ERF of outdoor air pollution

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Question

What is the the quantitative dose-response relationships between outdoor air PM2.5 concentration and mortality due to cardio-pulmonary, lung cancer, and other non-accidental causes (index Cause of death 2)?

Answer

This code gets the ovariable of this page and calculates some basic results.

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library(OpasnetUtils) # A package with Opasnet functionalities
library(xtable)       # A package with table formats
library(ggplot2)      # A package with fancy graph formats

objects.latest("Op_en2202", "calculations") # Get the latest ovariables from code calculations on page Op_en2202.

ConcentrationresponsetoPM2.5 <- EvalOutput(ConcentrationresponsetoPM2.5)

print(xtable(ConcentrationresponsetoPM2.5@output), type = 'html') # Show a result table

ggplot(ConcentrationresponsetoPM2.5@output, # Show a bar chart
	aes(x = Exposuremetric, y = ERFResult)) +
	geom_bar(position="dodge") + 
	theme_grey(base_size = 24)

Default run

Rationale

Causality

List of parents:

None

Data

Concentration-response function

ERF of outdoor air pollution(relative increase of mortality per µg/m3)
Obs	Disease	Response metric	Exposure route	Exposure metric	Exposure unit	ERF parameter	ERF	Description
1	Cardiopulmonary	Mortality	Inhalation	Annual average outdoor concentration	µq/m3	Relative increase	0.0128	Dockery et al. 1993 and Pope et al. 2002:0.0128 (-0.0036-0.0375)
2	Lung cancer	Mortality	Inhalation	Annual average outdoor concentration	µq/m3	Relative increase	0.0150	Dockery et al. 1993 and Pope et al. 2002:0.0150 (-0.0350-0.0728)
3	Other causes	Mortality	Inhalation	Annual average outdoor concentration	µq/m3	Relative increase	0.0008	Dockery et al. 1993 and Pope et al. 2002:0.0008 (-0.0232-0.0252)
4	All causes	Mortality	Inhalation	Annual average outdoor concentration	µq/m3	Relative increase	0.0091	Dockery et al. 1993 and Pope et al. 2002:0.0091 (-0.0019-0.0289)

Calculations

This code defines and stores the ovariable of this page (Concentration_responsetoPM2.5).

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library(OpasnetUtils)
library(xtable)

ConcentrationresponsetoPM2.5<- Ovariable("ConcentrationresponsetoPM2.5 ", ddata = "Op_en2202", getddata = FALSE, save = TRUE) 

cat("Ovariable ConcentrationresponsetoPM2.5 saved for later use. Page name: Op_en2202, code name: calculations\n")

print(xtable(EvalOutput(ConcentrationresponsetoPM2.5)@output), type = "html")

Default run

Unit

m³/μg D↷

Uncertainties:

Mortality estimate from Hoek et al. (2002)^[1] was not included due to many confounding factors related to mortality, e.g. road noise.
Probability for PM2.5 assumed to be the true cause of the effects in 70 %, 90 %, and 10 % for cardiopulmonary, lung cancer and all other mortality, respectively (author judgement).
Toxicity differences between ambient air particles and the particles generated by different bus types were not taken into account due to lack of comprehensive data. ^[2] ^[3]

No threshold was assumed in the dose-response relationship. ^[4] ^[5]

ERF for chronic PM_2.5 exposure

Cause of death	RR	95% Cl
All-cause	1.06	1.02-1.11
Cardiopulmonary	1.09	1.03-1.16
Lung cancer	1.14	1.04-1.23

References

↑ Hoek, G, Brunekreef, B, Goldbohm, S, Fischer, P, & van den Brandt, P. A. (2002). Association between mortality and indicators of traffic-related air pollution in the Netherlands: a cohort study. Lancet, 360 (9341), 1203-1209.
↑ Laden, F., Neas, L. M., Dockery, D. W., & Schwartz, J. (2000). Association of fine particulate matter from different sources with daily mortality in six U.S. cities. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108, 941-947.
↑ Mar, T. F., Norris, G. A., Koenig, J. Q., & Larson, T. V. (2000). Associations between air pollution and mortality in Phoenix, 1995-1997. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108(4), 347-353.
↑ WHO Regional Office for Europe (2003). Health Aspects of Air Pollution with Particulate Matter, Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide, Report on a WHO Working Group. Report on a WHO working group, Bonn, Germany, January 13-15 2003. Copenhagen. 98 pages. Available at http://www.euro.who.int/eprise/main/who/progs/aiq/newsevents/20030115_2
↑ Schwartz, J., Laden, F., & Zanobetti, A. (2002). The concentration-response relation between PM2.5 and daily deaths. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(10), 1025-1029.

[1] Hoek, G, Brunekreef, B, Goldbohm, S, Fischer, P, & van den Brandt, P. A. (2002). Association between mortality and indicators of traffic-related air pollution in the Netherlands: a cohort study. Lancet, 360 (9341), 1203-1209.

[2] Laden, F., Neas, L. M., Dockery, D. W., & Schwartz, J. (2000). Association of fine particulate matter from different sources with daily mortality in six U.S. cities. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108, 941-947.

[3] Mar, T. F., Norris, G. A., Koenig, J. Q., & Larson, T. V. (2000). Associations between air pollution and mortality in Phoenix, 1995-1997. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108(4), 347-353.

[4] WHO Regional Office for Europe (2003). Health Aspects of Air Pollution with Particulate Matter, Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide, Report on a WHO Working Group. Report on a WHO working group, Bonn, Germany, January 13-15 2003. Copenhagen. 98 pages. Available at http://www.euro.who.int/eprise/main/who/progs/aiq/newsevents/20030115_2

[5] Schwartz, J., Laden, F., & Zanobetti, A. (2002). The concentration-response relation between PM2.5 and daily deaths. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(10), 1025-1029.

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