Exposure to PM2.5 in Finland: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 12:48, 12 June 2015

This page is a knowledge crystal of subtype method. The page identifier is Op_en3435
Moderator:Virpi Kollanus (see all)

Upload data {{#opasnet_base_link:Op_en3435}}

Question

How to estimate exposure to fine particles (PM2.5) in the Finnish population? Only outdoor sources are considered here.

Answer

Use source-receptor matrix (e.g. the so-called PILTTI matrix) to estimate exposure levels and population sizes around a given source point. Georeference and source strength must be given. The concentrations per unit emission around the source and population density across Finland are already known in the system.

Rationale

Dispersion modelling

+ Show code - Hide code

library(OpasnetUtils)
library(OpasnetUtilsExt)
library(ggplot2)
library(rgdal)
library(maptools)
library(RColorBrewer)
library(classInt)
library(RgoogleMaps)

objects.latest("Op_en6007", code_name = "answer") # [[OpasnetUtils/Drafts]]

# GIS points for emissions.

districts <- tidy(opbase.data("Op_en3435.kuopio_city_districts"), widecol = "Location") # [[Exposure to PM2.5 in Finland]]
districts <- Ovariable("districts", data = data.frame(districts, Result = 1))

cat("PM2.5 intake fractions are being calculated for these locations.\n")

oprint(districts)

dis <- ova2spat(EvalOutput(districts), coord = c("E", "N"), proj4string = "+init=epsg:3067")

# Long-distance iF of PM2.5 for exposures beyond 10 km.

objects.latest("Op_en5813", code_name="initiate") # Long-distance iF for PM2.5 [[Intake fractions of PM]]
iF.PM2.5@data <- iF.PM2.5@data[iF.PM2.5@data$Subcategory == "Large power plants" , ]
iF.PM2.5@data <- iF.PM2.5@data[!colnames(iF.PM2.5@data) %in% c("Obs", "Geographical area", "Year", "PM type", "Source category", "Subcategory")]

# Calculate exposure concentration * population for a unit emission and all emission points.

out <- Ovariable()
for(i in 1:length(dis$City.area)) 
{
	print(paste(i, "\n"))
	temp <- GIS.Exposure(GIS.Concentration.matrix(
		1, 
		LA = coordinates(dis)[i, 2], 
		LO = coordinates(dis)[i, 1],
		N = 1
	))
	out@output <- rbind(out@output, data.frame(City.area = dis$City.area[i], temp@output))
}

out@output <- out@output[out@output$HAVAINTO == "VAESTO" , ]
out@marginal <- !grepl("Result$", colnames(out@output))
out <- unkeep(out, cols = c("KUNTA", "ID_NRO", "XKOORD", "YKOORD", "HAVAINTO", "dx", "dy"), sources = TRUE)

# Large matrix with detailed exposures in grids.
PILTTI.matrix <- out

# This produces an intake fraction if you give PM2.5 emissions as ton /a. GIS.Concentration.matrix takes ton /a and gives ug /m3.
# iF = intake (g /s) per emission (g /s) = concentration (ug /m3) * population (#) * breathing rate (m3 /s) / emission (g /s).

iF <- oapply(out, cols = c("LAbin", "LObin"), FUN = "sum", na.rm = TRUE)
iF <- iF * 20 / (24 * 3600) * 1E-6 # Divide by breathing rate 20 m3 /d and scale from ug to g to get intake fraction.
iF@output <- data.frame(Emissionheight = "Low", iF@output)
iF@output <- orbind(iF, data.frame(Emissionheight = "High", Result = 0))
iF@marginal <- c(TRUE, iF@marginal)
iF@output <- fillna(iF@output, marginals = colnames(iF@output)[iF@marginal])

iF <- iF + iF.PM2.5 * 1E-6 # Scale iF.PM2.5 from ppm to fractions.

colnames(emissionLocations@data) <- gsub("[ \\.]", "_", colnames(emissionLocations@data))

objects.store(PILTTI.matrix, iF)
cat("Objects PILTTI.matrix, emissionLocations and iF saved.\n")

Data

Based on Piltti source-receptor matrix.

Emission and city area locations

A previous table about emission locations in Kuopio was moved to Kuopio energy production and that about Kuopio city district was moved to Building stock in Kuopio.

Intake fractions of PM

A previous table by Humbert et al 2011 was moved to Intake fractions of PM.

Dependencies

**Urgenche research project 2011 - 2014: city-level climate change mitigation**
Urgenche pages Urgenche main page · Category:Urgenche · Urgenche project page (password-protected) Relevant data Building stock data in Urgenche‎ · Building regulations in Finland · Concentration-response to PM2.5 · Emission factors for burning processes · ERF of indoor dampness on respiratory health effects · ERF of several environmental pollutions · General criteria for land use · Indoor environment quality (IEQ) factors · Intake fractions of PM · Land use in Urgenche · Land use and boundary in Urgenche · Energy use of buildings Relevant methods Building model · Energy balance · Health impact assessment · Opasnet map · Help:Drawing graphs · OpasnetUtils‎ · Recommended R functions‎ · Using summary tables‎ City Kuopio Climate change policies and health in Kuopio (assessment) · Climate change policies in Kuopio (plausible city-level climate policies) · Health impacts of energy consumption in Kuopio · Building stock in Kuopio · Cost curves for energy (prioritization of options) · Energy balance in Kuopio (energy data) · Energy consumption and GHG emissions in Kuopio by sector · Energy consumption classes (categorisation) · Energy consumption of heating of buildings in Kuopio · Energy transformations (energy production and use processes) · Fuels used by Haapaniemi energy plant · Greenhouse gas emissions in Kuopio · Haapaniemi energy plant in Kuopio · Land use in Kuopio · Building data availability in Kuopio · Password-protected pages: File:Heat use in Kuopio.csv · Kuopio housing City Basel Buildings in Basel (password-protected) Energy balances Energy balance in Basel · Energy balance in Kuopio · Energy balance in Stuttgart · Energy balance in Suzhou

References