Unit heat consumption of buildings in Finland

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Question

What is the average unit heat consumption (energy purchase, kWh/m2/year) of different types of residential buildings in Finland?

Characterisation of buildings:

• Building type (detached house, row house, apartment building)
• Construction decade
• Primary heat source (light oil, pellet, district heat, electricity, geothermal)

Answer

U.factor(-)

Obs	Surface	Construction year	Unit	Result	Kuvaus
1	Outside wall	<1960	W/(m2K)	0.48
2	Outside wall	1960	W/(m2K)	0.40
3	Outside wall	1970	W/(m2K)	0.30
4	Outside wall	1980	W/(m2K)	0.28
5	Outside wall	1990	W/(m2K)	0.28
6	Outside wall	2000	W/(m2K)	0.0.25
7	Outside wall	2010	W/(m2K)	0.17
8	Roof	<1960	W/(m2K)	0.30
9	Roof	1960	W/(m2K)	0.28
10	Roof	1970	W/(m2K)	0.25
11	Roof	1980	W/(m2K)	0.25
12	Roof	1990	W/(m2K)	0.16
13	Roof	2000	W/(m2K)	0.16
14	Roof	2010	W/(m2K)	0.09
15	Floor	<1960	W/(m2K)	0.30
16	Floor	1960	W/(m2K)	0.30
17	Floor	1970	W/(m2K)	0.30
18	Floor	1980	W/(m2K)	0.30
19	Floor	1990	W/(m2K)	0.30
20	Floor	2000	W/(m2K)	0.25
21	Floor	2010	W/(m2K)	0.25
22	Window	<1960	W/(m2K)	2.1
23	Window	1960	W/(m2K)	1.9
24	Window	1970	W/(m2K)	1.6
25	Window	1980	W/(m2K)	1.4
26	Window	1990	W/(m2K)	1.4
27	Window	2000	W/(m2K)	1.4
28	Window	2010	W/(m2K)	1
29	Outer door	<1960	W/(m2K)	1.4
30	Outer door	1960	W/(m2K)	1.4
31	Outer door	1970	W/(m2K)	1.4
32	Outer door	1980	W/(m2K)	1.4
33	Outer door	1990	W/(m2K)	1.4
34	Outer door	2000	W/(m2K)	1.4
35	Outer door	2010	W/(m2K)	1

+ Show code- Hide code library(OpasnetUtils) library(ggplot2) objects.latest('Op_fi2808','alustus') altistuminen <- EvalOutput(altistuminen) altistuminen@output$altistuminenSource <- NULL altistuminen@output <- reshape( altistuminen@output, timevar = "Ikä", idvar = c("Altiste", "Altistumistaso", "Altistumislähde"), direction = "wide" ) colnames(altistuminen@output) <- gsub("altistuminenResult.", "", colnames(altistuminen@output)) cat("Keskimääräinen päivittäinen haitta-aineen saanti paikallisista lähteistä (µg/kg/d) sekä kokonaissaanti (paikalliset lähteet ja taustasaanti ravinnosta, µg/kg/vrk).\n") oprint(altistuminen@output[altistuminen@output$Altiste == altiste, ],digits=5)

Rationale

Heat consumption of a building depends on the outdoor air temperature, preferred indoor air temperature, insulation, air tightness and surface area of the building envelope (walls, roof, floor, windows, doors), ventilation rate and heat recovery from the ventilated air, heating system (efficiency of heat production and recovery of lost heat), hot water demand, internal heat gains from people and electrical equipment, and external heat gains from the sun.

Models for calculating building heat consumption

• D5 Suomen rakentamismääräyskokoelma
  • Ohjeet 2007
  • Ohjeet 2012

Outdoor temperature in Finland

• Finnish Meteorological Institute temperature statistics:
  • Monthly temperatures (Celsius) in different observation points in Finland in 1971-2000
  • Areas (Southern Finland, Western Finland, Eastern Finland, Northern Finland) are defined based on Statistics Finland major regions classification
  • The average monthly temperature in each area has been calculated as the mean of all the observation points (cities) within that area.

Area/City	January	February	March	April	May	June	July	August	September	October	November	December	Average for September-May
Southern Finland
Kaarina (Yltöinen)	-4.6	-5.5	-1.9	3.1	9.6	14.4	16.9	15.3	10.4	5.7	1	-2.8	1.7
Helsinki-Vantaa (airport)	-5.2	-5.7	-2.2	3.3	10	14.6	16.9	15.3	10.1	5.2	0.1	-3.2	1.4
Lahti (Laune)	-6.8	-7.3	-2.9	2.8	9.9	14.6	16.6	14.6	9.1	4.2	-0.8	-4,8	0.4
Lappeenranta (airport)	-8	-8.1	-3.2	2.5	9.9	14.7	17.2	14.9	9.4	3.9	-1.4	-5.2	0
Average	-6.2	-6.7	-2.6	2.9	9.9	14.6	16.9	15.0	9.8	4.8	-0.3	-4.0	0.9
Western Finland
Tampere-Pirkkala (airport)	-6.7	-7	-2.8	3	9.5	14.4	16.6	14.6	9.4	4.7	-1	-4.6	0.5
Jyväskylä (airport)	-8.5	-8.7	-4	1.4	8.7	14	16	13.7	8.2	3.2	-2.2	-6.4	-0.9
Seinäjoki (Pelmaa)	-7.1	-7.3	-3.2	2.2	8.8	13.9	15.4	13.8	8.7	3.9	-1.4	-5.3	-0.1
Average	-7.4	-7.7	-3.3	2.2	9.0	14.1	16.0	14.0	8.8	3.9	-1.5	-5.4	-0.2
Eastern Finland
Tohmajärvi (Kemie)	-10	-9.8	-4.4	1.3	8.6	14	16.1	13.5	8.2	3	-2.9	-7.3	-1.5
Valtimo (Kk)	-11.1	-10.8	-5	0.6	8	13.7	16	13.3	7.8	2.3	-3.7	-8.7	-2.3
Siikajoki	-9.4	-9	-4.4	1	7.6	13.1	15.5	13	7.9	2.8	-3.1	-7.3	-1.5
Average	-10.2	-9.9	-4.6	1.0	8.1	13.6	15.9	13.3	8.0	2.7	-3.2	-7.8	-1.8
Northern Finland
Rovaniemi (airport)	-11.7	-11.0	-6.1	-1.0	5.8	12.2	14.9	12.1	6.6	0.2	-6.1	-10.0	-3.7

• Jylhä et al. 2009
  • Estimates for climate change in Finland by the Finnish Meteorologigal Institute.
  • Projected change in seasonal and annual mean temperature (Celsius) in 2010-2039 relative to 1971-2000 as averaged over the territory of Finland. In addition to the best estimate (50%), six other percentiles of the probability distribution are given. The projection is based on the simulations performed with 19 global climate models, with IPCC greenhouse gas emission scenarios A1B, A2 and B1 considered equally likely.

Probability distribution percentile:	5 %	10 %	25 %	50 %	75 %	90 %	95 %
Winter	1.1	1.4	1.8	2.2	2.7	3.1	3.3
Spring	0.4	0.6	1	1.4	1.9	2.3	2.5
Summer	0	0.3	0.6	1.1	1.5	1.9	2.1
Autumn	0.6	0.8	1.1	1.4	1.7	2	2.2
Annual	0.7	0.9	1.2	1.5	1.9	2.2	2.3

Indoor air temperature

• Finnish health based guideline values (Celsius degrees) for indoor air temperature in residential buildings:
  • Good level: 21 C
  • Lowest acceptable level: 18 C
  • Highest acceptable level: 26 C
  • Highest recommended level during heating period: 23-24 C

Building characteristics

• Building structure U-values (heat transfer coefficient, W / m² K) given in Finnish building regulations:

	1978-1985		1985-2002		2003-2006		2007-2010		2010-
Building structure	Mass less than 100 kg / m2	Mass over 100 kg / m2	Warm area > 17 °C	Half warm area > 5 °C	Warm area > 17 °C	Half warm area > 5 °C	Warm area 17 °C	Half warm area > 5 °C	Warm area 17 °C	Half warm area > 5 °C
Wall	0,29	0,35	0,28	0,45	0,25	0,45	0,24	0,38	0,17	0,26
Roof	0,23	0,29	0,22	0,45	0,16	0,45	0,15	0,28	0,09	0,14
Floor	0,23	0,29	0,22	0,45	0,16	0,45	0,15	0,28	0,09	0,26
Floor structure directly against ground	0,4	0,4	0,36	0,45	0,25	0,45	0,24	0,34	0,16	0,24
Window			2,1	3,1	1,4	2,1	1,4	1,8	1	1,4
Door			0,7	2,9	1,4	2,1	1,4	1,8	1	1,4

• Development of building characteristics in Finland

	50's	60's	70's	80's	New (2009), standard	New (2009), tight
Roof, U-value	0.3	0.28	0.25	0.25	0.16	0.16
Floor, U-value	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2
Wall, U-value	0.48	0.4	0.3	0.28	0.25	0.25
Window, U-value	2.1	2.1	1.6	1.4	1.4	1.4
n50 (air leakage)	12	10	7	7	4	1
Air exchange technique	Gravitational	Gravitational	Mechanical	Mechanical	Mechanical with heat recovery	Mechanical with heat recovery

• Window surface area in the 2010 Finnish building regulations
  • The guideline value (vertailuarvo) for the total surface area of windows is 15% from the total surface area of floors completely or partly above the ground level.
  • The maximum value for the total surface area of windows is 50% from the total surface area of the outside walls.

Dependencies

• Outdoor air temperature
• Indoor air temperature
• Building envelope (walls, roof, floor, windows, doors)
  • Insulation (heat conductance)
  • Air tightness (involuntary air leakage)
• Air ventilation (rate, heat recovery)
• Heating system (heat production efficiency and heat loss from distribution within a building)
• Internal heat gains (electrical equipment, people, recovery of heat loss from heat distribution within a building)
• External heat gains (sun)
• Hot water demand

Keywords

Building, heat consumption

Related files

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Unit heat consumption of buildings in Finland. Opasnet . [1]. Accessed 24 Nov 2024.