EBoDE Data Overview

EBoDE project

This page is a product of the EBoDE project. The final report of the EBoDE project has been published as a report in 2011 and also as web pages in Opasnet. These links lead to parts of the report. EBoDE project: main page | overview | contributors | data overview | Parma meeting | abbreviations | all pages Methods: environmental burden of disease calculation | selection of exposures and health effects | data needed | impact calculation tool Health effects in Europe: benzene | dioxins | formaldehyde | lead | ozone | particulate matter | radon | second-hand smoke | transport noise | environmental burden of disease | results by country

Tables

Table 1

TABLE 3-19. Summary of health endpoints, exposure units and exposure/response-relationships. Unless otherwise stated, both mortality and morbidity were estimated.

Stressor	Health endpoint	Population	Exposure estimate	Unit of exposure	Type of ERF	Point estimate of ERFa)	LCL (95%)	UCL (95%)	Reference(s) for ERF	Threshold	Calculation methodb)
Benzene	Leukemia	All	Annual mean exposure	µg m-3	UR	6.00 x 10-6	2.20 x 10-6	7.80 x 10-6	WHO, 2000a; IRIS 2003		2A
Dioxin	Total cancer incidence	All	Daily intake of adults	pg/kg/d	UR	1.00 x 10-3	5.70 x 10-4	5.10 x 10-3	NAS, 2004, IRIS, 2006, Leino 2008		2A
SHS	Tracheas, bronchus and lung cancers c)	Adult non-smokers	% of people exposed (=yes)	yes/no	RR	1.21	1.13	1.30	US S.G., 2006		1A
	Ischemic heart disease	Adult non-smokers		yes/no	RR	1.27	1.19	1.36	US S.G., 2006		1A
	Asthma induction	Adult non-smokers		yes/no	RR	1.97	1.19	3.25	Jaakkola et al., 2003		1A
	Asthma induction	Children (<14 yr)		parental y/n	RR	1.32	1.24	1.41	Cal-EPA, 2005		1A
	Lower respiratory infections	Infants (<2 yr)		Parental y/n	RR	1.55	1.42	1.69	US S.G., 2006		1A
	Otitis media	Toddlers (<3 yr)		Parental y/n	RR	1.38	1.21	1.56	Etzel et al., 1992; Cal-EPA 2005		1A
Formaldehyde	Asthma aggravation (children) (morbidity only)	Toddlers (<3 yr)	Annual mean residential indoor concentration	µg m-3	RR	1.017	1.004	1.025	Rumchev et al., 2002	100	1A
Lead	IQ loss	Children (<5 yr)	Distribution of blood lead levels	µg/l	UR	0.051	0.032	0.07	Landphear et al., 2005	24	2B
	Mild mental retardation (morbidity only)	Children (<5 yr)		µg/l	DS d)	function	-	-	-	24	2B
	Hypertensive diseases (morbidity only)	Adults/All		µg/l	DS d)	function	-	-	-	50	2B
	Increased blood pressure	Adults/All		µg/l	UR	2.50 x 10-2	1.70 x 10-2	3.20 x 10-2	Fewtrell et al. 2003, Schwartz, 1995	50	2B
Road traffic noise	High sleep disturbance (HSD) (morbidity only)	All	Persons exposed to predefined exposure categories	Lnight (dB)	UR	function	function	function	Miedema et al., 2007		2B
	Ischemic heart disease (IHD)	All		Lday16h (dB)	OR	function	function	function	Babisch, 2006		1A
Railway noise	High sleep disturbance (HSD) (morbidity only)	All		Lnight (dB)	UR	function	function	function	Miedema et al., 2007		2B
Aircraft noise	High sleep disturbance (HSD) (morbidity only)	All		Lnight (dB)	UR	function	function	function	Miedema et al., 2007		2B
Ozone	Total mortality (non-violent)	Adults (>30 yr)	Population weighed ambient SOMO35 level	µg m-3	RR	1.0003	1.0001	1.000	WHO, 2006a		1A
	Minor restricted activity days (morbidity only)	Working age (18–64 yr)		µg m-3	UR	0.0115	0.0044	0.02	Hurley et al., 2005, WHO 2006b		2B
	Cough days, children (morbidity only)	School children (5–14)		µg m-3	UR	0.093	0.019	0.22	Hurley et al., 2005, WHO 2006b		2B
	LRS days in children (excl cough) (morbidity only)	School children (5–14)		µg m-3	UR	0.016	-0.043	0.08	Hurley et al., 2005, WHO 2006b		2B
PM2.5	Cardiopulmonary disease	Adults (>30 yr)	Population weighted ambient level	µg m-3	RR	1.0077	1.0020	1.0132	Pope et al., 2002, WHO, 2006a		1A
	Lung cancer	Adults (>30 yr)		µg m-3	RR	1.012	1.004	1.020	Pope et al., 2002, WHO, 2006a		1A
	Chronic bronchitis (new cases)	Adults (>27 yr)		µg m-3	UR	5.33 x 10-5	1.70 x 10-6	1.13 x 10-4	Hurley et al., 2005, WHO, 2006b		1A
	Restricted activity days (RAD)	15–64 yr		µg m-3	UR	0.0902	0.0792	0.101	Hurley et al., 2005, WHO, 2006b		2B
Radon	Lung cancer	All	Residential mean level	Bq m-3	RR	1.0016	1.0005	1.0031	Darby et al. 2005		1A

^a) These exposure response functions are all expressed per 1 unit of exposure.
^b) Different types of calculation methods were applied (see also paragraph 2.1):

1A: Deriving the PAF from epidemiological data; applying the PAF to total burden of disease data (WHO database)

2A: Indirectly calculating the PAF from the Unit Risk and background incidence; applying the PAF to total burden of disease data (WHO database)

2B: Using a Unit Risk to calculate Attributable Incidence; calculating the Burden of Disease: AI x DW x L

^c) The RR for spousal smoking is used as a proxy for any regular exposure (including at work).
^d) For lead, a shift in exposure distributions is linked to a unit risk approach. Further information provided in 3.6.

Function: No point estimate can be given, as the exposure response function is given by a more complex function.
AI = Attributable Incidence;
ARI = Acute respiratory infections;
Bq = Becquerel;
IHD = Ischemic heart disease;
Lday16h = noise level for day and evening;
LRS = Lower respiratory Symptoms;
PCB = Polychlorinated biphenyls,
PAF = Population Attributable Fraction;
PM = Particulate Matter;
RAD = Restricted activity days;
SHS = Second-Hand Smoke,
SOMO35 = sum of maximum 8-hour ozone levels over 35 ppb (70 µg/m3);
UR = Unit Risk;
RR = Relative Risk;
yr = year; µg = microgram; mg = milligram; pg = picogram; kg = kilogram; d = day

Table 2

TABLE 3-20. Summary of years and sources of exposure data.

Stressor	Year(s) of original exposure data	Assumptions for trends estimation to 2004	Exposure data source
Benzene	2004	National trend estimates when applicable	AirBase data for outdoor levels in 2004; national studies for indoors
Dioxins	1997–2006	No trend assumed	National data for intake
Second-hand smoke	2008	Available data fitted with power functions for trends	National and international survey data for exposures between 1990 and 2008 used for modelling 2004 data;
Formaldehyde	1990–2005	No trend assumed	National indoor concentration data
Lead	1990–2005	National trend estimates	National blood lead level data
Transport noise	20071	No trend assumed	EC Environmental Noise Directive data
Ozone	2005	No trend assumed	ECT/ACC spatial model based on AirBase observations and air quality maps
Particulate matter	2005	No trend assumed
Radon	up-to 2005	No trend assumed	RadonMapping project (http://radonmapping.jrc.ec.europa.eu) and the UNSCEAR 2000 Report

¹ Target year of END data was set as 2007. The actual collected data contains subsets of data from various years.

Table 3

TABLE 3-21. Summary of exposure values for benzene, dioxin and dioxin-likes, SHS, formaldehyde, lead and radon for 2004, ozone and PM for 2005.*

Environmental stressor	Population group	Exposure metric	Unit	Belgium	Finland	France	Germany	Italy	Netherlands
Benzene	All	Average annual exposure concentration	µg m-3	1.5	2.0	2.1	1.8	2.9	0.9
Dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs	All	Average annual daily intake	pg TEQ/kg/d	1.9	1.5	2.3	2.0	2.3	1.0
SHS	All	Percentage of non-smokers	%	74.9	74.2	71.5	71.0	76.5	66.6
	Non-smokers	Percentage of non-smokers exposed	%	32	14	25	31	30	30
	Children	Percentage of non-smokers exposed	%	NA	4	33	24	40	36
Formaldehyde (threshold 100 µg m-3)	All	Percentage of people exposed above 100 µg m-3	%	0.20	2.30	0.20	0.30	0.05	0.05
	All	Average indoor concentration above 100 µg m-3	µg m-3	139	122	118	113	101	101
Lead	All	Average blood concentration?	µg/l	22	16	25	22	39	19
	Adults	Percentage of adults exposed above 50 µg/l	%	5.5	1.8	8.1	5.5	23.9	3.4
	Adults	Average blood concentration for adults above 50 µg/l	µg/l	68	68	68	67	76	65
	Children 0–4	Percentage of children exposed above 24 µg/l	%	32.5	17.0	39.9	32.5	67.1	24.7
	Children 0–4	Average blood concentration for children above 24 µg/l	µg/l	39	36	41	39	50	37
Ozone	All	Annual sum of ozone maximum 8-h levels above 35 ppb (SOMO35)	µg m-3	2 787	2 580	4 756	4 164	8 134	1 920
PM2.5	All	Average annual ambient concentration	µg m-3	18.7	9.1	12.3	16.0	19.6	18.7
PM10	All	Average annual ambient concentration	µg m-3	28.9	13.3	19.1	22.1	32.7	29.1
Radon	All	Average annual indoor concentration	Bq m-3	69	120	89	50	70	30

• Noise data are not included in this overview table, as they cannot be easily summarized due to categorial exposures. For noise data, please see paragraph 3.7.