Helsinki energy production: Difference between revisions

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Question

What is the amount of energy produced (including distributed production) in Helsinki? Where is it produced (-> emissions)? Which processes are used in its production?

Answer

Rationale

Energy balance

Amount produced is determined largely by the energy balance in Helsinki and Helsinki energy consumption. Energy produced and fuels used by of all Helen's power plants.^[1]

Heat, power and cooling processes(MJ /MJ)
Obs	Plant	Burner	Electricity	Electricity_taxed	Heat	Cooling	Coal	Gas	Fuel oil	Biofuel	Description
1	Biofuel heat plants	Large fluidized bed	0	0	0.85-0.91	0	0	0	0	-1
2	CHP diesel generators	Diesel engine	0.3	0	0.3-0.5	0	0	0	-1	0	Efficiency not known well in practice
3	Deep-drill heat	None	0	-0.4 - -0.1	1	0	0	0	0	0	Experimental technology
4	Hanasaari	Large fluidized bed	0.31	0	0.60	0	-1	0	0	0	Assume 91 % efficiency. Capacity: electricity 220 MW heat 420 MW Loss 64 MW
5	Household air heat pumps	None	0	-0.7 - -0.2	1	0	0	0	0	0	The efficiency of heat pumps is largely dependent on outside air temperature, it's feasible for a household air heat pump to reach COP 5 at 10 °C and COP 1.5 at -25 °C.
6	Household air conditioning	None	0	-0.7 - -0.2	0	1	0	0	0	0
7	Household geothermal heat	None	0	-0.36 - -0.31	1	0	0	0	0	0	Motiva 2014
8	Katri Vala cooling	None	0	-0.36 - -0.31	0	1	0	0	0	0	District cooling produced by absorption (?) heat pumps. Same as heat pumps for heating, Motiva 2014.
9	Katri Vala heat	None	0	-0.36 - -0.31	1	0	0	0	0	0	Heat from cleaned waste water and district heating network's returning water. Motiva 2014
10	Kellosaari back-up plant	Large fluidized bed	0.3 - 0.5	0	0	0	0	0	-1	0	Only produces electric power
11	Kymijoki River's plants	None	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	Hydropower
12	Loviisa nuclear heat	None	0	-0.4 - -0.1	1	0	0	0	0	0	Assumes that for each MWh heat produced, 0.1-0.2 MWh electricity is lost in either production or when heat is pumped to Helsinki.
13	Neste oil refinery heat	None	0	-0.31 - -0.27	1	0	0	0	0	0	Motiva 2014
14	Salmisaari A&B	Large fluidized bed	0.32	0	0.59	0	-1	0	0	0	Capacity: electricity 160 MW heat 300 MW loss 46 MW
15	Sea heat pump	None	0	-0.36 - -0.31	1	0	0	0	0	0	Motiva 2014
16	Sea heat pump for cooling	None	0	-0.36 - -0.31	0	1	0	0	0	0	Assuming the same as for heating
17	Small-scale wood burning	Household	0	0	0.5 - 0.9	0	0	0	0	-1
18	Small gas heat plants	Large fluidized bed	0	0	0.91	0	0	-1	0	0
19	Small fuel oil heat plants	Large fluidized bed	0	0	0.91	0	0	0	-1	0
20	Suvilahti power storage	None	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
21	Vanhakaupunki museum	None	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	Hydropower
22	Vuosaari A	Large fluidized bed	0.455	0	0.455	0	0	-1	0	0	Capacity: electricity 160 MW heat 160 MW loss 30 MW
23	Vuosaari B	Large fluidized bed	0.5	0	0.41	0	0	-1	0	0	Capacity: electricity 500 MW heat 424 MW loss 90 MW
24	Vuosaari C biofuel	Large fluidized bed	0.47	0	0.44	0	0	0	0	-1
25	Data center heat	None	0	-0.27 - -0.23	1	0	0	0	0	0	Same as Neste without transport of heat

Notes:

Household air heat pumps data from heat pump comparison^[2]
Household geothermal heat data from Energy Department of the United States: Geothermal Heat Pumps^[3]
Small-scale wood burning data from Energy Department of the United States: Wood and Pellet Heating^[4]
Loss of thermal energy through distribution is around 10 %. From Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate: Energy in Norway.^[5]
Sustainable Energy Technology at Work: Use of waste heat from refining industry, Sweden.^[6]
Chalmers University of Technology: Towards a Sustainable Oil Refinery, Pre-study for larger co-operation projects^[7]
Motiva estimates for heat pumps processes and costs for heating.^[8]
- Mechanical heat pumps usually have COP (coefficient of performance, thermal output energy per electric input energy needed) is 2.5 - 7.5.
- In district heating, mechanical heat pumps have typically COP around 3.
- Absorption heat pumps have COP typically 1.5 - 1.8. They do not use much electricity but they need either hot water or steam to operate. Therefore, they are not suitable for producing district heat from warm water with temperatures in the range of 25 - 30 °C (Neste) or 10-15 °C (sea heat).
- The report uses these values for energy prices (€/MWh): bought electricity 50, process steam 25, wood chip 20, district heating 40, own excess heat 0.
- The investment cost of a heat pump system (ominaiskustannus) in the cases described in this report were 0.47-0.73 M€/MW_th for mechanical heat pumps and 0.072 - 0.102 M€/MW_th for absorption heat pumps. These values do not include the pipelines needed, which may vary a lot; in these cases the pipeline costs were 0.1 - 2.5 times the cost of the heat pump.
- The energy efficiency is theoretically COP = T_out / (T_out - T_in), and the actual COP values are typically 65 - 75 % of that. If we assume that we want 95 °C district heat out, we get
  - for sea heat pumps: COP = 368 K / (368 K - 283 K) = 4.3 ideally and in practice 2.8 - 3.2. Electricity needed per 1 MWh output: 0.31 - 0.36 MWh.
  - Neste process heat: COP = 368 K / (368 K - 303 K) = 5.7 ideally and in practice 3.7 - 4.2. Electricity needed per 1 MWh output: 0.23 - 0.27 MWh (plus what is needed for pumping the heat for 25 km, say + 0.04 MWh)
Other useful sources about heat pumps:
CHP diesel generators are regular diesel generators, but they are located in apartment houses and operated centrally. This way, it is possible to produce electricity when needed and use the excess heat, instead of district heat, to warm up the hot water of the house.

+ Show code - Hide code

## This code is Op_en7311/energyProcess on page [[Helsinki energy production]]
library(OpasnetUtils)

energyProcess <- Ovariable("energyProcess", ddata = "Op_en7311", subset = "Heat, power and cooling processes")

# Add Time index so we can make Time dependant decisions

energyProcess@data <- merge(energyProcess@data, data.frame(Time = 1880:2080))

objects.store(energyProcess)
cat("Ovariable energyProcess stored.\n")

These equations below aim to reflect the energy production facilities and capabilities.

Note! Maintenance cost only contains costs that do not depend on activity. Operational cost contains costs that depend on activity but NOT fuel price; those are calculated separately based on energy produced.

Plant parameters(MW,MW,M€,M€ /a,€ /MWh)
Obs	Years_active	Plant	Min	Max	Investment cost	Management cost	Operation cost	Description
1	2017-2070	Biofuel heat plants	0	100-300	360	10	4-12	biofuels (pellets, wood chips and possibly biochar)
2	2025-2070	CHP diesel generators	0	1441	144	1	1	Assuming all of Helsinki's apartment houses were fitted with 100 kW generators.
3	2025-2080	Deep-drill heat	0	300	300-900	9.6	40	Investment cost from ETSAP
4	1965-2040	Hanasaari	0	640	0	9.6	8	95% coal, 5% pellets. Assume cost of running and maintenance in coal plants 15€/kW (Sähköenergian kustannusrakenne)
5	2010-2060	Household air heat pumps	0	112	200-300	10	5	Assuming all of Helsinki's detached and row houses were fitted with air heat pumps
6	2010-2060	Household air conditioning	0	67	150-200	10	5
7	2016-2060	Household geothermal heat	0	335	380-450	10	5	Assuming all of Helsinki's detached and row houses were fitted with geothermal heat pumps
8	2020-2035	Household solar	0	105	220-250	5	5	Assuming 700000 m2 suitable for solar panels.
9	2010-2070	Katri Vala cooling	0	60	0	10	3	waste water. Max from Helen
10	2005-2065	Katri Vala heat	0	90	0	10	3	waste water. Max from Helen
11	1980-2050	Kellosaari back-up plant	0	120	0	10	20	oil
12	1980-2070	Kymijoki River's plants	0	60	0	10	1-4	hydropower
13	2022-2080	Loviisa nuclear heat	0	1800-2600	400-1000	10	5	Investment cost includes energy tunnel (double of Neste) but NOT building cost of plant
14	2020-2060	Neste oil refinery heat	0	300	200-500	10	5
15	1975-2050	Salmisaari A&B	0	506	0	7.6	8	95% coal, 5% pellets
16	2020-2070	Sea heat pump	0	225	280	10	4
17	2020-2070	Sea heat pump for cooling	0	225	280	10	4
18	1980-2070	Small-scale wood burning	78	78	0	1	0	Assuming 70% of Helsinki's detached and row houses have a working fireplace. Operation costs for consumer assumed to be 0.
19	1980-2070	Small gas heat plants	0	600	0	5	5
20	1980-2070	Small fuel oil heat plants	0	1600	0	5	5
21	2015-2040	Suvilahti power storage	-1.2	1.2	100	10	5	electricity storage 0.6 MWh
22	2013-2070	Suvilahti solar	0	0.34	0	10	5
23	1880-2070	Vanhakaupunki museum	0	0.2	0	10	0	water
24	1991-2070	Vuosaari A	0	320	0	5	5	natural gas
25	1998-2070	Vuosaari B	0	924	0	5	5	natural gas
26	2018-2070	Vuosaari C biofuel	0	1331	650	10	9	80-100% biofuels, rest coal
27	2017-2060	Wind mills	0	10	12	0.07-0.15	7-13	upper limit from EWEA-report: The economics of wind energy
28	2016-2070	Data center heat	0	150	70.5-109.5	5	0	Investment cost 0.47-0.73 M€/MWth based on Motiva 2014. Cooling is needed anyway, so assumes operation costs to be 0.

Notes:

Neste excess heat in Opasnet
Helens’s windpower ^[9]
Suvilahti solar ^[10]
Loviisan sanomat: Loviisan ydinvoimalan tehoja aiotaan nostaa 52 megawattia. ^[11]
Loviisa 3 periaatepäätös ^[12]
Sähköenergian kustannusrakenne ^[13]
European Wind Energy Association (EWEA): The economics of wind energy ^[14]
Operation costs (€/MWh) of nuclear, wind, coal, and wood based biomass ^[15]
Sea heat capacity and cost estimated using case Drammen. ^[16] ^[17] ^[18]
Cost of household solar estimated using [5] and [6]
Deep drill heat
- Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme (ETSAP)^[19]
Small heat plants' capacities ^[20]

**Smaller heating plants**
Plant	Max (MW)	Fuel
Hanasaari back up plant	280	heavy fuel oil
Salmisaari back up plant	120	heavy fuel oil
Vuosaari back up plant	120	light fuel oil
Lassila	420	heavy fuel oil and gas
Munkkisaari	235	heavy and light fuel oil
Myllypuro	240	light fuel oil
Patola	240	heavy fuel oil and gas
Ruskeasuo	272	heavy and light fuel oil
Alppila	180	light fuel oil
Jakomäki	62	heavy fuel oil

+ Show code - Hide code

## This code is Op_en7311/plantParameters on page [[Helsinki energy production]]
library(OpasnetUtils)

# [[Helsinki energy production]]
plantParameters <- Ovariable("plantParameters", ddata = "Op_en7311", subset = "Plant parameters")

a <- unique(plantParameters@data[c("Plant", "Years_active")])

b <- strsplit(as.character(a$Years_active), split = "-")
out <- data.frame()
for(i in 1:nrow(a)) {
	out <- rbind(out, data.frame(
			a[i , "Plant", drop = FALSE],
			Time = as.numeric(b[[i]][1]):as.numeric(b[[i]][2]),
			Matched = 1
		)
	)
}

require(plyr)
plantParameters@data <- merge(plantParameters@data, data.frame(Time = 1880:2080))#min(out$Time):max(out$Time)))
plantParameters@data <- join(plantParameters@data, out, type = "left")
plantParameters@data$Years_active <- NULL

plantParameters@data$plantParametersResult[
	is.na(plantParameters@data$Matched) & 
	(
		plantParameters@data$Parameter == "Max" |
		plantParameters@data$Parameter == "Min"
	)
] <- 0
plantParameters@data$Matched <- NULL

objects.store(plantParameters)
cat("Ovariable plantParameters stored.\n")

Non-adjustable energy production(MW)
Obs	Plant	Burner	Fuel	2015	2025	2035	2045	2055	2065
1	Suvilahti solar	None	Electricity	5	5	10	10	10	10
2	Wind mills	None	Electricity	5	5	10	10	10	10

⇤--#: . How to model non-adjustable energy production exactly? Probably needs a submodel instead of a t2b table. --Jouni (talk) 07:30, 27 June 2015 (UTC) (type: truth; paradigms: science: attack)

----#: . Can we add Small scale wood burning here? Where do we tell that it produces Heat, not Electricity? In addition, where do we tell that it is only used if Temperature < -5 C? --Jouni (talk) 17:54, 31 August 2015 (UTC) (type: truth; paradigms: science: comment)

+ Show code - Hide code

### This code is Op_en7311/nondynsupply on page [[Helsinki energy production]].
### nondynsupply is about non-dynamic energy supply. In other words, it cannot be optimised based on need.
library(OpasnetUtils)

# [[Helsinki energy supply]]
nondynsupply <- Ovariable("nondynsupply", ddata = "Op_en7311", subset = "Non-adjustable energy production")

objects.store(nondynsupply)
cat("Ovariable nondynsupply stored.\n")

Heating

Fuel availability

Wood

The byproducts of forest industry make up the bulk of fuel wood, and its quantity is almost completely dependent of the production of the forest industry's main products. Therefore it makes sense to calculate the amount of fuel wood usable in the future using the predictions about the volume of forest industry's production in coming years.

For example, the maximum potential production of woodchips is calibrated so, that it will reach 25 TWh in year 2020, and it is expected slowly increase to 33 TWh by year 2050. The production potential for firewood (for small scale heating) is expected to remain about the same at just under 60 PJ. The import of wood fuels is estimated to be 3 TWh at most. ^[21]

Fuel use by heating type

Helsinki-specific data about connections between Heating and fuel usage. Generic data should be taken from Energy balance. Because all Helsinki-specific data is given in the energyProcess table, this only contains dummy data.

Fuel use by heating type(-)
Obs	Heating	Burner	Fuel	Fraction	Description
1	Dummy	None	Coal	0

+ Show code - Hide code


## This code is Op_en7311/fuelShares on page [[Helsinki energy production]]

library(OpasnetUtils)

fuelShares <- Ovariable("fuelShares", 
	dependencies = data.frame(
		Name = "fuelSharesgeneric",
		Ident = "Op_en5141/fuelSharesgeneric" # [[Energy balance]]
	),
	formula = function(...) {
	
		dat <- EvalOutput(Ovariable("dat", ddata = "Op_en7311.fuel_use_by_heating_type")) # [[Helsinki energy production]]
		colnames(dat@output) <- gsub("[ \\.]", "_", colnames(dat@output))

		out <- combine(fuelSharesgeneric, dat, name = "fuelShares")
		out <- out * Ovariable(output = data.frame(Time = 1900:2080, Result = 1), marginal = c(TRUE, FALSE))
		out <- unkeep(out, prevresults = TRUE, sources = TRUE)

		return(out)
	}
)

objects.store(fuelShares)
cat("Object fuelShares stored.\n")

Emission locations

Emission location and height by heating type.

Emission locations(-)
Obs	Heating	Emission_site	Emission_height
1	District	010	High
2	Electricity	010	High
3	Geothermal	010	High
4	Oil	At site of consumption	Ground
5	Wood	At site of consumption	Ground
6	Gas	At site of consumption	Ground
7	Coal	At site of consumption	Ground

This code creates technical ovariables emissionLocations and heatingShares that are needed to run the Building model and its ovariables buildings and heatingEnergy.

+ Show code - Hide code


## This code is Op_en7311/emissionLocations [[Helsinki energy production]]

library(OpasnetUtils)

emissionLocations <- Ovariable("emissionLocations", ddata = "Op_en7311", subset = "Emission locations") 
colnames(emissionLocations@data) <- gsub("[ \\.]", "_", colnames(emissionLocations@data))
emissionLocations@data$emissionLocationsResult <- 1

heatingShares <- 1 # This is already in the Basel data.

objects.store(emissionLocations, heatingShares)
cat("Objects emissionsLocations, heatingShares stored.\n")

Emission locations per plant

Emission locations per plant(-)
Obs	Plant	Emission site	Emission height
1	Air conditioning	010
2	CHP diesel generators	010	Ground
3	Deep-drill heat	010
4	Hanasaari	010	High
5	Hanasaari biofuel renovation	010	High
6	Household heat pumps	010
7	Katri Vala cooling	010
8	Katri Vala heat	010
9	Kellosaari back-up plant	010	High
10	Kymijoki River's plants	010
11	Loviisa nuclear heat	010
12	Neste oil refinery heat	010	High
13	Powerplant museum in Vanhakaupunki	010
14	Salmisaari A&B	010	High
15	Salmisaari biofuel renovation	010	High
16	Sea heat pump	010
17	Smaller heat plants around Helsinki	010	Low
18	Small-scale wood burning	010	Ground
19	Suvilahti power storage	010
20	Suvilahti solar	010
21	Unidentified	At site of consumption	Ground
22	Vuosaari A	010	High
23	Vuosaari B	010	High
24	Vuosaari C biofuel	010	High
25	Wind mills	010

+ Show code - Hide code

###### This code is Op_en7311/emissionLocationsPerPlant [[Helsinki energy production]]
library(OpasnetUtils)

emissionLocations <- Ovariable("emissionLocations", ddata = "Op_en7311", subset = "Emission locations per plant")
colnames(emissionLocations@data) <- gsub("[ \\.]", "_", colnames(emissionLocations@data))
colnames(emissionLocations@data)[colnames(emissionLocations@data) == "emissionLocationsResult"] <- "Emission_height"
emissionLocations@data$emissionLocationsResult <- 1

objects.store(emissionLocations)
cat("Ovariable emissionLocations stored.\n")

Production and emission statistics

Helsingin Energia energy sold in 2013 (GWh)^[22]
Electricity	7145
District heat and steam	6807
District cooling	116

Dependencies

Calculations

+ Show code - Hide code

library(OpasnetUtils)
emissionLocations <- Ovariable("emissionLocations", ddata = "Op_en7311/Emission_locations")
result(emissionLocations) <- 1
objects.store(
	emissionLocations
)

cat("Objects
	emissionLocations
stored.\n")

Keywords

References

↑ Helen: Power plants
↑ VTTN-testiraportit
↑ heat pumps
↑ Wood and Pellet Heating
↑ Energy in Norway
↑ Sustainable Energy Technology at Work: Use of waste heat from refining industry, Sweden. [1]
↑ Towards Sustainable Oil Refinery
↑ Ilkka Maaskola, Matti Kataikko: Ylijäämälämmön taloudellinen hyödyntäminen. Lämpöpumppu- ja ORC-sovellukset. Motiva, Helsinki, 2014. [2]
↑ Helen Tuulivoima
↑ Helen Aurinkovoiman tuotanto on käynnistynyt Suvilahdessa 2015
↑ Loviisan sanomat Loviisan ydinvoimalan tehoja aiotaan nostaa 52 megawattia
↑ Loviisa 3 periaatepäätös [3]
↑ Sähköenergian kustannusrakenne, vertailuna vesivoima, hiilivoima ja ydinvoima
↑ European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) 2015 The Economics of Wind Energy, A report by the European Wind Energy Association
↑ Sähköntuotantokustannusvertailu 2011
↑ Hawkings, Will (Heatpumps Today) 2014 An affordable district heating system in Norway
↑ The Institute of Refrigeration (IOR): Ammonia Heat Pumps for District Heating in Norway – a case study. 2011 [4]
↑ European Heat Pump Associatin(2015)The World's Largest “Natural” District Heat Pump
↑ ETSAP, 2010 Geothermal heat and power
↑ Helen Oy (2015) Lämpölaitosten turvallisuustiedote
↑ Low Carbon Finland Low Carbon Finland Platform
↑ Helsingin ympäristötilasto

[1] Helen: Power plants

[2] VTTN-testiraportit

[3] t pumps

[4] Wood and Pellet Heating

[5] Energy in Norway

[6] Sustainable Energy Technology at Work: Use of waste heat from refining industry, Sweden. [1]

[7] Towards Sustainable Oil Refinery

[8] Ilkka Maaskola, Matti Kataikko: Ylijäämälämmön taloudellinen hyödyntäminen. Lämpöpumppu- ja ORC-sovellukset. Motiva, Helsinki, 2014. [2]

[9] Helen Tuulivoima

[10] Helen Aurinkovoiman tuotanto on käynnistynyt Suvilahdessa 2015

[11] Loviisan sanomat Loviisan ydinvoimalan tehoja aiotaan nostaa 52 megawattia

[12] Loviisa 3 periaatepäätös [3]

[13] Sähköenergian kustannusrakenne, vertailuna vesivoima, hiilivoima ja ydinvoima

[14] European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) 2015 The Economics of Wind Energy, A report by the European Wind Energy Association

[15] Sähköntuotantokustannusvertailu 2011

[16] Hawkings, Will (Heatpumps Today) 2014 An affordable district heating system in Norway

[17] The Institute of Refrigeration (IOR): Ammonia Heat Pumps for District Heating in Norway – a case study. 2011 [4]

[18] European Heat Pump Associatin(2015)The World's Largest “Natural” District Heat Pump

[19] ETSAP, 2010 Geothermal heat and power

[20] Helen Oy (2015) Lämpölaitosten turvallisuustiedote

[21] Low Carbon Finland Low Carbon Finland Platform

[helymptilasto-22] Helsingin ympäristötilasto

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 Neste oil refinery heat|None|0|-0.31 - -0.27|1|0|0|0|0|0|Motiva 2014
 Salmisaari A&B|Large fluidized bed|0.32|0|0.59|0|-1|0|0|0|Capacity: electricity 160 MW heat 300 MW loss 46 MW
-Salmisaari biofuel renovation|Large fluidized bed|0.32|0|0.59|0|-0.6|0|0|-0.4|
 Sea heat pump|None|0|-0.36 - -0.31|1|0|0|0|0|0|Motiva 2014
 Sea heat pump for cooling|None|0|-0.36 - -0.31|0|1|0|0|0|0|Assuming the same as for heating
@@ Line 100: / Line 99: @@
 -2060|Neste oil refinery heat|0|300|200-500|10|5|
 -2050|Salmisaari A&B|0|506|0|7.6|8|95% coal, 5% pellets
--2060|Salmisaari biofuel renovation|0|506|100|10|8.5|60% coal, 40% biofuels
 -2070|Sea heat pump|0|225|280|10|4|
 -2070|Sea heat pump for cooling|0|225|280|10|4|

In English
Assessment	Main page \| Helsinki energy decision options 2015
Helsinki data	Building stock in Helsinki \| Helsinki energy production \| Helsinki energy consumption \| Energy use of buildings \| Emission factors for burning processes \| Prices of fuels in heat production \| External cost
Models	Building model \| Energy balance \| Health impact assessment \| Economic impacts
Related assessments	Climate change policies in Helsinki \| Climate change policies and health in Kuopio \| Climate change policies in Basel
In Finnish
Yhteenveto	Helsingin energiapäätös 2015 \| Helsingin energiapäätöksen vaihtoehdot 2015 \| Helsingin energiapäätökseen liittyviä arvoja \| Helsingin energiapäätös 2015.pptx

Helsinki energy production: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 16:04, 4 September 2015

Contents

Question

Answer

Rationale

Energy balance

Heating

Fuel availability

Fuel use by heating type

Emission locations

Production and emission statistics

Dependencies

Calculations

See also

Keywords

References

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