Helsinki energy consumption

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Many pieces of data on this page came originally from Building stock in Helsinki, worked by the Decision analysis and risk management 2015 course.

Question

How much energy is consumed and to what purposes in Helsinki?

Answer

There is no answer code here, because the U value 1.661 W /m² /K is directly used in Energy use of buildings#Baseline energy consumption.

Rationale

U values based on overall data

The total heat consumption by district-heated buildings is 6921.65 GWh in 2013 (see below). We can derive the total energy efficiency value expressed as W /m² /K for floor area and temperature difference between indoors and outdoors. The typical energy efficiency calculations (using the so called U value) assume that outdoor 17 °C is thermoneutral and lower values require heating. The total floor area of district-heated buildings is 38990000 m² in 2015 according to the Helsinki energy decision 2015 model. The annual average temperature in Helsinki is 4.8 °C [1] and during heating season Sep-May 1.4 C (Opasnet data). Therefore the energy efficiency value (approximate U value) is

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle U = \frac{6921.65 GWh/a /(24 h / d \times 365 d/a)}{38990000 m^2 (17 K - 4.8 K)} = 1.661 \frac{W}{m^2 K}}

Energy consumption statistics

**Total energy consumption in Helsinki in 2013 (GWh) ^[1]**
	Adjusted for temperature	Not adjusted for temperature
District heating	6921.65	6461.00
Separate heating	303.89	284.01
Electric heating	339.23	316.65
Consumer electricity	3988.10	3988.10
Private cars	1294.06	1294.06
Other road traffic	794.33	794.33
Trains	111.16	111.16
Ships	432.12	432.12
Industry and machinery	147.60	147.60
Total	14332.14	13829.03

Data not used

This section contains data, that wasn't in the end used in the model's calculations, but is still important enough that it wasn't completely removed from the page. There include energy parameters, energy sinks for different building types, and some data about the total energy consumption in Helsinki.

Previous temperature calculations

This data was perviously used for calculating Helsinki energy consumption. However, a more relevant data is now used on page Outdoor air temperature in Finland.

The annual average ambient temperature is 2.5 °C in Kuopio (Ambient temperature in Urgenche cities). Therefore, we could use hourly temperature data from Kuopio if we add the temperature difference 2.3 K. Graphs of the data.

+ Show code - Hide code

## This is code is Op_en7317/temperatures [[Helsinki energy consumption]]
library(OpasnetUtils)

ta <- opbase.data("Op_en6315", subset = "2014-5/2015") # [[Electricity use in a house with geothermal heating]]
hours <- as.character(ta$Date)

if(!exists("server")) {
	dates <- data.frame(
		EN = c("Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun", "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"), 
		FI = c("Tammi", "Helmi", "Maalis", "Huhti", "Touko", "Kesä", "Heinä", "Elo", "Syys", "Loka", "Marras", "Joulu")
	)
	for(i in 1:nrow(dates)) {
		hours <- gsub(dates$EN[i], dates$FI[i], hours)
	}
}

hours <- as.POSIXct(strptime(hours, format = "%Y-%b-%d %H:%M:%S"))
hours <- hours + as.difftime(as.character(ta$Time), format = "%H:%M")

# Adjust temperature data: 2.3 C is the average difference between Kuopio and Helsinki
hours <- data.frame(Time = hours, Result = as.numeric(as.character(ta$Result)) + 2.3)
hours <- hours[!is.na(hours$Result) , ]
hours$Date <- as.POSIXct(strptime(format(hours$Time, "%Y-%m-%d"), format = "%Y-%m-%d"))
hours <- hours[hours$Time >= as.POSIXct("2014-03-01 00:00:00") & hours$Time < as.POSIXct("2015-03-01 00:00:00") , ]

days <- aggregate(hours["Result"], hours["Date"], FUN = mean)
days$Temperature <- cut(days$Result, breaks = seq(-30, 33, 3))
temperatures <- Ovariable("temperature", data = aggregate(days["Result"], days["Temperature"], FUN = mean))
temperdays <- Ovariable("temperdays", data = aggregate(days["Result"], days["Temperature"], FUN = length))

objects.store(temperatures, temperdays)
cat("Objects temperature, temperdays stored.\n")

#ggplot(hours, aes(x = Time, y = Result))+geom_line() + geom_point(data = days, aes(x = Date, y = Result, colour = "Daily mean", size = 2))
#ggplot(hours, aes(x = Time, y = Result))+geom_point()

Energy parametres of buildings

**Existing situation of important energy parametres in the building stock (%).**
Property	Residential buildings	Description
Wall insulation	17	Building outside walls with a thermal transmission coefficient < 0.5(W/(m²*k). Default building data - Helsinki.xlsx and CyPT Data collection - To Jouni.pptx
High efficient glazing	35	Building outside windows with a thermal transmission coefficient < 1(W/(m²*k). Energy performance class A in building automation and www.siemens.com
Efficient lighting in baseline	1.4	Building with lighting technology with an efficiency of >75lumen/Watt. Default building data - Helsinki.xlsx
Demand oriented lighting	26.9	Buildings with a lighting regulation that controls the presents of users and/or the incident sun light to dim or shut off the lighting to save electricity. Default building data - Helsinki.xlsx
Building Efficiency Monitoring
Building Remote Monitoring		Buildings with metering and remote evaluation of energy demand, so that an professional engineer can evaluate the energy demand and the need for maintenance and improvement measures.
Building Performance Optimization		Buildings with an optimization contract, where an professional engineer can start maintenance and improvement measures.
Demand controlled ventilation	16.2 - 22.4	Buildings with a ventilation regulation that controls the air quality (e.B.CO2) to slow down or shut off the ventilation when it is not needed to save electricity. Default building data - Helsinki.xlsx: Non-residential, cell C35
Heat and Cold Recovery in ventilation	17.8	Buildings where the heat/cold of the exhaust air is recovered by a heat exchanger to precondition the fresh air to save energy for cooling/heating.
Efficient Motors		Buildings that are equipped with pressure regulated variable speed drives for heating circulation pumps or ventilation drives.
Building Automation BACS Class C
Building Automation BACS Class B
Building Automation BACS Class A
Room Automation HVAC	30	Buildings where the heating/ventilation/Air Condition demand is regulated to the demand of every single room to prevent energy demand for not used rooms. www.siemens.com
Room Automation HVAC + lighting
Building Automation HVAC + lighting + blinds	60	www.siemens.com

Notes: Data from:

CyPT Data collection - To Jouni
Default Building Data - Helsinki
Energy performance class A in building automation www.siemens.com [2]

The numbers found are not reliable, because most of the high technology buildings such as buildings with insulated walls or windows started to be build from 10 to 15 years ago. If we could find the building area in the year 2000, we could subtract that from the building area in Helsinki at the moment and get the building area which is built during these 10-15 years. Those would be the high tech building areas with regard to 2 % renovation rate and rebuilding which is on going every year and should be added to the total amount.

Technical notes: Sheets 5_Input Residential, 6.0_Input Non Residential, 6.2_Input Public Admin. Priority 1. Auxiliaries PPT.

Energy demand

**Different energy sinks by building type (kWh /m2 /a). 0 = not known.**
Energy type	Use	Residential	Other	Public	Industry
Cooling	Infiltration	0	0	0	0
Cooling	Ventilation	0	0	0	9
Cooling	Losses through walls through transmission	0	0	0	0
Cooling	Heat input by solar radiation through windows	0	0	0	0
Cooling	Losses through windows through transmission	0	0	0	0
Cooling	Other effects (e.g. people, electrical Appliances)	0	0	0	0
Heating	Infiltration	0	0	0	0
Heating	Ventilation	29.19	27.56	27.22	27.22
Heating	Walls	34.75	32.81	32.4	32.4
Heating	Windows	15.49	14.63	14.44	14.44
Heating	Floors	8.74	8.25	8.15	8.15
Heating	Roofs	9.33	8.81	8.7	8.7
Heating	Other	0	0	0	0
Heating	Warm water	1.89	0	1.76	1.76
Electricity	Lighting	2.82	20.05	49.68	8.67
Electricity	Appliances	24.84	18.74	14.19	13
Electricity	Ventilation	0	12.03	21.29	18.24
Electricity	Other	0.56	23.69	56.77	51.76

Notes

Data from Climate policies Helsinki additional data
We went through the data mentioned above and also the files given in Climate policies Helsinki data but could not find the data for cooling, heating:infiltration, heating:other, heating:warm water:other and electricity:ventilation:residential.
Total estimated amount of energy needed for cooling 23504480 kWh/a (whole Helsinki). Based on [3] 14332 GWh/a for housing (total energy demand minus traffic 18 % [4] and [5] 2 % of total energy demand of housing used for cooling. Total floor area of Helsinki needed (table 1).

Technical notes: Sheets 5_Input Residential, 6.0_Input Non Residential, 6.2_Input Public Admin. Priority 1. Auxiliaries: see table.

Efficiency increase

Changes in energy efficiency of different energy sinks.

Cooling 2 % /a
Warm water heating 1.1 % /a in residential buildings
General improvement: 0.6 % /a: Estimated 3 % of houses renovated/year and 20 % increase in energy efficiency when renovated. [6] Data apart from 0.6% values from Climate policies Helsinki additional data
The presentation about tables 4 and 5 PresentationHW9

Technical notes: Sheets 5_Input Residential, 6.0_Input Non Residential, 6.2_Input Public Admin. Priority 3. Auxiliaries Excel.

Heating parameters of buildings

**Important energy parameters**
Parameter	Value	Table	Description
Efficiency increase of U values walls 1/a	0.019642857	u.factor	(0.28-0.17)/0.28/(2010-1990)
Efficiency increase of U values windows 1/a	0.014285714	u.factor	(1.4-1)/1.4/(2010-1990)
U value wall W/m2/K	0.17-0.28	u.factor	values for buildings built 1990-2010
U value window W/m2/K	1.0-1.4	u.factor	values for buildings built 1990-2010
G value %	70	sun.heat.absorption.parameters
Ratio of wall/effective area	0.647727273	surface.area	year 2010: 114/176
Ratio of window/effective area	0.1	surface.area	year 2010: 17.6/176

Notes

Data used: Unit heat consumption of buildings in Finland.
Data Climate policies Helsinki additional data only contained 0.00 for all the parameters.
EU legislation value for U-value of windows in the document below was 1.0, so we used it for building buildings and the past years' values for the non-residential buildings. We assumed this will be the new residential buildings to be within the legislative value. ^[2] ^[3] ^[4]
HW9 table 6 presentation: Helsinki Building Stock

Technical notes: Sheets 5_Input Residential, 6.0_Input Non Residential, 6.2_Input Public Admin. Priority 3. Auxiliaries: see table.

Values derived from Unit heat consumption of buildings in Finland (these could be used to update Table 6):

Keywords

References

↑ Helsingin ympäristötilasto. Helsingin kaupungin ympäristökeskus. http://www.helsinginymparistotilasto.fi/
↑ Economidou, M., Atanasiu, B., Despret, C., Maio, J., Nolte, I., & Rapf, O. (2011). Europe’s buildings under the microscope. A Country-by-country review of the energy performance of buildings, 131.
↑ Kragh, J., Laustsen, J. B., & Svendsen, S. (2008). Proposal for Energy Rating System of windows in EU. DTU Civil Engineering-Report R-201.
↑ http://www.ziegel.at/gbc-ziegelhandbuch/eng/ressourcen/energie/graue.htm

Related files

[helymptilasto-1] Helsingin ympäristötilasto. Helsingin kaupungin ympäristökeskus. http://www.helsinginymparistotilasto.fi/

[2] Economidou, M., Atanasiu, B., Despret, C., Maio, J., Nolte, I., & Rapf, O. (2011). Europe’s buildings under the microscope. A Country-by-country review of the energy performance of buildings, 131.

[3] Kragh, J., Laustsen, J. B., & Svendsen, S. (2008). Proposal for Energy Rating System of windows in EU. DTU Civil Engineering-Report R-201.

[4] ttp://www.ziegel.at/gbc-ziegelhandbuch/eng/ressourcen/energie/graue.htm

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In English
Assessment	Main page \| Helsinki energy decision options 2015
Helsinki data	Building stock in Helsinki \| Helsinki energy production \| Helsinki energy consumption \| Energy use of buildings \| Emission factors for burning processes \| Prices of fuels in heat production \| External cost
Models	Building model \| Energy balance \| Health impact assessment \| Economic impacts
Related assessments	Climate change policies in Helsinki \| Climate change policies and health in Kuopio \| Climate change policies in Basel
In Finnish
Yhteenveto	Helsingin energiapäätös 2015 \| Helsingin energiapäätöksen vaihtoehdot 2015 \| Helsingin energiapäätökseen liittyviä arvoja \| Helsingin energiapäätös 2015.pptx