IRIS/Weight-of-Evidence Characterizations

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Question

What are the Weight-of-Evidence Characterizations according to the IRIS database?

Answer

Weight-of-Evidence Characterizations

IRIS/Weight-of-Evidence Characterizations(no unit)

Obs	Substance	CASRN	WOE 86 Guidelines	WOE Narrative	IRIS identifier
1	Acenaphthene	83-32-9	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0442
2	Acenaphthylene	208-96-8	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on no human data and inadequate data from animal bioassays.	0443
3	Acephate	30560-19-1	C, Possible human carcinogen	The classification is based on increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas and adenomas in female mice.	0354
4	Acetaldehyde	75-07-0	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Based on increased incidence of nasal tumors in male and female rats and laryngeal tumors in male and female hamsters after inhalation exposure.	0290
5	Acetochlor	34256-82-1	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0521
6	Acetone	67-64-1	NA, Not applicable. This substance was not assessed using the 1986 cancer guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1986).	In accordance with the Draft Revised Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999) data are inadequate for an assessment of the human carcinogenic potential of acetone.	0128
7	Acetonitrile	75-05-8	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Under the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), the carcinogenic potential of ACN following inhalation, oral, or dermal exposure is best characterized as "cannot be determined because the existing evidence is composed of conflicting data (e.g., some evidence is suggestive of carcinogenic effects, but other equally pertinent evidence does not confirm any concern)."	0205
8	Acetophenone	98-86-2	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on no human data and no animal data.	0321
9	Acetyl chloride	75-36-5	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	No human data or animal data.	0518
10	Acifluorfen, sodium	62476-59-9	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0192
11	Acrolein	107-02-8	NA, Not applicable. This substance was not assessed using the 1986 cancer guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1986).	Under the Draft Revised Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999), the potential carcinogenicity of acrolein cannot be determined because the existing data are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential for either the oral or inhalation route of exposure. There are no adequate human studies of the carcinogenic potential of acrolein. Collectively, experimental studies provide inadequate evidence that acrolein causes cancer in laboratory animals.	0364
12	Acrylamide	79-06-1	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Based on inadequate human data and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals; significantly increased incidences of benign and/or malignant tumors at multiple sites in both sexes of rats, and carcinogenic effects in a series of one-year limited bioassays in mice by several routes of exposures. The classification is supported by positive genotoxicity data, adduct formation activity, and structure-activity relationships to vinyl carbamate and acrylonitrile.	0286
13	Acrylic acid	79-10-7	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0002
14	Acrylonitrile	107-13-1	B1, Probable human carcinogen - based on limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans	The observation of a statistically significant increase in incidence of lung cancer in exposed workers and observation of tumors, generally astrocytomas in the brain, in studies in two rat strains exposed by various routes (drinking water, gavage, and inhalation) forms the basis for this classification.	0206
15	Adiponitrile	111-69-3	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	No human and no animal cancer data were available. Adiponitrile was negative for mutagenicity in Salmonella with and without activation.	0515
16	Alachlor	15972-60-8	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0129
17	Alar	1596-84-5	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0287
18	Aldicarb	116-06-3	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Aldicarb was not found to induce statistically significant increases in tumor incidence in mice or rats in feeding studies or mice in a skin painting study. In the feeding studies there were, however, significant trends in pituitary tumors in female rats and fibrosarcomas in the male mouse. This evidence, together with the fact that less than maximum tolerated doses were used, indicates that the available assays are inadequate to assess the carcinogenic potential of aldicarb.	0003
19	Aldicarb sulfone	1646-88-4	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0312
20	Aldrin	309-00-2	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Orally administered aldrin produced significant increases in tumor responses in three different strains of mice in both males and females. Tumor induction has been observed for structurally related chemicals, including dieldrin, a metabolite.	0130
21	Ally	74223-64-6	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0288
22	Allyl alcohol	107-18-6	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0004
23	Allyl chloride	107-05-1	C, Possible human carcinogen	Classification is based on a low (but biologically important) incidence of forestomach tumors in female mice and positive results in a variety of genetic toxicity tests. Allyl chloride is an alkylating agent and structurally related to probable human carcinogens.	0387
24	Aluminum phosphide	20859-73-8	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0005
25	Amdro	67485-29-4	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0207
26	Ametryn	834-12-8	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0208
27	4-Aminopyridine	504-24-5	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	No human data and no animal data available.	0440
28	Amitraz	33089-61-1	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0334
29	Ammonia	7664-41-7	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0422
30	Ammonium acetate	631-61-8	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	No human data and no animal data	0517
31	Ammonium methacrylate	16325-47-6	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	No human data and no animal data	0516
32	Ammonium sulfamate	7773-06-0	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0007
33	Aniline	62-53-3	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Induction of tumors of the spleen and the body cavity in two strains of rat, and some supporting genetic toxicological evidence.	0350
34	ortho-Anisidine	90-04-0	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0610
35	Anthracene	120-12-7	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on no human data and inadequate data from animal bioassays.	0434
36	Antimony	7440-36-0	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0006
37	Antimony trioxide	1309-64-4	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0676
38	Apollo	74115-24-5	C, Possible human carcinogen	Based on an increase in thyroid gland follicular cell tumors in male rats and supportive findings in pituitary/thyroid hormone activity.	0008
39	Aramite	140-57-8	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Based on no human data and sufficient data from animal bioassays including increased incidence of liver tumors and/or neoplastic nodules in three strains of male and female rats and males of one strain of mice, and extrahepatic biliary system tumors in dogs following chronic oral exposure.	0473
40	Aroclor 1016	12674-11-2	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0462
41	Aroclor 1248	12672-29-6	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0649
42	Aroclor 1254	11097-69-1	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0389
43	Arsenic, inorganic	7440-38-2	A, Human Carcinogen	Based on sufficient evidence from human data. An increased lung cancer mortality was observed in multiple human populations exposed primarily through inhalation. Also, increased mortality from multiple internal organ cancers (liver, kidney, lung, and bladder) and an increased incidence of skin cancer were observed in populations consuming drinking water high in inorganic arsenic.	0278
44	Arsine	7784-42-1	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0672
45	Asbestos	1332-21-4	A, Human Carcinogen	Observation of increased mortality and incidence of lung cancer, mesotheliomas and gastrointestinal cancer in occupationally exposed workers are consistent across investigators and study populations. Animal studies by inhalation in two strains of rats showed similar findings for lung cancer and mesotheliomas. Animal evidence for carcinogenicity via ingestion is limited (male rats fed intermediate-range chrysotile fibers; i.e., >10 um length, developed benign polyps), and epidemiologic data in this regard are inadequate.	0371
46	Assure	76578-14-8	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on no human data and inadequate animal data.	0335
47	Asulam	3337-71-1	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0284
48	Atrazine	1912-24-9	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0209
49	Avermectin B1	65195-55-3	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0381
50	Azobenzene	103-33-3	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Azobenzene induced invasive sarcomas in the spleen and other abdominal organs in male and female F344 rats following dietary administration. It is genotoxic and may be converted to benzidine, a known human carcinogen, under the acidic conditions in the stomach.	0351
51	Barium and Compounds	7440-39-3	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Under the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogenic Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), barium is considered not likely to be carcinogenic to humans following oral exposure and its carcinogenic potential cannot be determined following inhalation exposure.	0010
52	Barium cyanide	542-62-1	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0009
53	Baygon	114-26-1	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0210
54	Bayleton	43121-43-3	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0131
55	Baythroid	68359-37-5	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0132
56	Benefin	1861-40-1	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0133
57	Benomyl	17804-35-2	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0011
58	Bentazon (Basagran)	25057-89-0	E, Evidence of non-carcinogenicity for humans	Under EPA's proposed guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), Bentazon would be characterized as not likely to be carcinogenic to humans by any route of exposure.	0134
59	Benz[a]anthracene	56-55-3	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Based on no human data and sufficient data from animal bioassays. Benz[a]anthracene produced tumors in mice exposed by gavage; intraperitoneal, subcutaneous or intramuscular injection; and topical application. Benz[a]anthracene produced mutations in bacteria and in mammalian cells, and transformed mammalian cells in culture.	0454
60	Benzaldehyde	100-52-7	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0332
61	Benzene	71-43-2	A, Human Carcinogen	Under the proposed revised Carcinogen Risk Assessment Guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1996), benzene is characterized as a known human carcinogen for all routes of exposure based upon convincing human evidence as well as supporting evidence from animal studies. (U.S. EPA, 1979, 1985, 1998; ATSDR, 1997).	0276
62	Benzidine	92-87-5	A, Human Carcinogen	Observation of increased incidence of bladder cancer and bladder cancer-related deaths in exposed workers	0135
63	Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)	50-32-8	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Human data specifically linking benzo[a]pyrene (BAP) to a carcinogenic effect are lacking. There are, however, multiple animal studies in many species demonstrating BAP to be carcinogenic following administration by numerous routes. BAP has produced positive results in numerous genotoxicity assays.	0136
64	Benzo[b]fluoranthene	205-99-2	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Based on no human data and sufficient data from animal bioassays. Benzo[b]fluoranthene produced tumors in mice after lung implantation, intraperitoneal (i.p.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) injection, and skin painting.	0453
65	Benzo[g,h,i]perylene	191-24-2	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on no human data and inadequate animal data from lung implant, skin-painting and subcutaneous injection bioassays.	0461
66	Benzo[k]fluoranthene	207-08-9	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Based on no human data and sufficient data from animal bioassays. Benzo[k]fluoranthene produced tumors after lung implantation in mice and when administered with a promoting agent in skin-painting studies. Equivocal results have been found in a lung adenoma assay in mice. Benzo[k]fluoranthene is mutagenic in bacteria.	0452
67	Benzoic acid	65-85-0	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	No human data and inadequate data from animal bioassays	0355
68	Benzotrichloride	98-07-7	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Based on inadequate human data and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals; namely, significantly increased incidences of benign and malignant tumors at multiple sites in one strain of female mice treated orally, dermally, and by inhalation. There is also evidence of mutagenicity in a variety of test systems.	0388
69	Benzyl chloride	100-44-7	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Based on inadequate human data and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals; namely significantly increased incidences of benign and malignant tumors at multiple sites in both sexes of mice and a significant increase in thyroid tumors in female rats. There was evidence of mutagenicity in a variety of test systems.	0393
70	Beryllium and compounds	7440-41-7	B1, Probable human carcinogen - based on limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans	Using the 1996 proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, inhaled beryllium would be characterized as a "likely" carcinogen in humans, and the human carcinogenic potential of ingested beryllium cannot be determined.	0012
71	Bidrin	141-66-2	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0211
72	Biphenthrin	82657-04-3	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0333
73	1,1-Biphenyl	92-52-4	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	No human data and inadequate studies in mice and rats. Results of genotoxicity tests are generally negative.	0013
74	Bis(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) ether	108-60-1	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0407
75	Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane	111-91-1	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	No human data and no animal data.	0522
76	Bis(chloroethyl)ether (BCEE)	111-44-4	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Positive carcinogenicity results in two strains of mice and evidence of mutagenicity	0137
77	Bis(chloromethyl)ether (BCME)	542-88-1	A, Human Carcinogen	Statistically significant increases in lung tumors (oat cell carcinomas) observed in six studies of exposed workers and bioassay data from rats and mice.	0375
78	Bisphenol A.	80-05-7	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0356
79	Boron and Compounds	7440-42-8			0410
80	Bromate	15541-45-4	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Under the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), Bromate should be evaluated as a likely human carcinogen by the oral route of exposure. Insufficient data are available to evaluate the human carcinogenic potential of Bromate by the inhalation route.	1002
81	Brominated dibenzofurans	NA	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	No data in humans or animals	0514
82	Bromobenzene	108-86-1			1020
83	Bromochloromethane	74-97-5	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on the lack of data regarding the carcinogenicity of bromochloromethane in humans or animals; however, there are data indicative of genotoxic effects and structural relationships to halogenated methanes classified as B2 probable human carcinogens.	0532
84	Bromodichloromethane	75-27-4	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Based on inadequate human data and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in two animal species (mice and rats) as shown by increased incidence of kidney tumors and tumors of the large intestine in male and female rats, kidney tumors in male mice, and liver tumors in female mice.	0213
85	p-Bromodiphenyl ether	101-55-3	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	No human data and inadequate animal data.	0490
86	Bromoform	75-25-2	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Based on inadequate human data and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals, namely an increased incidence of tumors after oral administration of bromoform in rats and intraperitoneal administration in mice. Bromoform is genotoxic in several assay systems. Also, bromoform is structurally related to other trihalomethanes (e.g., chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane) which have been verified as either probable or possible carcinogens.	0214
87	Bromomethane	74-83-9	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Inadequate human and animal data: a single mortality study from which direct exposure associations could not be deduced and studies in several animal species with too few animals, too brief exposure or observation time for adequate power. Bromomethane has shown genotoxicity.	0015
88	Bromotrichloromethane	75-62-7	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on no data regarding the carcinogenicity of bromotrichloromethane in humans or animals.	0533
89	Bromoxynil	1689-84-5	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0289
90	Bromoxynil octanoate	1689-99-2	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0138
91	1,3-Butadiene	106-99-0	NA, Not applicable. This substance was not assessed using the 1986 cancer guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1986).	Under EPA's 1999 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999), 1,3-butadiene is characterized as carcinogenic to humans by inhalation. This characterization is supported by the total weight of evidence provided by the following: (1) sufficient evidence from epidemiologic studies of the majority of U.S. workers occupationally exposed to 1,3-butadiene, either to the monomer or to the polymer by inhalation, showing increased lymphohematopoietic cancers and a dose-response relationship for leukemias in polymer workers (see Section II.A.2), (2) sufficient evidence in laboratory animal studies showing that 1,3-butadiene causes tumors at multiple sites in mice and rats by inhalation (see Section II.A.3), and (3) numerous studies consistently demonstrating that 1,3-butadiene is metabolized into genotoxic metabolites by experimental animals and humans (see Section II.A.4). The specific mechanisms of 1,3-butadiene-induced carcinogenesis are unknown; however, the scientific evidence strongly suggests that the carcinogenic effects are mediated by genotoxic metabolites of 1,3-butadiene, i.e., the monoepoxide, the diepoxide, and the epoxydiol.	0139
92	n-Butanol	71-36-3	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on no human and no animal cancer data.	0140
93	Butyl benzyl phthalate	85-68-7	C, Possible human carcinogen	Based on statistically significant increase in mononuclear cell leukemia in female rats; the response in male rats was inconclusive and there was no such response in mice.	0293
94	Butylate	2008-41-5	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0215
95	t-Butylchloride	507-20-0	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on no human carcinogenicity data and inadequate animal data.	0417
96	Butylphthalyl butylglycolate (BPBG)	85-70-1	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0016
97	Cacodylic acid	75-60-5	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	No human data and inadequate data in animals	0587
98	Cadmium	7440-43-9	B1, Probable human carcinogen - based on limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans	Limited evidence from occupational epidemiologic studies of cadmium is consistent across investigators and study populations. There is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in rats and mice by inhalation and intramuscular and subcutaneous injection. Seven studies in rats and mice wherein cadmium salts (acetate, sulfate, chloride) were administered orally have shown no evidence of carcinogenic response.	0141
99	Calcium cyanide	592-01-8	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0017
100	Caprolactam	105-60-2	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0357
101	Captafol	2425-06-1	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0216
102	Captan	133-06-2	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0018
103	Carbaryl	63-25-2	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0019
104	Carbofuran	1563-66-2	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0218
105	Carbon disulfide	75-15-0	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0217
106	Carbon tetrachloride	56-23-5	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Carcinogenicity in rats, mice, and hamsters	0020
107	Carbonyl sulfide	463-58-1	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0617
108	Carbosulfan	55285-14-8	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0021
109	Carboxin	5234-68-4	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0022
110	Cerium Oxide and Cerium Compounds	1306-38-3			1018
111	Chloral hydrate	302-17-0	C, Possible human carcinogen	Under the 1996 proposed guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), chloral hydrate shows suggestive evidence of human carcinogenicity by the oral route of exposure.	0304
112	Chloramben	133-90-4	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0023
113	Chlordane (Technical)	12789-03-6	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Under the 1996 Proposed Guidelines, chlordane would be characterized as a likely carcinogen by all routes of exposure.	0142
114	Chlordecone (Kepone)	143-50-0			1017
115	Chlorimuron-ethyl	90982-32-4	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0406
116	Chlorine	7782-50-5	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0405
117	Chlorine cyanide	506-77-4	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0024
118	Chlorine dioxide	10049-04-4	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Under the draft Carcinogen Assessment Guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1996), the human carcinogenicity of chlorine dioxide cannot be determined because no satisfactory human or animal studies assessing the chronic carcinogenic potential of chlorine dioxide have been located.	0496
119	Chlorite (sodium salt)	7758-19-2	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Under the draft Carcinogen Assessment Guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1996), the human carcinogenicity of chlorite cannot be determined because of a lack of human data and limitations in animal studies.	0648
120	1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane	75-68-3	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0661
121	2-Chloroacetophenone	532-27-4	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0537
122	p-Chloroaniline	106-47-8	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0320
123	Chlorobenzene	108-90-7	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	No human data, inadequate animal data and predominantly negative genetic toxicity data in bacterial, yeast, and mouse lymphoma cells.	0399
124	Chlorobenzilate	510-15-6	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0400
125	1-Chlorobutane	109-69-3	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on no human carcinogenicity data and inadequate animal data.	0415
126	2-Chlorobutane	78-86-4	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on no human carcinogenicity data and inadequate animal data.	0416
127	Chlorocyclopentadiene	41851-50-7	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Lack of data concerning carcinogenicity in humans or animals.	0430
128	Chlorodifluoromethane	75-45-6	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0657
129	Chloroform	67-66-3	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Under the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996; U.S. EPA, 1999), chloroform is likely to be carcinogenic to humans by all routes of exposure under high-exposure conditions that lead to cytotoxicity and regenerative hyperplasia in susceptible tissues (U.S. EPA, 1998a,b). Chloroform is not likely to be carcinogenic to humans by any route of exposure under exposure conditions that do not cause cytotoxicity and cell regeneration. This weight-of-evidence conclusion is based on: 1) observations in animals exposed by both oral and inhalation pathways which indicate that sustained or repeated cytotoxicity with secondary regenerative hyperplasia precedes, and is probably required for, hepatic and renal neoplasia; 2) there are no epidemiological data specific to chloroform and, at most, equivocal epidemiological data related to drinking water exposures that cannot necessarily be negative, although there are some scattered positive results that generally have limitations such as excessively high dose or with confounding factors. Thus, the weigh-of-evidence of the genotoxicity data on chloroform supports a conclusion that chloroform is not strongly mutagenic, and the genotoxicity is not likely to be the predominant mode of action underlying the carcinogenic potential of chloroform. Although no cancer data exist for exposures via the dermal pathway, the weight-of-evidence conclusion is considered to be applicable to this pathway as well, because chloroform absorbed through the skin and into the blood is expected to be metabolized and to cause toxicity in much the same way as chloroform absorbed by other exposure routes.	0025
130	Chloromethyl methyl ether (CMME)	107-30-2	A, Human Carcinogen	The observation of an increased incidence of respiratory cancer in exposed workers and the observation of respiratory tumors in mice, rats, and hamsters exposed by inhalation forms the basis for this classification.	0245
131	beta-Chloronaphthalene	91-58-7	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0463
132	2-Chlorophenol	95-57-8	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0303
133	p-Chlorophenyl methyl sulfide	123-09-1	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	No human or animal studies found in the available literature	0623
134	p-Chlorophenyl methyl sulfone	98-57-7	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	No human or animal studies found in the available literature	0624
135	p-Chlorophenyl methyl sulfoxide	934-73-6	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	No human or animal studies found in the available literature	0625
136	Chloroprene	126-99-8			1021
137	Chlorothalonil	1897-45-6	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0143
138	o-Chlorotoluene	95-49-8	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0412
139	Chlorpropham	101-21-3	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0283
140	Chlorpyrifos	2921-88-2	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0026
141	Chlorsulfuron	64902-72-3	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0027
142	Chromium(III), insoluble salts	16065-83-1	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Using the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (EPA, 1996), there are inadequate data to determine the potential carcinogenicity of trivalent chromium, as discussed below. However, the classification of hexavalent chromium as a known human carcinogen raises a concern for the carcinogenic potential of trivalent chromium.	0028
143	Chromium(VI)	18540-29-9	A, Human Carcinogen (Inhalation route)D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity (Oral route)	Under the proposed guidelines (EPA, 1996), Cr(VI) would be characterized as a known human carcinogen by the inhalation route of exposure. The oral carcinogenicity of Cr(VI) cannot be determined. No data were located in the available literature that suggested that Cr(VI) is carcinogenic by the oral route of exposure.	0144
144	Chrysene	218-01-9	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	No human data and sufficient data from animal bioassays. Chrysene produced carcinomas and malignant lymphoma in mice after intraperitoneal injection and skin carcinomas in mice following dermal exposure. Chrysene produced chromosomal abnormalities in hamsters and mouse germ cells after gavage exposure, positive responses in bacterial gene mutation assays and transformed mammalian cells exposed in culture.	0455
145	Coke oven emissions	8007-45-2	A, Human Carcinogen	Studies of coke oven workers have shown increased risk of mortality from cancer of the lung, trachea and bronchus; cancer of the kidney; cancer of the prostate; and cancer at all sites combined. In animals, extracts and condensates of coke oven emissions were found to be carcinogenic in both inhalation studies and skin-painting bioassays. The mutagenicity of whole extracts and condensates, as well as their individual components, provides supportive evidence for carcinogenicity.	0395
146	Copper	7440-50-8	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	There are no human data, inadequate animal data from assays of copper compounds, and equivocal mutagenicity data.	0368
147	Copper cyanide	544-92-3	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0029
148	Creosote	8001-58-9	B1, Probable human carcinogen - based on limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans	Limited evidence of the association between occupational creosote contact and subsequent tumor formation, sufficient evidence of local and distant tumor formation after dermal application to mice, and some evidence of mutagenic activity, as well as the well-documented carcinogenicity of other coal tar products to humans.	0360
149	Crotonaldehyde	123-73-9	C, Possible human carcinogen	Based on no human data and an increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas and hepatic neoplastic nodules (combined) in male F344 rats. The possible carcinogenicity of crotonaldehyde is supported by genotoxic activity and the expected reactivity of croton oil and aldehyde. Crotonaldehyde is also a suspected metabolite of N-nitrosopyrrolidine, a probable human carcinogen.	0464
150	Cumene	98-82-8	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Under the proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), it is concluded that the carcinogenic potential of cumene cannot be determined because no adequate data, such as well-conducted long-term animal studies or reliable human epidemiological studies, are available for any assessment.	0306
151	Cyanazine	21725-46-2	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0145
152	Cyanide, free	57-12-5	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Pertinent data regarding carcinogenicity have not been located in the available literature.	0031
153	Cyanogen	460-19-5	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0032
154	Cyanogen bromide	506-68-3	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0358
155	Cyclohexane	110-82-7	NA, Not applicable. This substance was not assessed using the 1986 cancer guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1986).	Cyclohexane is characterized as "Data are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential" (U.S. EPA, 1999).	1005
156	Cyclohexanone	108-94-1	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0219
157	Cyclohexylamine	108-91-8	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0319
158	Cyhalothrin/Karate	68085-85-8	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0279
159	Cypermethrin	52315-07-8	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0380
160	Cyromazine	66215-27-8	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0220
161	Dacthal	1861-32-1	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0221
162	Dalapon, sodium salt	75-99-0	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0146
163	Danitol	39515-41-8	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0034
164	2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209)	1163-19-5	C, Possible human carcinogen	Based on no human data and limited evidence of carcinogenicity in animals; namely, significantly increased incidences of neoplastic liver nodules in male and female rats and increased incidences of hepatocellular adenomas or carcinomas (combined) in male mice.	0035
165	Demeton	8065-48-3	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0036
166	Di (2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)	117-81-7	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Orally administered DEHP produced significant dose-related increases in liver tumor responses in rats and mice of both sexes.	0014
167	Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate	103-23-1	C, Possible human carcinogen	Based on an absence of human data and increased incidence of liver tumors in female mice. Except for a positive dominant lethal assay, there was no evidence of genotoxicity; this compound does, however, exhibit structural relationships to other nongenotoxic compounds classified as probable and possible human carcinogens.	0420
168	2,4-Diaminotoluene	95-80-7	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0536
169	Diazomethane	334-88-3	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0616
170	Dibenz[a,h]anthracene	53-70-3	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Based on no human data and sufficient data from animal bioassays. Dibenz[a,h]anthracene produced carcinomas in mice following oral or dermal exposure and injection site tumors in several species following subcutaneous or intramuscular administration. Dibenz[a,h]anthracene has induced DNA damage and gene mutations in bacteria as well as gene mutations and transformation in several types of mammalian cell cultures.	0456
171	Dibenzofuran	132-64-9	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on no human data and no animal data for dibenzofuran alone.	0429
172	1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP)	96-12-8	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0414
173	1,4-Dibromobenzene	106-37-6	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0148
174	Dibromochloromethane	124-48-1	C, Possible human carcinogen	Based on inadequate human data and limited evidence of carcinogenicity in animals; namely, positive carcinogenic evidence in B6C3Fl mice (males and females), together with positive mutagenicity data, and structural similarity to other trihalomethanes, which are known animal carcinogens.	0535
175	Dibromodichloromethane	594-18-3	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on the lack of data regarding the carcinogenicity of dibromodichloromethane in humans or animals.	0222
176	p,p'-Dibromodiphenyl ether	2050-47-7	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	No human data and no animal data available.	0491
177	1,2-Dibromoethane	106-93-4	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Increased incidences of a variety of tumors in rats and mice in both sexes by three routes of administration at both the site of application and at distant sites. EDB is mutagenic in various in vitro and in vivo assays. EDB is structurally similar to DBCP, a probable human carcinogen and to EDC, a probable human carcinogen.	0361
178	Dibutyl phthalate	84-74-2	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Pertinent data regarding carcinogenicity was not located in the available literature.	0038
179	Dicamba	1918-00-9	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0223
180	Dichloroacetic acid	79-43-6	NA, Not applicable. This substance was not assessed using the 1986 cancer guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1986).	EPA believes that DCA is likely to be a carcinogen in humans.	0654
181	1,3-Dichlorobenzene	541-73-1	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on no human data, no animal data and limited genetic data.
182	1,4-Dichlorobenzene	106-46-7	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0447
183	1,2-Dichlorobenzene	95-50-1	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on no human data and evidence of both negative and positive trends for carcinogenic responses in rats and mice.	0552
184	3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine	91-94-1	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Based on statistically significantly increased tumor incidences in rats, mice and dogs. Additional support is provided by positive evidence of genotoxicity and structural relationship to the known human bladder carcinogen benzidine.	0491
185	Dichlorodifluoromethane	75-71-8	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0361
186	p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethane (DDD)	72-54-8	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Based on an increased incidence of lung tumors in male and female mice, liver tumors in male mice and thyroid tumors in male rats. DDD is structurally similar to, and is a known metabolite of DDT, a probable human carcinogen.	0347
187	p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE)	72-55-9	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Increased incidence of liver tumors including carcinomas in two strains of mice and in hamsters and of thyroid tumors in female rats by diet.	0328
188	p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)	50-29-3	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Observation of tumors (generally of the liver) in seven studies in various mouse strains and three studies in rats. DDT is structurally similar to other probable carcinogens, such as DDD and DDE.	0147
189	1,2-Dichloroethane	107-06-2	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Based on the induction of several tumor types in rats and mice treated by gavage and lung papillomas in mice after topical application	0149
190	1,1-Dichloroethane	75-34-3	C, Possible human carcinogen	Based on no human data and limited evidence of carcinogenicity in two animal species (rats and mice) as shown by an increased incidence of mammary gland adenocarcinomas and hemangiosarcomas in female rats and an increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas and benign uterine polyps in mice.	0409
191	trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene	156-60-5			0314
192	cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene	156-59-2	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on no data in humans or animals and generally nonpositive results in mutagenicity assays.	0418
193	1,1-Dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE)	75-35-4	C, Possible human carcinogen	Under the draft revised guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999), EPA concludes 1,1-DCE exhibits suggestive evidence of carcinogenicity but not sufficient evidence to assess human carcinogenic potential following inhalation exposure in studies in rodents. Male mice developed kidney tumors at one exposure in a lifetime bioassay, a finding tempered by the absence of similar results in female mice or male or female rats and by the enzymatic differences (i.e., CYP2E1) between male mice and female mice, male and female rats, and human kidney cells. Limited evidence of genotoxicity has been reported in bacterial systems with metabolic activation. The data for 1,1-DCE are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential by the oral route, based on the absence of statistically or biologically significant tumors in limited bioassays in rats and mice balanced against the suggestive evidence in male mice in a single bioassay by inhalation and the limited evidence of genotoxicity. The human epidemiological results on the carcinogenicity of 1,1-DCE are too limited to draw useful conclusions. EPA concludes that the results of kidney tumors in one sex and one exposure in a single species of rodents are too limited to support an exposure-response assessment.	0039
194	Dichloromethane	75-09-2	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Based on inadequate human data and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals; increased incidence of hepatocellular neoplasms and alveolar/bronchiolar neoplasms in male and female mice, and increased incidence of benign mammary tumors in both sexes of rats, salivary gland sarcomas in male rats and leukemia in female rats. This classification is supported by some positive genotoxicity data, although results in mammalian systems are generally negative.	0070
195	2,4-Dichlorophenol	120-83-2	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0041
196	4-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB)	94-82-6	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0033
197	2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)	94-75-7	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0150
198	1,2-Dichloropropane	78-87-5	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0601
199	2,3-Dichloropropanol	616-23-9	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0465
200	1,3-Dichloropropene	542-75-6	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Although the available human data are inadequate, 1,3-dichloropropene is characterized as "likely" to be a human carcinogen in accordance with the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996).	0224
201	Dichlorvos	62-73-7	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Significant increases in forestomach tumors in female and male B6C3F1 mice and leukemias and pancreatic acinar adenomas in Fischer 344 rats. Supporting evidence included observation of tumors at other sites in the rat and observation of mutagenicity for both dichlorvos and a major metabolite dichloroacetaldehyde. A structurally related material, dichloropropene, also induces forestomach tumors in rodents.	0151
202	Dicofol	115-32-2	Information reviewed but value not estimated. Refer to IRIS Summary.		0324
203	Dieldrin	60-57-1	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Dieldrin is carcinogenic in seven strains of mice when administered orally. Dieldrin is structurally related to compounds (aldrin, chlordane, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, and chlorendic acid) which produce tumors in rodents.	0225
204	Diesel engine exhaust	NA	NA, Not applicable. This substance was not assessed using the 1986 cancer guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1986).	Using U.S. EPA's revised draft 1999 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999), diesel exhaust (DE) is likely to be carcinogenic to humans by inhalation from environmental exposures.	0642
205	Diethyl phthalate	84-66-2	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Pertinent data regarding carcinogenicity were not located in the available literature.	0226
206	Diethyl sulfate	64-67-5	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0615
207	Diethyl-p-nitrophenylphosphate	311-45-5	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	No human data and no animal data available.	0613
208	Diethylene glycol dinitrate (DEGDN)	693-21-0	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	No human or animal carcinogenic studies found in the available literature.	0643
209	Difenzoquat	43222-48-6	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0336
210	Diflubenzuron	35367-38-5	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0227
211	1,1-Difluoroethane	75-37-6	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0665
212	Diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP)	1445-75-6	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	No data from cancer bioassays or epidemiological studies are available.	0310
213	Dimethipin	55290-64-7	C, Possible human carcinogen	Classification is based on an elevated combined incidence of pulmonary adenomas/carcinomas in male, but not in female, CD-1 mice. A rat study is undergoing further evaluation.	0043
214	Dimethoate	60-51-5	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0044
215	Dimethyl phthalate	131-11-3	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Pertinent data regarding carcinogenicity was not located in the available literature.	0353
216	Dimethyl sulfate	77-78-1	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Classification is based on induction of local carcinomas following inhalation and subcutaneous exposures in rats, tumor induction in rats following prenatal exposure, and evidence suggestive of carcinogenicity in hamsters and mice by inhalation. Dimethyl sulfate alkylates cellular macromolecules and is genotoxic.	0365
217	Dimethyl terephthalate (DMT)	120-61-6	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0046
218	Dimethylamine	124-40-3	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0228
219	N-N-Dimethylaniline	121-69-7	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0229
220	3,3-Dimethylbenzidine	119-93-7	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0538
221	N,N-Dimethylformamide	68-12-2	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0511
222	3,4-Dimethylphenol	95-65-8	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0231
223	2,6-Dimethylphenol	576-26-1	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0230
224	2,4-Dimethylphenol	105-67-9	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0466
225	4,6-Dinitro-o-cyclohexyl phenol	131-89-5	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0322
226	m-Dinitrobenzene	99-65-0	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on no data in humans and animals.	0318
227	o-Dinitrobenzene	528-29-0	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on no data in humans and animals.	0633
228	2,4-Dinitrophenol	51-28-5	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0152
229	2,4-Dinitrotoluene	121-14-2	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0524
230	2,4-/2,6-Dinitrotoluene mixture	NA	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Based on multiple benign and malignant tumor types at multiple sites in both sexes of rats (2 strains) and malignant renal tumors in male mice. The classification is supported by evidence of mutagenicity.	0397
231	Dinoseb	88-85-7	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Dinoseb was not observed to be carcinogenic in two inadequate studies in rats and in mice. In a third study, an increase in benign liver tumors in female mice was not considered to be treatment-related. The increase was much lower in the high dose than the mid dose, there were no decreases in time to tumor, nor any evidence of any of the potentially predisposing lesions in the liver such as hypertrophy, hyperplasia or degeneration which are often associated with known hepatocellular carcinogens.	0047
232	1,4-Dioxane	123-91-1	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Induction of nasal cavity and liver carcinomas in multiple strains of rats, liver carcinomas in mice, and gall bladder carcinomas in guinea pigs.	0326
233	Diphenamid	957-51-7	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0232
234	Diphenylamine	122-39-4	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0048
235	1,2-Diphenylhydrazine	122-66-7	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Positive results of studies in both rats and mice form the basis for this classification. Two apparently negative studies lack information on compound purity, experimental design, and statistical treatment.	0049
236	Diquat	85-00-7	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0153
237	Disulfoton	298-04-4	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0154
238	1,4-Dithiane	505-29-3	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on no data in humans and animals.	0531
239	Diuron	330-54-1	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0233
240	Dodine	2439-10-3	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0234
241	Endosulfan	115-29-7	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0235
242	Endothall	145-73-3	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0155
243	Endrin	72-20-8	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Oral administration of endrin did not produce carcinogenic effects in either sex of two strains of rats and three strains of mice. An NCI bioassay was suggestive of responses in male and female rats although NCI reported a no evidence conclusion. The inadequacies of several of the bioassays call into question the strength of the reported negative findings. These inadequacies and the suggestive responses in the NCI bioassay do not support a Group E classification; rather a Group D classification best reflects the equivocal data.	0363
244	Epichlorohydrin	106-89-8	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Human data are inadequate. Multiple studies in rats and mice administered epichlorohydrin by various routes were positive. As epichlorohydrin is a strong alkylating agent, tumors are produced at the site of application.	0050
245	1,2-Epoxybutane (EBU)	106-88-7	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0630
246	Ethephon	16672-87-0	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0297
247	Ethion	563-12-2	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0156
248	2-Ethoxyethanol	110-80-5	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0513
249	Ethyl acetate	141-78-6	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0157
250	Ethyl carbamate	51-79-6	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0629
251	Ethyl chloride	75-00-3	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0523
252	S-Ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC)	759-94-4	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0237
253	Ethyl ether	60-29-7	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0423
254	Ethyl p-nitrophenyl phenylphosphorothioate (EPN)	2104-64-5	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0236
255	Ethylbenzene	100-41-4	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Nonclassifiable due to lack of animal bioassays and human studies.	0051
256	Ethylene diamine	107-15-3	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on no human data and inadequate animal data.	0528
257	Ethylene glycol	107-21-1	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0238
258	Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (EGBE) (2-Butoxyethanol)	111-76-2	C, Possible human carcinogen	Because of the uncertain relevance of tumor increases observed in rats and mice to humans, the fact that EGBE is generally negative in genotoxic tests, and the lack of human data to support the findings in rodents, the human carcinogenic potential of EGBE, in accordance with the recently proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), cannot be determined at this time, but suggestive evidence exists from rodent studies.	0500
259	Ethylene thiourea (ETU)	96-45-7	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0239
260	Ethyleneimine	151-56-4	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0631
261	Ethylphthalyl ethylglycolate (EPEG)	84-72-0	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0052
262	Express	101200-48-0	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0379
263	Fenamiphos	22224-92-6	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0240
264	Fluometuron	2164-17-2	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0241
265	Fluoranthene	206-44-0	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on no human data and inadequate data from animal bioassays.	0444
266	Fluorene	86-73-7	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on no human data and inadequate data from animal bioassays.	0435
267	Fluorine (soluble fluoride)	7782-41-4	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0053
268	Fluridone	59756-60-4	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0054
269	Flurprimidol	56425-91-3	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0383
270	Flutolanil	66332-96-5	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0394
271	Fluvalinate	69409-94-5	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0281
272	Folpet	133-07-3	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Folpet has induced carcinoma and adenoma of the duodenum (an unusual site) in both sexes of both CD-1 and B6C3F1 mice. Folpet is also mutagenic in several in vitro assays and is a structural analogue of captan, which has been shown to induce carcinoma in the duodenum of two mouse strains.	0242
273	Fomesafen	72178-02-0	C, Possible human carcinogen	Fomesafen produced liver adenomas and carcinomas in both sexes of Charles River CD-1 mice.	0348
274	Fonofos	944-22-9	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0158
275	Formaldehyde	50-00-0	B1, Probable human carcinogen - based on limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans	Based on limited evidence in humans, and sufficient evidence in animals. Human data include nine studies that show statistically significant associations between site-specific respiratory neoplasms and exposure to formaldehyde or formaldehyde-containing products. An increased incidence of nasal squamous cell carcinomas was observed in long-term inhalation studies in rats and in mice. The classification is supported by in vitro genotoxicity data and formaldehyde's structural relationships to other carcinogenic aldehydes such as acetaldehyde.	0419
276	Formic acid	64-18-6	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0055
277	Fosetyl-al	39148-24-8	C, Possible human carcinogen	Increased incidence of urinary bladder tumors (adenomas/carcinomas combined) in male rats. No increase in tumor incidence occurred in female rats or in mice of either sex.	0159
278	Furan	110-00-9	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0056
279	Furfural	98-01-1	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0317
280	Furmecyclox	60568-05-0	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Dose-related increased incidence of neoplastic nodules, carcinomas and combined neoplasic nodules/carcinomas in the liver of female rats and increased incidence of liver nodules and carcinomas and urothelial tumors of the bladder in male rats.	0362
281	Glufosinate-ammonium	77182-82-2	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0247
282	Glycidaldehyde	765-34-4	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Based on no human data and an increased incidence of malignant tumors in rats and mice following subcutaneous injection of glycidaldehyde and of skin carcinomas following dermal application to mice. Glycidaldehyde shows mutagenic activity in many assay systems and is known to be highly reactive because of the epoxide and the aldehyde groups. A number of structurally related epoxide compounds are also carcinogenic in experimental animals, including the analogues glycidol and propylene oxide.	0315
283	Glyphosate	1071-83-6	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Inadequate evidence for oncogenicity in animals. Glyphosate was originally classified as C, possible human carcinogen, on the basis of increased incidence of renal tumors in mice. Following independent review of the slides the classification was changed to D on the basis of a lack of statistical significance and uncertainty as to a treatment-related effect.	0057
284	Haloxyfop-methyl	69806-40-2	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0467
285	Harmony	79277-27-3	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0337
286	Heptachlor	76-44-8	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Inadequate human data, but sufficient evidence exist from studies in which benign and malignant liver tumors were induced in three strains of mice of both sexes. Several structurally related compounds are liver carcinogens.	0243
287	Heptachlor epoxide	1024-57-3	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Sufficient evidence exists from rodent studies in which liver carcinomas were induced in two strains of mice of both sexes and in CFN female rats. Several structurally related compounds are liver carcinogens.	0160
288	n-Heptane	142-82-5	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	No human data and no animal data available.	0607
289	Hexabromobenzene	87-82-1	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0161
290	Hexabromodiphenyl ether	36483-60-0	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	No human data and no animal data available.	0494
291	2,2',4,4',5,5'-Hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-153)	68631-49-2			1009
292	Hexachlorobenzene	118-74-1	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Hexachlorobenzene, when administered orally, has been shown to induce tumors in the liver, thyroid and kidney in three rodent species.	0374
293	Hexachlorobutadiene	87-68-3	C, Possible human carcinogen	Observation of renal neoplasms in male and female rats in one study.	0058
294	alpha-Hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH)	319-84-6	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Dietary alpha-HCH has been shown to cause increased incidence of liver tumors in five mouse strains and in Wistar rats.	0162
295	beta-Hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH)	319-85-7	C, Possible human carcinogen	Increases in benign liver tumors in CF1 mice fed beta-HCH	0244
296	delta-Hexachlorocyclohexane (delta-HCH)	319-86-8	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on no human data and inadequate data from animal bioassays.	0163
297	Epsilon-Hexachlorocyclohexane (epsilon-HC)	6108-10-7	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on no human data and inadequate data from animal bioassays.	0164
298	gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-HCH)	58-89-9	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0065
299	technical Hexachlorocyclohexane (t-HCH)	608-73-1	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Assays in four strains of mice have yielded positive carcinogenicity results for t-HCH administered in the diet.	0165
300	Hexachlorocyclopentadiene (HCCPD)	77-47-4	E, Evidence of non-carcinogenicity for humans	In accordance with U.S. EPA's Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), HCCPD is not likely to be a human carcinogen by the inhalation route based on current data indicating no evidence of cancer in well-conducted bioassays in two species of rodents; the absence of increased deaths from cancer in the limited human occupational studies available; and lack of mutagenicity in a variety of test systems.	0059
301	Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HxCDD), mixture of 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD and 1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD	57653-85-7	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Hepatic tumors in mice and rats by gavage	0166
302	Hexachloroethane	67-72-1	C, Possible human carcinogen	Observation of carcinomas in one mouse strain after oral exposure	0167
303	Hexachlorophene	70-30-4	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0338
304	Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)	121-82-4	C, Possible human carcinogen	Hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas in female B6C3F1 mice.	0313
305	1,6-Hexamethylene diisocyanate	822-06-0	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0638
306	n-Hexane	110-54-3			0486
307	2-Hexanone	591-78-6			1019
308	Hexazinone	51235-04-2	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0246
309	Hydrazine/Hydrazine sulfate	302-01-2	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Tumors have been induced in mice, rats and hamsters following oral, inhalation or intraperitoneal administration of hydrazine and sulfate. Hydrazine is mutagenic in numerous assays.	0352
310	Hydrogen Cyanide and Cyanide Salts	Various			0060
311	Hydrogen chloride	7647-01-0	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0396
312	Hydrogen sulfide	7783-06-4	NA, Not applicable. This substance was not assessed using the 1986 cancer guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1986).	Under the Draft Revised Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999), data are inadequate for an assessment of the carcinogenic potential of hydrogen sulfide.	0061
313	Hydroquinone	123-31-9	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0508
314	Imazalil	35554-44-0	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0168
315	Imazaquin	81335-37-7	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0062
316	Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene	193-39-5	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Based on no human data and sufficient data from animal bioassays. Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene produced tumors in mice following lung implants, subcutaneous injection and dermal exposure. Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene tested positive in bacterial gene mutation assays.	0457
317	Iprodione	36734-19-7	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0291
318	Isobutyl alcohol	78-83-1	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0169
319	Isophorone	78-59-1	C, Possible human carcinogen	Based on no data in humans; limited evidence of carcinogenicity of one tumor type in one sex of one animal species as shown by an increase of preputial gland carcinomas in male rats. The apparent renal tubular cell tumor in the male rat is associated with alpha-2u-globulin, considered to be of questionable relevance to humans.	0063
320	Isopropalin	33820-53-0	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0064
321	Isopropyl methyl phosphonic acid (IMPA)	1832-54-8	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on no data in humans and animals.	0530
322	Isoxaben	82558-50-7	C, Possible human carcinogen	Based on a statistically significant increased incidence of benign liver tumors in one species.	0339
323	Lactofen	77501-63-4	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0280
324	Lead and compounds (inorganic)	7439-92-1	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Sufficient animal evidence. Ten rat bioassays and one mouse assay have shown statistically significant increases in renal tumors with dietary and subcutaneous exposure to several soluble lead salts. Animal assays provide reproducible results in several laboratories, in multiple rat strains with some evidence of multiple tumor sites. Short term studies show that lead affects gene expression. Human evidence is inadequate.	0277
325	d-Limonene	5989-27-5	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0682
326	Linuron	330-55-2	C, Possible human carcinogen	Limited evidence indicated linuron produced increases in both testicular hyperplasia and adenomas in male rats in three separate studies. Hepatocellular adenomas were observed in female mice in a single study at the highest dose group tested; the tumors were benign and showed no progression toward malignancy.	0170
327	Londax	83055-99-6	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0171
328	Malathion	121-75-5	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0248
329	Maleic anhydride	108-31-6	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0307
330	Maleic hydrazide	123-33-1	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0172
331	Maneb	12427-38-2	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0249
332	Manganese	7439-96-5	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Existing studies are inadequate to assess the carcinogenicity of manganese.	0373
333	Mepiquat chloride	24307-26-4	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0340
334	Mercuric chloride (HgCl2)	7487-94-7	C, Possible human carcinogen	Based on the absence of data in humans and limited evidence of carcinogenicity in rats and mice. Focal papillary hyperplasia and squamous cell papillomas in the forestomach as well as thyroid follicular cell adenomas and carcinomas were observed in male rats gavaged with mercuric chloride for 2 years. The relevance of the forestomach papillomas to assessment of cancer in humans is questionable because no evidence indicated that the papillomas progressed to malignancy. The relevance of the increase in thyroid tumors has also been questioned because these tumors are generally considered to be secondary to hyperplasia; this effect was not observed in the high-dose males. It should also be noted that the authors considered the doses used in the study to exceed the MTD for male rats. In the same study, evidence for increases in squamous cell papillomas in the forestomach of female rats was equivocal. In a second study, equivocal evidence for renal adenomas and adenocarcinomas was observed in male mice; there was a significant positive trend. This tumor type is rare in mice, and the increase in incidence was statistically significant when compared with historic controls. Two other nonpositive lifetime rodent studies were considered inadequate. Mercuric chloride showed mixed results in a number of genotoxicity assays.	0692
335	Mercury, elemental	7439-97-6	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on inadequate human and animal data. Epidemiologic studies failed to show a correlation between exposure to elemental mercury vapor and carcinogenicity; the findings in these studies were confounded by possible or known concurrent exposures to other chemicals, including human carcinogens, as well as lifestyle factors (e.g., smoking). Findings from genotoxicity tests are severely limited and provide equivocal evidence that mercury adversely affects the number or structure of chromosomes in human somatic cells.	0370
336	Merphos	150-50-5	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0366
337	Merphos oxide	78-48-8	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0367
338	Metalaxyl	57837-19-1	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0068
339	Methacrylonitrile	126-98-7	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0359
340	Methamidophos	10265-92-6	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0250
341	Methanol	67-56-1	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0305
342	Methidathion	950-37-8	C, Possible human carcinogen	Increased incidence of liver adenomas, carcinomas, and combined adenomas and carcinomas in male mice. There was no shortening of time to tumor. Short-term tests and structure/activity study were not supportive of a higher classification.	0341
343	Methomyl	16752-77-5	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0069
344	Methoxychlor	72-43-5	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Human data are unavailable, and animal evidence is inconclusive.	0369
345	2-Methoxyethanol	109-86-4	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0525
346	Methyl acrylate	96-33-3	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in animals and no human data.	0441
347	Methyl chloride	74-87-3	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Using the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), the available data suggest that methyl chloride would be classified as an agent whose carcinogenic potential cannot be determined.	1003
348	Methyl chlorocarbonate	79-22-1	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0309
349	Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)	78-93-3	NA, Not applicable. This substance was not assessed using the 1986 cancer guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1986).	Under the draft revised guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999), EPA concludes the data are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential of MEK. Studies of humans chronically exposed to MEK are inconclusive, and MEK has not been tested for carcinogenicity in animals by the oral or inhalation routes.	0071
350	Methyl iodide	74-88-4	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0650
351	Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK)	108-10-1	NA, Not applicable. This substance was not assessed using the 1986 cancer guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1986).	Under the draft revised cancer guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1999), the data for MIBK are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential. No data were located regarding the existence of an association between cancer and MIBK exposure in humans, but studies of the in vivo and in vitro genotoxicity of MIBK overwhelmingly provided negative responses.	0173
352	Methyl isocyanate	624-83-9	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0527
353	Methyl methacrylate	80-62-6	E, Evidence of non-carcinogenicity for humans	Under the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogenic Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), MMA is considered not likely to be carcinogenic to humans by any route of exposure because it has been evaluated in four well-conducted chronic inhalation studies in three appropriate animal species without demonstrating carcinogenic effects.	1000
354	Methyl parathion	298-00-0	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0174
355	Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)	1634-04-4	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0545
356	4-(2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxy) butyric acid (MCPB)	94-81-5	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0325
357	2-(2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid (MCPP)	93-65-2	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0067
358	2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA)	94-74-6	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0066
359	Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (monomeric MDI) and polymeric MDI (PMDI)	101-68-8	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Under U.S. EPA's 1996 Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, the carcinogenic potential of MDI/PMDI would be characterized as "cannot be determined," but for which there is suggestive evidence that raises concern for carcinogenic effects.	0529
360	4,4'-Methylene bis(N,N'-dimethyl)aniline	101-61-1	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Sufficient evidence from animal experiments: thyroid tumors in male and female rats, and liver carcinoma/adenoma in the female mice with a significant positive trend in male mice. There is evidence of mutagenic activity. There are no human data.	0386
361	Methylmercury (MeHg)	22967-92-6	C, Possible human carcinogen	Based on inadequate data in humans and limited evidence of carcinogenicity in animals. Male ICR and B6C3F1 mice exposed to methylmercuric chloride in the diet had an increased incidence of renal adenomas, adenocarcinomas and carcinomas. The tumors were observed at a single site and in a single species and single sex. The renal epithelial cell hyperplasia and tumors were observed only in the presence of profound nephrotoxicity and were suggested to be a consequence of reparative changes in the cells. Several nonpositive cancer bioassays were also reported. Although genotoxicity test data suggest that methylmercury is capable of producing chromosomal and nuclear damage, there are also nonpositive genotoxicity data.	0073
362	2-Methylnaphthalene	91-57-6			1006
363	2-Methylphenol	95-48-7	C, Possible human carcinogen	Based on an increased incidence of skin papillomas in mice in an initiation-promotion study. The three cresol isomers produced positive results in genetic toxicity studies both alone and in combination.	0300
364	4-Methylphenol	106-44-5	C, Possible human carcinogen	Based on an increased incidence of skin papillomas in mice in an initiation-promotion study. The three cresol isomers produced positive results in genetic toxicity studies both alone and in combination.	0302
365	3-Methylphenol	108-39-4	C, Possible human carcinogen	Based on an increased incidence of skin papillomas in mice in an initiation-promotion study. The three cresol isomers produced positive results in genetic toxicity studies both alone and in combination.	0301
366	Metolachlor	51218-45-2	C, Possible human carcinogen	Classification is based on the appearance of proliferative liver lesions (combined neoplastic nodules and carcinomas) at highest dose tested (3000 ppm) in female rats.	0074
367	Metribuzin	21087-64-9	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	No human data and inadequate evidence ffom animal bioassays. Metribuzin did not increase the incidence of tumors in a lifetime dietary study using CD-1 mice when compared with both concurrent and historic controls. In a 2-year feeding study in Wistar rats, no significant differences in neoplastic findings between the test and control groups were found. Short-term studies in bacteria and mammalian systems suggest that metribuzin is not mutagenic.	0075
368	Mirex	2385-85-5	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0251
369	Molinate	2212-67-1	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0298
370	Molybdenum	7439-98-7	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0425
371	Monochloramine	10599-90-3	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on inadequate human data and equivocal evidence of carcinogenicity from animal bioassays. A 2-year bioassay showed a marginal increase in mononuclear cell leukemia in female F344/N rats. No evidence of carcinogenic activity was reported in male rats or in male or female B6C3F1 mice. Genotoxicity studies, both in vitro and in vivo, gave negative results.	0644
372	Naled	300-76-5	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0175
373	Naphthalene	91-20-3	C, Possible human carcinogen	Using the 1996 Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, the human carcinogenic potential of naphthalene via the oral or inhalation routes "cannot be determined" at this time based on human and animal data; however, there is suggestive evidence (observations of benign respiratory tumors and one carcinoma in female mice only exposed to naphthalene by inhalation [NTP, 1992a]). Additional support includes increase in respiratory tumors associated with exposure to 1-methylnaphthalene.	0436
374	Napropamide	15299-99-7	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0384
375	Nickel carbonyl	13463-39-3	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Based upon the observation of pulmonary carcinomas and malignant tumors at various sites in rats administered nickel carbonyl by inhalation and intravenous injection, respectively. Nickel administered as nickel carbonyl binds to DNA.	0274
376	Nickel refinery dust	NA	A, Human Carcinogen	Human data in which exposure to nickel refinery dust caused lung and nasal tumors in sulfide nickel matte refinery workers in several epidemiologic studies in different countries, and on animal data in which carcinomas were produced in rats by inhalation and injection.	0272
377	Nickel subsulfide	12035-72-2	A, Human Carcinogen	Increased risks of lung and nasal cancer in humans exposed to nickel refinery dust, most of which was believed to have been nickel subsulfide; increased tumor incidences in animals by several routes of administration in several animal species and strains; and positive results in genotoxicity assays form the basis for this classification.	0273
378	Nickel, soluble salts	NA	Information reviewed but value not estimated. Refer to IRIS Summary.		0271
379	Nitrapyrin	1929-82-4	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0176
380	Nitrate	14797-55-8	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0076
381	Nitric oxide	10102-43-9	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0077
382	Nitrite	14797-65-0	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0078
383	Nitrobenzene	98-95-3	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on no data concerning carcinogenicity in humans or animals.	0079
384	Nitrogen dioxide	10102-44-0	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0080
385	Nitroguanidine	556-88-7	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Pertinent data regarding carcinogenicity have not been located in the available literature.	0402
386	p-Nitrophenol	100-02-7	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0484
387	2-Nitropropane	79-46-9	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0519
388	N-Nitroso-N-methylethylamine	10595-95-6	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Increased incidence of tumors of the liver and other sites in two rat strains	0179
389	N-Nitroso-di-n-butylamine	924-16-3	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Increased incidences of several tumor types in rats, mice, and hamsters exposed by various routes.	0037
390	N-Nitrosodi-N-propylamine	621-64-7	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Increased tumor incidence at multiple sites in two rodent species and in monkeys administered the compound by various routes	0177
391	N-Nitrosodiethanolamine	1116-54-7	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Increased incidence of liver tumors and tumors at other sites in three strains of rats and in hamsters	0252
392	N-Nitrosodiethylamine	55-18-5	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Induction of tumors at multiple sites in both rodent and nonrodent species exposed by various routes.	0042
393	N-Nitrosodimethylamine	62-75-9	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Induction of tumors at multiple sites in both rodents and nonrodent mammals exposed by various routes.	0045
394	N-Nitrosodiphenylamine	86-30-6	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Increased incidence of bladder tumors in male and female rats and reticulum cell sarcomas in mice, and structural relationship to carcinogenic nitrosamines	0178
395	N-Nitrosopyrrolidine	930-55-2	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Tumors at more than one site have been observed in two rodent species administered nitrosopyrrolidine orally.	0081
396	Nonabromodiphenyl ether	63936-56-1	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	No human data and no animal data available.	0495
397	Norflurazon	27314-13-2	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0082
398	NuStar	85509-19-9	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0299
399	Octabromodiphenyl ether	32536-52-0	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	No human data and no animal data available.	0180
400	Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX)	2691-41-0	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	No cancer bioassays or epidemiological studies are available.	0311
401	Oryzalin	19044-88-3	C, Possible human carcinogen	Oryzalin produced tumors (generally benign) at multiple sites in male and female rats. It is structurally related to 2,4-diaminoanisole sulfate which causes malignant tumors at similar sites.	0083
402	Oxadiazon	19666-30-9	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0253
403	Oxamyl	23135-22-0	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0181
404	Oxyfluorfen	42874-03-3	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0084
405	Paclobutrazol	76738-62-0	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0182
406	Paraquat	1910-42-5	C, Possible human carcinogen	Paraquat produced squamous cell carcinoma, an uncommon tumor, in the head region in both sexes of Fischer 344 rats.	0183
407	Parathion	56-38-2	C, Possible human carcinogen	Increased adrenal cortical tumors in female and male Osborne-Mendel rats and positive trends for thyroid follicular adenomas and pancreatic islet-cell carcinomas in male rats in one study.	0327
408	Pendimethalin	40487-42-1	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0292
409	Pentabromodiphenyl ether	32534-81-9	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	No human data and animal data available.	0184
410	2,2',4,4',5-Pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99)	60348-60-9			1008
411	Pentachlorobenzene	608-93-5	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	No human data and no animal data available.	0085
412	Pentachlorocyclopentadiene	25329-35-5	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Lack of data concerning carcinogenicity to humans or animals.	0431
413	Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB)	82-68-8	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0254
414	Pentachlorophenol	87-86-5	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	The classification is based on inadequate human data and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals: statistically significant increases in the incidences of multiple biologically significant tumor types (hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas, adrenal medulla pheochromocytomas and malignant pheochromocytomas, and/or hemangiosarcomas and hemangiomas) in one or both sexes of B6C3F1 mice using two different preparations of pentachlorophenol (PeCP). In addition, a high incidence of two uncommon tumors (adrenal medulla pheochromocytomas and hemangiomas/hemangiosarcomas) was observed with both preparations. This classification is supported by mutagenicity data, which provides some indication that PeCP has clastogenic potential.	0086
415	Pentafluoroethane	354-33-6	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0683
416	Perchlorate (ClO4) and Perchlorate Salts	7790-98-9			1007
417	Permethrin	52645-53-1	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0185
418	Phenanthrene	85-01-8	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on no human data and inadequate data from a single gavage study in rats and skin painting and injection studies in mice.	0459
419	Phenmedipham	13684-63-4	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0477
420	Phenol	108-95-2	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Under Draft Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999), the data regarding the carcinogenicity of phenol via the oral, inhalation, and dermal exposure routes are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential. Phenol was negative in oral carcinogenicity studies in rats and mice, but questions remain regarding increased leukemia in male rats in the bioassay as well as the positive gene mutation data and the positive results in dermal initiation/promotion studies at doses at or above the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). No inhalation studies of an appropriate duration exist. Therefore, no quantitative assessment of carcinogenic potential via any route is possible.	0088
421	m-Phenylenediamine	108-45-2	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0087
422	Phenylmercuric acetate	62-38-4	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0089
423	Phosalone	2310-17-0	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0255
424	Phosgene	75-44-5			0487
425	Phosmet	732-11-6	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0091
426	Phosphine	7803-51-2	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on inadequate data in animals and no tumor data in humans. While phospine has not been associated with cancer in humans, there is some evidence of chromosomal damage (transient chromatid deletions, gaps and breaks, persistent chromosomal translocations). A relationship between these genetic effects and the development of cancer in humans is sometimes postulated.	0090
427	Phosphoric acid	7664-38-2	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0697
428	Phthalic anhydride	85-44-9	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0308
429	Picloram	1918-02-1	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0256
430	Pirimiphos-methyl	29232-93-7	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0257
431	Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)	1336-36-3	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	A 1996 study found liver tumors in female rats exposed to Aroclors 1260, 1254, 1242, and 1016, and in male rats exposed to 1260. These mixtures contain overlapping groups of congeners that, together, span the range of congeners most often found in environmental mixtures. Earlier studies found high, statistically significant incidences of liver tumors in rats ingesting Aroclor 1260 or Clophen A 60 (Kimbrough et al., 1975; Norback and Weltman, 1985; Schaeffer et al., 1984). Mechanistic studies are beginning to identify several congeners that have dioxin-like activity and may promote tumors by different modes of action. PCBs are absorbed through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposure, after which they are transported similarly through the circulation. This provides a reasonable basis for expecting similar internal effects from different routes of environmental exposure. Information on relative absorption rates suggests that differences in toxicity across exposure routes are small. The human studies are being updated; currently available evidence is inadequate, but suggestive.	0294
432	Potassium cyanide	151-50-8	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0092
433	Potassium silver cyanide	506-61-6	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0093
434	Prochloraz	67747-09-5	C, Possible human carcinogen	Statistically significantly increased incidence and dose-related trend in liver adenomas and carcinomas (combined) in both sexes of one strain of mouse.	0378
435	Prometon	1610-18-0	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0094
436	Prometryn	7287-19-6	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0258
437	Pronamide	23950-58-5	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0095
438	Propachlor	1918-16-7	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0096
439	Propanil	709-98-8	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0186
440	Propargite	2312-35-8	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0296
441	Propargyl alcohol	107-19-7	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0468
442	Propazine	139-40-2	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0187
443	Propham	122-42-9	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0260
444	Propiconazole	60207-90-1	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0282
445	beta-Propiolactone	57-57-8	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0542
446	Propionaldehyde	123-38-6			1011
447	Propylene glycol	57-55-6	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0543
448	Propylene glycol monoethyl ether	52125-53-8	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0544
449	Propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME)	107-98-2	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0404
450	Propylene oxide	75-56-9	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Based on inadequate human data and an increased incidence of benign and malignant tumors at the site of exposure in two species of animals, when exposed by subcutaneous injection, by inhalation, and by gavage. There was also evidence of mutagenicity in a variety of test systems. Propylene oxide is structurally similar to other chemicals that demonstrate carcinogenic activity in animals.	0403
451	Propyleneimine	75-55-8	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0621
452	Pursuit	81335-77-5	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0439
453	Pydrin	51630-58-1	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0188
454	Pyrene	129-00-0	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on no human data and inadequate data from animal bioassays.	0445
455	Pyridine	110-86-1	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0261
456	Quinalphos	13593-03-8	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0189
457	Quinoline	91-22-5	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Quinoline is considered likely to be carcinogenic in humans in accordance with proposed EPA carcinogen risk assessment guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1996) on the basis of observations of exposure-related increased incidence of an unusual malignant tumor in multiple strains of rats and mice, multiple experiments using oral, i.p. and s.c. dosing at an early age. This determination is supported by studies that demonstrate that quinoline is genotoxic.	1004
458	Quinone	106-51-4	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0509
459	Radium 226,228	7440-14-4	Information reviewed but value not estimated. Refer to IRIS Summary.		0295
460	Radon 222	14859-67-7	Information reviewed but value not estimated. Refer to IRIS Summary.		0275
461	Refractory ceramic fibers	NA	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	No human data and sufficient evidence from animal studies. Chronic inhalation studies showed that several types of RCFs induced mesotheliomas and lung tumors in rats and hamsters. Administration of RCFs by intraperitoneal/intrapleural injection or intratracheal instillation also caused peritoneal/pleural mesotheliomas or lung tumors in rats and hamsters.	0647
462	Resmethrin	10453-86-8	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0343
463	Rotenone	83-79-4	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0344
464	Savey	78587-05-0	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0345
465	Selenious acid	7783-00-8	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on inadequate human data and inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in animals. The evidence for various selenium compounds in animal and mutagenicity studies is conflicting and difficult to interpret; however, evidence for selenium sulfide is sufficient for a B2 (probable human carcinogen) classification.	0097
466	Selenium and Compounds	7782-49-2	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on inadequate human data and inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in animals. The evidence for various selenium compounds in animal and mutagenicity studies is conflicting and difficult to interpret; however, evidence for selenium sulfide is sufficient for a B2 (probable human carcinogen) classification.	0472
467	Selenium sulfide	7446-34-6	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Based on inadequate data from human studies and sufficient evidence in animals. When administered orally, selenium sulfide produced hepatocellular carcinomas in both sexes of F344 rats and female B6C3F1 mice and alveolar/bronchiolar carcinomas or adenomas in female B6C3F1 mice.	0458
468	Selenourea	630-10-4	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0098
469	Sethoxydim	74051-80-2	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0190
470	Silver	7440-22-4	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	In animals, local sarcomas have been induced after implantation of foils and discs of silver. However, the interpretation of these findings has been questioned due to the phenomenon of solid-state carcinogenesis in which even insoluble solids such as plastic have been shown to result in local fibrosarcomas.	0099
471	Silver cyanide	506-64-9	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0100
472	Simazine	122-34-9	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0263
473	Sodium azide	26628-22-8	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0191
474	Sodium cyanide	143-33-9	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0101
475	Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate	148-18-5	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0102
476	Sodium fluoroacetate	62-74-8	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0469
477	Strontium	7440-24-6	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0550
478	Strychnine	57-24-9	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0103
479	Styrene	100-42-5	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0104
480	Systhane	88671-89-0	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0342
481	Tebuthiuron	34014-18-1	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0264
482	Terbacil	5902-51-2	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0105
483	Terbutryn	886-50-0	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0285
484	Tetrabromodiphenyl ether	40088-47-9	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	No human data and no animal data available.	0493
485	2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47)	5436-43-1			1010
486	1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene	95-94-3	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0107
487	Tetrachlorocyclopentadiene	695-77-2	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Lack of data concerning carcinogenicity in humans or animals.	0432
488	1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane	630-20-6	C, Possible human carcinogen	Increased incidence of combined hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas in female mice; inadequate evidence from human studies.	0265
489	1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane	79-34-5	C, Possible human carcinogen	Increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas in mice	0193
490	Tetrachloroethylene	127-18-4	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0106
491	2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol	58-90-2	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0108
492	Tetrachlorovinphos	961-11-5	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0194
493	Tetraethyl lead	78-00-2	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0109
494	Tetraethyldithiopyrophosphate	3689-24-5	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0330
495	1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane	811-97-2	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0656
496	Thallium (I), soluble salts	Various			1012
497	Thallium acetate	563-68-8	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on the lack of carcinogenicity data in animals and humans.	0111
498	Thallium carbonate	6533-73-9	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on the lack of carcinogenicity data in animals and humans.	0112
499	Thallium chloride	7791-12-0	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on the lack of carcinogenicity data in animals and humans.	0113
500	Thallium nitrate	10102-45-1	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on the lack of carcinogenicity data in animals and humans.	0114
501	Thallium oxide	1314-32-5	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on the lack of carcinogenicity data in animals and humans.	0110
502	Thallium selenite	12039-52-0	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on the lack of carcinogenicity data in animals and humans.	0115
503	Thallium(I) sulfate	7446-18-6	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on the lack of carcinogenicity data in animals and humans.	0116
504	Thiobencarb	28249-77-6	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0266
505	Thiophanate-methyl	23564-05-8	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0117
506	Thiram	137-26-8	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0267
507	Toluene	108-88-3	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	No human data and inadequate animal data. Toluene did not produce positive results in the majority of genotoxic assays.	0118
508	2,4-/2,6-Toluene diisocyanate mixture (TDI)	26471-62-5	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0503
509	Toxaphene	8001-35-2	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	The classification is based on increased incidence of hepatocellular tumors in mice and thyroid tumors in rats and is supported by mutagenicity in Salmonella.	0346
510	Tralomethrin	66841-25-6	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0385
511	Triallate	2303-17-5	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0195
512	Triasulfuron	82097-50-5	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0510
513	1,2,4-Tribromobenzene	615-54-3	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0196
514	Tribromochloromethane	594-15-0	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on no human or animal cancer data.	0534
515	Tribromodiphenyl ether	49690-94-0	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	No human data and no animal data available.	0492
516	Tributyltin oxide (TBTO)	56-35-9	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	There are no data in humans concerning development of cancer following exposure to tributyltin oxide (TBTO). Cancer bioassays following oral exposure have been conducted in rats and mice. Because of the questionable data from the bioassay in rats, EPA assigns TBTO to the "cannot be determined" category [U.S. EPA, 1996 (proposed)].	0349
517	1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (CFC-113)	76-13-1	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0123
518	Trichloroacetic acid	76-03-9	C, Possible human carcinogen	The classification is based on a lack of human data and limited evidence of an increased incidence of liver neoplasms in both sexes of one strain of mice. No evidence of carcinogenicity was found in rats. Results from genotoxicity studies are mixed; trichloroacetic acid does not appear to be a point mutagen.	0655
519	1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene	120-82-1	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	A dermal exposure study in mice was found inadequate for drawing conclusions as to carcinogenicity in humans.	0119
520	Trichlorocyclopentadiene	77323-84-3	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Lack of data concerning carcinogenicity in humans or animals.	0433
521	1,1,2-Trichloroethane	79-00-5	C, Possible human carcinogen	Hepatocellular carcinomas and pheochromocytomas in one strain of mice forms the basis for this classification. Carcinogenicity was not shown in rats. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane is structurally related to 1,2-dichloroethane, a probable human carcinogen.	0198
522	1,1,1-Trichloroethane	71-55-6	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	There are no reported human data and animal studies (one lifetime gavage, one intermediate-term inhalation) have not demonstrated carcinogenicity. Technical grade 1,1,1-trichloroethane has been shown to be weakly mutagenic, although the contaminant, 1,4-dioxane, a known animal carcinogen, may be responsible for this response.	0197
523	Trichloroethylene	79-01-6			0199
524	Trichlorofluoromethane	75-69-4	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0120
525	2,4,5-Trichlorophenol	95-95-4	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0121
526	2,4,6-Trichlorophenol	88-06-2	B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals	Based on no human data and sufficient evidence in animals; namely, increased incidence of lymphomas or leukemias in male rats and hepatocellular adenomas or carcinomas in male and female mice.	0122
527	2(2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy) propionic acid (2,4,5-TP)	93-72-1	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Human data are not available and the available animal cancer bioassay studies are considered to be inadequate.	0323
528	2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T)	93-76-5	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0262
529	1,1,2-Trichloropropane	598-77-6	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0372
530	1,2,3-Trichloropropane	96-18-4			0200
531	Tricresol	1319-77-3	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0030
532	Tridiphane	58138-08-2	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0124
533	Triethylamine	121-44-8	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0520
534	Triethylene glycol monobutyl ether	143-22-6	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0639
535	Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether	112-50-5	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0640
536	Trifluralin	1582-09-8	C, Possible human carcinogen	Classification is based on the induction of urinary tract tumors (renal pelvis carcinomas and urinary bladder papillomas) and thyroid tumors (adenomas/carcinomas combined) in one animal species (F344 rats) in one study. Trifluralin is structurally similar to ethalfluralin, a carcinogen in the rat.	0268
537	2,2,4-Trimethylpentane	540-84-1			0614
538	1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene	99-35-4	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0316
539	2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT)	118-96-7	C, Possible human carcinogen	Evidence of human carcinogenicity is inadequate. Urinary bladder papilloma and carcinoma were observed in female Fischer 344 rats. Mutagenic activity was observed in Salmonella with and without metabolic activation.	0269
540	Uranium, natural	7440-61-1	Information reviewed but value not estimated. Refer to IRIS Summary.		0259
541	Uranium, soluble salts	NA	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0421
542	Urea	57-13-6			1022
543	Vanadium pentoxide	1314-62-1	Information reviewed but value not estimated. Refer to IRIS Summary.		0125
544	Vernam	1929-77-7	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0201
545	Vinclozolin	50471-44-8	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0126
546	Vinyl acetate	108-05-4	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0512
547	Vinyl bromide	593-60-2	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0671
548	Vinyl chloride	75-01-4	A, Human Carcinogen	Under the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), it is concluded that VC is a known human carcinogen by the inhalation route of exposure, based on human epidemiological data, and by analogy the oral route because of positive animal bioassay data as well as pharmacokinetic data allowing dose extrapolation across routes. VC is also considered highly likely to be carcinogenic by the dermal route because it is well absorbed and acts systemically.	1001
549	Warfarin	81-81-2	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0202
550	White phosphorus	7723-14-0	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Based on no data in humans or animals.	0460
551	Xylenes	1330-20-7	NA, Not applicable. This substance was not assessed using the 1986 cancer guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1986).	Under the Draft Revised Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999), data are inadequate for an assessment of the carcinogenic potential of xylenes. Adequate human data on the carcinogenicity of xylenes are not available, and the available animal data are inconclusive as to the ability of xylenes to cause a carcinogenic response. Evaluations of the genotoxic effects of xylenes have consistently given negative results.	0270
552	Zinc and Compounds	7440-66-6	D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity	Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005), there is inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential of zinc, because studies of humans occupationally-exposed to zinc are inadequate or inconclusive, adequate animal bioassays of the possible carcinogenicity of zinc are not available, and results of genotoxic tests of zinc have been equivocal.	0426
553	Zinc cyanide	557-21-1	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0127
554	Zinc phosphide	1314-84-7	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0203
555	Zineb	12122-67-7	Not Assessed under the IRIS program.		0204

Rationale

• IRIS

See also

• IRIS

Related files

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