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{{Assessment|moderator = [[User:Pauliina Ahtoniemi|Pauliina Ahtoniemi]]}}  
{{Assessment|moderator =Pauliina}}  
'''Bioher assessment''' about health impacts of small scale wood burning is closed.


==Health and climate impacts of heat production in small municipalities (BIOHER)==
==Health and climate impacts of heat production in small municipalities (BIOHER)==
This is assessment page of '''Bioher'''. Bioher is a research project coordinated by National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). The duration is 2008-2011. Project includes five subprojects with 1) measurement of PM and greenhouse gas emissions, 2) chemical characterization and assessment of atmospheric thermal impact of emitted PM, 3) toxicological characterization of emitted PM, 4) assessment of exposure to and health effects of current residential wood combustion, 5) assessment of health risks.  
Bioher is a research project coordinated by the National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). The project runs from 2008 to 2011 and includes five workpackages: 1) measurement of PM and greenhouse gas emissions, 2) chemical characterization and assessment of atmospheric thermal impact of emitted PM, 3) toxicological characterization of emitted PM, 4) assessment of exposure to and health effects of current residential wood combustion, 5) assessment of health risks.  


This assessment page includes scope, definition, and result of health risk assessment of fine particles of four residential heating scenarios/decisions. Main study questions are:
*How human risks differs between four heating scenarios/decisions?
*What are the costs of emissions and health effects due to different heating scenarios/decisions?
*What are climate change impacts of PM emissions and health effects due to CC?
[[:Image:Bioher model.ANA|The Analytica model can be accessed here]]


Assessment model: [[File:Bioher model.ANA]]


== Scope  ==
== Scope  ==
Line 17: Line 12:
=== Purpose  ===
=== Purpose  ===


The purpose is to evaluate PM<sub>2.5</sub> and green house gas (GHG) emissions of detached houses and small heating power plant, to assess exposure and health effects due to evaluated emissions and to define emission, heating and health effect costs. Assessment is going to compare four alternative ways to arrange decentralized energy production in communities with 2000 - 10000 inhabitants: light oil and pellets as fuel of detached houses and heavy oil and wood chips as fuel of small heating plants. In addition, environmental effects i.e. climate change (CC) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions is assessed with this model.  
The purpose of the assessment is to evaluate health impacts and overall societal costs of different scenarios for residential heating in Finland.  


Questions:  
More specifically:  


*What would be the health effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of small power plant and individual houses in small living area (2000- 10000 inh.)?  
*What would be the mortality impacts of PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions and the related societal cost?
*What are GHG emissions of individual houses and small power plant and how emissions effect on CC?  
*What would be the greenhouse gas emissions and the related societal cost?
*What are the costs of different alternatives?  
*What are the optimal decisions on residential heating for the society when energy costs to consumers and societal costs related to greenhouse gas emissions and health impacts of PM<sub>2.5</sub> are taken into consideration?
*What is the optimal decision to produce energy and heat to houses?
*What are the optimal decisions on residential heating for a consumer (based on costs related to heat consumption), and are these in conflict with the optimal decisions for the society?


=== Boundaries  ===
=== Boundaries  ===


*Energy production (single house and small energy plant level, 1-20MW)
*House stock:
*Population (2000-10000 inh.)
**Detached single family houses built in the beginning of 2010 (standard, low energy)
*Exposure for PM<sub>2.5</sub>  
**Detached single family houses built in 60's and 70's
*ER-functions for PM<sub>2.5</sub>  
*Location: Finland
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions (-&gt;health effects)
*Assessment follow-up time: 2010-2040
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> climate effect (-&gt; health effects)  
*Evaluated emissions:
*Household heating scenarios:  
**Greenhouse gases (CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent)
**Light oil and pellets
**Fine particles (PM<sub>2.5</sub>)
*Small heating plant scenarios:
*Evaluated health impacts:
**Heavy oil and wood chips
**Mortality from PM<sub>2.5</sub> (quantified in mortality cases and DALYs)
*Atmospheric thermal impact
*Evaluated costs:
*DALY
**Heat consumption cost to consumer (heating appliance investment and interest, maintenance, energy)
 
**Cost from greenhouse gas emissions (based on the cost of carbon emission permits)
*Impacts:
**Cost from health impacts of PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions (based on the value of lost life years)
**Climate change
**Premature mortality
**Costs


=== Scenarios  ===
=== Scenarios  ===


Scenarios include two different fuel types of energy production in detached houses and small power plant:
*Primary heat source scenarios:
**Light fuel oil
**Wood pellet
**Direct electrical
**Geothermal
**District heat produced in a small power plant (<2 MW) with heavy fuel oil
**District heat produced in a small power plant (<2 MW) with wood chip
**District heat produced in business-as-usual power plants


<br> '''Detached houses'''
*Secondary heat source scenarios
 
**Air source heat pump
*light oil
**Wood fired masonry heater
*pellets
 
<br> '''Small power plant'''
 
*heavy oil
*wood chips


=== Intended users  ===
=== Intended users  ===


*City-level policy-makers in all sectors in Kuopio as well as everywhere else
*City and national level policymakers
*International policy-makers related climate change
*Anyone making decisions on residential heating
*Policy-makers related health risks of fine particles and green house gases
*General public
*General public  
*Scientists working on health risks of fine particles, green house gases and climate change
*Other interested of topic


=== Participants  ===
=== Participants  ===


*Assessment and Modelling Unit of THL  
*Assessment and Modelling Unit of THL: [[User:Virpi Kollanus|Virpi Kollanus]], [[User:Pauliina|Pauliina]], [[User:Marko|Marko]], [[User:Mikko Pohjola|Mikko Pohjola]], [[User:Jouni|Jouni]]
**Jouni (as researcher in charge)
*Other researchers in Bioher project
**Pauliina  
*Anyone interested
**Virpi (CLAIH)
**Pasi (Emissions)
**Marko  
*Other researchers related Bioher -project


== Definition  ==
==Variables==


[[Image:Bioher model1.JPG|450px]]  
'''Residential heat purchase
*[[Unit heat consumption of buildings in Finland]]


=== Variables  ===
'''District heat and electricity production
*[[District heat production in Finland]]
*[[Electricity production in Finland]]


'''Decision'''
'''Geenhouse gas & PM2.5 emissions
*[[Emission factors for burning processes]]


*Decisions of citizen level between different heating systems
'''PM2.5 exposure and health effects
**Is there district heating system available (emissions from small power plant -&gt; decisions of society level)
*[[ERF of PM2.5 on mortality in general population]]
** Own heating system: fuel types (pellets/light oil)
*[[Population of Finland|Population of Finland]]
**Building stock (energy efficiency of buildings)
*[[Mortality in Finland|Mortality in Finland]]
*[[Breathing rate]]


*Decisions of society level
'''Costs
**Extent of district heating system
*[[Unit price of energy in residential heating in Finland]]
**Fuel type of energy production (heavy oil/wood chips)
*[[Unit price of carbon emission permits]]
**Building stock (energy efficiency of buildings)
*[[Value of a life year (VOLY)]]


'''Building stock'''


*Detached buildings with own heating system or with district heating system
'''Old variables
**Fuel type
*[[Heating consumption of buildings]]  
**Volume/area of buildings
*[[Prices of fuels in heat production]]
**Energy efficiency
*[[Exposure of Finnish subpopulations to fine particles due domestic wood combustion]]
**[[Heating consumption of buildings]] => need of energy for heating
*** Heating consumption of the buildings (kW/m<sup>2</sup>/year)
*** Thermal energy for warm tap water


'''Emission '''
== Conclusions  ==
 
*Emissions of domestic combustion
*Emissions of small power plant
**[[Emission factors for burning processes]]
 
'''Exposure '''
 
*Population
*iF
*Breathing rate
*Concentration of PM<sub>2.5</sub>
 
'''Exposure-response (ER) function '''
 
*Long-term effects of exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub>
**Cardiovascular ER (mortality/morbidity)
**Respiratory ER (mortality/morbidity)
**Cancer ER?
**Asthma ER
**Hospital admissions
 
'''Health effect '''
 
*Mortality/morbidity of population (2000-10000inh) caused by PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of domestic heating production expressed as number of incidents
**Cardiovascular effects
**Respiratory health effects
**Cancer?
**Total premature mortality
 
**Asthma incidences
**Hospital admissions
 
'''Expenses '''


*Costs of energy production
*Costs of health effects
'''Climate change'''
*Positive effect (warming)
**CO<sub>2</sub>
**CH<sub>4</sub>
**N<sub>2</sub>O
**CFC
**NO<sub>x</sub>?
**H<sub>2</sub>O?
*Negative effect (cool down)
**PM<sub>2.5</sub>
**Albedo (soil surface, snow, clouds)


=== Analyses  ===
=== Analyses  ===
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*value-of-information (VOI) analysis
*value-of-information (VOI) analysis


== Result ==
== See also ==


== Conclusions  ==
*[http://www.uef.fi/fine/pupo PUPO tietokanta]
*[http://www.uef.fi/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=914f7583-a17f-4d4d-a54f-38efe7d439a0&groupId=118564&p_l_id=1706412 PUPO loppuraportti]


== See also  ==
* [http://intra.eracnet.fi/main/index.php/Bioher:Bioher Internal project website in ERACintra]  
 
*[[Bioher|Bioher]] project page
*[[CLAIH assessment]]
*[[CLAIH assessment]]
*[[Bioher stakeholder meeting 2009]]
*[[Bioher stakeholder meeting 2009]]
*[[Assessment on impacts of emission trading on city-level (ET-CL)]]
*[[Assessment on impacts of emission trading on city-level (ET-CL)]]
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/kaukolampo/kirjasto/tutkimusraportit/liitteet/pientaloalueiden%20kaukolampokriteerit_loppuraportti_20091111.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fkaukolampo%2Fkirjasto%2Ftutkimusraportit Pientaloalueiden ja -taajamien kaukolämpöön liittämisen kriteerit]
*[http://era17.fi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/sitran_selvityksia_39.pdf Rakennetun ympäristön energiankäyttö ja kasvihuonekaasupäästöt]
*[http://www.hsy.fi/seututieto/Documents/YTV_julkaisusarja/PJS_B_18_2003_pienpoltto_pks.pdf HSY2003:Pienpoltto pääkaupunkiseudulla]
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=82087 Parhaan käyttökelpoisen tekniikan huomioonottaminen ympäristölupamenettelyssä (esimerkkinä alle 50MWn polttolaitokset)]
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706 Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut1-7)] Tästä löytyy ominaispäästökertoimet ja hyötysuhteet polttoaineittain ja polttotekniikoittain pienissä polttolaitoksissa (esim. taulukko 4). Myös tieto kuinka paljon pieniä polttolaitoksia on Suomessa.
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3708&lan=fi Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut8-19)]Täältä löytyy tietoa mm. hiukkasten poistotavoista (taulukko 23).
*[http://webhotel2.tut.fi/ee/Materiaali/Ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf Heljo et al. Rakennusten energian kulutus ja CO2-ekv päästöt Suomessa]
*[http://webhotel2.tut.fi/ee/Materiaali/Ekorem/EKOREM_LP_ja_sahko_raportti_051128.pdf Heljo et al. Sähkölämmitys ja lämpöpumput sähkönkäyttäjinä ja päästöjen aiheuttajina Suomessa]
*[[File:Tissari PIPO loppuraportti.pdf]] sis. mm. polttopuun pienkäyttö Suomessa
costs and future:
*[http://www.gaia.fi/files/106/Hajautettu_energiantuotanto_loppuraportti.pdf Hajautettu energiatuotanto]
*[http://www.energia.fi/sites/default/files/lammon_ja_sahkon_yhteistuotannon_potentiaali_seka_kaukolammityksen_ja_-jaahdytyksen_tulevaisuus_suomessa.pdf Vehviläinen etal. Lämmön ja sähkön yhteistuotannon potentiaali sekä kaukolämmityksen ja -jäähdytyksen tulevaisuus Suomessa]
*[http://www.tbrc.fi/pubfilet/Scenarios%20and%20Business%20Models%20-%20Distributed%20energy.pdf Teknologiaohjelma DENSY – Hajautetun energiantuotannon tulevaisuusskenaariot ja vaikutukset liiketoimintamalleihin]
*[https://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/26995/Svan.Janne.pdf.pdf?sequence=1 Pientaloalueen lämmityskärjestelmien vertailu]sis.mm. kustannuslaskentaa
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/julkaisut%20ja%20tutkimukset/liitteet%20tutkimukset%20ja%20selvitykset/kaukolammityksenasiakasrajapinnanteknis-taloudellisetreunaehdot.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fjulkaisut Kaukolämmityksen asiakasrajapinnan teknis-taloudelliset reunaehdot sis.mm.Kaukolämpöliittymien kustannusselvitys]
*[http://www.energia.fi/sites/default/files/kl-asiakasrajapinnan_teknistaloudelliset_rajaehdot.pdf KAUKOLÄMMITYKSEN ASIAKASRAJAPINNAN TEKNIS‐TALOUDELLISET REUNAEHDOT TUTKIMUKSEN LOPPURAPORTTI]sis. mm. kaukolämpöliittymän kustannusselvityksen
*[http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/39675/Pienet%20chp%20laitokset.pdf?sequence=1 Pienten (<4 MW) CHP-laitosten mahdollisuudet]
*[https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/38219/isbn9789522145444.pdf sähkön tuotantokustannusvertailu]Voimalaitosten suorituskyky- ja kustannustiedot
Finnish power plants:
*[http://www.forestpower.net/data/liitteet/11143=martti_harkonen.pdf]
*[http://www.renewa.fi/fi/referenssit.html Renewa Oy]
*[http://www.planora.fi/sivu/fi/planora/referenssit/ref1/ Planora Oy]
[[Category:Health_effects]] [[Category:Classical_air_pollutants]]
[[Category:Health_effects]] [[Category:Classical_air_pollutants]]

Latest revision as of 11:36, 13 March 2015


Bioher assessment about health impacts of small scale wood burning is closed.

Health and climate impacts of heat production in small municipalities (BIOHER)

Bioher is a research project coordinated by the National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). The project runs from 2008 to 2011 and includes five workpackages: 1) measurement of PM and greenhouse gas emissions, 2) chemical characterization and assessment of atmospheric thermal impact of emitted PM, 3) toxicological characterization of emitted PM, 4) assessment of exposure to and health effects of current residential wood combustion, 5) assessment of health risks.


Assessment model: File:Bioher model.ANA

Scope

Purpose

The purpose of the assessment is to evaluate health impacts and overall societal costs of different scenarios for residential heating in Finland.

More specifically:

  • What would be the mortality impacts of PM2.5 emissions and the related societal cost?
  • What would be the greenhouse gas emissions and the related societal cost?
  • What are the optimal decisions on residential heating for the society when energy costs to consumers and societal costs related to greenhouse gas emissions and health impacts of PM2.5 are taken into consideration?
  • What are the optimal decisions on residential heating for a consumer (based on costs related to heat consumption), and are these in conflict with the optimal decisions for the society?

Boundaries

  • House stock:
    • Detached single family houses built in the beginning of 2010 (standard, low energy)
    • Detached single family houses built in 60's and 70's
  • Location: Finland
  • Assessment follow-up time: 2010-2040
  • Evaluated emissions:
    • Greenhouse gases (CO2 equivalent)
    • Fine particles (PM2.5)
  • Evaluated health impacts:
    • Mortality from PM2.5 (quantified in mortality cases and DALYs)
  • Evaluated costs:
    • Heat consumption cost to consumer (heating appliance investment and interest, maintenance, energy)
    • Cost from greenhouse gas emissions (based on the cost of carbon emission permits)
    • Cost from health impacts of PM2.5 emissions (based on the value of lost life years)

Scenarios

  • Primary heat source scenarios:
    • Light fuel oil
    • Wood pellet
    • Direct electrical
    • Geothermal
    • District heat produced in a small power plant (<2 MW) with heavy fuel oil
    • District heat produced in a small power plant (<2 MW) with wood chip
    • District heat produced in business-as-usual power plants
  • Secondary heat source scenarios
    • Air source heat pump
    • Wood fired masonry heater

Intended users

  • City and national level policymakers
  • Anyone making decisions on residential heating
  • General public

Participants

Variables

Residential heat purchase

District heat and electricity production

Geenhouse gas & PM2.5 emissions

PM2.5 exposure and health effects

Costs


Old variables

Conclusions

Analyses

  • Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses
  • value-of-information (VOI) analysis

See also


costs and future:

Finnish power plants:

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