IEHIAS Climate/meteorology

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The text on this page is taken from an equivalent page of the IEHIAS-project.

Meteorological (i.e. short-term weather) conditions are important determinants of many human activities and environmental processes. For example, they directly affect energy use, transport choices and consumption decisions, and the release, environmental transport and ultimate fate of pollutants. Extreme weather events (e.g. heatwaves and cold spells) also pose direct risks for health. In addition, longer term climatic conditions are powerful influences on population distribution, environmental capital, economic activity and human well-being, so that changes in climate are crucial drivers of policy action.

Climate and meteorological data are therefore crucial inputs to many integrated environmental health impact assessments. Traditionally, these data have been derived from ground-based monitoring networks, and over the years extensive series of climate and meteorological statistics have been built up at both national level and internationally. In recent years, a large number of satellite-based weather stations have been launched, and these have greatly extended both the supply of data and the potential for climate and weather modelling.

These different types of data pose rather different problems. Ground-based observations are, by their very nature, location-specific. For many purposes, therefore, the data have to be extrapolated either to other locations, in order to provide estimates at unsampled sites, or to areas in order to provide maps of climatic or meteorological conditions. While this can be done using simple interpolation methods (especially with the help of GIS), spatial variability in meteorological conditions can be complex, so that sophisticated models (and ancillary data on, for example, topography and land cover) may be needed to provide reliable estimates at a local scale. Satellites, in contrast, often yield areally continuous data, but in some cases only at a relatively coarse spatial resolution, and for recent years. In addition, high level atmospheric measurements (e.g. of solar radiation) do not necessarily translate simply into meaningful data on conditions in the ground-layer, where people live.

The table below summarises some of the main data sources available for the EU, and provides links to the providers. Further information, in the form of factsheets, is available where indicated.

Some main data sources in EU
Data set Description Content/variables Coverage Data holder/ provider Further information
ECMWF Modelled daily and monthly meteoerological data for period since 1957; accessible via interactive data-finder Wide range of variables, including: Temperature, precipitation, windspeed, vapour pressure, potential evaporation, global radiation Global European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting
JRC Meteorological Database Daily and long-term meteorological data from 1500 weather stations (since Jan 1975), spatially interpolated to 50x50km grid. Temperature, precipitation, windspeed, vapour pressure, potential evaporation, global radiation Europe + Maghreb countries and Turkey JRC
European Climate Assessment and Dataset Daily data for 3339 meteorological stations, and gridded data sets of rainfall and temperature for 1950-2009. Temperature, precipitation, sunshine, windspeed, atmospheric pressure, humidity, cloud cover Europe and N. Africa ECA&D
CLINO Publication containing climatological norms for 4000 stations Temperature, precipitation, sunshine, windspeed, atmospheric pressure, vapour pressure, relative humidity 130 countries, worldwide WMO
GHCN Monthly meteorological data, since 1967 Temperature, precipitation, atmospheric pressure Global NCDC
Solar Irradiation Database Monthly solar irradiation data for various cities Solar horizontal irradiation (expressed in kWh m-2 day-1) Global University of Massachusetts Lowell Photovolatic Program
PVGIS 1 km raster grids of irradiation based on data from 566 measurement stations for 1981-90 Global irradiation, atmospheric turbidity, ratio of diffuse/global irradiation Europe Photovoltaic Geographical Information System Factsheet
SoDa Web application providing wide range of long-term time-series of solar irradiation and associated data Irradiation, temperature, rainfall, longwave radiation, Linke turbidity factor, atmospheric turbidity, clear-skies properties, photosynthetically active radiation, spectral distribution Europe and Africa SoDa Service Factsheet

See also

Integrated Environmental Health Impact Assessment System
IEHIAS is a website developed by two large EU-funded projects Intarese and Heimtsa. The content from the original website was moved to Opasnet.
Topic Pages
Toolkit
Data

Boundaries · Population: age+sex 100m LAU2 Totals Age and gender · ExpoPlatform · Agriculture emissions · Climate · Soil: Degredation · Atlases: Geochemical Urban · SoDa · PVGIS · CORINE 2000 · Biomarkers: AP As BPA BFRs Cd Dioxins DBPs Fluorinated surfactants Pb Organochlorine insecticides OPs Parabens Phthalates PAHs PCBs · Health: Effects Statistics · CARE · IRTAD · Functions: Impact Exposure-response · Monetary values · Morbidity · Mortality: Database

Examples and case studies Defining question: Agriculture Waste Water · Defining stakeholders: Agriculture Waste Water · Engaging stakeholders: Water · Scenarios: Agriculture Crop CAP Crop allocation Energy crop · Scenario examples: Transport Waste SRES-population UVR and Cancer
Models and methods Ind. select · Mindmap · Diagr. tools · Scen. constr. · Focal sum · Land use · Visual. toolbox · SIENA: Simulator Data Description · Mass balance · Matrix · Princ. comp. · ADMS · CAR · CHIMERE · EcoSenseWeb · H2O Quality · EMF loss · Geomorf · UVR models · INDEX · RISK IAQ · CalTOX · PANGEA · dynamiCROP · IndusChemFate · Transport · PBPK Cd · PBTK dioxin · Exp. Response · Impact calc. · Aguila · Protocol elic. · Info value · DST metadata · E & H: Monitoring Frameworks · Integrated monitoring: Concepts Framework Methods Needs
Listings Health impacts of agricultural land use change · Health impacts of regulative policies on use of DBP in consumer products
Guidance System
The concept
Issue framing Formulating scenarios · Scenarios: Prescriptive Descriptive Predictive Probabilistic · Scoping · Building a conceptual model · Causal chain · Other frameworks · Selecting indicators
Design Learning · Accuracy · Complex exposures · Matching exposure and health · Info needs · Vulnerable groups · Values · Variation · Location · Resolution · Zone design · Timeframes · Justice · Screening · Estimation · Elicitation · Delphi · Extrapolation · Transferring results · Temporal extrapolation · Spatial extrapolation · Triangulation · Rapid modelling · Intake fraction · iF reading · Piloting · Example · Piloting data · Protocol development
Execution Causal chain · Contaminant sources · Disaggregation · Contaminant release · Transport and fate · Source attribution · Multimedia models · Exposure · Exposure modelling · Intake fraction · Exposure-to-intake · Internal dose · Exposure-response · Impact analysis · Monetisation · Monetary values · Uncertainty
Appraisal