Helsinki energy decision options 2015: Difference between revisions

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==BAU==
==BAU==


In Business as usual option coal remains the main fuel in Hanasaari B and Salmisaari B power plants, but the use of biofuels is increased to 5−10 % and the changes to power plants required in the new Industrial Emission Directive (IED) are made. These changes have already been approved and some are already done, so they will happen no matter what is decided about the rest of the options.
In Business as usual -option coal remains the main fuel in Hanasaari B and Salmisaari B power plants, but the use of biofuels is increased to 5−10 % and the changes to power plants required in the new Industrial Emission Directive (IED) are made. These changes have already been approved and some are already done, so they will happen no matter what is decided about the rest of the options.


The IED sets new emission limit values (ELVs) to power plants within the European Union, which will be in effect as of 1.1.2016. In order to stay within the new ELVs, both Hanasaari and Salmisaari power plants must be renovated.<ref name="yva">[http://www.ymparisto.fi/helenbioYVA Helsingin Energian biopolttoaineiden käytön lisääminen, Helsinki YVA 2013]</ref>
The IED sets new emission limit values (ELVs) to power plants within the European Union, which will be in effect as of 1.1.2016. In order to stay within the new ELVs, both Hanasaari and Salmisaari power plants must be renovated.<ref name="yva">[http://www.ymparisto.fi/helenbioYVA Helsingin Energian biopolttoaineiden käytön lisääminen, Helsinki YVA 2013]</ref>
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'''The changes to be made in Hanasaari are:'''<ref name="yva"/>
'''The changes to be made in Hanasaari are:'''<ref name="yva"/>
* Enhancing sulphur removal
* Enhancing sulphur removal
* katalyyttinen typpipäästön vähentäminen (SCR) tai ei-katalyyttinen typpipäästön vähentäminen (SNCR), tai polttotekniset ratkaisut
* Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) or selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR), or ''polttotekniset ratkaisut'' (combustion-technical solutions???)
* Enhancing the electric filters’ operation or renewing them
* Renewing the electric filters or enhancing their operation


'''The changes to be made in Salmisaari are:'''<ref name="yva"/>
'''The changes to be made in Salmisaari are:'''<ref name="yva"/>
* Enhancing sulphur removal
* Enhancing sulphur removal
* katalyyttinen typpipäästön vähentäminen tai polttotekniset ratkaisut / catalytic nitrogen emission reduction or combustion technical solutions (???)
* Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) or selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR), or ''polttotekniset ratkaisut'' (combustion-technical solutions???)
* Enhancing the electric filters’ operation or renewing them
* Renewing the electric filters or enhancing their operation


===Emissions===
===Emissions===


[[File:pm10_concentration_helsinki_ve0+.png|thumb|400px|Esimerkki leviämismallinnuksen tuloksista kartalla. Pienhiukkasten (PM10) korkein WHO:N
[[File:pm10_concentration_helsinki_ve0+.png|thumb|400px| An example of a dispersion(?) model's results on a map. Particulate matter (PM10) fallout from Hanasaari and Salmisaari power plants in BAU.]]
vuorokausiohjearvoon verrannollinen pitoisuus vaihtoehdossa VE0+.]]
 
Hanasaari receives a maximum of 11 pellet deliveries per day and Salmisaari max 14/d.<ref name="yva"/>
Hanasaari receives a maximum of 11 pellet deliveries per day and Salmisaari max 14/d.<ref name="yva"/>


{| {{prettytable}}
{| {{prettytable}}
|+''' The amount of by-products of Hanasaari and Salmisaari power plants in BAU.<ref name="yva"/>  
|+''' The amount of by-products of Hanasaari and Salmisaari power plants in BAU.<ref name="yva"/>  
|---
! Option !! Fly ash (t/a) !! Bottom ash (t/a) !! Sulphur-removal end product (t/a) !! Total (t/a)
| || Fly ash (t/a) || Bottom ash (t/a) || Sulphur-removal end product (t/a) || Total (t/a)
|---
|---
| Hanasaari power plant: biofuels 10 % || 59 000 || 12 000 || 8 000 || 79 000
| Hanasaari power plant: biofuels 10 % || 59 000 || 12 000 || 8 000 || 79 000
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{| {{prettytable}}
{| {{prettytable}}
|+ '''Emissions in BAU. Hanasaari and Salmisaari both 95 % coal, 5 % bio<ref name="yva"/>
|+ '''Emissions in BAU. Hanasaari and Salmisaari both 95 % coal, 5 % bio<ref name="yva"/>
|---
! Emission source !! CO<sub>2</sub> kt/a !! CO<sub>2</sub>-eqv kt/a (incl. fossil fuel ghg-emissions) !! CO<sub>2</sub>-eqv kt/a (incl. fossil and biofuel emissions)
| || CO<sub>2</sub> kt/a || CO<sub>2</sub>-eqv kt/a (incl. fossil fuel ghg-emissions) || CO<sub>2</sub>-eqv kt/a (incl. fossil and biofuel emissions)
|---
|---
| Power plant emissions || 2 524 || 2 533 || 2 687
| Power plant emissions || 2 524 || 2 533 || 2 687
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{| {{prettytable}}
{| {{prettytable}}
|+'''Computational amounts of combustion by-products of Salmisaari powerplants.<ref name="yva"/>
|+'''Computational amounts of combustion by-products of Salmisaari powerplants.<ref name="yva"/>
|---
! !! Fly ash (t) !! Bottom ash (t) !! Sulphur removal end product (t) !! Total (t)
| || Fly ash (t) || Bottom ash (t) || Sulphur removal end product (t) || Total (t)
|---
|---
| Salmisaari power plants: 10 % bio, 90 % coal || 45 000 || 11 000 || 9 000 || 65 000
| Salmisaari power plants: 10 % bio, 90 % coal || 45 000 || 11 000 || 9 000 || 65 000
|}
|}
''Emission coefficients
''Emission coefficients


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| Total || 380 || 720 ||  
| Total || 380 || 720 ||  
|}
|}
Same table as in VE2, because same power plants will be in use.
Same table as in VE2(?), because same power plants will be in use.
 
== Helen's suggestion: New heat plants ==
 
Helen's new option in June 2015: a distributed model based on separate heat production
* The investments necessary are flexible and distributed solutions
* The oil heat plant in Salmisaari is replaced by a new about 100 MW pellet heat plant, what can be taken into use in 2017.
* A new bio heat plant is built in Vuosaari and possibly also somewhere else.
* The bio heat plants use pellets and/or wood chips as fuel. The use of biocoal is also possible.
* The option enables different energy efficiency solutions and new ways to produce heat (heat pumps, solar heat, geothermal heat...), that are taken into use slowly as the conditions change to enable their use. Both Helen and other, for example home-owners, can take these new technologies into use.
* The option helps achieve the goals for reducing emissions and increasing renewable energy.
* The challenges to increasing the use of biofuels have to do with their availability, acceptability and price.
* The option is somewhat against the city council's energy policy, because it replaces CHP with the separate production of heat. Helen still thinks this is a feasible option in the future's energy markets. According to international analysis data the price for electricity will remain so low for so long new investments in CHP isn't worth it. Even with this option Helen is left with a lot of CHP capacity, so the decrease in CHP would remain relatively small.
* The option includes the possibility to built a CHP plant in Vuosaari in the future.
* When the bio heat plants are taken into use and the necessary heat production capacity is ensured in the beginning of 2020's, it is possible to give up the Hanasaari CHP plant. If this is done, the majority of the plant area would be freed for other uses. Also the bridge between Sompasaari and Kruunuhaka could be built.
* According tothe environmental impact assessment the option is feasible.
* The investments required by the option are approximately 360 million euros. The total cost of the option is lowest of all the options that were looked into.
 
Effects:
* Emissions
* Cost
* Running level
* Jobs in construction
* Decicion-maker: Helsinki city


==Vuosaari==
==Vuosaari==
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* Decision-maker: Helsinki city, Helen
* Decision-maker: Helsinki city, Helen


'''Kuvaus
'''Description


Vuosaareen rakennetaam uusi C-voimalaitos sekä kaukolämmön ja sähkön siirtoon tarkoitettu energiatunneli Vuosaaresta Hanasaareen.
The plans for power plant Vuosaari C are based on the assumption, that the plant will mostly use biofuels (max 80%) and coal (20%). The planned fuels are wood chips and pellets as well as small amounts of agro-biomass. The use of biochar is also possible.<ref name="yva"/> The plan is to get 60 % of the biofuel from Finland.<ref name="hs2"/>


Vuosaaren C-voimalaitoksen suunnitelmien perustana on oletus, että laitoksessa käytetään pääosin biopolttoaineita (enintään 80%) sekä kivihiiltä (20%). Käytettäviksi biopolttoaineiksi on suunniteltu metsähaketta ja pellettejä sekä pieniä määriä peltobiomassoja. Myös biohiilen käyttö on mahdollista. Laitos on suunniteltu varustettavaksi biopolttoaineiden polttoon kehitetyllä kiertoleijupetikattilalla.  Kaukolämmön tuotantovarmuuden takaamiseksi laitos suunnitellaan niin, että polttoaineena voidaan käyttää myös pelkkää kivihiiltä, mutta tarvittaessa voimalaitos voidaan suunnitella myös 100 % biopolttoaineiden käyttöön. Jo tehdyssä YVA:ssa käytettiin vertailuvaihtoehtoina 100 % biopolttoaineita sekä ääritilanteena 100 % kivihiiltä.
The plant will be fitted with a boiler developed for biofuel combustion (specifically ''kiertoleijupetikattila ''). In order to ensure stable levels of district heat the plant is planned so, that it can function using coal only. Nevertheless plans can be made to enable the use 100 % biofuels. The recent Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) compared the options of burning 100 % biofuels with the extreme option of burning 100 5 coal.<ref name="yva"/>


Three options are considered for the Vuosaari powerplant (in this option, Salmisaari always burns 95% coal and 5% biofuels):
Three options are considered for the Vuosaari powerplant (in this option, Salmisaari always burns 95% coal and 5% biofuels):
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* '''V3''': 100% coal
* '''V3''': 100% coal


Samalla Vuosaaren ja Hanasaaren välille suunnitellaan 12 kilometriä pitkää kallioon louhittavaa energiatunnelia kaukolämmön ja mahdollisesti sähkön siirtämiseksi koko kaupungin tarpeisiin. Voimalaitoksen viereen rakennetaan polttoaineiden varastot, juna- ja rekkapurkupaikka, kuljetin ja mahdollinen tieyhteys radan yli.<ref name="yva"/>
At the same time Helsinki is planning a 12 kilometres long energy tunnel from Vuosaari to Hanasaari. It would be quarried in bedrock and provide district heating and possibly electricity for the needs of the whole city. The warehouses for fuel, locations for unloading trains and trucks and conveyor would be built next to the plant, and possibly a road for crossing the train tracks as well.<ref name="yva"/>


[[File:Vuosaari_powerplant_map.png|thumb|400px|Possible map for the new Vuosaari power plant area. The coal storage area (brown) might also be located in the other side of the train tracks.<ref name="yva"/>]]
[[File:Vuosaari_powerplant_map.png|thumb|400px|Possible map for the new Vuosaari power plant area. The coal storage area (brown) might also be located in the other side of the train tracks.<ref name="yva"/>]]
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===Emissions===
===Emissions===


[[File:pm10_concentrations_helsinki_ve1.png|thumb|400px|Esimerkki leviämismallinnuksen tuloksista kartalla. Pienhiukkasten (PM10) korkein WHO:n vuorokausiohjearvoon verrannollinen pitoisuus Vuosaaren vaihtoehdossa.<ref name="yva"/>]]
[[File:pm10_concentrations_helsinki_ve1.png|thumb|400px|An example of the dispersion(?) model's results on a map. Particulate matter (PM10) fallout from Vuosaari and Salmisaari power plants in option Vuosaari.<ref name="yva"/>]]
[[File:Vuosaari_nitrate_yearly_fallout.png|thumb|400px|Annual nitrate fallout of the Vuosaari A, B and the new C power plant combined.<ref name="yva"/>]]
[[File:Vuosaari_nitrate_yearly_fallout.png|thumb|400px|Annual nitrate fallout of the Vuosaari A, B and the new C power plant combined.<ref name="yva"/>]]
[[File:Vuosaari_sulphur_yearly_fallout.png|thumb|400px|Annual sulphur fallout of the Vuosaari A, B and the new C power plant combined.<ref name="yva"/>]]
[[File:Vuosaari_sulphur_yearly_fallout.png|thumb|400px|Annual sulphur fallout of the Vuosaari A, B and the new C power plant combined.<ref name="yva"/>]]


Uuden voimalaitoksen päästöt tulisivat pääasiassa kahdesta lähteestä: biopolttoaineiden ja kivihiilen poltosta sekä polttoaineiden kuljetuksesta Vuosaareen.  
The emissions from the new plant would have two main sources: combustion of biofuels and coal and from transporting those fuels to Vuosaari C.  


Polttoaine tuodaan voimalaitokselle laivalla, proomulla, junalla ja kuorma-autoilla. Laivakuljetuksia tullaan käyttämään biopolttoaineille, hiilelle ja öljylle. Jatkossa laiva- ja proomukuljetuksiin on viitataan laivakuljetuksina.<ref name="yva"/>
The fuel will be brought to the plant by ship, barge, train and truck. Ships and barges will be used to transport biofuel, coal and oil.
Trains and trucks will mainly be used for transporting biofuels, trains also for transporting coal. Because the amounts of fuel required by the C-plant will be substantial, the fuel shipments will mostly be carried out using ships. Trains and trucks will be a supplementary means of transport. Shipments can be brought 24/7.<ref name="yva"/>


Juna- ja kuorma-autokuljetuksia käytetään pääasiassa biopolttoaineiden, junaa myös kivihiilen kuljetuksiin. Koska Vuosaaren C-voimalaitoksessa tarvittavat polttoainemäärät ovat suuria, on voimalaitoksen polttoainehuolto suunniteltu toteutettavaksi pääosin merikuljetuksin. Juna ja kuorma-autot ovat täydentäviä kuljetustapoja. Kuljetuksia voidaan suorittaa seitsemänä päivänä viikossa 24 tuntia päivässä.
Flue gases will be conducted to flue gas purification, where the particles are remowed, after which the flue gases are directed through flue gas blowers into the chimney. The ashes from the fuel are remowed as bottom ash from the furnace and as fly ash in the flue gas purification.  


Savukaasut johdetaan savukaasun puhdistukseen, jossa mukana seuranneet hiukkaset poistetaan, minkä jälkeen savukaasut johdetaan savukaasupuhaltimien kautta savupiippuun. Polttoaineen tuhka poistetaan pohjatuhkana tulipesästä ja lentotuhkana savukaasun puhdistuksesta.
The power plant's flue gases are purified efficiently, so harmful effects to nearby vegetation remain slight. The great height of the chimney aids in the effective dilution of emissions in the air, so the effects on local concentrations are minimized. Judging by the atmospheric fate and transport (AFT) modeling's calculations, the new power plant C would cause only a minimal increase in air impurity levels in the metropolitan area. It is estimated that the fallout wont have harmful impacts on the vegetation of Natura-areas in Östersundom bird waters and Mustavuori grove nor further away north-east in Sipoonkorpi's Natura-area.<ref name="yva"/>


Voimalaitoksen savukaasut puhdistetaan tehokkaasti, joten haitat lähiympäristön kasvillisuudelle pysyvät vähäisinä. Piipun korkea päästökorkeus edesauttaa päästöjen tehokasta laimenemista ulkoilmaan, joten vaikutukset yksittäisen alueen pitoisuuksiin minimoituvat. Leviämismallilaskelmien tulosten perusteella voidaan arvioida, että Vuosaareen rakennettavaksi suunniteltu uusi C-voimalaitosyksikkö tulee aiheuttamaan vain pienen lisän koko pääkaupunkiseudun ilman epäpuhtauspitoisuustasoihin. Laskeumalla ei arvioida olevan haitallisia vaikutuksia Natura-alueiden kasvillisuuteen Östersundomin lintuvesien ja Mustavuoren lehdon Natura-alueella tai etäämpänä koillisen suunnassa sijaitsevalla Sipoonkorven Natura-alueella.<ref name="yva"/>
Judging by the AFT-modeling's results, the nitrogen oxide-, sulfur oxide- or particulate matter emissions from the normal operation of Helsingin Energia's powerplants do not cause a health risk to the residents in the neighbouring area. In each Vuosaari option the plants' emission levels are lower than the recommended values and limit values for air quality, which have been decreed in order to protect health. In evaluating the results of the AFT-modeling it needs to be considered, that the enviromental impact assessment (EIA) did not review the plants' possible emissions in a fault situation or the combined impact on air quality of the plants and other sources of emissions in te area.<ref name="yva"/>
 
Leviämismallilaskelmien tulosten perusteella voidaan arvioida, että Helsingin Energian voimalaitosten normaalitoiminnan typenoksidi-, rikkidioksidi- tai pienhiukkaspäästöt eivät aiheuta terveydellistä riskiä lähialueen asukkaille, sillä terveyden suojelemiseksi annetut ilmanlaadun ohje- ja raja-arvot alittuvat kaikissa tarkasteluvaihtoehdoissa. Leviämislaskelmien tuloksia arvioitaessa on otettava huomioon, että tässä työssä ei ole tarkastelu laitosten mahdollisia päästöjä häiriötilanteessa eikä voimalaitosten ja alueen muiden päästölähteiden yhteisvaikutusta alueen ilmanlaatuun.<ref name="yva"/>


{| {{prettytable}}
{| {{prettytable}}
|+'''Emissions from Vuosaari power plants.<ref name="yva"/>
|+'''Emissions from Vuosaari power plants.<ref name="yva"/>
|---
! Power plant !! NO<sub>2</sub> (t/a) !! SO<sub>2</sub> (t/a) !! Particles (t/a)
| Power plant || NO<sub>2</sub> (t/a) || SO<sub>2</sub> (t/a) || Particles (t/a)
|---
|---
| Vuosaari C || 853 || 853 || 57
| Vuosaari C || 853 || 853 || 57
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| V3 total emissions || || 2 890 || 2 950
| V3 total emissions || || 2 890 || 2 950
|}
|}


===Cost===
===Cost===
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'''Building cost
'''Building cost


Nyt valmistunut YVA-selvitys sivuaa energiainvestointivaihtoehtojen vaikutuksia talouteen. Vuoden lopulla valmistuva hankesuunnitelma ottaa talousvaikutuksiin tarkemmin kantaa. Uusi voimala olisi luultavasti tuplasti kalliimpi investointi kuin vanhojen voimaloiden muutostyöt. Taloudellisten vaikutusten arviointi ei kuitenkaan ole yksinkertaista. Vuosaaren voimalan käyttö tulisi vuosittain kymmeniä miljoonia euroja kakkosvaihtoehtoa halvemmaksi. Helsingin kaupunki häviää rahaa myös, jos Hanasaareen ei pystytäkään rakentamaan asuinaluetta suunnitellusti.<ref>Helsingin Sanomat: [http://www.hs.fi/kaupunki/a1395126812045 Helsingin vaihtoehdot: Kallis voimala luonnonsuojelualueen viereen tai Hanasaari ilman asuntoja]</ref>
The recent Environmental Impact Assessment takes a quick look at the different energy investment options' economic effects. A project plan will made later in 2015 and give more precise details on the economic effects. Building the new power plant would probably be twice as expensive as making the necessary changes in the old plants. Assessing the economic effects is not simple, however. Using the Vuosaari C plant would be tens of millions cheaper yearly than using the overhauled Hanasaari and Salmisaari plants. The city of Helsinki will lose money also if they can not build a new residential area in Hanasaari as planned.<ref name="hs2">Helsingin Sanomat: [http://www.hs.fi/kaupunki/a1395126812045 Helsingin vaihtoehdot: Kallis voimala luonnonsuojelualueen viereen tai Hanasaari ilman asuntoja]</ref>


Itse voimala maksaa arviolta noin 650 miljoonaa euroa, energiatunneli 180 miljoonaa. Arvio kokonaiskustannuksista 1,2 miljardia euroa (vuodelta 2011).<ref name="hs">Helsingin Sanomat: [http://www.hs.fi/kaupunki/a1395126752422?ref=hs-art-lue-seuraavaksi-2 Näistä isoista investoinneista päätetään]</ref>
The power plant itself will cost approximately 650 million euros and the energy tunnel 180 million euros. An estimate (2011) of the total costs is 1,2 billion.<ref name="hs">Helsingin Sanomat: [http://www.hs.fi/kaupunki/a1395126752422?ref=hs-art-lue-seuraavaksi-2 Näistä isoista investoinneista päätetään]</ref>


'''Usage cost
'''Usage cost


Mikäli Vuosaaren C-voimalaitos käyttäisi 100 %:sesti biopolttoaineita (suhde 90 % metsähaketta, 10 % pellettiä), niin se tarkoittaa polttoainemääränä vuodessa 1,8 miljoonaa tonnia haketta ja 103 000 tonnia pellettiä.
If the Vuosaari C powerplant uses 100 % biofuels (ratio: 90 % wood chips to 10 % pellets), it would mean an annual fuel amount of 1,8 million tons wood chips and 103 000 tons pellets.


Mikäli biopolttoaineen osuus olisi 80 % (suhde 90 % metsähaketta, 10 % pellettiä), tarkoittaisi se polttoainemääränä vuodessa 1,46 miljoonaa tonnia haketta, 82 000 tonnia pellettejä ja 140 000 tonnia kivihiiltä.
If the portion of biofuels is 80 % (ratio: 90 % wood chips to 10 % pellets), it would mean an annual fuel amount of 1,46 million tons wood chips, 82 000 tons pellets and 140 000 tons coal.  


Mikäli Vuosaaren C-voimalaitos käyttäisi pelkästään kivihiiltä, sitä tarvittaisiin vuodessa 660 000 tonnia.<ref name="yva"/>
If the Vuosaari C powerplant uses coal only, it would need 660 000 tons of it per year.<ref name="yva"/>


Puupelettien vientihinta on 133 €/t [http://www.metla.fi/tiedotteet/metsatilastotiedotteet/2014/puupelletit13.htm]
The export price on wood pellets is 133 €/t [http://www.metla.fi/tiedotteet/metsatilastotiedotteet/2014/puupelletit13.htm].


Hakkeen hinta 20€/MWh? [http://www.forestenergy2020.org/openfile/257][https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/91500/Mets%C3%A4hakkeen%20markkinahinnan%20kehitys%20ja%20hintaan%20vaikuttavat%20tekij%C3%A4t.pdf?sequence=2]
The price of wood chips is 20€/MWh? [http://www.forestenergy2020.org/openfile/257][https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/91500/Mets%C3%A4hakkeen%20markkinahinnan%20kehitys%20ja%20hintaan%20vaikuttavat%20tekij%C3%A4t.pdf?sequence=2]


According to [http://www.infomine.com/investment/metal-prices/coal/5-year/ this] page, the thermal coal CAPP price is about 50 €/metric tonne.
According to [http://www.infomine.com/investment/metal-prices/coal/5-year/ this] page, the thermal coal CAPP price is about 50 €/metric tonne.


{| {{prettytable}}
{| {{prettytable}}
|+'''Fuel consumption in Vuosaari C<ref name="yva"/>
|+'''Fuel consumption in Vuosaari C<ref name="yva"/>
|---
|---
| colspan="2"| || Kivihiili || Metsähake || Puupelletti
| colspan="2"| || Coal || Wood chips || Wood pellet
|---
|---
| Polttoaineen kulutus || t/h || 0–108 || 0–334 || 0–178
| Fuel consumption || t/h || 0–108 || 0–334 || 0–178
|---
|---
| Polttoaineen kulutus || m<sup>3</sup>/h || 0–135 || 0–1 113 || 0–255
| Fuel consumption || m<sup>3</sup>/h || 0–135 || 0–1 113 || 0–255
|}
|}


Conclusion:
'''Calculations:


If 100% coal is used in Vuosaari power plant
If 100% coal is used in Vuosaari power plant
Line 235: Line 252:
===Production===
===Production===


Vuotuinen polttoaineen kulutus tulee olemaan noin 4 TWh riippuen vuodesta sekä laitoksen ajotavasta.<ref name="yva"/> Uuden voimalaitoksen kaukolämpöteho olisi noin 350 MW ja sähköteho noin 200 MW. <ref>[https://www.helen.fi/kotitalouksille/neuvoa-ja-tietoa/vastuullisuus/hiilineutraali-tulevaisuus/puupolttoaineet/ Helsingin Energia]</ref>
The annual fuel consumption will be approximately 4 TWh depending on the year and the way the plant is run.<ref name="yva"/> The new plant's district heat output would be around 350 MW and electricity output 200 MW.<ref>[https://www.helen.fi/kotitalouksille/neuvoa-ja-tietoa/vastuullisuus/hiilineutraali-tulevaisuus/puupolttoaineet/ Helsingin Energia]</ref>


Noin 40–50 % lämmöstä siirtyy tulipesässä tulipesän seiniin ja mahdolliseen tulipesätulistimeen. Loppu lämpö siirretään konvektio-osassa.<ref name="yva"/>
Around 40-50 % of the heat is conducted to the furnaces' walls and the possible superheater. The rest of the heat is transferred in the convection part.<ref name="yva"/>


===Effects to Natura 2000 area===
===Effects to Natura 2000 area===


Vallitseva tuulensuunta on lounaasta. Sataman melumuuri ja ennen kaikkea Niinisaaren metsäinen vyöhyke rajoittavat päästöjen leviämistä koilliseen ja mm. Natura-alueelle. Kasvillisuus sitoo pölyä erityisesti kesäaikaan.<ref name="yva"/>
The wind predominantly blows from south-west. The noise barrier in the harbour and especially the wooded area in Niinisaari limit the spread of emissions towards north-east and e.g. the Natura area. The vegetation binds dust especially in summer time.<ref name="yva"/>


==Hanasaari shutdown==
==Hanasaari shutdown==
Line 247: Line 264:
Hanasaari power plant is shut down and demolished. Apartment buildings are constructed in its place.
Hanasaari power plant is shut down and demolished. Apartment buildings are constructed in its place.


Effects:
'''Effects:
* Emissions
* Emissions
* Cost
* Cost
Line 256: Line 273:
* Jobs in construction
* Jobs in construction
* Decision-maker: Helsinki city, Helen
* Decision-maker: Helsinki city, Helen
===Emissions===
===Cost===


==Hanasaari 40 biofuel==
==Hanasaari 40 biofuel==
Line 274: Line 295:
===Emissions===
===Emissions===


Hanasaaren voimalaitokselle pelletti tuodaan pääasiassa laivoilla. On arvioitu, että Hanasaareen tulisi noin 18 autokuljetusta pellettiä vuorokaudessa. Hanasaareen on vuodessa arvioitu tulevan yhteensä noin 100 alusta, joka sisältää sekä pelletti- että kivihiilikuljetukset.<ref name="yva"/>
Pellets are transported to Hanasaari mainly by ship. An estimated 18 truckloads of pellet would come to Hanasaari each day. Approximately 100 ships annually would ship coal and pellets to Hanasaari.<ref name="yva"/>
 
A research paper published in 2014 assessed the net environmental impacts of the co-combustion and changes in urban air quality connected to pellet transport, and aimed to identify environmental hotspots relevant to possible future higher-share co-combustion. The applied methods were screening LCA (life cycle assessment) and fine particle dispersion modelling. Its results were that low-share wood pellet co-combustion in CHP production leads to net environmental impact reductions and does not deteriorate air quality in the urban environment. If higher-share co-combustion were to be implemented, the environmental hotspots to focus on would be the operational issues of a power plant and the origin and sustainability aspects of wood pellet production.<ref name="judl">Jáchym Judl, Sirkka Koskela, Timo Korpela, Niko Karvosenoja, Anna Häyrinen, Jari Rantsi. Net environmental impacts of low-share wood pellet co-combustion in an existing coal-fired CHP (combined heat and power) production in Helsinki, Finland. Energy 77 (2014) 844-851. {{doi|10.1016/j.energy.2014.09.068}}</ref>


{| {{prettytable}}
{| {{prettytable}}
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{| {{prettytable}}
{| {{prettytable}}
|+'''Hanasaaren voimalaitoksiella vuodessa syntyvät sivutuotemäärät kun se polttaa 40% biofuels.<ref name="yva"/>
|+'''The annual amount of by-products in Hanasaari when burning 40% biofuels.<ref name="yva"/>
|---
|---
| || Lentotuhka (t/a) || Pohjatuhka (t/a) || Rikinpoiston lopputuote (t/a) || Yhteensä (t/a)
| || Fly ash (t/a) || Bottom ash (t/a) || Sulphur removal end product (t/a) || Total (t/a)
|---
|---
| Hanasaari power plant: 40 % biofuels, 60 % coal || 40 000 || 9 000 || 6 000 || 54 000
| Hanasaari power plant: 40 % biofuels, 60 % coal || 40 000 || 9 000 || 6 000 || 54 000
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''Building cost
''Building cost


Pelkkä voimalaitos noin 100 miljoonaa, kokonaisvaikutus Helsingin Energian investointikustannuksiin 500 miljoonaa (arvio vuodelta 2011).<ref name="hs"/>
The powerplant by itself would cost 100 million euros, the total effect on Helsingin Energia's investment costs would be 500 million (an estimate of 2011).<ref name="hs"/>


''Usage cost
''Usage cost


Vaihtoehdossa Hanasaari 40 % biopolttoaineita käytetään noin 390 000 tonnia kivihiiltä vuodessa ja pellettiä noin 380 000 tonnia. Tuki- ja varapolttoaineena öljyä arviolta 11 500 tonnia vuodessa.<ref name="yva"/>
In the option Hanasaari 40 % biofuel the plabt uses around 390 000 tons coal and 380 000 tons pellet per year. An estimated 11 500 tons of oil per year would be used as support and back-up fuel.<ref name="yva"/>


===Production===
===Production===
Line 340: Line 363:
[[File:Salmisaari_new_map.png|thumb|400px|What Salmisaari would look like in option Salmisaari 40 biofuel.<ref name="yva"/>]]
[[File:Salmisaari_new_map.png|thumb|400px|What Salmisaari would look like in option Salmisaari 40 biofuel.<ref name="yva"/>]]


'''Kuvaus
The pellets are transported to Salmisaari power plant by truck. The estimate is, that to burn 40 % biofuels it would need 53 truck shipments of pellets per day. Helsingin Energia is looking into an option, where the pellets to Salmisaari would be brought also through Hanasaari harbour. If all pellets for Salmisaari's use were transported through Hanasaari, the number of ships coming to its harbour transporting coal and pellets would increase by 90 per year.<ref name="yva"/>


Salmisaaren voimalaitokselle pelletit tulevat autokuljetuksilla. On arvioitu, että Salmisaareen tulisi noin 53 autokuljetusta pellettiä vuorokaudessa. Helsingin Energia selvittää myös kuljetusvaihtoehtoa, jossa Salmisaaressa käytettäviä pellettejä tuotaisiin myös Hanasaaren sataman kautta. Jos kaikki Salmisaaressa käytettävät pelletit kuljetettaisiin Hanasaaren kautta, sen satamaan kulkisi vuosittain noin 90 pelletti- ja kivihiilialusta enemmän, kuin muutoin.<ref name="yva"/>
===Emissions===
 
===Päästöt===


{| {{prettytable}}
{| {{prettytable}}
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{| {{prettytable}}
{| {{prettytable}}
|+'''Salmisaaren voimalaitoksilla vuodessa syntyvät sivutuotemäärät 40% biopolttoaineosuudella<ref name="yva"/>
|+'''Annual amount of by-products in Salmisaari using 40% biofuels <ref name="yva"/>
|---
|---
| || Lentotuhka (t/a) || Pohjatuhka (t/a) || Rikinpoiston lopputuote (t/a) || Yhteensä (t/a)
| || Fly ash (t/a) || Bottom ash (t/a) || Sulphur removal end product (t/a) || Total (t/a)
|---
|---
| Salmisaari power plant: 40 % biofuels, 60 % coal || 30 000 || 8 000 || 6 000 || 44 000
| Salmisaari power plant: 40 % biofuels, 60 % coal || 30 000 || 8 000 || 6 000 || 44 000
Line 363: Line 384:


{| {{prettytable}}
{| {{prettytable}}
|+ '''Päästöt vaihtoehdossa Hanasaari 40 + Salmisaari 40.<ref name="yva"/>
|+ '''Emissions in option Hanasaari 40 + Salmisaari 40 <ref name="yva"/>
! !! CO<sub>2</sub>, kt/a !! CO<sub>2</sub>-eqv, kt/a (incl. fossilfuel ghg-emissions) !! CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv, kt/a (incl. fossilfuel and biofuel emissions)
! !! CO<sub>2</sub>, kt/a !! CO<sub>2</sub>-eqv, kt/a (incl. fossilfuel ghg-emissions) !! CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv, kt/a (incl. fossilfuel and biofuel emissions)
|---
|---
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|}
|}


Salmisaaressa käytetään kivihiiltä noin 290 000 tonnia vuodessa ja pellettiä noin 280 000 tonnia. tuki- ja varapolttoaineena öljyä arviolta 11 500 tonnia vuodessa.<ref name="yva"/>
The Salmisaari plant uses around 290 000 tons coal and  280 000 tons pellet per year. Approximately 11 500 tons of oil per year are used as support and back-up fuel.<ref name="yva"/>


{| {{prettytable}}
{| {{prettytable}}
Line 382: Line 403:


===Cost===
===Cost===
===Production===
==Biofueled heat production units==
Salmisaari oilfueled heat plant is shut down and new biofuel burning heat plants are built in Salmisaari and Vuorsaari.
'''Effects:
* Emissions
* Cost
* Forests around Finland
* Running level
* Economy of cities selling biofuels
* Jobs in construction
* Decision-maker: Helsinki city, Helen
Salmisaaren öljylämpökeskus korvataan uudella pellettilämpölaitoksella, joka voidaan ottaa käyttöön jo vuonna 2017. Laitoksen teho on noin 100 MW. Rakennetaan Vuosaaren voimalaitosalueelle ja mahdollisesti muulle laitospaikalle uusi biolämpölaitos. Biolämpölaitosten polttoaineina käytetään pellettiä ja/tai haketta. Myös biohiilen käyttö on mahdollista.
Vaihtoehdon toteutus mahdollistaa erilaiset energiatehokkuusratkaisut sekä uudet lämmöntuotantoratkaisut (esim. lämpöpumput, aurinkolämpö ja geoterminen lämpö), joita toteutetaan vaiheittain niiden toteuttamisedellytysten täyttyessä. Näitä ratkaisuja voivat olla toteuttamassa sekä Helen että muut toimijat, mm. kiinteistöjen omistajat.
Vaihtoehdossa säilytetään mahdollisuus rakentaa Vuosaaren alueelle tulevaisuudessa yhteistuotantovoimalaitos. Kun biolämpölaitokset on otettu käyttöön ja riittävä lämmöntuotantokapasiteetti on pystytty varmistamaan 2020-luvun alkupuolella, Hanasaaren yhteistuotantovoimalaitoksen toiminnasta olisi mahdollista luopua. Tällöin valtaosa voimalaitosalueesta vapautuisi muuhun käyttöön. Myös siltayhteys Sompasaaren ja Kruununhaan välillä (Kruununhaka – Nihti -silta) olisi tällöin mahdollista toteuttaa. Ympäristövaikutusten arvioinnin perusteella vaihtoehto on mahdollista toteuttaa.
Vaihtoehdon toteutuksen edellyttämät investoinnit ovat noin 360 miljoonaa euroa. Kokonaiskustannuksiltaan vaihtoehto on selvitetyistä vaihtoehdoista edullisin. <ref>Helen 17.06.2015[https://www.helen.fi/uutiset/2015/uusi-hajautettu-malli-hiilidioksidipaastojen-vahentamiseen/ Uusi hajautettu malli hiilidioksidipäästöjen vähentämiseen]</ref>.
Lisätietoa [http://blogi.helen.fi/helenilta-uusi-hajautettu-malli-hiilidioksidipaastojen-vahentamiseen/ Helenin blogissa] ja [http://www.hs.fi/kaupunki/a1305963824515?jako=9b0ab5ff6e4ffb025ee5604e0704e7d0&ref=fb-share HS:n uutisessa].


== Loviisa nuclear CHP ==
== Loviisa nuclear CHP ==
Line 395: Line 441:
* Jobs in construction
* Jobs in construction
* Decision-maker: Helsinki city, Fortum, Loviisa city?
* Decision-maker: Helsinki city, Fortum, Loviisa city?
The plant would have a light water reactor (LWR), which would produce heat at a maximum of 4600 MW and the net electric power would be 1000-1800 MW. If the plant would produce district heating too, its electric power would be 800-1600 MW and the district heating power 1000 MW. <ref>[https://www.tem.fi/files/26809/PAP_FPH_LO3.pdf Loviisa 3 periaatepäätös] 13.5.2010 </ref>
Building a tunnel and pipe for district heat from Loviisa to Helsinki would cost approximately 700 million euros and the changes to the nuclear plant would cost approximately 500 million euros. The total costs of the plant are between 4 and 6 billion euros. Using the plant for district heating also would decrease the plant's electric power somewhat, but as a whole the cost price of nuclear district heat would be 16 €/MW. <ref>Loviisan Sanomat 19.10.2007 [http://www.loviisansanomat.net/paauutiset.php?id=2553 Loviisan uuden ydinvoimalan hukkalämmöllä lämmittäisi koko Helsingin]</ref>
According to Pöyry's report, nuclear district heat would be the most expensive of the reviewed options. The options reviewd in the report were renovating Hanasaari and Salmisaari, demolishing Hanasaari and building Vuosaari C, and decentralised renewable energy production. Based on the report, nuclear district heat would have the greatest financial risk and implementational problems.<ref>[http://www.hel.fi/static/helsinki/paatosasiakirjat/Kvsto2010/Esityslista21/liitteet/Helsingin_Energian_kehitysohjelma_kohti_hiilineutraalia_tulevaisuutta_19.1.2010.pdf Helsingin Energian kehitysohjelma kohti hiilineutraalia tulevaisuutta 2010]</ref>
'''Background info:''' [http://www.loviisansanomat.net/paauutiset.php?id=2553 A newspaper article from 2007 that tells about possible nuclear heat production in Loviisa] {{#l:Loviisa_wasteheat_article.pdf}}


==Neste excess heat==
==Neste excess heat==
[[File:neste_diagram.jpg|thumb|400px|Heat transfer within Neste's oil refinery and from there to Helsinki]]
[[File:neste_kilpilahti.jpg|thumb|400px|A map showing where the heat pipe from Kilpilahti to Vuosaari could run]]


Excess heat from Neste's oil refinery in Porvoo is used for district heating in Helsinki.
Excess heat from Neste's oil refinery in Porvoo is used for district heating in Helsinki.
Line 405: Line 461:
* Jobs in construction
* Jobs in construction
* Decision-maker: Helsinki city, Neste
* Decision-maker: Helsinki city, Neste
Neste oil refinery produces a lot of excess heat, which is now transferred trough the coolant water -network to the sea. The coolant water in the area is 20-30 C and the heat is transferred at approximately 700 MW. In practice the maximum capacity that could technically be transferred is approximately 300 MW. This power level can be delivered year-round as a constant base capacity.
Transferring the heat to Helsinki does not directly increase CO2-emissions. Raising the water-temperature to usable levels requires electricity, however, which might increase indirect emissions.
The are some challenges to this option, such as the investment cost and the heat-pump technology. The scale of the heat capacity to be transferred and fitting the heat pumps in the refinery environment pose challenges to the planners. The needed investments would include the heat pumps, strengthening the grid in Kilpilahti, building the main transfer-pipe from Kilpilahti to Vuosaari, strengthening the district heat network between Vuosaari and Helsinki city centre. The total investment cost is 200-500 M€.
Neste is interested in finding out about possibilities for cooperation with Helsinki.
* Source of overall plan: {{#l:Kaukolampo_Kilpilahti-Helsinki.pptx}}


==Decentralised energy production==
==Decentralised energy production==


Small-scale energy production units are built around Helsinki, such as heat pumps, geothermal and sun panels, for producing energy for a single building.
Small-scale energy production units are built around Helsinki, such as heat pumps, geothermal, sun panels, wood burners and wind mills for producing energy for a single building.


Effects:
Effects:
Line 414: Line 480:
* Cost
* Cost
* Running level
* Running level
* Tourism & Finland's imago
* Tourism & image
* Jobs in construction
* Jobs in construction
* Jobs in research?
* Jobs in research?
Line 448: Line 514:


{{Helsinki energy decision 2015}}
{{Helsinki energy decision 2015}}
* Net environmental impacts of low-share wood pellet co-combustion in an existing coal-fired CHP (combined heat and power) production in Helsinki, Finland<ref name="judl">Jáchym Judl, Sirkka Koskela, Timo Korpela, Niko Karvosenoja, Anna Häyrinen, Jari Rantsi. Net environmental impacts of low-share wood pellet co-combustion in an existing coal-fired CHP (combined heat and power) production in Helsinki, Finland. Energy 77 (2014) 844-851. {{doi|10.1016/j.energy.2014.09.068}}</ref>
*[http://dev.hel.fi/paatokset/asia/hel-2011-005185/khs-2013-14/ Helsingin parhaat energiatehokkuuskäytännöt -työryhmän loppuraportti 2011]<br />
{{comment|# |Along with the two main options there has just recently been proposed another option by HELEN itself at the end of July (the energy production would rely on decentralized renewable sources). Decentralized means in this case smaller power-plant units rather than really decentralized production at household-level, as far as I have understood. Have you taken this into account yet? The assessment on the decentralized energy production that is being done at the moment concentrates more on the small-scale production.|--[[User:Signatiu|Signatiu]] ([[User talk:Signatiu|talk]]) 13:09, 7 July 2015 (UTC)}}
* http://www.hs.fi/kaupunki/a1434165018496
* http://www.hs.fi/kaupunki/a1434593799477
* http://www.hs.fi/kaupunki/a1305963824515
* http://www.hs.fi/kaupunki/a1434510019963?ref=hs-art-artikkeli


==References==
==References==


<references/>
<references/>

Latest revision as of 12:17, 5 November 2015


BAU

In Business as usual -option coal remains the main fuel in Hanasaari B and Salmisaari B power plants, but the use of biofuels is increased to 5−10 % and the changes to power plants required in the new Industrial Emission Directive (IED) are made. These changes have already been approved and some are already done, so they will happen no matter what is decided about the rest of the options.

The IED sets new emission limit values (ELVs) to power plants within the European Union, which will be in effect as of 1.1.2016. In order to stay within the new ELVs, both Hanasaari and Salmisaari power plants must be renovated.[1]

The changes to be made in Hanasaari are:[1]

  • Enhancing sulphur removal
  • Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) or selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR), or polttotekniset ratkaisut (combustion-technical solutions???)
  • Renewing the electric filters or enhancing their operation

The changes to be made in Salmisaari are:[1]

  • Enhancing sulphur removal
  • Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) or selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR), or polttotekniset ratkaisut (combustion-technical solutions???)
  • Renewing the electric filters or enhancing their operation

Emissions

An example of a dispersion(?) model's results on a map. Particulate matter (PM10) fallout from Hanasaari and Salmisaari power plants in BAU.

Hanasaari receives a maximum of 11 pellet deliveries per day and Salmisaari max 14/d.[1]

The amount of by-products of Hanasaari and Salmisaari power plants in BAU.[1]
Option Fly ash (t/a) Bottom ash (t/a) Sulphur-removal end product (t/a) Total (t/a)
Hanasaari power plant: biofuels 10 % 59 000 12 000 8 000 79 000
Salmisaari power plant: biofiels 10 % 45 000 11 000 9 000 65 000
Total 104 000 23 000 17 000 144 000
Emissions in BAU. Hanasaari and Salmisaari both 95 % coal, 5 % bio[1]
Emission source CO2 kt/a CO2-eqv kt/a (incl. fossil fuel ghg-emissions) CO2-eqv kt/a (incl. fossil and biofuel emissions)
Power plant emissions 2 524 2 533 2 687
Emissions from fuel transport 8
Total 2 540 2 700
Emissions from Salmisaari burning ~7% biofuels.[1]
Power plant NO2 (t/a) SO2 (t/a) Particles (t/a)
Salmisaari A and B 946 996 92
Computational amounts of combustion by-products of Salmisaari powerplants.[1]
Fly ash (t) Bottom ash (t) Sulphur removal end product (t) Total (t)
Salmisaari power plants: 10 % bio, 90 % coal 45 000 11 000 9 000 65 000

Emission coefficients

Cost

No building cost, because nothing is renovated nor built.

Usage cost

Production

How much energy?

Electricity MW Heat MW Fuel
Hanasaari 220 420 coal, pellets
Salmisaari 160 300 coal, pellets
Total 380 720

Same table as in VE2(?), because same power plants will be in use.

Helen's suggestion: New heat plants

Helen's new option in June 2015: a distributed model based on separate heat production

  • The investments necessary are flexible and distributed solutions
  • The oil heat plant in Salmisaari is replaced by a new about 100 MW pellet heat plant, what can be taken into use in 2017.
  • A new bio heat plant is built in Vuosaari and possibly also somewhere else.
  • The bio heat plants use pellets and/or wood chips as fuel. The use of biocoal is also possible.
  • The option enables different energy efficiency solutions and new ways to produce heat (heat pumps, solar heat, geothermal heat...), that are taken into use slowly as the conditions change to enable their use. Both Helen and other, for example home-owners, can take these new technologies into use.
  • The option helps achieve the goals for reducing emissions and increasing renewable energy.
  • The challenges to increasing the use of biofuels have to do with their availability, acceptability and price.
  • The option is somewhat against the city council's energy policy, because it replaces CHP with the separate production of heat. Helen still thinks this is a feasible option in the future's energy markets. According to international analysis data the price for electricity will remain so low for so long new investments in CHP isn't worth it. Even with this option Helen is left with a lot of CHP capacity, so the decrease in CHP would remain relatively small.
  • The option includes the possibility to built a CHP plant in Vuosaari in the future.
  • When the bio heat plants are taken into use and the necessary heat production capacity is ensured in the beginning of 2020's, it is possible to give up the Hanasaari CHP plant. If this is done, the majority of the plant area would be freed for other uses. Also the bridge between Sompasaari and Kruunuhaka could be built.
  • According tothe environmental impact assessment the option is feasible.
  • The investments required by the option are approximately 360 million euros. The total cost of the option is lowest of all the options that were looked into.

Effects:

  • Emissions
  • Cost
  • Running level
  • Jobs in construction
  • Decicion-maker: Helsinki city

Vuosaari

A new power plant is built in Vuosaari. The new plant (Vuosaari C) can burn any ratio of biofuel to coal. An energy tunnel is built from Vuosaari to Hanasaari to transport the energy to Helsinki city center.

Effects:

  • Emissions
  • Cost
  • Traffic
  • Noise (Natura 2000 -area nearby)
  • Air quality
  • Forests close by and further away in Finland
  • Drawing closer to the coal-neutrality goal
  • Running level
  • Jobs in construction
  • Decision-maker: Helsinki city, Helen

Description

The plans for power plant Vuosaari C are based on the assumption, that the plant will mostly use biofuels (max 80%) and coal (20%). The planned fuels are wood chips and pellets as well as small amounts of agro-biomass. The use of biochar is also possible.[1] The plan is to get 60 % of the biofuel from Finland.[2]

The plant will be fitted with a boiler developed for biofuel combustion (specifically kiertoleijupetikattila ). In order to ensure stable levels of district heat the plant is planned so, that it can function using coal only. Nevertheless plans can be made to enable the use 100 % biofuels. The recent Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) compared the options of burning 100 % biofuels with the extreme option of burning 100 5 coal.[1]

Three options are considered for the Vuosaari powerplant (in this option, Salmisaari always burns 95% coal and 5% biofuels):

  • V1: 80% biofuels, 20% coal
  • V2: 100% biomass
  • V3: 100% coal

At the same time Helsinki is planning a 12 kilometres long energy tunnel from Vuosaari to Hanasaari. It would be quarried in bedrock and provide district heating and possibly electricity for the needs of the whole city. The warehouses for fuel, locations for unloading trains and trucks and conveyor would be built next to the plant, and possibly a road for crossing the train tracks as well.[1]

Possible map for the new Vuosaari power plant area. The coal storage area (brown) might also be located in the other side of the train tracks.[1]
The planned energy tunnel from Vuosaari to Hanasaari.[1]

Emissions

An example of the dispersion(?) model's results on a map. Particulate matter (PM10) fallout from Vuosaari and Salmisaari power plants in option Vuosaari.[1]
Annual nitrate fallout of the Vuosaari A, B and the new C power plant combined.[1]
Annual sulphur fallout of the Vuosaari A, B and the new C power plant combined.[1]

The emissions from the new plant would have two main sources: combustion of biofuels and coal and from transporting those fuels to Vuosaari C.

The fuel will be brought to the plant by ship, barge, train and truck. Ships and barges will be used to transport biofuel, coal and oil. Trains and trucks will mainly be used for transporting biofuels, trains also for transporting coal. Because the amounts of fuel required by the C-plant will be substantial, the fuel shipments will mostly be carried out using ships. Trains and trucks will be a supplementary means of transport. Shipments can be brought 24/7.[1]

Flue gases will be conducted to flue gas purification, where the particles are remowed, after which the flue gases are directed through flue gas blowers into the chimney. The ashes from the fuel are remowed as bottom ash from the furnace and as fly ash in the flue gas purification.

The power plant's flue gases are purified efficiently, so harmful effects to nearby vegetation remain slight. The great height of the chimney aids in the effective dilution of emissions in the air, so the effects on local concentrations are minimized. Judging by the atmospheric fate and transport (AFT) modeling's calculations, the new power plant C would cause only a minimal increase in air impurity levels in the metropolitan area. It is estimated that the fallout wont have harmful impacts on the vegetation of Natura-areas in Östersundom bird waters and Mustavuori grove nor further away north-east in Sipoonkorpi's Natura-area.[1]

Judging by the AFT-modeling's results, the nitrogen oxide-, sulfur oxide- or particulate matter emissions from the normal operation of Helsingin Energia's powerplants do not cause a health risk to the residents in the neighbouring area. In each Vuosaari option the plants' emission levels are lower than the recommended values and limit values for air quality, which have been decreed in order to protect health. In evaluating the results of the AFT-modeling it needs to be considered, that the enviromental impact assessment (EIA) did not review the plants' possible emissions in a fault situation or the combined impact on air quality of the plants and other sources of emissions in te area.[1]

Emissions from Vuosaari power plants.[1]
Power plant NO2 (t/a) SO2 (t/a) Particles (t/a)
Vuosaari C 853 853 57
Vuosaari A and B 550 - -
Total 2 349 1 849 149


Computational amounts of combustion by-products of different fuel ratios in Vuosaari sub-option.[1]
Sub-option Fly ash (t) Bottom ash (t) Sulphur removal end product (t) Total (t)
V1 80 % bio, 20 % coal 59 000 10 000 - 69 000
V2 100 % bio (10 % pellet, 90 % chips) 52 000 9 800 - 62 000
V3 100 % coal 82 000 52 000 - 134 000


Emissions for Vuosaari, for different sub-options.[1]
CO2, kt/a CO2-ekv, kt/a (incl. fossilfuel ghg emissions) CO2-ekv, kt/a (incl. fossilfuel and biofuel emissions)
V1 powerplant emissions 1 468 1 402 3 061
V2 powerplant emissions 1 073 1 114 3 090
V3 powerplant emissions 2 722 2 882 2 947
V1 fuel transport emissions 15
V2 fuel transport emissions 23
V3 fuel transport emissions 6
V1 total emissions 1 480 3 080
V2 total emissions 1 140 3 110
V3 total emissions 2 890 2 950

Cost

Building cost

The recent Environmental Impact Assessment takes a quick look at the different energy investment options' economic effects. A project plan will made later in 2015 and give more precise details on the economic effects. Building the new power plant would probably be twice as expensive as making the necessary changes in the old plants. Assessing the economic effects is not simple, however. Using the Vuosaari C plant would be tens of millions cheaper yearly than using the overhauled Hanasaari and Salmisaari plants. The city of Helsinki will lose money also if they can not build a new residential area in Hanasaari as planned.[2]

The power plant itself will cost approximately 650 million euros and the energy tunnel 180 million euros. An estimate (2011) of the total costs is 1,2 billion.[3]

Usage cost

If the Vuosaari C powerplant uses 100 % biofuels (ratio: 90 % wood chips to 10 % pellets), it would mean an annual fuel amount of 1,8 million tons wood chips and 103 000 tons pellets.

If the portion of biofuels is 80 % (ratio: 90 % wood chips to 10 % pellets), it would mean an annual fuel amount of 1,46 million tons wood chips, 82 000 tons pellets and 140 000 tons coal.

If the Vuosaari C powerplant uses coal only, it would need 660 000 tons of it per year.[1]

The export price on wood pellets is 133 €/t [1].

The price of wood chips is 20€/MWh? [2][3]

According to this page, the thermal coal CAPP price is about 50 €/metric tonne.

Fuel consumption in Vuosaari C[1]
Coal Wood chips Wood pellet
Fuel consumption t/h 0–108 0–334 0–178
Fuel consumption m3/h 0–135 0–1 113 0–255

Calculations:

If 100% coal is used in Vuosaari power plant

660 000 t/a * 50 €/t = 33 000 000 €/a

If only 20% coal was used:

coal: 140 000 t/a * 50€/t = 7 000 000 €/a
pellets: 82 000 t/a * 133 €/t = 10 906 000 €/t
hake: 1 460 000 t/a * €/t =

If only biofuels were used:

hake: 1 800 000 t/a * €/t =
pellets: 103 000 t/a * 133 €/t = 13 699 000 €/a

Production

The annual fuel consumption will be approximately 4 TWh depending on the year and the way the plant is run.[1] The new plant's district heat output would be around 350 MW and electricity output 200 MW.[4]

Around 40-50 % of the heat is conducted to the furnaces' walls and the possible superheater. The rest of the heat is transferred in the convection part.[1]

Effects to Natura 2000 area

The wind predominantly blows from south-west. The noise barrier in the harbour and especially the wooded area in Niinisaari limit the spread of emissions towards north-east and e.g. the Natura area. The vegetation binds dust especially in summer time.[1]

Hanasaari shutdown

Hanasaari power plant is shut down and demolished. Apartment buildings are constructed in its place.

Effects:

  • Emissions
  • Cost
  • Land use near city center
  • Market rates for apartments in Helsinki
  • Quality of inner city environment
  • Running level
  • Jobs in construction
  • Decision-maker: Helsinki city, Helen

Emissions

Cost

Hanasaari 40 biofuel

Hanasaari power plant is renovated to burn 40% biofuels among coal.

Effects:

  • Emissions
  • Cost
  • Forests around Finland
  • Running level
  • Economy of cities selling biofuels
  • Jobs in construction
  • Decision-maker: Helsinki city, Helen
What Hanasaari would look like in option Hanasaari 40 biofuel.[1]

Emissions

Pellets are transported to Hanasaari mainly by ship. An estimated 18 truckloads of pellet would come to Hanasaari each day. Approximately 100 ships annually would ship coal and pellets to Hanasaari.[1]

A research paper published in 2014 assessed the net environmental impacts of the co-combustion and changes in urban air quality connected to pellet transport, and aimed to identify environmental hotspots relevant to possible future higher-share co-combustion. The applied methods were screening LCA (life cycle assessment) and fine particle dispersion modelling. Its results were that low-share wood pellet co-combustion in CHP production leads to net environmental impact reductions and does not deteriorate air quality in the urban environment. If higher-share co-combustion were to be implemented, the environmental hotspots to focus on would be the operational issues of a power plant and the origin and sustainability aspects of wood pellet production.[5]

The flue gas emissions in Hanasaari when is burns 40% biofuels.[1]
NO2 (t/a) SO2 (t/a) Particles (t/a)
Hanasaari B 1 224 1 224 122
The annual amount of by-products in Hanasaari when burning 40% biofuels.[1]
Fly ash (t/a) Bottom ash (t/a) Sulphur removal end product (t/a) Total (t/a)
Hanasaari power plant: 40 % biofuels, 60 % coal 40 000 9 000 6 000 54 000
Emissions for Hanasaari 40% biofuels + Salmisaari 40% biofuels.[1]
CO2, kt/a CO2-eqv, kt/a (incl. fossilfuel ghg-emissions) CO2-ekv, kt/a (incl. fossilfuel and biofuel emissions)
Power plant emissions 1 594 1 606 2 837
Fuel transport emissions 11
Total 1 620 2 850

Emission coefficients

Cost

Building cost

The powerplant by itself would cost 100 million euros, the total effect on Helsingin Energia's investment costs would be 500 million (an estimate of 2011).[3]

Usage cost

In the option Hanasaari 40 % biofuel the plabt uses around 390 000 tons coal and 380 000 tons pellet per year. An estimated 11 500 tons of oil per year would be used as support and back-up fuel.[1]

Production

Energy production in Hanasaari. [6]
Electricity MW Heat MW Fuel
Hanasaari 220 420 coal, pellets

Salmisaari 40 biofuel

Salmisaari power plant is renovated to burn 40% biofuels among coal.

Effects:

  • Emissions
  • Cost
  • Forests around Finland
  • Running level
  • Economy of cities selling biofuels
  • Jobs in construction
  • Decision-maker: Helsinki city, Helen
What Salmisaari would look like in option Salmisaari 40 biofuel.[1]

The pellets are transported to Salmisaari power plant by truck. The estimate is, that to burn 40 % biofuels it would need 53 truck shipments of pellets per day. Helsingin Energia is looking into an option, where the pellets to Salmisaari would be brought also through Hanasaari harbour. If all pellets for Salmisaari's use were transported through Hanasaari, the number of ships coming to its harbour transporting coal and pellets would increase by 90 per year.[1]

Emissions

Flue gas emissions for Salmisaari 40% biofuels.[1]
Power plant unit NO2 (t/a) SO2 (t/a) Particles (t/a)
Salmisaari A and B 946 996 92
Annual amount of by-products in Salmisaari using 40% biofuels [1]
Fly ash (t/a) Bottom ash (t/a) Sulphur removal end product (t/a) Total (t/a)
Salmisaari power plant: 40 % biofuels, 60 % coal 30 000 8 000 6 000 44 000
Emissions in option Hanasaari 40 + Salmisaari 40 [1]
CO2, kt/a CO2-eqv, kt/a (incl. fossilfuel ghg-emissions) CO2-ekv, kt/a (incl. fossilfuel and biofuel emissions)
Power plant emissions 1 594 1 606 2 837
Fuel transport emissions 11
Total 1 620 2 850

The Salmisaari plant uses around 290 000 tons coal and 280 000 tons pellet per year. Approximately 11 500 tons of oil per year are used as support and back-up fuel.[1]

Electricity MW Heat MW Fuel
Salmisaari 160 300 coal, pellets

Cost

Production

Biofueled heat production units

Salmisaari oilfueled heat plant is shut down and new biofuel burning heat plants are built in Salmisaari and Vuorsaari.

Effects:

  • Emissions
  • Cost
  • Forests around Finland
  • Running level
  • Economy of cities selling biofuels
  • Jobs in construction
  • Decision-maker: Helsinki city, Helen

Salmisaaren öljylämpökeskus korvataan uudella pellettilämpölaitoksella, joka voidaan ottaa käyttöön jo vuonna 2017. Laitoksen teho on noin 100 MW. Rakennetaan Vuosaaren voimalaitosalueelle ja mahdollisesti muulle laitospaikalle uusi biolämpölaitos. Biolämpölaitosten polttoaineina käytetään pellettiä ja/tai haketta. Myös biohiilen käyttö on mahdollista.

Vaihtoehdon toteutus mahdollistaa erilaiset energiatehokkuusratkaisut sekä uudet lämmöntuotantoratkaisut (esim. lämpöpumput, aurinkolämpö ja geoterminen lämpö), joita toteutetaan vaiheittain niiden toteuttamisedellytysten täyttyessä. Näitä ratkaisuja voivat olla toteuttamassa sekä Helen että muut toimijat, mm. kiinteistöjen omistajat.

Vaihtoehdossa säilytetään mahdollisuus rakentaa Vuosaaren alueelle tulevaisuudessa yhteistuotantovoimalaitos. Kun biolämpölaitokset on otettu käyttöön ja riittävä lämmöntuotantokapasiteetti on pystytty varmistamaan 2020-luvun alkupuolella, Hanasaaren yhteistuotantovoimalaitoksen toiminnasta olisi mahdollista luopua. Tällöin valtaosa voimalaitosalueesta vapautuisi muuhun käyttöön. Myös siltayhteys Sompasaaren ja Kruununhaan välillä (Kruununhaka – Nihti -silta) olisi tällöin mahdollista toteuttaa. Ympäristövaikutusten arvioinnin perusteella vaihtoehto on mahdollista toteuttaa.

Vaihtoehdon toteutuksen edellyttämät investoinnit ovat noin 360 miljoonaa euroa. Kokonaiskustannuksiltaan vaihtoehto on selvitetyistä vaihtoehdoista edullisin. [7].

Lisätietoa Helenin blogissa ja HS:n uutisessa.

Loviisa nuclear CHP

A new nuclear power plant is built in Loviisa and used for district heating in Helsinki.

Effects:

  • Emissions
  • Cost
  • Nuclear waste
  • Perceived safety
  • Running level
  • Jobs in construction
  • Decision-maker: Helsinki city, Fortum, Loviisa city?

The plant would have a light water reactor (LWR), which would produce heat at a maximum of 4600 MW and the net electric power would be 1000-1800 MW. If the plant would produce district heating too, its electric power would be 800-1600 MW and the district heating power 1000 MW. [8]

Building a tunnel and pipe for district heat from Loviisa to Helsinki would cost approximately 700 million euros and the changes to the nuclear plant would cost approximately 500 million euros. The total costs of the plant are between 4 and 6 billion euros. Using the plant for district heating also would decrease the plant's electric power somewhat, but as a whole the cost price of nuclear district heat would be 16 €/MW. [9]

According to Pöyry's report, nuclear district heat would be the most expensive of the reviewed options. The options reviewd in the report were renovating Hanasaari and Salmisaari, demolishing Hanasaari and building Vuosaari C, and decentralised renewable energy production. Based on the report, nuclear district heat would have the greatest financial risk and implementational problems.[10]

Background info: A newspaper article from 2007 that tells about possible nuclear heat production in Loviisa Loviisa_wasteheat_article

Neste excess heat

Heat transfer within Neste's oil refinery and from there to Helsinki
A map showing where the heat pipe from Kilpilahti to Vuosaari could run

Excess heat from Neste's oil refinery in Porvoo is used for district heating in Helsinki.

Effects:

  • Cost
  • Running level
  • Jobs in construction
  • Decision-maker: Helsinki city, Neste

Neste oil refinery produces a lot of excess heat, which is now transferred trough the coolant water -network to the sea. The coolant water in the area is 20-30 C and the heat is transferred at approximately 700 MW. In practice the maximum capacity that could technically be transferred is approximately 300 MW. This power level can be delivered year-round as a constant base capacity.

Transferring the heat to Helsinki does not directly increase CO2-emissions. Raising the water-temperature to usable levels requires electricity, however, which might increase indirect emissions.

The are some challenges to this option, such as the investment cost and the heat-pump technology. The scale of the heat capacity to be transferred and fitting the heat pumps in the refinery environment pose challenges to the planners. The needed investments would include the heat pumps, strengthening the grid in Kilpilahti, building the main transfer-pipe from Kilpilahti to Vuosaari, strengthening the district heat network between Vuosaari and Helsinki city centre. The total investment cost is 200-500 M€.

Neste is interested in finding out about possibilities for cooperation with Helsinki.

Decentralised energy production

Small-scale energy production units are built around Helsinki, such as heat pumps, geothermal, sun panels, wood burners and wind mills for producing energy for a single building.

Effects:

  • Emissions
  • Cost
  • Running level
  • Tourism & image
  • Jobs in construction
  • Jobs in research?
  • Decision-maker: Helsinki city, Citizens

Large heat pumps

Heat pumps are installed to draw large amounts of heat from the Gulf of Finland (similar system as in Stockholm) or from deep drilled hole from the ground (similar system as piloted in Espoo).

Effects:

  • Emissions
  • Cost
  • Baltic sea
  • Running level
  • Environmental and political concerns
  • Tourism & Finland's imago
  • Jobs in construction
  • Decision-maker: Helsinki city

Energy saving

Buildings in Helsinki are renovated, big campaigns to affect attitudes are organised and zero-energy houses are built to reduce the consumption of power significantly.

Effects:

  • Emissions
  • Cost
  • Tourism & Finland's imago
  • Running level
  • Jobs in construction
  • Decicion-maker: Helsinki city, Citizens

See also

Helsinki energy decision 2015
In English
Assessment Main page | Helsinki energy decision options 2015
Helsinki data Building stock in Helsinki | Helsinki energy production | Helsinki energy consumption | Energy use of buildings | Emission factors for burning processes | Prices of fuels in heat production | External cost
Models Building model | Energy balance | Health impact assessment | Economic impacts
Related assessments Climate change policies in Helsinki | Climate change policies and health in Kuopio | Climate change policies in Basel
In Finnish
Yhteenveto Helsingin energiapäätös 2015 | Helsingin energiapäätöksen vaihtoehdot 2015 | Helsingin energiapäätökseen liittyviä arvoja | Helsingin energiapäätös 2015.pptx

----#: . Along with the two main options there has just recently been proposed another option by HELEN itself at the end of July (the energy production would rely on decentralized renewable sources). Decentralized means in this case smaller power-plant units rather than really decentralized production at household-level, as far as I have understood. Have you taken this into account yet? The assessment on the decentralized energy production that is being done at the moment concentrates more on the small-scale production. --Signatiu (talk) 13:09, 7 July 2015 (UTC) (type: truth; paradigms: science: comment)

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 Helsingin Energian biopolttoaineiden käytön lisääminen, Helsinki YVA 2013
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Helsingin Sanomat: Helsingin vaihtoehdot: Kallis voimala luonnonsuojelualueen viereen tai Hanasaari ilman asuntoja
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Helsingin Sanomat: Näistä isoista investoinneista päätetään
  4. ↑ Helsingin Energia
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Jáchym Judl, Sirkka Koskela, Timo Korpela, Niko Karvosenoja, Anna Häyrinen, Jari Rantsi. Net environmental impacts of low-share wood pellet co-combustion in an existing coal-fired CHP (combined heat and power) production in Helsinki, Finland. Energy 77 (2014) 844-851. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.09.068
  6. ↑ Helen: Hanasaaren voimala
  7. ↑ Helen 17.06.2015Uusi hajautettu malli hiilidioksidipäästöjen vähentämiseen
  8. ↑ Loviisa 3 periaatepäätös 13.5.2010
  9. ↑ Loviisan Sanomat 19.10.2007 Loviisan uuden ydinvoimalan hukkalämmöllä lämmittäisi koko Helsingin
  10. ↑ Helsingin Energian kehitysohjelma kohti hiilineutraalia tulevaisuutta 2010
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