|1 | |||
waste management|waste water sludge composting|jätteiden käsittely|jätevesilietteen kompostointi|1 | |||
agriculture|fields|maatalous|pellot|1 | |||
agriculture|farm animals|maatalous|kotieläimet|1 | |||
road transport|private cars|tieliikenne|henkilöautot|1 | |||
road transport|motor cycles|tieliikenne|moottoripyörät|1 | |||
road transport|vans|tieliikenne|pakettiautot|1 | |||
road transport|trucks|tieliikenne|kuorma-autot|1 | |||
road transport|buses|tieliikenne|linja-autot|1 | |||
rail transport|local trains|raideliikenne|lähijunat|1 | |||
rail transport|metro|raideliikenne|metrot|1 | |||
rail transport|trams|raideliikenne|raitiovaunut|1 | |||
shipping|leasure boats|laivaliikenne|huviveneet|1 | |||
shipping|professional boats|laivaliikenne|ammattiveneet|1 | |||
shipping|passenger ships|laivaliikenne|matkustajalaivat|1 | |||
shipping|cargo ships|laivaliikenne|rahtilaivat|1 | |||
</t2b> | |||
<rcode name="HSYdata" label="Initiate ovariable HSYdata" embed=1> | |||
# This is code Op_en2791/HSYdata on page [[Emission factors for burning processes]] | |||
library(OpasnetUtils) | library(OpasnetUtils) | ||
HSYdata <- Ovariable("HSYdata",ddata="Op_en2791",subset="HSY CO2 emission and energy consumption") | |||
EFclass <- Ovariable("EFclass", ddata="Op_en2791", subset="Sector classification") | |||
objects.store(HSYdata, EFclass) | |||
cat("Ovariables HSYdata, EFclass stored.\n") | |||
</rcode> | |||
<rcode name="emfactor" label="Initiate ovariable emfactor" embed=1> | |||
# This code is Op_en2791/emfactor on page [[Emission factors for burning processes]] | |||
library(OpasnetUtils) | |||
emfactor <- Ovariable( | |||
"emfactor", | |||
dependencies=data.frame( | |||
Name=c("HSYdata","EFclass"), | |||
Ident=c("Op_en2791/HSYdata","Op_en2791/HSYdata") | |||
), | |||
formula=function(...) { | |||
dat <- HSYdata | |||
dat$Year <- as.numeric(as.character(dat$Year)) | |||
dat$CO2 <- as.numeric(as.character(dat$CO2)) | |||
result(dat) <- dat$CO2 / result(dat) | |||
levels(dat$Sector) <- tolower(levels(dat$Sector)) | |||
levels(dat$Consumer) <- tolower(levels(dat$Consumer)) | |||
### Combine sectors that have essentially the same emission factor. | |||
colnames(dat@output)[colnames(dat@output)=="Sector"] <- "Sektori" # The data is in Finnish but titles in English | |||
dat <- dat * EFclass | |||
dat <- dat[!(is.infinite(result(dat)) | is.nan(result(dat)) | result(dat)<0.01),] | |||
dat2 <- dat[dat$City == "Helsinki" | dat$Sector %in% c("district heating","fuels") , ] | |||
dat2 <- oapply(dat2,INDEX=c("City","Year","EFclass"),FUN=mean) | |||
if(FALSE) { | |||
# The figures illustrate the reasons for merging some sectors under the same emission factor. | |||
print(ggplot(dat@output, | |||
aes(x=Year, y=result(dat),colour=City,group=paste(City,Sector)))+geom_line()+ | |||
facet_wrap(~ EFclass, scales="free_y")+geom_point(aes(shape=City))+ | |||
labs(y="CO2 emission factor (kg/kWh)") | |||
) | |||
print(ggplot(dat2@output, | |||
aes(x=Year, y=result(dat2),colour=City,group=City))+geom_line()+ | |||
facet_wrap(~ EFclass, scales="free_y")+geom_point(aes(shape=City))+ | |||
labs(y="CO2 emission factor (kg/kWh)") | |||
) | |||
} | |||
#### Fill other EFclasses than district heating and fuels with city-unspecific values | |||
dat2$City <- as.factor(ifelse(dat2$EFclass %in% c("district heating","fuels"), as.character(dat2$City),NA)) | |||
dat2@output <- fillna(dat2@output, "City") | |||
#### Make geothermal energy and electric heating dependent on consumer electricity by factors 0.5 and 1.5, respectively. | |||
elfact <- Ovariable(output=data.frame( | |||
EFclass=c("consumer electricity","geothermal heating","electric heating"), | |||
Result=c(1,0.5,1.5)), | |||
marginal=c(TRUE,FALSE) | |||
) | |||
dat3 <- dat2[!dat2$EFclass %in% c("geothermal heating","electric heating"),] | |||
tmp <- dat2[dat2$EFclass %in% c("electricity"),] | |||
tmp$EFclass <- NULL | |||
dat3 <- combine(dat3, elfact*tmp) * EFclass | |||
return(dat3) | |||
} | |||
) | |||
objects.store(emfactor) | |||
cat("Ovariable emfactor stored.\n") | |||
</rcode> | |||
<t2b name="Emission factors in Helsinki" index="Sector,Year" locations="2015,2030,2035" unit="ton/GWh"> | |||
Consumer electricity|121.5|70.6|45 | |||
Electric heating|234.2|138.5|88.3 | |||
District heating|189.7|128.8|49.1 | |||
Natural gas|198|198|198 | |||
Light fuel oil|261|261|261 | |||
Coal|341|341|341 | |||
</t2b> | |||
The data above comes from Gaia report [http://www.stadinilmasto.fi/2018/06/19/hiilineutraali-helsinki-2035-toimenpideohjelma/]. | |||
=== Inputs and calculations === | |||
{| {{prettytable}} | |||
|+'''Variables needed for calculating emissions. | |||
! Dependencies || Measure || Indices || Missing data | |||
|---- | |||
| fuelUse (from [[Energy balance]] or other relevant source) | |||
| Amount of fuel used per timepoint. | |||
| Required indices: Fuel. Typical indices: Plant | |||
| | |||
|---- | |||
| emissionsLocations (case-specific knowledge from e.g. [[Helsinki energy production]]) | |||
| Tells how where emissions occur and from how high a stack. | |||
| Required indices: - . Typical indices: Plant | |||
| | |||
|---- | |||
| emissionFactors (generic information, but may be cultural differences. E.g. [[Emission factors for burning processes]] ## | |||
| emissions per unit of energy produced (g / J or similar unit) | |||
| Required indices: Pollutant, Fuel. Typical indices: Burner. | |||
| | |||
|---- | |||
|} | |||
<rcode name='emissionstest' label='Initiate emissions (only for developers)' embed=1 store=1> | |||
###This code is Op_en2791/emissionstest on page [[Emission factors for burning processes]]. | |||
library(OpasnetUtils) | |||
####### Calculate emissions | |||
===Emission factors for | emissions <- Ovariable("emissions", | ||
dependencies = data.frame( | |||
Name = c( | |||
"fuelUse", # Use of fuels (in MJ) | |||
"emissionFactors", # Emissions of different pollutants per energy (mg /MJ) | |||
"emissionLocations" # Locations where the emissions are emitted, indexed by City_area or Plant | |||
), | |||
Ident = c( | |||
NA, # typically from [[Energy balance]] but there are other ways to calculate | |||
"Op_en2791/emissionFactors", # [[Emission factors for burning processes]] | |||
NA # Case-specific data on locations of emissions. | |||
) | |||
), | |||
formula = function(...) { | |||
# convert from mg to ton emitted. | |||
out <- fuelUse * emissionFactors * 1E-9 | |||
if(!"City_area" %in% colnames(out@output)) { | |||
out <- out * Ovariable( | |||
output = data.frame(City_area = "Not known", Result = 1), | |||
marginal = c(TRUE, FALSE) | |||
) | |||
} | |||
out <- unkeep(out * emissionLocations, sources = TRUE, prevresults = TRUE) | |||
out@output$Emission_site <- as.factor(ifelse( | |||
out@output$Emission_site == "At site of consumption", | |||
as.character(out@output$City_area), | |||
as.character(out@output$Emission_site) | |||
)) | |||
out <- oapply( | |||
out, | |||
cols = c("Burner", "City_area"), | |||
FUN = sum | |||
) | |||
return(out) | |||
</ | } | ||
) | |||
objects.store(emissions) | |||
cat("Ovariable emissions stored.\n") | |||
</rcode> | |||
===Emission factors for heating=== | |||
<t2b name='Emission factors of energy production' index='Burner,Fuel,Pollutant' locations='PM2.5,CO2direct,CO2trade,CO2eq' desc='Description' unit='mg /MJ'> | <t2b name='Emission factors of energy production' index='Burner,Fuel,Pollutant' locations='PM2.5,CO2direct,CO2trade,CO2eq' desc='Description' unit='mg /MJ'> | ||
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Diesel engine|Biofuel|0-10|74200-87222|74200|87222| | Diesel engine|Biofuel|0-10|74200-87222|74200|87222| | ||
Large fluidized bed|Gas|0-3|55650|55650|55650|For PM2.5: one third of that of oil. For CO2: 3/4 of that of oil. | Large fluidized bed|Gas|0-3|55650|55650|55650|For PM2.5: one third of that of oil. For CO2: 3/4 of that of oil. | ||
Large fluidized bed|Coal|2-20|106000|106000| | Large fluidized bed|Coal|2-20|106000|106000|106000|Same as peat. | ||
Large fluidized bed|Wood|2-20|74200|0|74200|Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Karvosenoja et al., 2008 | Large fluidized bed|Wood|2-20|74200|0|74200|Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Karvosenoja et al., 2008 | ||
Large fluidized bed|Biofuel|2-20|74200|0|74200|Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Karvosenoja et al., 2008 | Large fluidized bed|Biofuel|2-20|74200|0|74200|Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Karvosenoja et al., 2008 | ||
Line 164: | Line 305: | ||
</t2b> | </t2b> | ||
:{{attack|# | | *Large fluidized bed (Peat) CO<sub>2</sub>-eq value from Väisänen, Sanni: Greenhouse gas emissions from peat and biomass-derived fuels, electricity and heat — Estimation of various production chains by using LCA methodology<ref name="SVäisänen">Väisänen S: Greenhouse gas emissions from peat and biomass-derived fuels, electricity and heat - Estimation of various production chains by using LCA methodology. Lappeenranta University of Technology. 2014. http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/94404/isbn9789522655578.pdf?sequence=2</ref> | ||
*Other CO<sub>2</sub>-eq values from [http://www.tut.fi/ee/Materiaali/Ekorem/EKOREM_LP_ja_sahko_raportti_051128.pdf EKOREM]: Sähkölämmitys ja lämpöpumput sähkönkäyttäjinä ja päästöjen aiheuttajina Suomessa. | |||
* Classes of climate emissions: | |||
*; CO2direct: Direct CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from the stack | |||
*; CO2trade: CO<sub>2</sub> emissions as they are defined in the emission trade. Non-trade sectors have emission 0. | |||
*; CO2eq: CO<sub>2</sub> emissions as equivalents (i.e. includes methane, N<sub>2</sub>O and other climate emissions based on life cycle impacts. | |||
In Finland there are about 700 kettles that have under 5MW fuel power. Same amount is between 5 to 50 MW kettles and over 50 MW kettles there are 200 in Finland. One heating power plant can have several kettles. Many 5-50 MW power plants have also less than 5 MW a kettle. <ref> http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706 {{attack|# |Link broken. I simply don't know what this is supposed to be.|--~~~~}}</ref> | |||
:''See further discussions about emission factors of wood burning and other topics on the discussion page.{{disclink|Discussions of emission factors}} | |||
<rcode name='emissionFactors' embed=1 label='Initiate emissionFactors (only for developers)'> | |||
# This is code Op_en2791/emissionFactors on page [[Emission factors for burning processes]]. | |||
library(OpasnetUtils) | |||
emissionFactors <- Ovariable( | |||
name = 'emissionFactors', | |||
ddata = 'Op_en2791', # [[Emission factors for burning processes]] | |||
subset = 'Emission factors of energy production' | |||
) | |||
objects.store(emissionFactors) | |||
cat("Objects emissionFactors initiated!\n") | |||
</rcode> | |||
# This is code Op_en2791/emissionFactors on page [[Emission factors for burning processes]]. | <noinclude> | ||
library(OpasnetUtils) | |||
===Other data=== | |||
emissionFactors <- Ovariable( | |||
name = 'emissionFactors', | This is other important data that wasn't in the end used in the model's calculations. These include for example emission factors for wood heating, emission types for different kinds of plants, kettles and fuels, and energy and sulphur contents of different fuels. | ||
ddata = 'Op_en2791', # [[Emission factors for burning processes]] | |||
subset = 'Emission factors of energy production' | {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" | ||
) | ! Show details | ||
|---- | |||
objects.store(emissionFactors) | | | ||
cat("Objects emissionFactors initiated!\n") | |||
These data are used in [[Urgenche]]. | |||
<t2b name='Emission factors for wood heating' index="Type,Observation" locations="Activity in Finland,PM2.5 emission factor" desc="Description" unit="PJ /a; mg /MJ"> | |||
Residential buildings|34.2 (30.8-37.6)||Karvosenoja et al. 2008 | |||
Primary wood-heated residential buildings|20.2 (16.6-23.9)||Karvosenoja et al. 2008 | |||
Manual feed boilers with accumulator tank|5.42 (3.89-7.22)|80.0 (37.6-150)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008 | |||
Manual feed boilers without accumulator tank|2.67 (1.67-3.87)|700 (329-1310)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008 | |||
Automatic feed wood chip boilers|1.46 (1.01-2)|50.0 (23.5-93.9)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008 | |||
Automatic feed pellet boilers|0.102 (0.0693-0.142)|30.0 (14.1-56.3)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008 | |||
Iron stoves|0.142 (0.0976-0.196)|700 (329-1310)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008 | |||
Other stoves and ovens|10.2 (7.86-12.8)|140 (65.8-263)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008 | |||
Low-emission stoves|0|80 (37.6-150)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008 | |||
Open fireplaces|0.163 (0.111-0.224)|800 (376-1500)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008 | |||
Supplementary wood-heated residential buildings|14.0 (10.7-17.4)||Karvosenoja et al. 2008 | |||
Iron stoves|0.212 (0.135-0.316)|700 (329-1310)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008 | |||
Other stoves and ovens|13.6 (10.4-16.9)|140 (65.8-263)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008 | |||
Low-emission stoves|0|80 (37.6-150)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008 | |||
Open fireplaces|0.222 (0.14-0.332)|800 (376-1500)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008 | |||
Recreational buildings|5.00 (4.50-5.50)||Karvosenoja et al. 2008 | |||
Iron stoves|0.782 (0.372-1.37)|700 (329-1310)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008 | |||
Other stoves and ovens|3.96 (3.19-4.59)|140 (65.8-263)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008 | |||
Open fireplaces|0.262 (0.118-0.477)|800 (376-1500)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008 | |||
</t2b> | |||
Karvosenoja et al. 2008 <ref>Karvosenoja et al. 2008 [http://www.researchgate.net/publication/235763046_Evaluation_of_the_emissions_and_uncertainties_of_PM2.5_originated_from_vehicular_traffic_and_domestic_wood_combustion_in_Finland]</ref> | |||
'''Table 1. Describing emission types in different kind of plants and kettles with different fuels and fuel power. | |||
Table 1. Describing emission types in different kind of plants and kettles with different fuels and fuel power. | |||
<t2b index="Type of plant or kettle,Fuel power (MW),Fuel,Emission type,PM separator,Observation" locations="Unit,Result,Description" unit="kg /MWh or mg /MJ | <t2b index="Type of plant or kettle,Fuel power (MW),Fuel,Emission type,PM separator,Observation" locations="Unit,Result,Description" unit="kg /MWh or mg /MJ | ||
Line 1,941: | Line 2,110: | ||
** [[RAINS emission factors]] | ** [[RAINS emission factors]] | ||
** [[WebFIRE]] | ** [[WebFIRE]] | ||
* [https://www.nilu.no/airquis/models_emission.htm NILU emission models] | |||
{{attack|# |Links 7-10 (From Tissari to Motiva) say the page doesn't exist.|--[[User:Heta|Heta]] ([[User talk:Heta|talk]]) 15:45, 31 August 2015 (UTC)}} | {{attack|# |Links 7-10 (From Tissari to Motiva) say the page doesn't exist.|--[[User:Heta|Heta]] ([[User talk:Heta|talk]]) 15:45, 31 August 2015 (UTC)}} | ||
Line 1,952: | Line 2,121: | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
</noinclude> |
Latest revision as of 10:17, 6 December 2018
Moderator:Pauliina (see all) |
|
Upload data
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Question
What are the emission factors for burning processes and how to estimate emissions based on them? The focus is on the situation in Finland.
Answer
An example code for downloading and using the variable.
Rationale
HSY emission factors
This section describes the use of HSY emission factors used for CO2 emission estimates. This should be merged with the other data, but it is first described as such.
These emission factors are derived from the Helsinki Region Environmental Services (HSY) climate data [3] on 27th Nov 2018. Emission factors were initially calculated for every entry in the data file (4180 rows in total). Then, emission sectors were compared along timeline for each city separately. We noticed that several sectors shared practically the same emission factors with few differences, which are not plausible as real differences (Table Sector classification). So, we took a mean of the values to represent all sectors in the same EFclass group.
Then, we compared results from different cities. There were minor changes that may be due to some real differences in data, and also a some changes that looked like artefact. However, there were two sectors, namely district heating and fuels that clearly differed between cities in a plausible way. Therefore, we used city-specific emission factors for these two sectors and those of Helsinki for all other sectors (because Helsinki seemed to have the least amount of artefact in the data).
Data updated successfully!
Obs | Sector | Sektori | EFclass | PKluokka | dummy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | metro | metrot | electricity | sähkö | 1 |
2 | trams | raitiovaunut | electricity | sähkö | 1 |
3 | local trains | lähijunat | electricity | sähkö | 1 |
4 | consumer electricity | kulutussähkö | electricity | sähkö | 1 |
5 | passenger ships | matkustajalaivat | ships | laivat | 1 |
6 | cargo ships | rahtilaivat | ships | laivat | 1 |
7 | buses | linja-autot | diesel machines | dieselkoneet | 1 |
8 | vans | pakettiautot | diesel machines | dieselkoneet | 1 |
9 | machinery | työkoneet | diesel machines | dieselkoneet | 1 |
10 | trucks | kuorma-autot | diesel machines | dieselkoneet | 1 |
11 | leasure boats | huviveneet | boats | veneet | 1 |
12 | professional boats | ammattiveneet | boats | veneet | 1 |
13 | district heating | kaukolämpö | district heating | kaukolämpö | 1 |
14 | oil heating | öljylämmitys | oil heating | öljylämmitys | 1 |
15 | electric heating | sähkölämmitys | electric heating | sähkölämmitys | 1 |
16 | geothermal heating | maalämpö | geothermal heating | maalämpö | 1 |
17 | fuels | polttoaineet | fuels | polttoaineet | 1 |
18 | processes | prosessit | processes | prosessit | 1 |
19 | private cars | henkilöautot | private cars | henkilöautot | 1 |
20 | motor cycles | moottoripyörät | motor cycles | moottoripyörät | 1 |
Data updated successfully!
Obs | Class | Subclass | Luokka | Alaluokka | dummy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | heating | district heating | lämmitys | kaukolämpö | 1 |
2 | heating | oil heating | lämmitys | öljylämmitys | 1 |
3 | heating | electric heating | lämmitys | sähkölämmitys | 1 |
4 | heating | geothermal heating | lämmitys | maalämpö | 1 |
5 | electricity | consumer electricity | sähkö | kulutussähkö | 1 |
6 | transport | road transport | liikenne | tieliikenne | 1 |
7 | transport | rail transport | liikenne | raideliikenne | 1 |
8 | transport | shipping | liikenne | laivaliikenne | 1 |
9 | industry and machinery | machinery | teollisuus ja työkoneet | työkoneet | 1 |
10 | industry and machinary | fuels | teollisuus ja työkoneet | polttoaineet | 1 |
11 | industry and machinery | processes | teollisuus ja työkoneet | prosessit | 1 |
12 | waste management | landfill | jätteiden käsittely | kaatopaikka | 1 |
13 | waste management | biowaste composting | jätteiden käsittely | biojätteen kompostointi | 1 |
14 | waste management | waste water treatment | jätteiden käsittely | jäteveden käsittely | 1 |
15 | waste management | waste water sludge composting | jätteiden käsittely | jätevesilietteen kompostointi | 1 |
16 | agriculture | fields | maatalous | pellot | 1 |
17 | agriculture | farm animals | maatalous | kotieläimet | 1 |
18 | road transport | private cars | tieliikenne | henkilöautot | 1 |
19 | road transport | motor cycles | tieliikenne | moottoripyörät | 1 |
20 | road transport | vans | tieliikenne | pakettiautot | 1 |
21 | road transport | trucks | tieliikenne | kuorma-autot | 1 |
22 | road transport | buses | tieliikenne | linja-autot | 1 |
23 | rail transport | local trains | raideliikenne | lähijunat | 1 |
24 | rail transport | metro | raideliikenne | metrot | 1 |
25 | rail transport | trams | raideliikenne | raitiovaunut | 1 |
26 | shipping | leasure boats | laivaliikenne | huviveneet | 1 |
27 | shipping | professional boats | laivaliikenne | ammattiveneet | 1 |
28 | shipping | passenger ships | laivaliikenne | matkustajalaivat | 1 |
29 | shipping | cargo ships | laivaliikenne | rahtilaivat | 1 |
Data updated successfully!
Obs | Sector | 2015 | 2030 | 2035 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Consumer electricity | 121.5 | 70.6 | 45 |
2 | Electric heating | 234.2 | 138.5 | 88.3 |
3 | District heating | 189.7 | 128.8 | 49.1 |
4 | Natural gas | 198 | 198 | 198 |
5 | Light fuel oil | 261 | 261 | 261 |
6 | Coal | 341 | 341 | 341 |
The data above comes from Gaia report [4].
Inputs and calculations
Dependencies | Measure | Indices | Missing data |
---|---|---|---|
fuelUse (from Energy balance or other relevant source) | Amount of fuel used per timepoint. | Required indices: Fuel. Typical indices: Plant | |
emissionsLocations (case-specific knowledge from e.g. Helsinki energy production) | Tells how where emissions occur and from how high a stack. | Required indices: - . Typical indices: Plant | |
emissionFactors (generic information, but may be cultural differences. E.g. Emission factors for burning processes ## | emissions per unit of energy produced (g / J or similar unit) | Required indices: Pollutant, Fuel. Typical indices: Burner. |
Emission factors for heating
Data updated successfully!
Obs | Burner | Fuel | PM2.5 | CO2direct | CO2trade | CO2eq | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Household | Wood | 140 (65.8-263) | 74200 | 0 | 8333 | Other stoves and ovens. Karvosenoja et al. 2008 |
2 | Household | Biofuel | 140 (65.8-263) | 74200 | 0 | 8333 | Other stoves and ovens. Karvosenoja et al. 2008 |
3 | Household | Light oil | 0-10 | 74200-87222 | 74200 | 87222 | Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh |
4 | Household | Oil | 0-10 | 74200-87222 | 74200 | 87222 | Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh |
5 | Household | Other sources | 0-10 | 74200 | 74200 | 74200 | Same as oil. |
6 | Household | Coal | 0-10 | 74200-87222 | 74200 | 87222 | |
7 | Household | Geothermal | 0-10 | 74200-87222 | 74200 | 87222 | |
8 | Household | Gas | 0-3 | 55650 | 55650 | 55650 | For PM2.5: one third of that of oil. For CO2: 3/4 of that of oil. |
9 | Household | Fuel oil | 0-10 | 74200-87222 | 74200 | 87222 | Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh |
10 | Domestic | Wood | 140 (65.8-263) | 74200 | 0 | 8333 | Other stoves and ovens. Karvosenoja et al. 2008 Just repeat the previous rows to match different wording of burners. |
11 | Domestic | Biofuel | 140 (65.8-263) | 74200 | 0 | 8333 | Other stoves and ovens. Karvosenoja et al. 2008 |
12 | Domestic | Light oil | 0-10 | 74200-87222 | 74200 | 87222 | Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh |
13 | Domestic | Oil | 0-10 | 74200-87222 | 74200 | 87222 | Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh |
14 | Domestic | Other sources | 0-10 | 74200 | 74200 | 74200 | Same as oil. |
15 | Domestic | Coal | 0-10 | 74200-87222 | 74200 | 87222 | |
16 | Domestic | Geothermal | 0-10 | 74200-87222 | 74200 | 87222 | |
17 | Domestic | Gas | 0-3 | 55650 | 55650 | 55650 | For PM2.5: one third of that of oil. For CO2: 3/4 of that of oil. |
18 | Domestic | Fuel oil | 0-10 | 74200-87222 | 74200 | 87222 | Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh |
19 | Diesel engine | Fuel oil | 0-10 | 74200-87222 | 74200 | 87222 | Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh |
20 | Diesel engine | Light oil | 0-10 | 74200-87222 | 74200 | 87222 | |
21 | Diesel engine | Biofuel | 0-10 | 74200-87222 | 74200 | 87222 | |
22 | Large fluidized bed | Gas | 0-3 | 55650 | 55650 | 55650 | For PM2.5: one third of that of oil. For CO2: 3/4 of that of oil. |
23 | Large fluidized bed | Coal | 2-20 | 106000 | 106000 | 106000 | Same as peat. |
24 | Large fluidized bed | Wood | 2-20 | 74200 | 0 | 74200 | Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Karvosenoja et al., 2008 |
25 | Large fluidized bed | Biofuel | 2-20 | 74200 | 0 | 74200 | Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Karvosenoja et al., 2008 |
26 | Large fluidized bed | Waste | 2-20 | 74200 | 0 | -50000 | CO2trade same as wood. CO2eq is guesswork but it is negative because without burning it would produce methane in landfill |
27 | Large fluidized bed | Peat | 2-20 | 106000 | 106000 | 107500 | Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Peat 382 kg /MWh |
28 | Large fluidized bed | Heavy oil | 8-22 | 91111-106000 | 106000 | 91111 | Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Peat 382 kg /MWh |
29 | Large fluidized bed | Fuel oil | 8-22 | 91111-106000 | 106000 | 91111 | Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Peat 382 kg /MWh |
30 | Grid | Electricity | 1-10 | 53000 | 212000 | 53000 | 50 % of large-scale burning (because of nuclear and hydro). Heavy oil 279 kg /MWh. Officially, electricity is not CHP but requires a double amount of coal to produce it. |
31 | None | Electricity_taxed | 1-10 | 53000 | 212000 | 53000 | 50 % of large-scale burning (because of nuclear and hydro). Heavy oil 279 kg /MWh. Officially, electricity is not CHP but requires a double amount of coal to produce it. These emissions are assumed when power plants buy electricity from the grid. |
32 | None | Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | We might want to keep these locations in the model, but we assume that emissions are zero. |
33 | None | Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | We might want to keep these locations in the model, but we assume that emissions are zero. |
34 | None | Cooling | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | We might want to keep these locations in the model, but we assume that emissions are zero. |
- Large fluidized bed (Peat) CO2-eq value from Väisänen, Sanni: Greenhouse gas emissions from peat and biomass-derived fuels, electricity and heat — Estimation of various production chains by using LCA methodology[1]
- Other CO2-eq values from EKOREM: Sähkölämmitys ja lämpöpumput sähkönkäyttäjinä ja päästöjen aiheuttajina Suomessa.
- Classes of climate emissions:
- CO2direct
- Direct CO2 emissions from the stack
- CO2trade
- CO2 emissions as they are defined in the emission trade. Non-trade sectors have emission 0.
- CO2eq
- CO2 emissions as equivalents (i.e. includes methane, N2O and other climate emissions based on life cycle impacts.
In Finland there are about 700 kettles that have under 5MW fuel power. Same amount is between 5 to 50 MW kettles and over 50 MW kettles there are 200 in Finland. One heating power plant can have several kettles. Many 5-50 MW power plants have also less than 5 MW a kettle. [2]
- See further discussions about emission factors of wood burning and other topics on the discussion page.D↷
Other data
This is other important data that wasn't in the end used in the model's calculations. These include for example emission factors for wood heating, emission types for different kinds of plants, kettles and fuels, and energy and sulphur contents of different fuels.
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These data are used in Urgenche. Data updated successfully!
Karvosenoja et al. 2008 [3] Table 1. Describing emission types in different kind of plants and kettles with different fuels and fuel power. Data updated successfully!
VTT 2005 [4] Emission factors vary greatly depending on kettle or plant type, fuel type and fuel power. Type of emission and possible PM separator also affect to EF number. Data been used in this page is from many different study and sources to get wide data base for EF caculations. Emission factors from Matti's conceptual model This data comes from File:UrgencheConceptualModel.xlsx. Table 2.
Table 3.
Table 4.
Table x This data comes from File:Energy supply in Europe.xls.
Table 5. This data comes from File:Energy supply in Europe.xls.
Table X This data comes from File:Energy supply in Europe.xls.
Table X This data comes from File:Energy supply in Europe.xls.
Table 6.
Table 7.
Table 8. Emission factors for small power plants in Finland.[5]
("Taulukoissa esitetyt ominaispäästökertoimet edustavat vaihteluväliä, joiden sisällä suurin osa yksittäisten laitosten arvoista on. Vaihteluvälit perustuvat käytettävissä olevien laitostietokantojen arvoihin (VAHTI-tiedot) ja pienten polttolaitosten päästömittaustuloksiin.") ⇤--#: . Using two languages is not suitable. --Sami Rissanen 11:37, 4 February 2013 (EET) (type: truth; paradigms: science: attack)
Emission factors for greenhousegases
Heljo & Laineen selvityksessä on päädytty seuraaviin kasvihuonekaasupäästökertoimiin (kgCO2/MWh) laskettuna rakennuksen bruttotasolla (rakennukseen hankittu energia)[6] Table 10.
NB BIO = biofuel, whose carbon dioxide emissions are not counted in the total emission amounts of Finland's greenhouse gases, nor are they taken into account in emissions trading. 1) CO2 factor of mixed fuels is an estimate taking into account only the share of fossil carbon. 2) Gasified waste (Product gas) is reported in the fuel categories of the source materials of gasification. Calorific values and emission coefficients describe the properties of fuel as fired, inclusive of moisture content (except for 313, where the measurement unit is tonnes of dry matter). Calorific value of natural gas has been specified in normal conditions (0 °C and 1.013 bar). Emission factors are updated when necessary. (* Revised values.
Emission factors for district heating is calculated in Motiva CO2 emission calculation introductions[8]. For district heating joint production emission factor is 220 kg CO2/MWh. In this view other GHGs (CH4 or N2O) are not taken account as CO2-ekv! Emission factors by fuel based on Motiva knowledge is in table 2. Table 12. Emission factors of CO2 by fuel[9].
Table 14. CO2 emission factors of energy use of buildings (kg CO2/MWh)
|
Dependencies
- Plant/kettle type
- Power output
- Efficiency
Data that have another unit than mg/MJ should be changed.
e.g. t/TJ -> mg/MJ
See also
- SMALL-SCALE PELLET BOILER EMISSIONS – CHARACTERIZATION AND COMPARISON TO OTHER COMBUSTION UNITS
HEIKKI LAMBERG. REPORT SERIES IN AEROSOL SCIENCE N:o 156 (2014). [7]
- USEPA emission factor information web site [8]
- Tissari et al 2009 [9]
- PUPO loppuraportti [10]
- Heljo et al. 2005 Rakennusten energiankulutus ja CO2-ekv päästöt Suomessa [11]
- Motiva 2004. Yksittäisen kohteen CO2-päästöjen laskentaohjeistus sekä käytettävät CO2-päästökertoimet [12]
- Palosuo T. 09 [13]
- Emission factors
- NILU emission models
⇤--#: . Links 7-10 (From Tissari to Motiva) say the page doesn't exist. --Heta (talk) 15:45, 31 August 2015 (UTC) (type: truth; paradigms: science: attack)
References
- ↑ Väisänen S: Greenhouse gas emissions from peat and biomass-derived fuels, electricity and heat - Estimation of various production chains by using LCA methodology. Lappeenranta University of Technology. 2014. http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/94404/isbn9789522655578.pdf?sequence=2
- ↑ http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706 ⇤--#: . Link broken. I simply don't know what this is supposed to be. --~~~~ (type: truth; paradigms: science: attack)
- ↑ Karvosenoja et al. 2008 [1]
- ↑ http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/tiedotteet/2005/T2300.pdf
- ↑ http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706
- ↑ [2]
- ↑ http://tilastokeskus.fi/tup/khkinv/fi_nir_150110.pdf
- ↑ http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf
- ↑ http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf
- ↑ http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf
- ↑ http://www.uku.fi/fine/src/raportit/PUPOloppuraportti2007.pdf
- ↑ http://www.tut.fi/units/rak/rtt/tutkimus/ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf