Risk assessment on Hämeenkyrö municipal solid waste incinerator

Risk assessment on Hämeenkyrö municipal solid waste incinerator contains a structured risk assessment of a plan to build a MSWI in Hämeenkyrö. There will be a public vote related to a city planning decision: whether the municipality should plan an area for the plant or not. The vote will be held in November 19, 2006.

Objective

RA of Hämeenkyrö MSWI

Focus:	Health risk assessment related to the effects of the planned MSWI plant in Hämeenkyrö. (draft) D↷
Scope:	Health of the population in Hämeenkyrö especially, and in Southern Finland in general. Time scope: next 20 years (draft)D↷
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Empty variable template

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General variables

Optimizing rules

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Description:	Optimizing rules, general (disagreement) Utilitarian optimizing Egalitarian optimizing Elitist optimizing
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1. Precautionary principle (disagreement)
   1. PP based on expected value, general
   2. PP based on worst-case or another 'conservative' scenario, general
   3. PP applied to emissions of municipal solid wasti incinerator (MSWI) in Hämeenkyrö
2. Intake fraction (disambiguation)
   1. iF based on measured concentration fields
   2. iF based on exposure monitoring
   3. iF based on shortcuts

Fine particle variables

PM_2.5 emissions in Hämeenkyrö

Päivi

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PM_2.5 emissions from MSWI, biofuel plant, and natural gas plant in Hämeenkyrö

Tommi

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Baseline PM_2.5 exposure in Hämeenkyrö

Anne K

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PM_2.5 exposure due to MSWI in Hämeenkyrö

Terhi Y

Focus:	Describes the variables affecting the personal exposure to MSWI-produced PM2.5 (and links the exposure to dose)
Scope:	Exact numerical values would require knowledge of the meteorological, geographical etc. data of Hämeenkyrö area and extensive modeling so not included here; certain concentration assumed and dose calculated from it
Description:	Data needed to evaluate the personal exposure Data needed to model the PM2.5 concentration distribution around the MSWI: The emission produced by MSWI Stack height and location of MSWI in relation to municipality Meteorological data: average (e.g. daily) temperatures, wind speeds and directions, solar radiation etc. Geographical data: vegetation, elevations, town build, lakes etc. ... Data needed to convert exposure to dose: inhalable fraction of PM2.5 concentration of PM2.5 around the person in the locations the person moves in times spend in different locations breathing rate of the person weight of the person ... Also required: the background concentration. Some values available for comparison: Urban US highest PM2.5 concs 20-30 mikrog/m3, concentration in Helsinki over several years 8-11 mikrog/m3, non-urban US concs 1-6 mikrog/m3 (Koistinen 2002). Thus, small Finnish town: maybe 7 mikrog/m3?
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References:	List of references does not include articles referred to within the reference... Koistinen, Kimmo (2002). Exposure of an urban adult population to PM2.5. Methods, determination and sources. Publications of the National Public Health Institute A3/2002.

PM_2.5 exposure-response function on population level

Sari

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Dioxin variables

Dioxin emissions in Hämeenkyrö

Virpi

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Baseline dioxin exposure in Hämeenkyrö

Marjo

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Dioxin exposure due to MSWI in Hämeenkyrö

Martin

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Dioxin exposure-response function on population level

Sanna

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Indicator variables

• Decisions related to Hämeenkyrö case
• Possible indicators (optimising variables) in Hämeenkyrö

Well-being of the population (smells, comfort, noise)

Kari Auri

Focus:	factors/Issues affecting peoples living comfortability in Hämeenkyrö etc. noise, smell, social factors(?)
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Effects on economy (esp. gas energy plant)

Juha

Effects on economy

Focus:	Factors related how plant affects to economy in Pirkanmaa and Kyrönkoski area
Scope:	10 - 20 years?
Description:	How new municipal solid waste incinerator affects to economy? Waste incinerator is going to be a quite significant employer in Hämeenkyrö. It is also noted that price of gas energy is rising so it might be necessary to build the waste incinerator to guarantee low priced energy for M-real cardboard factory and Finnforest sawmill. Shutdown of either of these factory could be devastating to Hämeenkyrö's economy (employs over 300 persons). Shutdown of gas energy plant is not crucial (employs only 24 people).
Inputs:	Data Persons employed gas energy plant (24 person) starting phase of the municipal solid waste incinerator (50 - 60 person-year) working phase of municipal solid waste incinerator (60 - 70 persons) M-Real cardboard factory (335 persons) Finnforest Sawmill (? persons) Tax incomes directly to Hämeenkyrö directly to Pirkanmaa indirect taxes (Sawmill, cardboard factory and waste incinerator)
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Unit:	€ or employed persons
Result:	Worst-case scenario: No waste incinerator or bioplant, shutdown of both factories and gas plant Over 300 person less are employed Best-case scenario: Waste incinerator is builded, both factories and gas plant remains over 70 persons more are employed OK-case scenario: Waste incinerator is builded, both factories remains, gas plant is shut down about 50 persons more are employed
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Transportation costs of waste

Anne

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Health effects of dioxins and PM_2.5

Anu T

Health effects

Focus:	effects of dioxins and PM2.5 on human health
Scope:	potential short-term and long-term health effects among Hämeenkyrö inhabitants caused by dioxins and PM2.5 originating from the Hämeenkyrö municipal solid waste incinerator
Description:	Dioxins are a group of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs). 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is the most toxic PCDD/Fs congener, and it is classified as a known human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Health effects related to short-term exposure skin lesions altered liver function Health effects related to long-term exposure impairment of the immune system impairment of the developing nervous system impairment of the endocrine system impairment of reproductive functions increased cancer risk (evidence from animal studies, weak carcinogens in humans) Sensitive subgroups: foetuses, newborns, individuals with high fish consumption, individuals working in incineration plants etc. PM2.5 are fine particles less than 2.5 μm in diameter. Health effects related to short-term exposure respiratory symptoms adverse cardiovascular effects increased medication usage increased number of hospital admissions increased mortality Health effects related to long-term exposure (more relevance to public health) increased incidence of respiratory symptoms reduction in lung function increased incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) reduction in life expectancy increased cardiopulmonary mortality increased lung cancer mortality Sensitive subgroups: children, the elderly, individuals with heart and lung disease, individuals who are active outdoors
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Result:	Dioxins effective dose resulting in a 0.01 increase in lifetime risk of cancer mortality (ED01): 45 pg/kg body weight tolerable daily intake (TDI): 1-4 pg/kg body weight PM2.5 6% change in mortality hazards (95% CI 2-11%) per each 10 µg/m3 elevation in PM2.5 air pollution
References:	Crump et al. 2003. Meta-analysis of dioxin-cancer dose-response for three occupational cohorts. Environmental Health Perspectives 111 (5), 681-687. Health aspects of air pollution. Results from the WHO project "Systematic review of health aspects of air pollution in Europe". World Health Organization, 2004. http://www.euro.who.int/document/E83080.pdf Pope et al. 2002. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA 287 (9), 1132-1141. Service Contract for Carrying out Cost-Benefit Analysis of Air Quality Related Issues, in particular in the Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) Programme. Volume 2: Health Impact Assessment. AEA Technology Environment, 2005. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/cafe/pdf/cba_methodology_vol2.pdf Tuomisto et al. 1999. Synopsis on dioxins and PCBs. Publications of the National Public Health Institute B17/1999.

Miscellaneous variables

• Secondary effects on waste separation, recycling etc.)

Municipal solid waste production in Häme

Pasi K

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Existing MSWI plants and current plans in southern Finland

Marjaleena

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Background of waste production and its relations to EU directive

Eva

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