Toxic equivalency factor references

From Opasnet
Jump to navigation Jump to search

This page contains a compiled reference list for pages about toxic equivalency factor (TEF).

References


  • Aarts, JMMJG; Denison, MS; Cox, MA; et al. (1995) Species-specific antagonism of Ah receptor action by 2,2',5,5'-tetrachloro- and 2,2',3,3',4,4'-hexachlorobiphenyl. Eur J Pharmacol- Environ Toxicol Pharmacol Sect 293(4):463-474.
  • Abbott, BD; Birnbaum, LS; Perdew, GH. (1995) Developmental expression of two members of a new class of transcription factors: I. Expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the C57BL/6N mouse embryo. Devel Dyn 204(2):133-143.
  • Abbott, BD; Schmid, JE; Pitt, JA; et al. (1999) Adverse reproductive outcomes in the transgenic Ah receptor-deficient mouse. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 155(1):62-70.
  • Addison, R. F., Ikonomou, M. G., and Stobo, W. T. (1999). Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans and non-ortho- and mono-ortho-chlorine substituted polychlorinated biphenyls in grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) from Sable Island, Nova Scotia, in 1995. Mar. Environ. Res. 47, 225–240.
  • Ahlborg, U; Becking, GC; Birnbaum, LS; et al. (1994) Toxic equivalency factors for dioxin-like PCBs: report on a WHO-ECEH and IPCS consultation, Dec. 1993. Chemosphere 28(6):1049-1067.
  • Ahlborg, U. G., Becking, G. C., Birnbaum, L. S., Brouwer, A., Derks, H. J. G. M., Feeley, M., Golog, G., Hanberg, A., Larsen, J. C., Liem, A. K., et al. (1994). Toxic equivalency factors for dioxin-like PCBs: Report on WHO-ECEH and IPCS consultation. Chemosphere 28, 1049–1067.
  • Ahlborg, UG; Brouwer, A; Fingerhut,, MA; et al. (1992) Impact of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls on human and environmental health, with special emphasis on application of the toxic equivalency factor concept. Eur J Pharmacol 228(4):179-199.
  • Amakura, Y., Tsutsumi, T., Nakamura, M., Kitagawa, H., Fujino, J., Sasaki, K., Yoshida, T., and Toyoda, M. (2002). Preliminary screening of the inhibitory effect of food extracts on activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 25, 272–274.
  • Bager, Y; Hemming, H; Flodstrom, S; et al. (1995) Interaction of 3,4,5,3',4'-pentachlorobiphenyl and 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl in promotion of altered hepatic foci in rats. Pharmacol Toxicol 77(2):149-154.
  • Bandiera, S., Sawyer, T., Romkes, M., Zmudzka, B., Safe, L., Mason, G., Keys, B., and Safe, S. (1984). Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs): Effects of structure on binding to the 2,3,7,8-TCDD cytosolic receptor protein, AHH induction and toxicity. Toxicology 32, 131–144.
  • Bank, PA; Yao, EF; Phelps, CL; et al. (1992) Species-specific binding of transformed Ah receptor to a dioxin responsive transcriptional enhancer. Eur J Pharmacol 228(2-3):85-94.
  • Bannister, R., and Safe, S. (1987). Synergistic interactions of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice: Role of the Ah receptor. Toxicology 44, 159–169.
  • Barnes, D; Alford-Stevens, A; Birnbaum, L; et al. (1991) Toxicity equivalency factors for PCBs? Qual Assur 1(1):70-81.
  • Barnes, D. G. (1991). Toxicity equivalents and EPA’s risk assessment of 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Sci. Total Environ. 104, 73–86.
  • Barnes, D., Alford-Stevens, A., Birnbaum, L., Kutz, F. W., Wood, W., and Patton, D. (1991). Toxicity equivalency factors for PCBs? Qual. Assur. 1, 70–81.
  • Behnisch, P. A., Hosoe, K., and Sakai, S. (2001). Bioanalytical screening methods for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds a review of bioassay/ biomarker technology. Environ. Int. 27, 413–439.
  • Behnisch, P. A., Hosoe, K., and Sakai, S. (2003). Brominated dioxin-like compounds: In vitro assessment in comparison to classical dioxin-like compounds and other polyaromatic compounds. Environ. Int. 29, 861–877.
  • Berghard, A; Gradin, K; Toftgärd, R. (1992) The stability of dioxin-receptor ligands influences cytochrome P450IA1 expression in human keratinocytes. Carcinogenesis 13(4):651-655.
  • Berhow, M., Tisserat, B., Kanes, K., and Vandercook, C. (1998). Survey of phenolic compounds produced in citrus. United States Department of Agriculture.
  • Biegel, L; Harris, M; Davis, D; et al. (1989) 2,2',4,4',5,5'- hexachlorobiphenyl as a 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin antagonist in C57BL/6J mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 97(3):561-571.
  • Biegel, L., Harris, M., Davis, D., Rosengren, R., Safe, L., and Safe, S. (1989). 2,2',4,4',5,5'-Hexachlorobiphenyl as a 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin antagonist in C57BL/6J mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 97, 561–571.
  • Birnbaum LS; McDonald, MM; Blair, PC; et al. (1990) Differential toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in C57BL/6J mice congenic at the Ah locus. Fundam Appl Toxicol 15(1):186-200.
  • Birnbaum, L. S., and DeVito, M. J. (1995). Use of toxic equivalency factors for risk assessment for dioxins and related compounds. Toxicology 105, 391–401.
  • Birnbaum, L. S., Darcey, D. J., and McKinney, J. D. (1983). Hexabromonaphthalene contaminants of polybrominated biphenyls: Chemical composition and disposition in the rat. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 12, 555–573.
  • Birnbaum, L. S., Harris, M. W., Miller, C. P., Pratt, R. M., and Lamb, J. C. (1986). Synergistic interaction of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and hydrocortisone in the induction of cleft palate in mice. Teratology 33, 29–35.
  • Birnbaum, L. S., Staskal, D. F., and Diliberto, J. J. (2003). Health effects of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) and dibenzofurans (PBDFs). Environ. Int. 29, 855–860.
  • Birnbaum, LS; DeVito, MJ. (1995) Use of toxic equivalency factors for risk assessment for dioxins and related compounds. Toxicology 105:391-401.
  • Birnbaum, LS; Harris, MW; Crawford, DD; et al. (1987) Teratogenic effects of polychlorinated dibenzofurans in combination in C57BL/6N mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 91:246-255.
  • Birnbaum, LS; Morrissey, RE; Harris, MW. (1991) Teratogenic effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzo-p-dioxin and three polybrominated dibenzofurans in C57BL/6N mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 107:141-152.
  • Birnbaum, LS; Weber, H; Harris, MW; et al. (1985) Toxic interaction of specific polychlorinated biphenyls and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: increased incidence of cleft palate in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 77:292-302.
  • Birnbaum, LS. (1994) The mechanism of dioxin toxicity: relationship to risk assessment. Environ Health Perspect 102(Suppl 9):157-167.
  • Birnbaum, LS. (1999) TEFs: a practical approach to a real-world problem. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 5:13-23.
  • Bjeldanes, LF; Kim, JY; Grose, KR; et al. (1991) Aromatic hydrocarbon responsiveness-receptor agonists generated from indole-3-carbinol in vitro and in vivo: comparisons with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Proc Natl Acad Sci 88(21):9543-9547.
  • Blankenship, A. L., Kannan, K., Villalobos, S. A., Villeneuve, D. L., Falandyz, J., Imagawa, T., Jakobsson, E., and Giesy, J. P. (2000). Relative potencies of individual polychlorinated naphthalenes and halowax mixtures to induce Ah receptor-mediated responses. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 3153–3158.
  • Bols, N. C., Whyte, J. J., Clemons, J. H., Tom, D. J., Van den Heuvel,M. R., and Dixon, D. G. (1997). Use of liver cell lines to develop toxic equivalency factors and to derive toxic equivalent concentrations in environmental samples. In Ecotoxicology: Responses, Biomarkers and Risk Assessment (Zelikoff, J. T., ed.), pp. 329–350. SOS Publications Fair Haven, NJ.
  • Bradfield, CA; Bjeldanes, LF. (1984) Effect of dietary indole-3-carbinol on intestinal and hepatic monooxygenase, glutathione S-transferase and epoxide hydrolase activities in the rat. Food Chem Toxicol 22(12):977-982.
  • Bradfield, CA; Bjeldanes, LF. (1987) Structure-activity relationships of dietary indoles: a proposed mechanism of action as modifiers of xenobiotic metabolism. J Toxicol Environ Health 21(3):311-323.
  • Broadbent, TA; Broadbent, HS. (1998) 1. The chemistry and pharmacology of indole-3-carbinol(indole-3-methanol) and 3-(methoxymethyl)indole. [Part II]. Curr Med Chem 5(6):469-491.
  • Brown, D. J., Chu, M., Van Overmeire, I., Chu, A., and Clark, G. C. (2001). Determination of REP values for the CALUX bioassay and comparison to the WHO TEF values. Organohalogens Compounds 53, 211–214. Chen, C. Y., Hamm, J. T., Hass, J. R., and Birnbaum, L. S. (2001). Disposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and non-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls in pregnant long evans rats and the transfer to offspring. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 173, 65–88.
  • Chaloupka, K; Harper, N; Krishnan, V; et al. (1993) Synergistic activity of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures as aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor agonists. Chem-Biol Inter 89:141-158.
  • Chen, G., and Bunce, N. J. (2003). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers as Ah receptor agonists and antagonists. Toxicol. Sci. 76, 310–320.
  • Chen, G., and Bunce, N. J. (2004). Interaction between halogenated aromatic compounds in the Ah receptor signal transduction pathway. Environ. Toxicol. 19, 480–489.
  • Chen, I; Safe, S; Bjeldanes, L. (1996) Indole-3-carbinol and diindolylmethane as aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor agonsits and antagonists in T47D human breast cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 51:1069-1076.
  • Chen, I., Harper, N., and Safe, S. (1995). Inhibition of TCDD-induced responses in B6C3F1mice and hepa1c1c7cells by indole-3-carbinol. Organohalogen Compd. 25, 57–60.
  • Chen, I., Safe, S., and Bjeldanes, L. (1996). Indole-3-carbinol and diindolylmethane as aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor agonists and antagonists in T47D human breast cancer cells. Biochem. Pharmacol. 51, 1069–1076.
  • Chen, YH; Riby, J; Srivastava, P; et al. (1995) Regulation of CYP1A1 by indolo[3,2-b]carbazole in murine hepatoma cells. J Biol Chem 270 (38):22548-22555.
  • Choi, J.-W., Fujimaki, S., Kitamura, K., Hashimoto, S., Ito, H., Suzuki, N., Sakai, S.-I., and Morita, M. (2003). Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and diphenyl ethers in Japanese human adipose tissue. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37, 817–821.
  • Chu, I., Villeneuve, D. C., Yagminas, A., Lecavalier, P., Hakansson, H., Ahlborg, U. G., Valli, V. E., Kennedy, S.W., Bergman, A., Seegal, R. F., et al. (1995). Toxicity of PCB 77 (3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl) and PCB 118 (2,3',4,4'5-pentachlorobiphenyl) in the rat following subchronic dietary exposure. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 26, 282–292.
  • Cogliano, VJ. (1998) Assessing the cancer risk from environmental PCBs. Environ Health Perspect 106(6):317-323.
  • Crofton, K. M., Craft, E. S., Hedge, J. M., Gennings, C., Simmons, J. E., Carchman, R. A., Carter, W. H. Jr, and DeVito, M. J. (2005). Thyroidhormone- disrupting chemicals: Evidence for dose-dependent additivity or synergism. Environ. Health Perspect. 113, 1549–1554.
  • Darnerud, P. O. (2003). Toxic effects of brominated flame retardants in man and in wildlife. Environ. Int. 29, 841–853.
  • Davis, D; Safe, S. (1989) Dose-response immunotoxicities of commercial polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their interaction with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol Lett 48:35-43.
  • Davis, D., and Safe, S. (1988). Immunosuppressive activities of polychlorinated dibenzofuran congeners: Quantitative structure-activity relationships and interactive effects. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 94, 141–149.
  • De Jongh, J; DeVito, M; Nieboer, R; et al. (1995) Induction of cytochrome P450 isoenzymes after toxicokinetic interactions between 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl in the liver of the mouse. Fundam Appl Toxicol 25(2):264-270.
  • De Vito, M. (2003). The influence of chemical impurity on estimating relative potency factors for PCBs. Organohalogen Compd. 65, 288–291.
  • Degawa, M; Tanimura, S; Agatsuma, T; et al. (1989) Hepatocarcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amines that induce cytochrome P-448 isozymes, mainly cytochrome P-448H (P-450IA2), responsible for mutagenic activation of the carcinogens in rat liver. Carcinogenesis 10(6):1119-1122.
  • Denison, M. S., and Heath-Pagliuso, S. (1998). The Ah receptor: A regulator of the biochemical and toxicological actions of structurally diverse chemicals. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 61, 557–568.
  • DeVito, M. J., Menache, M. G., Diliberto, J. J., Ross, D. G., and Birnbaum, L. S. (2000). Dose-response relationships for induction of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 enzyme activity in liver, lung, and skin in female mice following subchronic exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 167, 157–172.
  • DeVito, M. J., Ross, D. G., Dupuy, A. E. Jr, Ferrario, J., McDaniel, D., and Birnbaum, L. S. (1998). Dose-response relationships for disposition and hepatic sequestration of polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls following subchronic treatment in mice. Toxicol. Sci. 46, 223–234.
  • DeVito, MJ; Birnbaum, LS; Farland, WH; et al. (1995) Comparisons of estimated human body burdens of dioxinlike chemicals and TCDD body burdens in experimentally exposed animals. Environ Health Perspect 103(9):820-831.
  • DeVito, MJ; Birnbaum, LS. (1995) Dioxins: model chemicals for assessing receptor-mediated toxicity. Toxicology 102:115-123.
  • DeVito, MJ; Birnbaum, LS. (1996) The use of body burdens vs. daily dose in comparisons of endo- and exodioxins and in assessing human health risks. Organohalogen Compounds 29:424-429.
  • DeVito, MJ; Diliberto, JJ; Ross, DG; et al. (1997b) Dose-response relationships for polyhalogenated dioxin and dibenzofurans following subchronic treatment in mice: I. Cyp1a1 and Cyp1a2 enzyme activity in liver, lung and skin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 147:267-280.
  • DeVito, MJ; Diliberto, JJ; Ross, DG; et al. (2000) Dose-response relationships for induction of cyp1a1 and cyp1a2 enzyme activity in liver, lung and skin in female mice following subchronic exposure to poychlorinated biphenyls. Toxicol Sci (2000).
  • DeVito, MJ; Ross, DG; Dupuy, AE, Jr; et al. (1998) Dose-response relationships for disposition and hepatic sequestration of polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls following subchronic treatment in mice. Toxicol Sci 46(2):223-234.
  • DeVito, MJ; Ross, DG; van Birgelen, APJM; et al. (1997a) The effects of mixtures of PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs on hepatic retinyl palmitate concentrations in mice. Organohalogen Compounds 34:49-54.
  • Döhr, O; Li, W; Donat, S; et al. (1996) Aryl hydrocarbon receptor mRNA levels in different tissues of 2,3,7,8,-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-responsive and nonresponsive mice. Adv Exp Mol Biol 387:447-459.
  • Dolwick, KM; Schmidt, JV; Carver, LA; et al. (1993) Cloning and expression of a human Ah receptor cDNA. Mol Pharmacol 44(5):911-917.
  • Domingo, J. L., Falco, G., Llobet, J. M., Casas, C., Teixido, A., and Muller, L. (2003). Polychlorinated naphthalenes in foods: Estimated dietary intake by the population of catalonia, Spain. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37, 2332–2335.
  • Eadon, G; Kaminsky, L; Silkworth, J; et al. (1986) Calculation of 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent concentrations of complex environmental contaminant mixtures. Environ Health Perspect 70:221-227.
  • Ema, M., Ohe, N., Suzuki, M., Mimura, J., Sogawa, K., Ikawa, S., and Fujii- Kuriyama, Y. (1994). Dioxin binding activities of polymorphic forms of mouse and human arylhydrocarbon receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 27337– 27343.
  • Falandysz, J. (2003). Chloronaphthalenes as food-chain contaminants: A review. Food Addit. Contam. 20, 995–1014.
  • Fattore, E., Trossvik, C., and Hakansson, H. (2000). Relative potency values derived from hepatic vitamin A reduction in male and female Sprague- Dawley rats following subchronic dietary exposure to individual polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran congeners and a mixture thereof. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 165, 184–194.
  • Fernandez-Salguero, P; Pineau, T; Hilbert, DM; et al. (1995) Immune system impairment and hepatic fibrosis in mice lacking the dioxin-binding Ah receptor. Science 268:722-726.
  • Fernandez-Salguero, PM; Hilbert, DM; Rudikoff, S; et al. (1996) Aryl-hydrocarbon receptor-deficient mice are resistant to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin-induced toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 140:173-179.
  • Finley, B; Kirman, C; Scott, P. (1999) Derivation of probabilistic distributions for the W.H.O. mammalian toxic equivalency factors. Organo Halogen 42:225-228.
  • Finley, B. L., Connor, K. T., and Scott, P. K. (2003). The use of toxic equivalency factor distributions in probabilistic risk assessments for dioxins, furans, and PCBs. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 66, 533–550.
  • Formica, J. V., and Regelson,W. (1995). Review of the biology of quercetin and related bioflavonoids. Food Chem. Toxicol. 33, 1061–1080.
  • Fujii-Kuriyama, Y; Ema, M; Mimura; J; et al. (1995) Polymorphic forms of the Ah receptor and induction of the CYP1A1 gene. Pharmacogenetics 5:S149-153.
  • Gao, X; Son, DS; Terranova, PF; et al. (1999) Toxic equivalency factors of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in an ovulation model: validation of the toxic equivalency concept for one aspect of endocrine disruption. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 157(2):107-116.
  • Gao, X., Son, D. S., Terranova, P. F., and Rozman, K. K. (1999). Toxic equivalency factors of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in an ovulation model: Validation of the toxic equivalency concept for one aspect of endocrine disruption. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 157, 107–116.
  • Giesy, JP; Kannan, K. (1998) Dioxin-like and non-dioxin-like toxic effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): implications for risk assessment. Crit Rev Toxicol 28(6):511-569.
  • Gillner, M; Bergman, J; Cambillau, C; et al. (1993) Interactions of indolo[3,2-b]carbazoles and related polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons with specific binding sites for 2,3,7,8,-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rat liver. Mol Pharmacol 44:336-345.
  • Gillner, M.; Bergman, J; Cambillau, C; et al. (1985) Interactions of indoles with specific binding sites for 2,3,7,8,-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rat liver. Mol Pharmacol 28:357-363.
  • Goldstein, J. A. (1979). The structure-activity relationships of halogenated biphenyls as enzyme inducers. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 320, 164–178.
  • Grassman, JA; Masten, SA; Walker, NJ; et al. (1998) Animal models of human response to dioxins. Environ Health Perspect 106 (Suppl 2):761-75.
  • Hahn, ME; Karchner, SI. (1995) Evolutionary conservation of the vertebrate Ah (dioxin) receptor: amplification and sequencing of the PAS domain of a teleost Ah receptor cDNA. Biochem J 310:383-387.
  • Hahn, ME. (1998) The aryl hydrocarbon receptor: a comparative perspective. Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol 121(1-3):23-53.
  • Hakansson, H., Manzoor, E., Trossvik, C., Ahlborg, U. G., Chu, I., and Villenueve, D. (1994). Effect on tissue vitamin A levels in the rat following subchronic exposure to four individual PCB congeners (IUPAC 77, 118, 126, and 153). Chemosphere 29, 2309–2313.
  • Hakk, H., and Letcher, R. J. (2003). Metabolism in the toxicokinetics and fate of brominated flame retardants—A review. Environ. Int. 29, 801–828.
  • Hamm, J. T., Chen, C. Y., and Birnbaum, L. S. (2003). A mixture of dioxins, furans, and non-ortho PCBs based upon consensus toxic equivalency factors produces dioxin-like reproductive effects. Toxicol. Sci. 74, 182–191.
  • Hankinson, O. (1995) The aryl hydrocarbon receptor complex. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 35:307-340.
  • Hansen, L. G. (1998). Stepping backward to improve assessment of PCB congener toxicities. Environ. Health Perspect. 106(Suppl. 1), 171–189.
  • Harper N, Connor K, Steinberg M, Safe S. (1994). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific for antibodies to TNP-LPS detects alterations in serum immunoglobulins and isotype switching in C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related compounds. Toxicology 92(1-3):155-67.
  • Harper, N; Connor, K; Steinberg, M; et al. (1995) Immunosuppressive activity of polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures and congeners: nonadditive (antagonistic) interactions. Fundam Appl Toxicol 27(1):131-139.
  • Harper, N., Connor, K., and Safe, S. (1993). Immunotoxic potencies of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), dibenzofuran (PCDF) and dibenzo-pdioxin (PCDD) congeners in C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice. Toxicology 80, 217–227.
  • Harper, N., Connor, K., Steinberg, M., and Safe, S. (1995). Immunosuppressive activity of polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures and congeners: Nonadditive (antagonistic) interactions. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 27, 131–139.
  • Harper, P. A.,Wong, J. Y., Lam, M. S., and Okey, A. B. (2002). Polymorphisms in the human AH receptor. Chem. Biol. Interact. 141, 161–187.
  • Harper, PA; Giannone, JV; Okey, AB; et al. (1992) In vitro transformation of the human Ah receptor and its binding to a dioxin response element. Mol Pharmacol 42:603-612.
  • Harris, M; Zacharewski, T; Safe, S; (1993) Comparative potencies of Aroclors 1232, 1242, 1248, 1254, and 1260 in male Wistar rats: assessment of the toxic equivalency factor (TEF) approach for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Fundam Appl Toxicol 20:456-463.
  • Haws, L. C., Su, S. H., Harris, M., Devito, M. J., Walker, N. J., Farland, W. H., Finley, B., and Birnbaum, L. S. (2006). Development of a refined database of mammalian relative potency estimates for dioxin-like compounds. Toxicol. Sci. 89, 4–30.
  • Hayward, D. (1998). Identification of bioaccumulating polychlorinated naphthalenes and their toxicological significance. Environ. Res. 76, 1–18.
  • Heath-Pagliuso, S., Rogers, W. J., Tullis, K., Seidel, S. D., Cenijn, P. H., Brouwer, A., and Denison, M. S. (1998). Activation of the Ah receptor by tryptophan and tryptophan metabolites. Biochemistry 37, 11508–11515.
  • Hemming, H., Bager, Y., Flodstrom, S., Nordgren, I., Kronevi, T., Ahlborg, U. G., and Warngard, L. (1995). Liver tumour promoting activity of 3,4,5,3',4'-pentachlorobiphenyl and its interaction with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 292, 241–249.
  • Herzke, D., Berger, U., Kallenborn, R., Nygard, T., and Vetter, W. (2005). Brominated flame retardants and other organobromines in Norwegian predatory bird eggs. Chemosphere 61, 441–449.
  • Herzog, M. G., Hollman, P. C. H., and Katan, M. B. (1993a). Content of potentially anticarcinogenic flavonoids of 28 vegetable and 9 fruits commonly consumed in the Netherlands. J. Agric. Food Chem. 41, 2379–2383.
  • Herzog, M. G., Hollman, P. C. H., and Van de Putte, B. (1993b). Content of potentially anticarcinogenic flavonoids of tea infusions, wines and fruit juices. J. Agric. Food Chem. 41, 1242–1246.
  • Hornung, MW; Zabel, EW; Peterson, RE. (1996) Toxic equivalency factors of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofuran, biphenyl, and polyhalogenated diphenyl ether congeners based on rainbow trout early life stage mortality. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 140(2):227-234.
  • Hutzinger, O., Choudhry, G. G., Chittim, B. G., and Johnston, L. E. (1985). Formation of polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dioxins during combustion, electrical equipment fires and PCB incineration. Environ. Health Perspect. 60, 3–9.
  • IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. (1997) McGregor, DB; Partensky, C; Wilbourn, J; et al., eds. Lyon, France: IARC Press, Vol. 69.
  • Jeuken, A., Keser, B. J., Khan, E., Brouwer, A., Koeman, J., and Denison, M. S. (2003). Activation of the Ah receptor by extracts of dietary herbal supplements, vegetables, and fruits. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51, 5478–5487.
  • Johnson, C. W., Williams, W. C., Copeland, C. B., DeVito, M. J., and Smialowicz, R. J. (2000). Sensitivity of the SRBC PFC assay versus ELISA for detection of immunosuppression by TCDD and TCDD-like congeners. Toxicology 156, 1–11.
  • Jones, KC. (1998) Determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in human foodstuffs and tissues: suggestions for a selective congener analytical approach. Sci Total Environ 68:141-159.
  • Kleman, M; Gustafsson, JA. (1996) Interactions of procarcinogenic heterocyclic amines and indolocarbazoles with the dioxin receptor. Biol Chem 377(11):741-762.
  • Kleman, MI; Poellinger, L; Gustafsson, JA. (1994) Regulation of human dioxin receptor function by indolocarbazoles, receptor ligands of dietary origin. J Biol Chem 269(7):5137-5144.
  • Kodavanti PR; Ward, TR; McKinney, JD; et al. (1996) Inhibition of microsomal and mitochondrial Ca2+-sequestration in rat cerebellum by polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures and congeners. Structure-activity relationships. Arch Toxicol 70(3-4):150-157.
  • Koopman-Esseboom, C; Huisman, M; Touwen, BC; et al. (1997) Newborn infants diagnosed as neurologically abnormal with relation to PCB and dioxin exposure and their thyroid-hormone status [letter]. Dev Med Child Neurol 39:785.
  • Koopman-Esseboom, C; Morse, DC; Weisglas-Kuperus, N; et al. (1994) Effects of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls on thyroid hormone status of pregnant women and their infants. Pediatr Res 36:468-473.
  • Kotz, A., Malisch, R., Kypke, K., and Oehme, M. (2005). PBDE, PBDD/F and mixed chlorinated-brominated PXDD/F in pooled human milk samples from different countries. Organohalogen Compd. 67, 1540–1544.
  • Kuehl, DW; Cook, PM; Batterman, AR. (1986) Update and depuration studies of PCDDs and PCDFs in fresh water fish. Chemosphere 15:2023-2026.
  • Kumar, K. S., Kannan, K., Paramasivan, O. N., Shanmuga Sundaram, V. P., Nakanishi, J., and Masunaga, S. (2001). Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls in human tissues, meat, fish, and wildlife samples from India. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 3448–3455.
  • Kutz, FW; Barnes, DG; Bretthauer, EW; et al. (1990) The International Toxicity Equivalency Factor (I-TEF) method for estimating risks associated with exposures to complex mixtures of dioxins and related compounds. Toxicol Environ Chem 26:99-109.
  • Lahvis, GP; Bradfield CA. (1998) Ahr null alleles: distinctive or different? Biochem Pharmacol 56(7):781-787.
  • Leece, B; Denomme, MA; Towner, R; et al. (1985) Polychlorinated biphenyls: correlation between in vivo and in vitro quantitative structural-activity relationships (QSARs). J Toxicol Environ Health 16:379-388.
  • Leibelt, D. A., Hedstrom, O. R., Fischer, K. A., Pereira, C. B., and Williams, D. E. (2003). Evaluation of chronic dietary exposure to indole-3-carbinol and absorption-enhanced 3,3'-diindolylmethane in sprague-dawley rats. Toxicol. Sci. 74, 10–21.
  • Liem, A. K., Furst, P., and Rappe, C. (2000). Exposure of populations to dioxins and related compounds. Food Addit. Contam. 17, 241–259.
  • Lindberg, P., Sellstrom, U., Haggberg, L., and deWit, C. A. (2004). Higher brominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane found in eggs of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) breeding in Sweden. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38, 93–96.
  • Lipp, H. P., Schrenk, D., Wiesmuller, T., Hagenmaier, H., and Bock, K. W. (1992). Assessment of biological activities of mixtures of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and their constituents in human HepG2 cells. Arch. Toxicol. 66, 220–223.
  • Lipp, HP; Schrenk, D; Wiesmuller, T; et al. (1992) Assessment of biological activities of mixtures of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and their constituents in human HepG2 cells. Arch Toxicol 66(3):220-223.
  • Loeffler, I. K., and Peterson, R. E. (1999). Interactive effects of TCDD and p,p'-DDE on male reproductive tract development in in utero and lactationally exposed rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 154, 28–39.
  • Lunden, A., and Noren, K. (1998). Polychlorinated naphthalenes and other organochlorine contaminants in Swedish human milk, 1972–1992. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 34, 414–423.
  • Malmvarn, A., Zebuhr, Y., Jensen, S., Kautsky, L., Greyerz, E., Nakano, T., and Asplund, L. (2005). Identification of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) from the Baltic Sea. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 8235–8242.
  • Manson, MM; Hudson, EA; Ball, HW; et al. (1998) Chemoprevention of aflatoxin B1-induced carcinogenesis by indole-3-carbinol in rat liver--predicting the outcome using early biomarkers. Carcinogenesis 19(10):1829-1836.
  • Mason, G., Zacharewski, T., Denomme, M. A., Safe, L., and Safe, S. (1987). Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and related compounds: Quantitative in vivo and in vitro structure-activity relationships. Toxicology 44, 245–255.
  • Mayes BA, McConnell EE, Neal BH, Brunner MJ, Hamilton SB, Sullivan TM, Peters AC, Ryan MJ, Toft JD, Singer AW, Brown JF Jr, Menton RG, Moore JA. (1998) Comparative carcinogenicity in Sprague-Dawley rats of the polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures Aroclors 1016, 1242, 1254, and 1260. Toxicol Sci. 41(1):62-76.
  • Mayura K, Spainhour CB, Howie L, Safe S, Phillips TD. (1993) Teratogenicity and immunotoxicity of 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl in C57BL/6 mice. Toxicology 77(1-2):123-31.
  • Mayura, K., Spainhour, C. B., Howie, L., Safe, S., and Phillips, T. D. (1993). Teratogenicity and immunotoxicity of 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl in C57BL/6 mice. Toxicology 77, 123–131.
  • McKinney, J. D., and McConnell, E. E. (1982). Structural Specificity and the Dioxin Receptor. Pergamon, New York.
  • Michnovicz, JJ; Bradlow, HL. (1990) Induction of estradiol metabolism by dietary indole-3-carbinol in humans. J Natl Cancer Inst 6;82(11):947-949
  • Michnovicz, JJ; Bradlow, HL. (1991) Altered estrogen metabolism and excretion in humans following consumption of indole-3-carbinol. Nutr Cancer 16:59-66.
  • Micka, J; Milatovich, A; Menon, A; et al. (1997) Human Ah receptor (AHR) gene: localization to 7p15 and suggestive correlation of polymorphism with CYP1A1 inducibility. Pharmacogenetics 7:95-101.
  • Miller, C. P., and Birnbaum, L. S. (1986). Teratologic evaluation of hexabrominated naphthalenes in C57BL/6N mice. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 7, 393–405.
  • Miller, CP; Birnbaum, LS. (1986) Teratologic evaluation of hexabrominated naphthalenes in C57BL/6N mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 7(3):398-405.
  • Mimura, J; Yamashita, K; Nakamura, K; et al. (1997) Loss of teratogenic response to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in mice lacking the Ah (dioxin) receptor. Genes Cells 2(10):645-654.
  • Moriguchi, T., Motohashi, H., Hosoya, T., Nakajima, O., Takahashi, S., Ohsako, S., Aoki, Y., Nishimura, N., Tohyama, C., Fujii-Kuriyama, Y., et al. (2003). Distinct response to dioxin in an arylhydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-humanized mouse. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 5652–5657.
  • Morrissey, R. E., Harris, M. W., Diliberto, J. J., and Birnbaum, L. S. (1992). Limited PCB antagonism of TCDD-induced malformations in mice. Toxicol. Lett. 60, 19–25.
  • Morrissey, RE; Harris, MW; Diliberto, JJ; et al. (1992) Limited PCB antagonism of TCDD-induced malformations in mice. Toxicol Lett (1):19-25.
  • Nagao, T; Golor, G; Hagenmaier, H; et al. (1993) Teratogenic potency of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachloro-dibenzofuran and of three mixtures of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in mice. Problems with risk assessment using TCDD toxic-equivalency factors. Arch Toxicol 67(9):591-597.
  • Nagayama, J; Okamura, K; Iida, T; et al. (1998) Postnatal exposure to chlorinated dioxins and related chemicals on thyroid hormone status in Japanese breast-fed infants. Chemosphere 37(9-12):1789-1793.
  • Nagy, S. R., Liu, G., Lam, K. S., and Denison, M. S. (2002). Identification of novel Ah receptor agonists using a high-throughput green fluorescent protein-based recombinant cell bioassay. Biochemistry 41, 861–868.
  • Nakai, JS; Bumce, NJ. (1995) Characterization of the Ah receptor form human placental tissue. J Biochem Toxicol 10(3):151-159.
  • NATO/CCMS. (1988) Scientific basis for the development of the International Toxicity Equivalency Factor (I-TEF) method of risk assessment for complex mixtures of dioxins and related compounds. Report No. 178, Dec. 1988.
  • Nebert, DW. (1989) The Ah locus: genetic differences in toxicity, cancer, mutation and birth defects. CRC Crit Rev Toxicol 20:153-174.
  • NTP (National Toxicology Program). (1980) Bioassay of a mixture of 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin for possible carcinogenicity (gavage study). Tech. Rept. Ser. No. 198. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. DHHS, PHS.
  • Oganesian, A; Hendricks, JD; Williams DE. (1997) Long term dietary indole-3-carbinol inhibits diethylnitrosamine-initiated hepatocarcinogenesis in the infant mouse model. Cancer Lett 118(1):87-94.
  • Ohta, S., Okumura, T., Nakao, T., Aozasa, O., and Miyata, H. (2005). Contamination levels of organic bromine compounds (BFRs, dioxins) in mother’s milk and daily milk products. Organohalogen Compd. 67, 562–564.
  • Okey, A. B., Franc,M. A.,Moffat, I. D., Tijet, N., Boutros, P. C., Korkalainen, M., Tuomisto, J., and Pohjanvirta, R. (2005). Toxicological implications of polymorphisms in receptors for xenobiotic chemicals: The case of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 207, 43–51.
  • Okey, AB; Giannone, JV; Smart, W; et al. (1997) Binding of 2,3,7-8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin to AH receptor in placentas from normal versus abnormal pregnancy outcomes. Chemosphere 34(5-7):1535-1547.
  • Okey, AB; Riddick, DS; Harper, PA. (1994) The Ah receptor: mediator of the toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds. Toxicol Lett 70:1-22.
  • Olson, JR; Bellin, JS; Barnes, DG; et al. (1989) Reexamination of data used for establishing toxicity equivalency factors (TEFs) for chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (CDDs and CDFs). Chemosphere 18(1-6):371-381.
  • Olson, JR; McGarrgle, BP. (1992) Comparative developmental toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Chemosphere 25:71-74.
  • Ontario Ministry of the Environment (OME). (1984) Scientific criteria document for standard development, No. 484.
  • Ott, MG; Zober, A. (1996) Morbidity study of extruder personnel with potential exposure to brominated dioxins and furans. II. Results of clinical laboratory studies. Occup Environ Med 53(12):844-846.
  • Pang, S., Cao, J. Q., Katz, B. H., Hayes, C. L., Sutter, T. R., and Spink, D. C. (1999). Inductive and inhibitory effects of non-ortho-substituted polychlorinated biphenyls on estrogen metabolism and human cytochromes P450 1A1 and 1B1. Biochem. Pharmacol. 58, 29–38.
  • Parkinson, A., Robertson, L. W., Safe, L., and Safe, S. (1981). Polychlorinated biphenyls as inducers of hepatic microsomal enzymes: Effects of di-ortho substitution. Chem. Biol. Interact. 35, 1–12.
  • Patterson, DG, Jr; Todd, GD; Turner, WE; et al. (1994) Levels of non-ortho-substituted (co-planar), mono- and di-ortho-substituted polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzo-p-dioxins, and dibenzofurans in human serum and adipose tissue. Environ Health Perspect 102(Suppl 1):195-204.
  • Peters, A. K., Leonards, P. E., Zhao, B., Bergman, A., Denison, M. S., and Van den Berg, M. (2006). Determination of in vitro relative potency (REP) values for mono-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls after purification with active charcoal. Toxicol. Lett. 165, 230–241.
  • Peters, A. K., van Londen, K., Bergman, A., Bohonowych, J., Denison, M. S., van den Berg, M., and Sanderson, J. T. (2004). Effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers on basal and TCDD-induced ethoxyresorufin activity and cytochrome P450-1A1 expression in MCF-7, HepG2, and H4IIE cells. Toxicol. Sci. 82, 488–496.
  • Peters, JM; Narotsky, MG; Elizondo, G; et al. (1999) Amelioration of TCDD-induced teratogenesis in aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-null mice. Toxicol Sci 47(1):86-92.
  • Pluess, N., Poiger, H., Hohbach, C., and Schlatter, C. (1998). Subchronic toxicity of some chlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and a mixture of PCDFs and chlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) in rats. Chemosphere 17, 973–984.
  • Pohjanvirta, R., Korkalainen, M., McGuire, J., Simanainen, U., Juvonen, R., Tuomisto, J. T., Unkila, M., Viluksela, M., Bergman, J., Poellinger, L., et al. (2002). Comparison of acute toxicities of indolo[3,2-b]carbazole (ICZ) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in TCDD-sensitive rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 40, 1023–1032.
  • Pohl, H. R., McClure, P. R., Fay, M., Holler, J., and De Rosa, C. T. (2001). Public health assessment of hexachlorobenzene. Chemosphere 43, 903–908. Poland, A., Knutson, J., and Glover, E. (1985). Studies on the mechanism of action of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons. Clin. Physiol. Biochem. 3, 147–154.
  • Poland, A; Glover, E. (1987) Variation in the molecular mass of the Ah receptor among vertebrate species and strains of rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 146(3):1439-1449.
  • Poland, A; Glover, E. (1990) Characterization and strain distribution pattern of the murine Ah receptor specified by the Ahd and Ahb-3 alleles. Mol Pharmacol 38(3):306-312.
  • Poland, A; Knutson, JC. (1987) 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons: examination of the mechanism of toxicity. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 22:517-554.
  • Poland, A., Palen, D., and Glover, E. (1994). Analysis of the four alleles of the murine aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Mol. Pharmacol. 46, 915–921.
  • Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs).
  • Powell-Coffman, JA; Bradfield, CA; Wood, WB. (1998) Caenorhabditis elegans orthologs of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and its heterodimerization partner the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95(6):2844-2849.
  • Putzrath, RM; (1997) Estimating relative potency for receptor-mediated toxicity: reevaluating the toxicity equivalence factor (TEF) model. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 25:68-78.
  • Ramadoss, P., and Perdew, G. H. (2004). Use of 2-azido-3-[125I]iodo-7,8- dibromodibenzo-p-dioxin as a probe to determine the relative ligand affinity of human versus mouse aryl hydrocarbon receptor in cultured cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 66, 129–136.
  • Restum, JC; Bursian, SJ; Giesy, JP; et al. (1998) Multigenerational study of the effects of consumption of PCB-contaminated carp from Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, on mink. 1. Effects on mink reproduction, kit growth and survival, and selected biological parameters. J Toxicol Environ Health 54(5):343-375.
  • Riddick, DS; Huang, Y; Harper, PA; et al. (1994) 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin versus 3-methylcholanthrene: comparative studies of Ah receptor binding, transformation, and induction of CYP1A1. J Biol Chem 269(16):12118-12128.
  • Roberts, E. A., Johnson, K. C., Harper, P. A., and Okey, A. B. (1990). Characterization of the Ah receptor mediating aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction in the human liver cell line Hep G2. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 276, 442–450.
  • Robertson, L. W., Parkinson, A., Campbell, M. A., and Safe, S. (1982). Polybrominated biphenyls as aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inducers: Structure-activity correlations. Chem. Biol. Interact. 42, 53–66.
  • Robertson, L.W., Parkinson, A., Bandiera, S., Lambert, I., Merrill, J., and Safe, S. H. (1984). PCBs and PBBs: Biologic and toxic effects on C57BL/6J and DBA/2J inbred mice. Toxicology 31, 191–206.
  • Ross JA; Nesnow S. (1999) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: correlations between DNA adducts and ras oncogene mutations. Mutat Res 424(1-2):155-66.
  • Ross, DG; van Birgelen, A; DeVito, MJ; et al. (1997) Relative potency factors derived from CYP1A induction in mice are predictive for alterations in retinoid concentrations after subchronic exposure to mixtures of PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs in female Sprague Dawley rats. Organohalogen Compounds 34:281-287.
  • Ross, P; De Swart, R; Addison, R; et al. (1996) A contaminant-induced immunotoxicity in harbour seals: wildlife at risk? Toxicology 112(2):157-169.
  • Ross, PS. (2000) Marine mammals as sentinels in ecological risk assessment. Human Ecol Risk Assess.
  • Rowlands, JC; Gustafsson, JA. (1995) Human dioxin receptor chimera transactivation in a yeast model system and studies on receptor agonists and antagonists. Pharmacol Toxicol 76:328-333.
  • Ryan, JJ; Gasiewicz, TA; Brown, JF, Jr. (1990) Human body burden of polychlorinated dibenzofurans associated with toxicity based on the Yusho and Yucheng incidents. Fundam Appl Toxicol 15:722-731.
  • Ryu, DY; Levi, PE; Fernandez-Salguero, P; et al. (1996) Piperonyl butoxide and acenaphthylene induce cytochrome P450 1A2 and 1B1 mRNA in aromatic hydrocarbon-responsive receptor knock-out mouse liver. Mol Pharmacol 50(3):443-446.
  • Safe, S. (1990) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and related compounds: environmental and mechanistic considerations which support the development of toxic equivalency factors (TEFs). Crit Rev Toxicol 21(1):51-88.
  • Safe, S. (1994) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): environmental impact, biochemical and toxic responses, and implications for risk assessment. Crit Rev Toxicol 24(2):87-149.
  • Safe, S. (1995) Human dietary intake of aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor agonists: mass balance estimates of exodioxins and endodioxins and implications for health assessment. Organohalogen Compounds 26:7-13.
  • Safe, S. (1997). Limitations of the toxic equivalency factor approach for risk assessment of TCDD and related compounds. Teratog. Carcinog. Mutagen. 17, 285–304.
  • Safe, S. H. (1986). Comparative toxicology and mechanism of action of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 26, 371–399.
  • Safe, S. H. (1998). Development validation and problems with the toxic equivalency factor approach for risk assessment of dioxins and related compounds. J. Anim. Sci. 76, 134–141.
  • Safe, S., Bandiera, S., Sawyer, T., Robertson, L., Safe, L., Parkinson, A., Thomas, P. E., Ryan, D. E., Reik, L. M., Levin, W., et al. (1985). PCBs: Structure-function relationships and mechanism of action. Environ. Health Perspect. 60, 47–56.
  • Sanders, J. M., Burka, L. T., Smith, C. S., Black, W., James, R., and Cunningham, M. L. (2005). Differential expression of CYP1A, 2B, and 3A genes in the F344 rat following exposure to a polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture or individual components. Toxicol. Sci. 88, 127–133.
  • Sapozhnikova, Y., Bawardi, O., and Schlenk, D. (2004). Pesticides and PCBs in sediments and fish from the Salton Sea, California, USA. Chemosphere 55, 797–809.
  • Sargent, LM; Sattler, GL; Roloff, B; et al. (1992) Ploidy and specific karyotypic changes during promotion with phenobarbital, 2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl, and/or 3,4,3'4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl in rat liver. Cancer Res 52(4):955-962.
  • Schecter, A., Stanley, J., Boggess, K., Masuda, Y., Mes, J., Wolff, M., Furst, P., Furst, C., Wilson-Yang, K., and Chisholm, B. (1994). Polychlorinated biphenyl levels in the tissues of exposed and nonexposed humans. Environ. Health Perspect. 102(Suppl. 1), 149–158.
  • Schmidt, JV; Su, GH; Reddy, JK; et al. (1996) Characterization of a murine Ahr null allele: involvement of the Ah receptor in hepatic growth and development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93(13):6731-6736.
  • Schmitz, HJ; Behnisch, P; Hagenmaier, A; et al. (1996) CYP1A1-inducing potency in H4IIE cells and chemical composition of technical mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 1(1):73-79.
  • Schmitz, HJ; Hagenmaier, A; Hagenmaier, HP; et al. (1995) Potency of mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls as inducers of dioxin receptor-regulated CYP1A activity in rat hepatocytes and H4IIE cells. Toxicology 99(1-2):47-54.
  • Schrenk, D; Buchmann, A; Dietz, K; et al. (1994) Promotion of preneoplastic foci in rat liver with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and a defined mixture of 49 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. Carcinogenesis 15(3):509-515.
  • Schrenk, D; Lipp, HP; Wiesmuller, T; et al. (1991) Assessment of biological activities of mixtures of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins: comparison between defined mixtures and their constituents. Arch Toxicol 65(2):114-118.
  • Schrenk, D; Riebniger, D; Till, M; et al. (1997) Tryptanthrins: a novel class of agonists of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 54(1):165-171.
  • Schrenk, D., Buchmann, A., Dietz, K., Lipp, H. P., Brunner, H., Sirma, H., Munzel, P., Hagenmaier, H., Gebhardt, R., and Bock, K. W. (1994). Promotion of preneoplastic foci in rat liver with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzop- dioxin, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and a defined mixture of 49 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. Carcinogenesis 15, 509–515.
  • Schrenk, D., Lipp, H. P., Wiesmuller, T., Hagenmaier, H., and Bock, K. W. (1991). Assessment of biological activities of mixtures of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins: Comparison between defined mixtures and their constituents. Arch. Toxicol. 65, 114–118.
  • Schwab, B. W. (1999). The TEF approach for hexachlorobenzene. Environ. Health Perspect. 107, A183–A184.
  • Sedlak, D; Dumler-Gradl, R; Thoma, H; et al. (1998) Polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the exhaust air during textile processings. Chemosphere 37(9-12):2071-2076.
  • Sewall, CH; Lucier, GW. (1995) Receptor-mediated events and the valuation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of dioxin risks. Mutat Res 333:111-122.
  • Shain, W; Bush, B; Seegal, R. (1991) Neurotoxicity of polychlorinated biphenyls: structure-activity relationship of individual congeners. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 111(1):33-42.
  • Shipp, EB; Restum, JC; Bursian, SJ; et al. (1998b) Multigenerational study of the effects of consumption of PCB-contaminated carp from Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, on mink. 3. Estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor concentrations, and potential correlation with dietary PCB consumption. J Toxicol Environ Health 54(5):403-420.
  • Shipp, EB; Restum, JC; Giesy, JP; et al. (1998a) Multigenerational study of the effects of consumption of PCB-contaminated carp from Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, on mink. 2. Liver PCB concentration and induction of hepatic cytochrome P-450 activity as a potential biomarker for PCB exposure. J Toxicol Environ Health 54(5):377-401.
  • Silkworth, JB; Cutler, DS; Antrim, L; et al. (1989) Teratology of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in a complex environmental mixture from the Love Canal. Fundam Appl Toxicol 13:1-15.
  • Silkworth, JB; Cutler, DS; Okeefe, PW; et al. (1993) Potentiation and antagonism of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin effects in a complex environmental mixture. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 119(2):236-247.
  • Silkworth, JB; Lipinskas, T; Stoner, CR. (1995) Immunosuppressive potential of several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) found at a Superfund site: new model used to evaluate additive interactions between benzo[a]pyrene and TCDD. Toxicology 105(2-3):375-86.
  • Simanainen, U., Tuomisto, J. T., Tuomisto, J., and Viluksela, M. (2002). Structure-activity relationships and dose responses of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins for short-term effects in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin- resistant and -sensitive rat strains. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 181, 38–47.
  • Sinal, CJ; Bend, JR. (1997) Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent induction of CYP1A1 by bilirubin in mouse hepatoma 1c1c7 cells. Mol Pharmacol 52:590-599.
  • Sindhu, RK; Reisz-Porszasz, S; Hankinson, O; et al. (1996) Induction of cytochrome P4501A1 by photooxidized tryptophan in Hepa lclc7 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 52(12):1883-1893.
  • Sinha, R; Rothman, N; Brown, ED; et al. (1994) Pan-fried meat containing high levels of heterocyclic aromatic amines but low levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons induces cytochrome P4501A2 activity in humans. Cancer Res 54(23):6154-6159.
  • Smialowicz, R. J., DeVito, M. J., Riddle, M. M., Williams, W. C., and Birnbaum, L. S. (1997). Opposite effects of 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on the antibody response to sheep erythrocytes in mice. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 37, 141–149.
  • Smialowicz, RJ; DeVito, MJ; Riddle, MM; et al. (1997a) Comparative immunotoxic potency of mixtures containing polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and biphenyls (PCBs). Toxicologist 31:1350.
  • Smialowicz, RJ; DeVito, MJ; Riddle, MM; et al. (1997b) Opposite effects of 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexa-chlorobiphenyl and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on the antibody response to sheep erythrocytes in mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 37(2):141-149.
  • Stahl, BU; Kettrup, A; Rozman, K. (1992) Comparative toxicity of four chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs) and their mixture. Part I: Acutetoxicity and toxic equivalency factors (TEFs). Arch Toxicol 66(7):471-477.
  • Summer, CL; Giesy, JP; Bursian, SJ; et al. (1996a) Effects induced by feeding organochlorine-contaminated carp from Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, to laying White Leghorn hens. II. Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects. J Toxicol Environ Health 49(4):409-438.
  • Summer, CL; Giesy, JP; Bursian, SJ; et al. (1996b) Effects induced by feeding organochlorine-contaminated carp from Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, to laying White Leghorn hens. I. Effects on health of adult hens, egg production, and fertility. J Toxicol Environ Health 49(4):389-407.
  • Suter-Hofmann, M; Schlatter, CH. (1989) Subchronic relay toxicity with a mixture of polychlorinated dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated furans (PCDFs). Chemosphere 18:277-282.
  • Swanson, HI; Bradfield, CA. (1993) The Ah receptor: genetics, structure and function. Pharmacogenetics 3:213-230.
  • Takagi, A., Hirose, A., Hirabayashi, Y., Kaneko, T., Ema, M., and Kanno, J. (2003). Assessment of the cleft palate induction by seven PCDD/F congeners in the mouse fetus. Organohalogen Compd. 64, 336–338.
  • Takigami, H., Sakai, S., and Brouwer, A. (2005). Bio/chemical analysis of dioxin-like compounds in sediment samples from Osaka Bay, Japan. Environ. Technol. 26, 459–469.
  • Telang, NT; Katdare, M; Bradlow, HL; et al. (1997) Inhibition of proliferation and modulation of estradiol metabolism: novel mechanisms for breast cancer prevention by the phytochemical indole-3-carbinol. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 216(2):246-52.
  • Tillitt, DE; Wright, PJ. (1997) Dioxin-like embryotoxicity of a Lake Michigan lake trout extract to developing lake trout. Organohalogen Compounds 34:221-225.
  • Toyoshiba, H., Walker, N. J., Bailer, A. J., and Portier, C. J. (2004). Evaluation of toxic equivalency factors for induction of cytochromes P450 CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 enzyme activity by dioxin-like compounds. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 194, 156–168.
  • Tysklind, M., Tillitt, D., Eriksson, L., Lundgren, K., and Rappe, C. (1994). A toxic equivalency factor scale for polychlorinated dibenzofurans. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 22, 277–285.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). (1987) Interim procedures for estimating risks associated with exposures to mixtures of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans (CDDs and CDFs). EPA/625/3-87/012.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). (1989) Interim procedures for estimating risks associated with exposures to mixtures of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans (CDDs and CDFs) and 1989 update. EPA/625/3-89/016.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). (1991) Workshop report on toxicity equivalency factors for polychlorinated biphenyls congeners. EPA/625/3-91/020.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). (1995) Letter to the Administrator. Subject:Science Advisory Board’s review of the Draft Dioxin Exposure and Health Effects Reassessment Documents. EPA/SAB/EC/95/021.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). (1996) PCBs: cancer dose-response assessment and application to environmental mixtures. EPA/600/P-96/001F.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). (2001) Workshop on the application of 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxicity equivalency factor to fish and wildlife. EPA (in press). van Birgelen, AP; Fase, KM; van der Kolk, J; (1996a) Synergistic effect of 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on hepatic porphyrin levels in the rat. Environ Health Perspect 104(5):550-557.
  • van Birgelen, A. P. (1998). Hexachlorobenzene as a possible major contributor to the dioxin activity of human milk. Environ. Health Perspect. 106, 683–688.
  • van Birgelen, A. P., DeVito, M. J., Akins, J. M., Ross, D. G., Diliberto, J. J., and Birnbaum, L. S. (1996a). Relative potencies of polychlorinated dibenzop- dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls derived from hepatic porphyrin accumulation in mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 138, 98–109.
  • van Birgelen, A. P., Fase, K. M., van derKolk, J., Poiger, H., Brouwer, A., Seinen, W., and van den Berg, M. (1996b). Synergistic effect of 2,2',4,4',5,5'- hexachlorobiphenyl and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on hepatic porphyrin levels in the rat. Environ. Health Perspect. 104, 550–557.
  • van Birgelen, AP; DeVito, MJ; Akins JM; et al. (1996c) Relative potencies of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls derived from hepatic porphyrin accumulation in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 138(1):98-109.
  • van Birgelen, AP; DeVito, MJ; Birnbaum, LS. (1996d) Toxic equivalency factors derived from cytochrome P-450 induction in mice are predictive for cytochrome P-450 induction after subchronic exposure to a mixture of PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs in female b6C3F1 mice and Sprague-Dawley rats. Organohalogen Compounds 29:251-256.
  • van Birgelen, AP; van der Kolk, J; Fase, KM; et al. (1994a) Toxic potency of 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl relative to and in combination with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in a subchronic feeding study in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 127(2):209-221.
  • van Birgelen, AP; van der Kolk, J; Fase, KM; et al. (1994b) Toxic potency of 2,3,3',4,4',5-hexachlorobiphenyl relative to and in combination with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in a subchronic feeding study in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 126(2):202-213.
  • van Birgelen, APJM; Nix-Stevenson, D; DeVito, MJ; et al. (1996b) Synergistic effects on porphyrin metabolism in female B6C3F1 mice after subchronic exposure to a mixture of PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs. Organohalogen Compounds 29:300-305.
  • van Birgelen, APJM; Visser, TJ; Kaptein, E; et al. (1997) Synergistic effects on thyroid hormone metabolism in female Sprague Dawley rats after subchronic exposure to mixtures of PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs. Organohalogen Compunds 34:370-375.
  • van den Berg, M; Birnbaum, L; Bosveld, ATC; et al. (1998) Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs for humans and wildlife. Environ Health Perspect 106(12):775-792.
  • van den Berg, M; De Jongh, J; Poiger, H; et al. (1994) The toxicokinetics and metabolism of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and their relevance for toxicity. Crit Rev Toxicol 24(1)1-74.
  • van den Berg, M; Sinnige, TL; Tysklind, M; et al. (1995) Individual PCBs as predictors for concentrations of non and mono-ortho PCBs in human milk. Environ Sci Poll 2(2):73-82.
  • Van den Berg, M., Birnbaum, L., Bosveld, A. T., Brunstrom, B., Cook, P., Feeley, M., Giesy, J. P., Hanberg, A., Hasegawa, R., Kennedy, S. W., et al. (1998). Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs for humans and wildlife. Environ. Health Perspect. 106, 775–792.
  • Van den Berg, M., De Jongh, J., Poiger, H., and Olson, J. R. (1994). The toxicokinetics and metabolism of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and their relevance for toxicity. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 24, 1–74.
  • van der Burght, A. S., Clijsters, P. J., Horbach, G. J., Andersson, P. L., Tysklind,M., and van den Berg, M. (1999). Structure-dependent induction of CYP1A by polychlorinated biphenyls in hepatocytes of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 155, 13–23.
  • van der Kolk, J; van Birgelen, APJM; Poiger, H. et al. (1992) Interactions of 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in a subchronic feeding study in the rat. Chemosphere 25(12):2023-2027.
  • van der Plas SA, Sundberg H, van den Berg H, Scheu G, Wester P, Jensen S, Bergman A, de Boer J, Koeman JH, Brouwer A. (2000) Contribution of planar (0-1 ortho) and nonplanar (2-4 ortho) fractions of Aroclor 1260 to the induction of altered hepatic foci in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 169(3):255-68.
  • van der Plas, SA; Haag-Gronlund, M; Scheu, G; et al. (1999) Induction of altered hepatic foci by a mixture of dioxin-like compounds with and without 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 156(1):30-39.
  • van Duursen, M. B., Sanderson, J. T., van der Bruggen, M., van der Linden, J., and van den Berg, M. (2003). Effects of several dioxin-like compounds on estrogen metabolism in the malignant MCF-7 and nontumorigenic MCF-10A humanmammary epithelial cell lines. Toxicol. Appl.Pharmacol. 190, 241–250.
  • van Leeuwen, FXR. (1997) Derivation of toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for dioxin-like compounds in humans and wildlife. Organohalogen Compunds 34:237.
  • Villeneuve, D. L., Kannan, K., Khim, J. S., Falandysz, J., Nikiforov, V. A., Blankenship, A. L., and Giesy, J. P. (2000). Relative potencies of individual polychlorinated naphthalenes to induce dioxin-like responses in fish and mammalian in vitro bioassays. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 39, 273–281.
  • Viluksela, M; Stahl, BU; Birnbaum, LS; et al. (1998a) Subchronic/chronic toxicity of a mixture of four chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in rats. II. Biochemical effects. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 151:70-78.
  • Viluksela, M; Stahl, BU; Birnbaum, LS; et al. (1998b) Subchronic/chronic toxicity of a mixture of four chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in rats. I. Design, general observations, hematology,and liver concentrations. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 151:57-69.
  • Viluksela, M., Stahl, B. U., and Rozman, K. K. (1994). Subchronic (13-week) toxicity of heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Chemosphere 29, 2381–2393.
  • Viluksela, M., Stahl, B. U., Birnbaum, L. S., and Rozman, K. K. (1997a). Subchronic/chronic toxicity of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HpCDD) in rats. Part II. Biochemical effects. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 146, 217–226.
  • Viluksela, M., Stahl, B. U., Birnbaum, L. S., Schramm, K.W., Kettrup, A., and Rozman, K. K. (1997b). Subchronic/chronic toxicity of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8- heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HpCDD) in rats. Part I. Design, general observations, hematology, and liver concentrations. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 146, 207–216.
  • Vos, J. G. (2000). Health effects of hexachlorobenzene and the TEF approach. Environ. Health Perspect. 108, A58.
  • Waern, F. (1995). Studies on Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans with Emphasis on their Relative Potency and Interactions in the Rat. Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
  • Waern, F., Flodstrom, S., Busk, L., Kronevi, T., Nordgren, I., and Ahlborg, U. G. (1991). Relative liver tumour promoting activity and toxicity of some polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin- and dibenzofuran-congeners in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 69, 450–458.
  • Walker, MK; Cook, PM; Butterworth, BC; et al. (1996) Potency of a complex mixture of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofuran, and biphenyl congeners compared to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in causing fish early life stage mortality. Fundam Appl Toxicol 30(2):178-86.
  • Walker, MK; Peterson, RE. (1991) Potencies of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofuran and biphenyl congeners, relative to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, for producing early life stage mortality in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquat Toxicol 21:219-238.
  • Walker, N. J., Crockett, P. W., Nyska, A., Brix, A. E., Jokinen, M. P., Sells, D. M., Hailey, J. R., Easterling, M., Haseman, J. K., Yin, M., et al. (2005). Dose-additive carcinogenicity of a defined mixture of ‘‘dioxin-like compounds’’. Environ. Health Perspect. 113, 43–48.
  • Wang, X; Santostefano, M; Yu, Y; et al. (1992) A comparison of the mouse versus human aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor complex: effects of proteolysis. Chem Biol Interact 85(1):79-93.
  • Watanabe, K., Senthilkumar, K., Masunaga, S., Takasuga, T., Iseki, N., and Morita, M. (2004). Brominated organic contaminants in the liver and egg of the common cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) from Japan. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38, 4071–4077.
  • Wattenberg, LW; Loub, WD. (1978) Inhibition of PAH-induced neoplasia by naturally occurring indoles. Cancer Res 38:1410-1413.
  • Weber, H; Harris, MW; Haseman, JK; et al. (1985) Teratogenic potential of TCDD, TCDF and TCDD-TCDF combinations in C57BL/6N mice. Toxicol Lett 26:159-167.
  • Weber, H; Lamb, JC; Harris, MW. (1984) Teratogenicity of 2.3.7.8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) in mice. Toxicol Lett 20(2):183-188.
  • Weber, L. W., and Greim, H. (1997). The toxicity of brominated and mixedhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans: An overview. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 50, 195–215.
  • Weber, LW; Lebofsky, M; Stahl, BU; et al. (1992a) Comparative toxicity of four chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs) and their mixture. Part II: structure-activity relationships with inhibition of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, pyruvate carboxylase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities. Arch Toxicol 66(7):478-483.
  • Weber, LW; Lebofsky, M; Stahl, BU; et al. (1992b) Comparative toxicity of four chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs) and their mixture. Part III:structure-activity relationship with increased plasma tryptophan levels, but no relationship to hepatic ethoxyresorufin o-deethylase activity. Arch Toxicol 66(7):484-488.
  • Weber, LWD; Greim, H. (1997) The toxicity of brominated and mixed-halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans: an overview. J Toxicol Environ Health 50:195-215.
  • Weistrand, C., and Noren, K. (1998). Polychlorinated naphthalenes and other organochlorine contaminants in human adipose and liver tissue. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 53, 293–311.
  • Wermelinger, M., Poiger, H., and Schlatter, C. (1990). Results of a 9-month feeding study with OCDD and OCDF in rats. Organohalogen Compd. 1, 221–224.
  • Wilker, C; Johnson, L; Safe, S. (1996) Effects of developmental exposure to indole-3-carbinol or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on reproductive potential of male rat offspring. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 141:68-75.
  • Wilker, C., Johnson, L., and Safe, S. (1996). Effects of developmental exposure to indole-3-carbinol or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on reproductive potential of male rat offspring. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 141, 68–75.
  • Williams, D. T., Kennedy, B., and LeBel, G. L. (1993). Chlorinated naphthalenes in human adipose tissue from Ontario municipalities. Chemosphere 27, 795–806.
  • Wilson, VS; McLachlan, JB; Falls, JG; LeBlanc, GA. (1999) Alteration in sexually dimorphic testosterone biotransformation profiles as a biomarker of chemically induced androgen disruption in mice. Environ Health Perspect 107(5):377-384.
  • Xu, LC; Bresnick, E. (1990) Induction of cytochrome P450IA1 in rat hepatoma cell by polycyclic hydrocarbons and a dioxin. Biochem Pharmacol 40(6):1399-1403.
  • Yoshimura, H., Yoshihara, S., Ozawa, N., and Miki, M. (1979). Possible correlation between induction modes of hepatic enzymes by PCBs and their toxicity in rats. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 320, 179–192.
  • Yrjänheiki, EJ; (1992) Review of the models for TEFs in assessing health risks of PCDDs and PCDFs. Toxic Sub J 12:283-288.
  • Zabel, E. W., Walker, M. K., Hornung, M. W., Clayton, M. K., and Peterson, R. E. (1995). Interactions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofuran, and biphenyl congeners for producing rainbow trout early life stage mortality. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 134, 204–213.
  • Zabel, EW; Walker, MK; Hornung, MW; et al. (1995) Interactions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofuran, and biphenyl congeners for producing rainbow trout early life stage mortality. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 134(2):204-213.
  • Zacharewski, T; Harris, M; Safe, S; et al. (1988) Applications of the in vitro aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction assay for determining "2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents": pyrolyzed brominated flame retardants. Toxicology 51(2-3):177-189.
  • Zeiger, M., Haag, R., Hockel, J., Schrenk, D., and Schmitz, H. J. (2001). Inducing effects of dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls on CYP1A in the human hepatoblastoma cell line HepG2, the rat hepatoma cell line H4IIE, and rat primary hepatocytes: Comparison of relative potencies. Toxicol. Sci. 63, 65–73.
  • Zhang, S., Qin, C., and Safe, S. (2003). Flavonoids as aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists/antagonists: Effects of structure and cell context. Environ. Health Perspect. 111, 1877–1882.
  • Zhao, F; Mayura, K; Kocurek, N; et al. (1997) Inhibition of 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl- induced chicken embryotoxicity by 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl. Fundam Appl Toxicol 35(1):1-8.