User:Mohammad Shahidehnia
Homework 1:
- What is shared understanding?
In open policy practices for decision making, Shared understanding is the situation when all participants can understand what decision options are considered, what outcomes are of interest, what objectives are pursued, what facts, opinions and disagreements are exist and why they are existing and finally why a particular decision option was selected. Shared understanding does not mean that everyone is agreed with the selected option, but it means that everyone understands the whole picture. So the idea of shared understanding is to make all the participants understand the problem to come up with an integrated selected solution and inform everybody about this solution.
- What are co-creation skills?
Co-creation skills and facilitation which is sometimes also called interactional expertise are the capabilities that are needed in an open policy practice. Co-creation skills are needed to manage the decision making process to produce good, informed decision and ultimately good outcome. Co- creation skills and facilitation is not a method of its own but rather a collection of skills that are needed to execute and manage an open decision process in practice. Some of these skills are: encouragement, synthesis, open data and modelling.
- What is open assessment?
Open assessment is a method for making impact assessments where anyone can participate and contribute. Most open assessments have been made in Opasnet which is a wiki based web workspace specially designed for this purpose. The open assessment method has been developed in the national institute for health and welfare in Finland originally for proving guidance in complex environmental health problems. It has been applied on air pollution and pollutants in fish until now.
format User:Mohammad Shahidehnia
----#: . If you make a link to the same page, it will be shown as bold instead of a link (because the link would go to where you already are). --Jouni (talk) 11:07, 22 March 2015 (UTC) (type: truth; paradigms: science: comment)
- ----#: . Corrected --Mohammad Shahidehnia (talk) 09:47, 30 March 2015 (UTC) (type: truth; paradigms: science: comment)
Homework2 :
| Warrfarin 0.5 | Warrfarin 0.3 |
|---|---|
| Does1 10/mg | Dose2 15/mg |
| 1 Tablet | 0.5 Tablet |
| Drug | Warrfarin | Warrfarin |
|---|---|---|
| Dose | 10 mg | 5 mg |
| Tablet | 1 tablet/day | 2 tablet/day |
| Obs | Drug | Warrfarin | Warrfarin |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Dose | 10 mg | 5 mg |
| 2 | Tablet | 1 Tablet/day | 2 Tablet/day |
⇤--#: . Your table is technically correct but it does not make sense. Based on what I see, you want to have two indices: one is called Drug, and the second index is a common name for Tablet and Dose. I would suggest Observation, as that is what we use when we have several different observations listed in a table format. Second, there are two different drugs, so there are two locations of the index Drug, namely Drug 1 and Drug 2. Third, the unit could be mg or tablet/day, or actually both: "mg, tablet/d". If you think of the structure of the table, it would make more sense to have different drugs on rows and different things observed (Tablet, Dose) as columns. The general idea is that when different things are observed, each type of observation is on its own column. Each row has new observations of those same things. Can you update your table based on these instructions? --Jouni (talk) 09:23, 1 April 2015 (UTC) (type: truth; paradigms: science: attack)
- ←--#: . Corrected --Mohammad Shahidehnia (talk) 10:21, 1 April 2015 (UTC) (type: truth; paradigms: science: defence)
| Drug | Strength | Dose |
|---|---|---|
| Warfarin | 10 | 1.5 |
| Digoxin | 0.1 | 1 |
In this case, Drug is an index that separates the two observations (doses of warfarin and digoxin) from each other. I also renamed the two columns to be more explicit: dose here means the amount of tablets per patient per day. In your table it was not clear whether dose means mg/tablet or mg/person/d.
R code
The example code below prints out the user selected values for variables a,b,c and d. Press the 'Run code'-button to execute.
Homework 3:
- Question 1: When we are editing and something goes wrong, How is it possible to undo ?
- Question 2: When we respond to the teachers comments, Do we need to clean them or leave them for cheking ?
Homework 4:
Dust storm in south of Iran causes alot of environmental impacts and health problems for the country:
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| Upload data
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----#: . Add categories and moderator above. --Jouni (talk) 13:52, 30 March 2015 (UTC) (type: truth; paradigms: science: comment)
- ----#: . Corrected --Mohammad Shahidehnia (talk) 09:27, 1 April 2015 (UTC) (type: truth; paradigms: science: comment)
Scope
Question
Is this right that citizens of Ahvaz city are more at risk of having respiratory problems such as allergic reactions, asthma, cronic obstractive heart diseases or even different kind of cancer?
----#: . OK, now question is more precise. But do you mean risk in general or risk caused by dust storms? --Jouni (talk) 14:07, 1 April 2015 (UTC) (type: truth; paradigms: science: comment)
Intended use and users
Ahvaz city inhabitants.
----#: . HOW do you expect the inhabitants to use your assessment? Do they actually read your report? Or is there a public education campaign or similar? If there is, the person who organises the campaign is actually your main user. --Jouni (talk) 14:07, 1 April 2015 (UTC) (type: truth; paradigms: science: comment)
Participants
Paula Maatela / Mohammad Shahidehnia
----#: . Would some extra hands help your work? From whom? --Jouni (talk) 13:52, 30 March 2015 (UTC) (type: truth; paradigms: science: comment)←--#: . No, this will be done based on the web information that we can collect --Mohammad Shahidehnia (talk) 09:55, 31 March 2015 (UTC) (type: truth; paradigms: science: defence) ----#: . corrected --Mohammad Shahidehnia (talk) 09:55, 31 March 2015 (UTC) (type: truth; paradigms: science: comment)
Boundaries
Decisions and scenarios
Ahvaz has the world's worst air pollution according to a survey by the World Health Organization in 2011. One of the crucial measures of dangerous air pollution is the amount and number of small particles in the air. These particles are smaller than 10 mictometers which are identified as PM10.
Timing
Answer
Results
Mechanically produced particles: Wind blown dust, Sea salt droplets, pollens, Volcanic eruption, Traffic related road dust, Dusts from industries and energy plants.
Sowlat et al.,2012, have found possible sources of total suspended particles (TSP) in Ahvaz as follows: crustal dust/soil (56%), road dust (7%), motor vehicles (8%), marine aerosols (9%), secondary aerosols (7%), metallurgical plants (4.5%) and petrochemical plants and fossil fuel combustion (8.5%). Crustal dust has higher relative contributions during spring and summer, and motor vehicles during fall and winter. Mean concentration of TSP and PM10 were 1481.5 and 1072.9 ug/m3, respectively. PM10 concentrations during dust days were 1353.6 ug/m3 and during non-dust days 371.3 ug/m3. During Middle Eastern Dust storm the particle concentrations observed were generally higher than those observed during the Asian dust storms. This implies the importance of Middle Eastern Dust impact on the air quality of the Ahvaz region (Shahsavani et al., 2012). EU25 in 2000: ? 350 000 premature deaths are caused by PM 2.5.The air quality in Ahwaz, Iran, in other words, is over five times as bad as the air the typical person breathes. These particulate matters are causes of respiratory illnesses, asthma, even cancer.
Increased diseases in Ahvaz city in compare with other cities of the country:
- Inflammation: respiratory tract, blood circulation, heart, brain (PM, O3)
- Increased blood coagulation: arterial thrombosis, worsening of coronary arterial disease (PM)
- Influences on autonomic nervous system: respiratory symptoms and reduced lung functions (PM, O3, SO2, NO2, VOC), disturbance of cardiac rhythm (PM)
- DNA-damage in respiratory epithelial cells: increased risk of lung cancer (e.g. PAHs, As, Ni, Cr and Cd in PM)
Conclusions
Who are susceptible to air pollution?
- Fetus, newborns and young children (? 5 years of age, whose lungs and airways haven’t yet developed fully).
- Asthmatic subjects at all ages (inhaled glucocortico-steroids have greatly reduced mortality).
- Subjects affected by chronic cardiopulmonary disorders
- Elderly (>65-year-old) subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or coronary arterial disease.
- Diabetes, genetic factors, poor nutritional status, poorly treated chronic disease etc. can increase individual susceptibility.
Rationale
Upload a causal diagram and change the right name here.
Stakeholders
Over 1,432,965 inhabitants, in 796,239 families are living in Ahvaz.
Dependencies
The problem solving is pretty much depend on the team working between Iraq and Iran to control the dust wind coming from Iraq ti Iran.
Analyses
WHO air quality guidelines 2000 - 1:
- Recommendations for the management of outdoor and indoor pollutant-induced health risks given as guidelines:
- The highest ”low-risk” pollutant concentrations for non-carcinogenic substances at selected, critical averaging times (e.g. 1-h, 8-h, 24-h, one year) to prevent short-term peak exposures and long-term exposures, and their health outcomes (18 pollutants in WHO 2000 & WHO 2005)
- Guidelines for 30-min average concentration of pollutants causing acute sensory effects or annoyance reactions (6 pollutants in WHO 2000)
WHO air quality guidelines 2000 - 2
Linear unit risk assessment for a lifetime exposure to a theoretical equal mass concentration (1 ?g/m3) of airborne carcinogenic substances to prevent cancer, most often in the respiratory tract but with some substances also in other target organs:
- A unit risk of 10-4 for a toxic substance means 100 extra cancer cases in a population of 1 million people exposed to a lifetime pollutant concentration of 1 ?g/m3.
- If in a real-life situation the annual concentration of this toxic substance is 10 ng/m3, the estimated risk is only 1 extra cancer case per 1 million people exposed to this concentration for a lifetime.
- Similarly, the estimated risk is only 1 extra cancer case at the toxic substance concentration of 1 ?g/m3, if the exposed population is only 10000 people.
(According to WHO the acceptable one year mean value of PM10 is 20 μm/m3 and the acceptable 24 h mean value is 50 μg/m3. The EU has set one year mean values for PM2.5 and PM10 to be 25 μg/m3 and 40 μg/m3, respectively. 24 h mean value of PM10 is set to 50 μg/m3. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regards 24 h PM2.5 levels between 35.5 and 55.4 μg/m3 to be unhealthy for sensitive groups, 55.5–150.4 μg/m3 as being unhealthy, 150.5–250.4 μg/m3 as being very unhealthy, and 250.4–500 μg/m3 as hazardous to human. The WHO has suggested that the number of respiratory deaths attributed to PM10 has a 1.2% increase as the default for a 10 μg/m3 increase in PM10 (WHO, 2004).)
⇤--#: . See my corrections to your lists (use View history). --Jouni (talk) 14:07, 1 April 2015 (UTC) (type: truth; paradigms: science: attack)
Indices
Calculations
Coarse thoracic particles (PM10-2.5; diameter 2.5-10m):
?
Mainly road dust containing soil minerals, biological material (pollens, plant debris) and microbial material (bacteria, spores, endotoxins); deposit mainly to trachea and larger bronchi; quick removal by mucociliary clearance (hours-days).
See also
Keywords
Ahvaz, Ahvaz pollution,
References
Here is an example of a reference[1]: you put the ref-tag within the text, and the reference information will show up where the references-tag is located. Note: nowiki-tag is used to show the wiki code on the page, it is not used when making references!
- ↑ This is the reference.
1. <nowiki>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahvaz
⇤--#: . Using references in HW2 means that you know how to use the ref-tag. --Jouni (talk) 13:52, 30 March 2015 (UTC) (type: truth; paradigms: science: attack) ----#: . Corrected --Mohammad Shahidehnia (talk) 10:04, 31 March 2015 (UTC) (type: truth; paradigms: science: comment)
2. WHO; EU Clean Air for Europe, CAFE 2005</ref>
3. <nowiki>http://motherboard.vice.com 4. WHO; EU Clean Air for Europe, CAFE 2005</ref> 5. <nowiki>http://en.trend.az/iran/society/2363206.html</ref>