Emission factors for burning processes

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Question

What are the emission factors for burning processes and how to estimate emissions based on them? The focus is on the situation in Finland.

Answer

Example of the use of emission factors: CO₂ and fine particle emissions in Helsinki. Scenarios are based on Helsinki energy decision 2015.

An example code for downloading and using the variable.

+ Show code- Hide code ## This code is Op_en2719/ on page [[Emission factors for burning processes]]. library(OpasnetUtils) library(ggplot2) objects.latest("Op_en2791", code_name = "emissionstest") objects.latest("Op_en2791", code_name = "emissionFactors") oprint(summary(EvalOutput(emissionFactors)))

Rationale

HSY emission factors

This section describes the use of HSY emission factors used for CO2 emission estimates. This should be merged with the other data, but it is first described as such.

These emission factors are derived from the Helsinki Region Environmental Services (HSY) climate data [3] on 27th Nov 2018. Emission factors were initially calculated for every entry in the data file (4180 rows in total). Then, emission sectors were compared along timeline for each city separately. We noticed that several sectors shared practically the same emission factors with few differences, which are not plausible as real differences (Table Sector classification). So, we took a mean of the values to represent all sectors in the same EFclass group.

Then, we compared results from different cities. There were minor changes that may be due to some real differences in data, and also a some changes that looked like artefact. However, there were two sectors, namely district heating and fuels that clearly differed between cities in a plausible way. Therefore, we used city-specific emission factors for these two sectors and those of Helsinki for all other sectors (because Helsinki seemed to have the least amount of artefact in the data).

Sector classification(-)

Obs	Sector	Sektori	EFclass	PKluokka	dummy
1	metro	metrot	electricity	sähkö	1
2	trams	raitiovaunut	electricity	sähkö	1
3	local trains	lähijunat	electricity	sähkö	1
4	consumer electricity	kulutussähkö	electricity	sähkö	1
5	passenger ships	matkustajalaivat	ships	laivat	1
6	cargo ships	rahtilaivat	ships	laivat	1
7	buses	linja-autot	diesel machines	dieselkoneet	1
8	vans	pakettiautot	diesel machines	dieselkoneet	1
9	machinery	työkoneet	diesel machines	dieselkoneet	1
10	trucks	kuorma-autot	diesel machines	dieselkoneet	1
11	leasure boats	huviveneet	boats	veneet	1
12	professional boats	ammattiveneet	boats	veneet	1
13	district heating	kaukolämpö	district heating	kaukolämpö	1
14	oil heating	öljylämmitys	oil heating	öljylämmitys	1
15	electric heating	sähkölämmitys	electric heating	sähkölämmitys	1
16	geothermal heating	maalämpö	geothermal heating	maalämpö	1
17	fuels	polttoaineet	fuels	polttoaineet	1
18	processes	prosessit	processes	prosessit	1
19	private cars	henkilöautot	private cars	henkilöautot	1
20	motor cycles	moottoripyörät	motor cycles	moottoripyörät	1

Sector hierarchy(-)

Obs	Class	Subclass	Luokka	Alaluokka	dummy
1	heating	district heating	lämmitys	kaukolämpö	1
2	heating	oil heating	lämmitys	öljylämmitys	1
3	heating	electric heating	lämmitys	sähkölämmitys	1
4	heating	geothermal heating	lämmitys	maalämpö	1
5	electricity	consumer electricity	sähkö	kulutussähkö	1
6	transport	road transport	liikenne	tieliikenne	1
7	transport	rail transport	liikenne	raideliikenne	1
8	transport	shipping	liikenne	laivaliikenne	1
9	industry and machinery	machinery	teollisuus ja työkoneet	työkoneet	1
10	industry and machinary	fuels	teollisuus ja työkoneet	polttoaineet	1
11	industry and machinery	processes	teollisuus ja työkoneet	prosessit	1
12	waste management	landfill	jätteiden käsittely	kaatopaikka	1
13	waste management	biowaste composting	jätteiden käsittely	biojätteen kompostointi	1
14	waste management	waste water treatment	jätteiden käsittely	jäteveden käsittely	1
15	waste management	waste water sludge composting	jätteiden käsittely	jätevesilietteen kompostointi	1
16	agriculture	fields	maatalous	pellot	1
17	agriculture	farm animals	maatalous	kotieläimet	1
18	road transport	private cars	tieliikenne	henkilöautot	1
19	road transport	motor cycles	tieliikenne	moottoripyörät	1
20	road transport	vans	tieliikenne	pakettiautot	1
21	road transport	trucks	tieliikenne	kuorma-autot	1
22	road transport	buses	tieliikenne	linja-autot	1
23	rail transport	local trains	raideliikenne	lähijunat	1
24	rail transport	metro	raideliikenne	metrot	1
25	rail transport	trams	raideliikenne	raitiovaunut	1
26	shipping	leasure boats	laivaliikenne	huviveneet	1
27	shipping	professional boats	laivaliikenne	ammattiveneet	1
28	shipping	passenger ships	laivaliikenne	matkustajalaivat	1
29	shipping	cargo ships	laivaliikenne	rahtilaivat	1

+ Show code- Hide code # This is code Op_en2791/HSYdata on page [[Emission factors for burning processes]] library(OpasnetUtils) HSYdata <- Ovariable("HSYdata",ddata="Op_en2791",subset="HSY CO2 emission and energy consumption") EFclass <- Ovariable("EFclass", ddata="Op_en2791", subset="Sector classification") objects.store(HSYdata, EFclass) cat("Ovariables HSYdata, EFclass stored.\n")

+ Show code- Hide code # This code is Op_en2791/emfactor on page [[Emission factors for burning processes]] library(OpasnetUtils) emfactor <- Ovariable( "emfactor", dependencies=data.frame( Name=c("HSYdata","EFclass"), Ident=c("Op_en2791/HSYdata","Op_en2791/HSYdata") ), formula=function(...) { dat <- HSYdata dat$Year <- as.numeric(as.character(dat$Year)) dat$CO2 <- as.numeric(as.character(dat$CO2)) result(dat) <- dat$CO2 / result(dat) levels(dat$Sector) <- tolower(levels(dat$Sector)) levels(dat$Consumer) <- tolower(levels(dat$Consumer)) ### Combine sectors that have essentially the same emission factor. colnames(dat@output)[colnames(dat@output)=="Sector"] <- "Sektori" # The data is in Finnish but titles in English dat <- dat * EFclass dat <- dat[!(is.infinite(result(dat)) | is.nan(result(dat)) | result(dat)<0.01),] dat2 <- dat[dat$City == "Helsinki" | dat$Sector %in% c("district heating","fuels") , ] dat2 <- oapply(dat2,INDEX=c("City","Year","EFclass"),FUN=mean) if(FALSE) { # The figures illustrate the reasons for merging some sectors under the same emission factor. print(ggplot(dat@output, aes(x=Year, y=result(dat),colour=City,group=paste(City,Sector)))+geom_line()+ facet_wrap(~ EFclass, scales="free_y")+geom_point(aes(shape=City))+ labs(y="CO2 emission factor (kg/kWh)") ) print(ggplot(dat2@output, aes(x=Year, y=result(dat2),colour=City,group=City))+geom_line()+ facet_wrap(~ EFclass, scales="free_y")+geom_point(aes(shape=City))+ labs(y="CO2 emission factor (kg/kWh)") ) } #### Fill other EFclasses than district heating and fuels with city-unspecific values dat2$City <- as.factor(ifelse(dat2$EFclass %in% c("district heating","fuels"), as.character(dat2$City),NA)) dat2@output <- fillna(dat2@output, "City") #### Make geothermal energy and electric heating dependent on consumer electricity by factors 0.5 and 1.5, respectively. elfact <- Ovariable(output=data.frame( EFclass=c("consumer electricity","geothermal heating","electric heating"), Result=c(1,0.5,1.5)), marginal=c(TRUE,FALSE) ) dat3 <- dat2[!dat2$EFclass %in% c("geothermal heating","electric heating"),] tmp <- dat2[dat2$EFclass %in% c("electricity"),] tmp$EFclass <- NULL dat3 <- combine(dat3, elfact*tmp) * EFclass return(dat3) } ) objects.store(emfactor) cat("Ovariable emfactor stored.\n")

Emission factors in Helsinki(ton/GWh)

Obs	Sector	2015	2030	2035
1	Consumer electricity	121.5	70.6	45
2	Electric heating	234.2	138.5	88.3
3	District heating	189.7	128.8	49.1
4	Natural gas	198	198	198
5	Light fuel oil	261	261	261
6	Coal	341	341	341

The data above comes from Gaia report [4].

Inputs and calculations

Variables needed for calculating emissions.

Dependencies	Measure	Indices	Missing data
fuelUse (from Energy balance or other relevant source)	Amount of fuel used per timepoint.	Required indices: Fuel. Typical indices: Plant
emissionsLocations (case-specific knowledge from e.g. Helsinki energy production)	Tells how where emissions occur and from how high a stack.	Required indices: - . Typical indices: Plant
emissionFactors (generic information, but may be cultural differences. E.g. Emission factors for burning processes ##	emissions per unit of energy produced (g / J or similar unit)	Required indices: Pollutant, Fuel. Typical indices: Burner.

+ Show code- Hide code ###This code is Op_en2791/emissionstest on page [[Emission factors for burning processes]]. library(OpasnetUtils) ####### Calculate emissions emissions <- Ovariable("emissions", dependencies = data.frame( Name = c( "fuelUse", # Use of fuels (in MJ) "emissionFactors", # Emissions of different pollutants per energy (mg /MJ) "emissionLocations" # Locations where the emissions are emitted, indexed by City_area or Plant ), Ident = c( NA, # typically from [[Energy balance]] but there are other ways to calculate "Op_en2791/emissionFactors", # [[Emission factors for burning processes]] NA # Case-specific data on locations of emissions. ) ), formula = function(...) { # convert from mg to ton emitted. out <- fuelUse * emissionFactors * 1E-9 if(!"City_area" %in% colnames(out@output)) { out <- out * Ovariable( output = data.frame(City_area = "Not known", Result = 1), marginal = c(TRUE, FALSE) ) } out <- unkeep(out * emissionLocations, sources = TRUE, prevresults = TRUE) out@output$Emission_site <- as.factor(ifelse( out@output$Emission_site == "At site of consumption", as.character(out@output$City_area), as.character(out@output$Emission_site) )) out <- oapply( out, cols = c("Burner", "City_area"), FUN = sum ) return(out) } ) objects.store(emissions) cat("Ovariable emissions stored.\n")

Emission factors for heating

Emission factors of energy production(mg /MJ)

Obs	Burner	Fuel	PM2.5	CO2direct	CO2trade	CO2eq	Description
1	Household	Wood	140 (65.8-263)	74200	0	8333	Other stoves and ovens. Karvosenoja et al. 2008
2	Household	Biofuel	140 (65.8-263)	74200	0	8333	Other stoves and ovens. Karvosenoja et al. 2008
3	Household	Light oil	0-10	74200-87222	74200	87222	Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
4	Household	Oil	0-10	74200-87222	74200	87222	Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
5	Household	Other sources	0-10	74200	74200	74200	Same as oil.
6	Household	Coal	0-10	74200-87222	74200	87222
7	Household	Geothermal	0-10	74200-87222	74200	87222
8	Household	Gas	0-3	55650	55650	55650	For PM2.5: one third of that of oil. For CO2: 3/4 of that of oil.
9	Household	Fuel oil	0-10	74200-87222	74200	87222	Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
10	Domestic	Wood	140 (65.8-263)	74200	0	8333	Other stoves and ovens. Karvosenoja et al. 2008 Just repeat the previous rows to match different wording of burners.
11	Domestic	Biofuel	140 (65.8-263)	74200	0	8333	Other stoves and ovens. Karvosenoja et al. 2008
12	Domestic	Light oil	0-10	74200-87222	74200	87222	Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
13	Domestic	Oil	0-10	74200-87222	74200	87222	Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
14	Domestic	Other sources	0-10	74200	74200	74200	Same as oil.
15	Domestic	Coal	0-10	74200-87222	74200	87222
16	Domestic	Geothermal	0-10	74200-87222	74200	87222
17	Domestic	Gas	0-3	55650	55650	55650	For PM2.5: one third of that of oil. For CO2: 3/4 of that of oil.
18	Domestic	Fuel oil	0-10	74200-87222	74200	87222	Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
19	Diesel engine	Fuel oil	0-10	74200-87222	74200	87222	Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
20	Diesel engine	Light oil	0-10	74200-87222	74200	87222
21	Diesel engine	Biofuel	0-10	74200-87222	74200	87222
22	Large fluidized bed	Gas	0-3	55650	55650	55650	For PM2.5: one third of that of oil. For CO2: 3/4 of that of oil.
23	Large fluidized bed	Coal	2-20	106000	106000	106000	Same as peat.
24	Large fluidized bed	Wood	2-20	74200	0	74200	Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Karvosenoja et al., 2008
25	Large fluidized bed	Biofuel	2-20	74200	0	74200	Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Karvosenoja et al., 2008
26	Large fluidized bed	Waste	2-20	74200	0	-50000	CO2trade same as wood. CO2eq is guesswork but it is negative because without burning it would produce methane in landfill
27	Large fluidized bed	Peat	2-20	106000	106000	107500	Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Peat 382 kg /MWh
28	Large fluidized bed	Heavy oil	8-22	91111-106000	106000	91111	Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Peat 382 kg /MWh
29	Large fluidized bed	Fuel oil	8-22	91111-106000	106000	91111	Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Peat 382 kg /MWh
30	Grid	Electricity	1-10	53000	212000	53000	50 % of large-scale burning (because of nuclear and hydro). Heavy oil 279 kg /MWh. Officially, electricity is not CHP but requires a double amount of coal to produce it.
31	None	Electricity_taxed	1-10	53000	212000	53000	50 % of large-scale burning (because of nuclear and hydro). Heavy oil 279 kg /MWh. Officially, electricity is not CHP but requires a double amount of coal to produce it. These emissions are assumed when power plants buy electricity from the grid.
32	None	Electricity	0	0	0	0	We might want to keep these locations in the model, but we assume that emissions are zero.
33	None	Heat	0	0	0	0	We might want to keep these locations in the model, but we assume that emissions are zero.
34	None	Cooling	0	0	0	0	We might want to keep these locations in the model, but we assume that emissions are zero.

• Large fluidized bed (Peat) CO₂-eq value from Väisänen, Sanni: Greenhouse gas emissions from peat and biomass-derived fuels, electricity and heat — Estimation of various production chains by using LCA methodology
• Other CO₂-eq values from EKOREM: Sähkölämmitys ja lämpöpumput sähkönkäyttäjinä ja päästöjen aiheuttajina Suomessa.
• Classes of climate emissions:

  CO2direct

  Direct CO₂ emissions from the stack

  CO2trade

  CO₂ emissions as they are defined in the emission trade. Non-trade sectors have emission 0.

  CO2eq

  CO₂ emissions as equivalents (i.e. includes methane, N₂O and other climate emissions based on life cycle impacts.

In Finland there are about 700 kettles that have under 5MW fuel power. Same amount is between 5 to 50 MW kettles and over 50 MW kettles there are 200 in Finland. One heating power plant can have several kettles. Many 5-50 MW power plants have also less than 5 MW a kettle.

See further discussions about emission factors of wood burning and other topics on the discussion page.D↷

+ Show code- Hide code # This is code Op_en2791/emissionFactors on page [[Emission factors for burning processes]]. library(OpasnetUtils) emissionFactors <- Ovariable( name = 'emissionFactors', ddata = 'Op_en2791', # [[Emission factors for burning processes]] subset = 'Emission factors of energy production' ) objects.store(emissionFactors) cat("Objects emissionFactors initiated!\n")

Other data

This is other important data that wasn't in the end used in the model's calculations. These include for example emission factors for wood heating, emission types for different kinds of plants, kettles and fuels, and energy and sulphur contents of different fuels.

Show details

These data are used in Urgenche. Emission factors for wood heating(PJ /a; mg /MJ) Obs Type Activity in Finland PM2.5 emission factor Description 1 Residential buildings 34.2 (30.8-37.6) Karvosenoja et al. 2008 2 Primary wood-heated residential buildings 20.2 (16.6-23.9) Karvosenoja et al. 2008 3 Manual feed boilers with accumulator tank 5.42 (3.89-7.22) 80.0 (37.6-150) Karvosenoja et al. 2008 4 Manual feed boilers without accumulator tank 2.67 (1.67-3.87) 700 (329-1310) Karvosenoja et al. 2008 5 Automatic feed wood chip boilers 1.46 (1.01-2) 50.0 (23.5-93.9) Karvosenoja et al. 2008 6 Automatic feed pellet boilers 0.102 (0.0693-0.142) 30.0 (14.1-56.3) Karvosenoja et al. 2008 7 Iron stoves 0.142 (0.0976-0.196) 700 (329-1310) Karvosenoja et al. 2008 8 Other stoves and ovens 10.2 (7.86-12.8) 140 (65.8-263) Karvosenoja et al. 2008 9 Low-emission stoves 0 80 (37.6-150) Karvosenoja et al. 2008 10 Open fireplaces 0.163 (0.111-0.224) 800 (376-1500) Karvosenoja et al. 2008 11 Supplementary wood-heated residential buildings 14.0 (10.7-17.4) Karvosenoja et al. 2008 12 Iron stoves 0.212 (0.135-0.316) 700 (329-1310) Karvosenoja et al. 2008 13 Other stoves and ovens 13.6 (10.4-16.9) 140 (65.8-263) Karvosenoja et al. 2008 14 Low-emission stoves 0 80 (37.6-150) Karvosenoja et al. 2008 15 Open fireplaces 0.222 (0.14-0.332) 800 (376-1500) Karvosenoja et al. 2008 16 Recreational buildings 5.00 (4.50-5.50) Karvosenoja et al. 2008 17 Iron stoves 0.782 (0.372-1.37) 700 (329-1310) Karvosenoja et al. 2008 18 Other stoves and ovens 3.96 (3.19-4.59) 140 (65.8-263) Karvosenoja et al. 2008 19 Open fireplaces 0.262 (0.118-0.477) 800 (376-1500) Karvosenoja et al. 2008 Karvosenoja et al. 2008 Table 1. Describing emission types in different kind of plants and kettles with different fuels and fuel power. Emission factors for burning processes(kg /MWh or mg /MJ) Obs Type of plant or kettle Fuel power (MW) Fuel Emission type PM separator Unit Result Description 1 - - Heavy oil CO2 - kg /MWh 279 - 2 Poltinpoltto <5 Heavy oil PM partly syklone mg /MJ 20-90 Number of plants: 300 3 Poltinpoltto 5-15 Heavy oil PM partly syklone mg /MJ 10-70 200 4 Poltinpoltto 15-50 Heavy oil PM partly syklone mg /MJ 5-40 100 5 - >50 Heavy oil TSP - mg /MJ 15 (5-30) Savolahti M., Personal communication 6 - >50 Heavy oil PM2.5 - mg /MJ 5 (1.5-9) Savolahti M., Personal communication 7 - - Light oil CO2 - kg /MWh 267 - 8 Poltinpoltto <5 Light oil PM - mg /MJ 0-10 20 9 Poltinpoltto 5-15 Light oil PM - mg /MJ 0-10 20 10 Poltinpoltto 15-50 Light oil PM - mg /MJ 0-10 10 11 Diesel/kaasumoottori 20-40 Heavy oil PM - mg /MJ 30-60 2 12 - - Wood CO2 - kg /MWh 0 - 13 Kerrosleijukattila 5-10 Wood PM electric mg /MJ 10-70 8 14 Kerrosleijukattila 10-50 Wood PM electric mg /MJ 5-30 10 15 Kiertoleijukattila 5-10 Wood PM electric mg /MJ 5-30 4 16 Puuarinakattila <5 Wood PM syklone/electric mg /MJ 20-150 120 17 Puuarinakattila 5-10 Wood PM syklone/electric mg /MJ 20-150 50 18 Puuarinakattila 10-50 Wood PM syklone/electric mg /MJ 10-150 35 19 Kaasutuskattila 2-7 Wood PM syklone mg /MJ 50-150 5 20 Leijupoltto 20-100 Wood PM2.5 (multisyklone+) electric mg /MJ 2-20 Reference: VTT 2005 21 Leijupoltto 20-100 Biomass PM2.5 (multisyklone+) electric mg /MJ 2-20 Reference: VTT 2005;wood > biomass 22 Leijupoltto 100-300 Wood PM2.5 (multisyklone+) electric mg /MJ 1-15 VTT 2005 23 - - Peat CO2 - kg /MWh 382 - 24 Leijupoltto 5-20 Peat PM2.5 (multisyklone+) electric mg /MJ 5-25 VTT 2005 25 Leijupoltto 20-100 Peat PM2.5 (multisyklone+) electric mg /MJ 4-23 VTT 2005 26 Leijupoltto 100-300 Peat PM2.5 (multisyklone+) electric mg /MJ 2-20 VTT 2005 27 Leijupoltto 300-500 Peat PM2.5 electric mg /MJ 2-15 VTT 2005 28 Leijupoltto >500 Peat PM2.5 electric mg /MJ 2 VTT 2005 29 5-20 Heavy oil PM2.5 - mg /MJ 4-38 VTT 2005 30 20-100 Heavy oil PM2.5 - mg /MJ 8-53 VTT 2005 31 20-100 Heavy oil PM2.5 cyclone/multicyclone mg /MJ 5-24 VTT 2005 32 100-300 Heavy oil PM2.5 - mg /MJ 8-22 VTT 2005 33 100-300 Heavy oil PM2.5 cyclone/multicyclone mg /MJ 4-13 VTT 2005 VTT 2005 Emission factors vary greatly depending on kettle or plant type, fuel type and fuel power. Type of emission and possible PM separator also affect to EF number. Data been used in this page is from many different study and sources to get wide data base for EF caculations. Emission factors from Matti's conceptual model This data comes from File:UrgencheConceptualModel.xlsx. Table 2. Emission factors (t/TJt) CO2 (+CO) CH4 BC Fine PM SO2 NO Power plant/industry scale Coal 101 0.001 0.02 5 0.7 0.3 Power plant/industry scale Oil (residual) 82 0.003 0.02 0.01 0.5 0.1 Power plant/industry scale NatGas 59 0.001 0.005 0 0 0.06 Power plant/industry scale Biomass (ww+agr) 130 0.025 0.05 1 0 0.2 Power plant/industry scale Municipal waste 100 0.029 0.05 1 0 0.2 Local heating Coal 103 0.301 14 8 1 0.1 Local heating Oil (distillate) 78 0.010 0.2 0 0.5 0.04 Local heating NatGas 59 0.005 0.01 0 0 0.02 Local heating Biomass (wood) 148 0.253 10 1 0 0.7 Transport Petrol 67 0.001 0.01 Transport Diesel 69 0.001 0.028 EURO-III (CRT traps) Transport LNG 70 0.001 0.007 Transport Liq biofuel 64 0.010 0.03 Table 3. Energy contents C2H5OH 29.700 MJ/kg C2 24.000 molecular weight H6 6.000 molecular weight O 16.000 molecular weight Petrol 43 MJ/kg Diesel 45 MJ/kg Liquefied natural gas (LNG) 56 MJ/kg Gas 49,00 MJ/kg Solid biofuel 7,00 MJ/kg Liquid biofuel 29,00 MJ/kg Coal 25,60 MJ/kg Crude oil 43,0 MJ/kg 1 kg ethanol = 0.522 kg C produces 1.913 kg CO2 1MJ ethanol produces 0.064 kg CO2 Table 4. Sulphur contents % Coal S 1 Residual oil S 2.5 Distillate oil S 0.5 Diesel S 0.1 Petrol S 0.05 Table x This data comes from File:Energy supply in Europe.xls. Fuel ash and sulfur contents of fuels (%) Fuel Ash Sulfur Coal and peat 11,0 1,1 Crude oil 0,4 2,5 Petrochem products 0,04 1,5 Biofuel and waste 0,5 - Table 5. This data comes from File:Energy supply in Europe.xls. Removal rates (%) Coal and peat Petrochem products Biofuel and waste Power generation fly ash removal 99,5 90,0 99,0 Heat/power fly ash removal 99,5 90,0 95,0 District heating fly ash removal 95 90 90 Power generation SO2 removal 45 45 Heat/power SO2 removal 0 District heating SO2 removal 0 Power generation NOx removal 0 Heat/power NOx removal 0 District heating NOx removal 0 Table X This data comes from File:Energy supply in Europe.xls. CO2 emissions from combustion (MtCO2/Mtoe) Coal & peat Crude oil Oil Gas Biofuels & waste 3,86 3,13 3,13 2,27 4,79 Table X This data comes from File:Energy supply in Europe.xls. EC+OC emission factor (t/Mtoe) Type of plant Coal & peat Crude oil Petrochem products Gas Biofuels & waste Electricity plants 260 300 170 300 CHP Plants 610 400 240 800 Heat plants 1000 600 400 3000 Blast furnaces 3000 Gas works 3000 1000 100 Oil refineries 400 200 100 Petrochemical plants 1000 300 Coke/pat. fuel/BKB plants 600 Liquefication plants 600 Table 6. Energy efficiencies Fuel Power only CHP Power CHP Heat Heat only Nuclear 0.37 0.32 0.50 1.00 Hydro Wind, solar, geothermal Coal/peat 0.45 0.35 0.55 0.90 Crude oil 0.50 0.40 0.50 0.90 Natural gas 0.53 0.40 0.50 0.90 Biomass 0.40 0.33 0.55 0.90 Municipal waste 0.40 0.33 0.55 0.90 Table 7. Relative GHG potency Time CO2 CH4 20 a. 1 72 100 a. 1 25 Emission factors for PM Table 8. Emission factors for small power plants in Finland. Type of plant or kettle Fuel power (MW) Fuel PM separator Emission factor (mg/MJ) Number of plants Poltinpoltto <5 Heavy oil partly syklone 20-90 300 Poltinpoltto 5-15 Heavy oil partly syklone 10-70 200 Poltinpoltto 15-50 Heavy oil partly syklone 5-40 100 Poltinpoltto <5 Light oil - <10 20 Poltinpoltto 5-15 Light oil - <10 20 Poltinpoltto 15-50 Light oil - <10 10 Diesel/kaasumoottori 20-40 Heavy oil - 30-60 2 Kerrosleijukattila 5-10 Wood electric 10-70 8 Kerrosleijukattila 10-50 Wood electric 5-30 10 Kiertoleijukattila 20-40 Wood electric 5-30 4 Puuarinakattila <5 Wood syklone/electric 20-150 120 Puuarinakattila 5-10 Wood syklone/electric 20-150 50 Puuarinakattila 10-50 Wood syklone/electric 10-150 35 Kaasutuskattila 2-7 Wood syklone 50-150 5 ("Taulukoissa esitetyt ominaispäästökertoimet edustavat vaihteluväliä, joiden sisällä suurin osa yksittäisten laitosten arvoista on. Vaihteluvälit perustuvat käytettävissä olevien laitostietokantojen arvoihin (VAHTI-tiedot) ja pienten polttolaitosten päästömittaustuloksiin.") ⇤--#: . Using two languages is not suitable. --Sami Rissanen 11:37, 4 February 2013 (EET) (type: truth; paradigms: science: attack) Table 9. Emission factors for wood burning in small scale heating (e.g. secondary heating at houses) can be found from PUPO emission and toxicity database Table. Emissions of wood burning in different fireplaces.[5] Fire place Number of measurements Mean (mg/MJ) Min (mg/MJ) Max (mg/MJ) Panospoltto 32 76 14.15 224.27 Varaava tulisija 22 80 27.97 224.27 -Perinteinen 18 91 30.75 224.27 -Moderni 3 32 27.97 36.52 Kamiinat ja muut 5 54 45.8 74.2 Kiukaat 1 168 - - Klapikattilat 4 59 14.15 106.14 -Perinteinen 2 102 98.59 106.14 -Moderni 2 16 14.15 17.58 Poltinpoltto 49 20 5.21 89.2 Pellettipoltin 21 21 5.21 89.2 Stokeripoltin 5 15 12.21 18.71 Emission factors for greenhousegases EFs by fuel based classification Heljo & Laineen selvityksessä on päädytty seuraaviin kasvihuonekaasupäästökertoimiin (kgCO2/MWh) laskettuna rakennuksen bruttotasolla (rakennukseen hankittu energia)[6] Table 10. kgCO2/MWh) Puu 18 Kevyt polttoöljy 265 Raskas polttoöljy 179 Kaukolämpö, erillistuotanto 231 Kaukolämpö, yhteistuotanto 224 Kaukolämpö keskimäärin (yhteistuotantoa 73 %) 226 Sähkö keskimäärin 204 Sähkön marginaalikulutus 714 Sähkön perustehoalueen kulutus 112 Sähkön välitehoalueen kulutus 459 Sähkön huipputehoalueen kulutus 867 Sähkölämmityksen lämmitysenergia (esimerkkiarvo) 400 Table 11. Fuel classification and emission factors in Finland 2010. . Definitions for classification of fuels and energy sources can be found here. Code Heading Fuel-specific unit CO2 default emission factor [t/TJ] Default net calorific value (as fired) [GJ/unit] NB 1 Fossil fuels 11 Petroleum products 111 Petroleum gases 1111 Refinery gas t 54.2 * 49.7 * 1112 LPG (Liquefied petroleum gas) t 65.0 46.2 112 Light distillates 1121 Naphtha t 72.7 44.3 1122 Motor gasoline t 72.9 43.0 1123 Aviation gasoline t 71.3 43.7 113 Medium distillates 1131 Kerosene (jet fuel) t 73.2 43.3 1132 Other kerosenes t 71.5 * 43.1 1133 Diesel oil t 73.6 42.8 1134 Light fuel oil (heating fuel oil) t 74.1 42.7 1135 Gasoil (for non-road use) t 73.6 * 42.8 1139 Other medium distillates t 74.1 42.7 114 Heavy distillates 1141 Heavy fuel oil, sulphur content < 1% t 78.8 41.1 1142 Heavy fuel oil, sulphur content ≥ 1% t 78.8 40.5 1143 Other heavy distillates t 79.2 * 40.2 115 Petroleum coke t 97.0 33.5 116 Recycled and waste oils t 78.8 41.0 119 Other petroleum products t 78.8 30.0 12 Coal 121 Hard coal 1211 Anthracite t 98.3 * 33.5 1212 Hard coal, bituminous t 94.6 24.6 * 122 Other coal 1221 Semi-bituminous coal, brown coal, lignite t 108.0 20.0 1222 Coal briquettes t 94.6 * 30.0 1228 Coal tar t 90.6 * 37.0 1229 Other non-specified coal t 108.0 10.0 123 Coke t 108.0 29.3 124 Coke oven gas 1000 m3 41.5 16.7 125 Blast furnace gas 1000 m3 263.7 3.8 13 Natural gas 131 Natural gas 1000 m3 55.04 36.0 2 Peat 21 Peat 211 Milled peat t 105.9 10.1 212 Sod peat t 102.0 12.3 213 Peat pellets and briquettes t 97.0 18.0 * 3 Renewable and mixed fuels 31 Biomass 311 Forest fuelwood 3111 Firewood (stems and split firewood) t 109,6 14.0 * BIO 3112 Chips from roundwood t 109,6 9.5 * BIO 3113 Forest residue chips t 109,6 9.0 * BIO 312 Industrial wood residue BIO 3121 Bark t 109,6 7.5 * BIO 3122 Sawdust, cutter shavings etc. t 109,6 8.0 * BIO 3123 Wood residue chips t 109,6 9.5 * BIO 3128 Unspecified industrial wood residue t 109,6 7.5 * BIO 3129 Other industrial wood residue t 109,6 * 8.8 * BIO 313 Black liquor and other concentrated liquors tka 109,6 11.5 * BIO 314 Other by-products from wood processing TJ 109,6 BIO industry 315 Recovered wood t 109,6 12.0 * BIO 316 Wood pellets and briquettes t 109,6 16.0 BIO 317 Vegetable-based fuels 3171 NEW!!Reed canary grass t 100.0 14.6 BIO 3172 NEW!!Cereal crops and straw parts t 109,6 13.5 BIO 3179 NEW!! Other vegetable-based fuels t 109,6 15.0 BIO 318 Animal-based fuels t 109.6 30.0 * BIO 32 Other biofuels and mixed fuels 321 Biogas 3211 Landfill gas 1000 m3 56,1 17.0 * BIO 3212 Biogas from wastewater treatment 1000 m3 56.1 23.0 * BIO 3213 Industrial biogas 1000 m3 56.1 20.0 * BIO 3219 Other biogas 1000 m3 56.1 20.0 * BIO 322 Liquid biofuels t 77.4 30..40 BIO 323 Mixed fuels (fossil and non-fossil) 3231 Recovered fuels t 31.8 20.0 1) 3232 Demolition wood t 17.0 15.0 1) 3233 Impregnated wood (chemically treated) t 11.4 12.0 1) 3234 NEW!! Deinking sludge t 60.0 4.0 1) 3238 NEW!!Municipal waste (unsorted) t 40.0 10.0 1) 3239 Other mixed fuels t 110.0 10.0 324 Gasified waste (Product gas) 1000 m3 .. .. 2) 325 NEW!!Biosludge t 109.6 2.5 BIO 4 Other energy sources 41 Nuclear energy 411 Nuclear energy TJ – 49 Others 491 Other by-products and wastes used as fuels 4911 Plastics waste t 74.1 33.0 4912 Rubber waste t 90.0 33.0 4913 Hazardous waste t 117.0 * 10.0 * 4919 Other waste t 75.0 15.0 * 492 Exothermic heat from industry TJ – 493 Secondary heat from industry TJ – 494 Electricity MWh – 495 Steam MWh – 497 NEW!!Sulphur t 0.0 10.5 498 Hydrogen 1000 m3 0.0 10.8 499 Other non-specified energy sources TJ .. NB BIO = biofuel, whose carbon dioxide emissions are not counted in the total emission amounts of Finland's greenhouse gases, nor are they taken into account in emissions trading. 1) CO2 factor of mixed fuels is an estimate taking into account only the share of fossil carbon. 2) Gasified waste (Product gas) is reported in the fuel categories of the source materials of gasification. Calorific values and emission coefficients describe the properties of fuel as fired, inclusive of moisture content (except for 313, where the measurement unit is tonnes of dry matter). Calorific value of natural gas has been specified in normal conditions (0 °C and 1.013 bar). Emission factors are updated when necessary. (* Revised values. Emission factors for district heating is calculated in Motiva CO2 emission calculation introductions. For district heating joint production emission factor is 220 kg CO2/MWh. In this view other GHGs (CH4 or N2O) are not taken account as CO2-ekv! Emission factors by fuel based on Motiva knowledge is in table 2. Table 12. Emission factors of CO2 by fuel. Fuels kg CO2/MWh Heavy oil 279 Light oil 267 Gas 202 Fluid gas 227 Peat 382 Coal 341 Coke 389 Wood 0 CO2 EF for electricity can be classified in two categories: purchase electricity and own production. EF for purchase electricity is the same as own electricity vendor has informed or average Finnish electricity procurement CO2 EF (= 200 kg CO2/MWh). EF for own electricity production can be used EF from table 2 (fuel based EFs). If electricity is produced in combined electricity, heating production EFs are calculated with “benefit division method”. Method is explained in Motiva introduction (attachment 2). Table 13. Average emission factors measured with differed gas analyzator (kk) and FTIR analyzator . Ordinary combustion Distribution (%) Bad combustion Distribution (%) Unit Temperature of gas 253 1 159 17 Celsius CO2 (kk) 7.3 5 11 8 %, dry O2 (kk) 13.3 3 8.7 14 %, dry H2O (FTIR) 6.5 4 7.7 - %, wet CO (kk) 2300 10 8100 29 mg/MJ CO (FTIR) 2000 11 5700 - mg/MJ OGC (kk) 120 17 1700 46 mg C/MJ OGC (FTIR) 160 24 1500 - mg C/MJ CH4 (FTIR) 30 22 350 - mg C/MJ C6H6 (FTIR) 20 27 210 - mg C/MJ Table 14 and 15 are from Heljo et al 2005. Coefficient of CO2-ekv/CO2 as 1.02 is used in transformation CO2 emission factors to CO2-ekv. factors for electricity and district heating. Table 14. CO2 emission factors of energy use of buildings (kg CO2/MWh) Gross of building level Dispersion Efficiency Efficienfy energy level Light oil 267 - 0.85 314 Heavy oil 279 - 0.85 328 Wood - - - - District heating Separate production 226 20-500 - 226 Co-production 220 dispersion - 220 Electricity production Average 200 - - 200 Marginal 700 700-900 - 700 or Basic capacity 110 - - 110 Interval capacity 450 - - 450 Peak capacity 850 - - 850 Table 15. CO2-ekv emission factors of energy use of buildings (kg CO2-ekv/MWh) Gross of building level Dispersion Efficiency Efficienfy energy level Light oil 267 - 0.85 314 Heavy oil 279 - 0.85 328 Wood 18 - 0.6 30 District heating Separate production 231 20-500 - 231 Co-production 224 dispersion - 224 Electricity production Average 204 - - 204 Marginal 714 700-900 - 714 or Basic capacity 112 - - 112 Interval capacity 459 - - 459 Peak capacity 867 - - 867

Dependencies

• Plant/kettle type
• Power output
• Efficiency

Data that have another unit than mg/MJ should be changed.

e.g. t/TJ -> mg/MJ

See also

• SMALL-SCALE PELLET BOILER EMISSIONS – CHARACTERIZATION AND COMPARISON TO OTHER COMBUSTION UNITS

HEIKKI LAMBERG. REPORT SERIES IN AEROSOL SCIENCE N:o 156 (2014). [7]

• USEPA emission factor information web site [8]
• Tissari et al 2009 [9]
• PUPO loppuraportti [10]
• Heljo et al. 2005 Rakennusten energiankulutus ja CO2-ekv päästöt Suomessa [11]
• Motiva 2004. Yksittäisen kohteen CO2-päästöjen laskentaohjeistus sekä käytettävät CO2-päästökertoimet [12]
• Palosuo T. 09 [13]
• Emission factors
  • AP42: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors. Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources
  • CEPMEIP Database - Emission Factors
  • Emission Factors Database
  • Material Emission Database for 90 Target VOCS
  • RAINS emission factors
  • WebFIRE
• NILU emission models

⇤--#: . Links 7-10 (From Tissari to Motiva) say the page doesn't exist. --Heta (talk) 15:45, 31 August 2015 (UTC) (type: truth; paradigms: science: attack)

Urgenche research project 2011 - 2014: city-level climate change mitigation

Urgenche pages Urgenche main page · Category:Urgenche · Urgenche project page (password-protected) Relevant data Building stock data in Urgenche‎ · Building regulations in Finland · Concentration-response to PM2.5 · Emission factors for burning processes · ERF of indoor dampness on respiratory health effects · ERF of several environmental pollutions · General criteria for land use · Indoor environment quality (IEQ) factors · Intake fractions of PM · Land use in Urgenche · Land use and boundary in Urgenche · Energy use of buildings Relevant methods Building model · Energy balance · Health impact assessment · Opasnet map · Help:Drawing graphs · OpasnetUtils‎ · Recommended R functions‎ · Using summary tables‎ City Kuopio Climate change policies and health in Kuopio (assessment) · Climate change policies in Kuopio (plausible city-level climate policies) · Health impacts of energy consumption in Kuopio · Building stock in Kuopio · Cost curves for energy (prioritization of options) · Energy balance in Kuopio (energy data) · Energy consumption and GHG emissions in Kuopio by sector · Energy consumption classes (categorisation) · Energy consumption of heating of buildings in Kuopio · Energy transformations (energy production and use processes) · Fuels used by Haapaniemi energy plant · Greenhouse gas emissions in Kuopio · Haapaniemi energy plant in Kuopio · Land use in Kuopio · Building data availability in Kuopio · Password-protected pages: File:Heat use in Kuopio.csv · Kuopio housing City Basel Buildings in Basel (password-protected) Energy balances Energy balance in Basel · Energy balance in Kuopio · Energy balance in Stuttgart · Energy balance in Suzhou

References

• [14]