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== Answer ==
== Answer ==


Kysymyksiä, joihin pitää vielä vastata, jotta mallista saa kunnolla toimivan:
The model below is already functional. However, there is still work to do to ensure that the input data the model uses is accurate. For example the pathogen concentrations in different bathing water classes is unclear, and obviously greatly affects the health effects of bathing in natural waters.
# Arviot mikrobipitoisuuksista eri luokituksilla pitää selvittää: mitä luokitusvaihtoehtoja tähän annetaan, ja mihin mikrobipitoisuuksiin ne viittaavat? (EU:n ja Suomen lainsäädännön käyttämät luokitukset löytyy Katso myös -otsikon alta.)
# Arviot rannalla kävijöiden (uimassa käyvien) ikäjakaumasta pitää selvittää. Tällä hetkellä käytössä on täysin päästä keksitty ikäjakauma.


<rcode
<rcode
name="uimavesiopas"
name="bathingwaterguide"
label="Aja malli"
label="Run model"
embed=0
embed=0
graphics=1
graphics=1
variables="
variables="
name:rawclass|description:Uimaveden luokitus|type:selection|
name:rawclass|description:Bathing water classification|type:selection|
options:
options:
'Surface water - low contamination';Vähäinen kuormitus;
'Surface water - low contamination';Low contamination;
'Surface water - medium contamination';Keskisuuri kuormitus;
'Surface water - medium contamination';Medium contamination;
'Surface water - high contamination';Suuri kuormitus;
'Surface water - high contamination';High contamination;
         'Hand input';Syötän mikrobipitoisuudet itse|
         'Hand input';I will give pathogen concentrations by hand|
         default:'Hand input'|
         default:'Hand input'|


category:Tilanne|
category:Situation|


name:total_population|default:100|description:Uimarannan päivittäinen kävijämäärä|
name:total_population|default:100|description:Beach goers per day|


name:Campylo|description:Kampylobakteerin pitoisuus (mikrobia/l)|default:0|
name:Campylo|description:Campylobacter concentration (microbes/l)|default:0|
category:Uimaveden mikrobipitoisuus|
category:Microbe concentration of bathing water|
category_conditions:rawclass;'User'|
category_conditions:rawclass;'User'|
name:E.coli|description:E.coli O157:H7 pitoisuus (mikrobia/l)|default:0|
name:E.coli|description:E.coli O157:H7 concentration (microbes/l)|default:0|
name:Rota|description:Rotaviruksen pitoisuus (mikrobia/l)|default:0|
name:Rota|description:Rotavirus concentration (microbes/l)|default:0|
name:Noro|description:Noroviruksen pitoisuus (mikrobia/l)|default:0|
name:Noro|description:Norovirus concentration (microbes/l)|default:0|
name:Crypto|description:Cryptosporidiumin pitoisuus (mikrobia/l)|default:0|
name:Crypto|description:Cryptosporidium concentration (microbes/l)|default:0|
name:Giardia|description:Giardian pitoisuus (mikrobia/l)|default:0
name:Giardia|description:Giardia pitoisuus (microbes/l)|default:0
"
"
>
>
# Tämä on koodi "Op_fi5895/uimavesiopas" sivulla [[Uimavesiopas]]
# This is code "Op_en7961/bathingwaterguide" on page [[Bathing water guide]]
library(OpasnetUtils)
library(OpasnetUtils)
library(ggplot2)
library(ggplot2)


objects.latest("Op_fi5895", code_name="alustus") # [[Uimavesiopas]] hakee koko mallin muuttujat
objects.latest("Op_en7961", code_name="initialization") # [[Bathing water guide]] fetches the variables needed in the model


# Luo ovariablet käyttäjän antamasta datasta
# Create variables from input data
RawClass <- Ovariable("RawClass", data=data.frame(RawWaterClass = rawclass, Result=1))
RawClass <- Ovariable("RawClass", data=data.frame(RawWaterClass = rawclass, Result=1))


# Jos mikrobipitoisuudet syötetään käsin, laitetaan ne yhteen Ovariableen
# If microbe concentrations are given by hand, they're put into an ovariable
if (rawclass == "Hand input") {
if (rawclass == "Hand input") {
   RawConcentration <- Ovariable(
   RawConcentration <- Ovariable(
Line 81: Line 79:
   formula=function (...) {
   formula=function (...) {
     distribution <- Ovariable(
     distribution <- Ovariable(
       ddata="Op_fi5895", subset="Kävijöiden ikäjakauma"
       ddata="Op_en7961", subset="Beachgoers' age distribution"
     )
     )
     distribution <- EvalOutput(distribution)
     distribution <- EvalOutput(distribution)
Line 97: Line 95:
BoDattr <- EvalOutput(BoDattr, forceEval=TRUE)
BoDattr <- EvalOutput(BoDattr, forceEval=TRUE)


cat("Mikrobien määrät uimavedessä, mikrobia/litra. \n")
cat("Microbe concentrations in bathing water, microbes/liter. \n")
oprint(RawConcentration@output[,c("Pathogen", "RawConcentrationResult")])
oprint(RawConcentration@output[,c("Pathogen", "RawConcentrationResult")])
cat("Altistuminen: montako jokaista mikrobia eri ikäiset nielevät uimaveden mukana.\n")
cat("Exposure: how many of each microbe people of different ages swallow with bathing water.\n")
oprint(summary(exposure))
oprint(summary(exposure))


Line 109: Line 107:
   theme_gray(base_size=24)+
   theme_gray(base_size=24)+
   labs(
   labs(
     title="Uimavesien mikrobien päivässä aiheuttama tautitaakka",
     title="Burden of disease of bathing water microbes per day",
     subtitle=paste("uimarannalla, jolla uimareita on päivässä", sum(result(population))),
     subtitle=paste("on a beach of", sum(result(population)), "bathers daily"),
     y = "Tautitaakka (DALY/päivä)",
     y = "Burden of disease (DALY/day)",
     x = "Mikrobi"
     x = "Microbe"
   )
   )


# laske tautitapausten määrä
# number of cases
cases <- BoDattr/case_burden
cases <- BoDattr/case_burden


Line 125: Line 123:
   theme_gray(base_size=24)+
   theme_gray(base_size=24)+
   labs(
   labs(
     title="Uimavesien mikrobien päivässä aiheuttamat tautitapaukset",
     title="Cases of illness caused daily by bathing water microbes",
     subtitle=paste("uimarannalla, jolla uimareita on päivässä", sum(result(population))),
     subtitle=paste("on a beach of", sum(result(population)), "bathers daily"),
     y = "Tautitapauksia päivässä",
     y = "Cases per day",
     x = "Mikrobi"
     x = "Microbe"
   )
   )


# laske tautitapausten osuus uimareista
# cases as percent of beachgoers
cases_percent <- cases*100/total_population
cases_percent <- cases*100/total_population


Line 141: Line 139:
   theme_gray(base_size=24)+
   theme_gray(base_size=24)+
   labs(
   labs(
     title="Uimavesien mikrobeista sairastuneiden osuus rannan käyttäjistä",
     title="Proportion of bathers who get ill from bathing water microbes",
     subtitle=paste("uimarannalla, jolla uimareita on päivässä", sum(result(population))),
     subtitle=paste("on a beach of", sum(result(population)), "bathers daily"),
     y = "Prosenttia uimareista",
     y = "Percent of bathers",
     x = "Mikrobi"
     x = "Microbe"
   )
   )
</rcode>
</rcode>


: "Aja malli" -painikkeesta aukeaa uusi sivu, jolle mallin tulokset tulevat näkyviin sen ajettua. Mallin ajamiseen menee 1-2 minuuttia.
: "Run model" -button opens a new tab, on which the results will appear after the model is done running. Current running time is 1-2 minutes.


== Perustelut ==
== Rationale ==


=== Data ===
=== Data ===


'''Niellyn veden määrä ml/h'''
'''Amount of water swallowed, ml/h'''
{| {{prettytable}}
{| {{prettytable}}
! Viite !! Aikuiset !! Lapset !! Huomioita
! Reference !! Adults !! Children !! Notes
|----
|----
| Dufour et al. 2006 <ref> Dufour et al. 2006. Water ingestion during swimming activities in a pool: a pilot study. J Water Health (2006) 4 (4): 425-430. [https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2006.0026] </ref>
| Dufour et al. 2006 <ref> Dufour et al. 2006. Water ingestion during swimming activities in a pool: a pilot study. J Water Health (2006) 4 (4): 425-430. [https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2006.0026] </ref>
| 0 - 70,67 (keskiarvo 21,33)
| 0 - 70,67 (avg 21,33)
| 0 - 205,33 (keskiarvo 49,33)
| 0 - 205,33 (avg 49,33)
| Mittasi uima-allasveteen lisättyjen puhdistusaineiden esiintyvyyttä virtsasta
| They measured cleaning chemicals added to the pool water from the bathers' urine
|----
|----
| Dufour et al. 2017 <ref> Dufour et al. 2017. Ingestion of swimming pool water by recreational swimmers. J Water Health (2017) 15 (3): 429-437. [https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2017.255]</ref>
| Dufour et al. 2017 <ref> Dufour et al. 2017. Ingestion of swimming pool water by recreational swimmers. J Water Health (2017) 15 (3): 429-437. [https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2017.255]</ref>
| 12,4 (CI95 11-14)
| 12,4 (CI95 11-14)
| 6-10 vuotiaat: 23,9 (CI95 17-33)
| 6-10-year-olds: 23,9 (CI95 17-33)


11-15 vuotiaat: 23,7 (CI95 19-30)  
11-15 vuotiaat: 23,7 (CI95 19-30)  
| Sama kuin edellisessä, mutta isommalla otannalla
| Same as previous, but with a bigger sample size
|----
|----
| Suppes et al. 2013 <ref> Suppes et al. 2013. Assessment of swimmer behaviors on pool water ingestion. J Water Health (2013) 12 (2): 269-279. [https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2013.123]</ref>
| Suppes et al. 2013 <ref> Suppes et al. 2013. Assessment of swimmer behaviors on pool water ingestion. J Water Health (2013) 12 (2): 269-279. [https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2013.123]</ref>
| 0 - 50,9 (keskiarvo 3,5)
| 0 - 50,9 (avg 3,5)
| 0,9 - 105,5 (keskiarvo 25,7)
| 0,9 - 105,5 (avg 25,7)
| Mittasi myös virtsan aineita
| Also measuring chemicals in urine
|----
|----
| Suppes et al. 2016 <ref> Suppes et al. 2016. Cryptosporidium risk from swimming pool exposures. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 219(8):915-919 [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.07.001]</ref>
| Suppes et al. 2016 <ref> Suppes et al. 2016. Cryptosporidium risk from swimming pool exposures. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 219(8):915-919 [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.07.001]</ref>
| 0 - 60,6 (keskiarvo 6,3)
| 0 - 60,6 (avg 6,3)
| 0 - 105,5 (keskiarvo 24,2)
| 0 - 105,5 (avg 24,2)
| Samat metodit kun edellisessä
| Same methods as the previous one
|---
|---
| Schets et al. 2011 <ref> Schets et al. 2011. Exposure assessment for swimmers in bathing waters and swimming pools. Water Research 45:2392-2400. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.01.025]</ref>
| Schets et al. 2011 <ref> Schets et al. 2011. Exposure assessment for swimmers in bathing waters and swimming pools. Water Research 45:2392-2400. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.01.025]</ref>
| 20 - 30
| 20 - 30
| 28
| 28
| Kyselytutkimus. Nämä arvot makean veden arvot. Merivedelle ja allasvedelle eri arvot. Arvot keskiarvoja. 20 on naisten ja 30 miesten keskiarvo.
| Questionnaire. These values are for fresh water, but the study also looked at values for sea and pool water. Values are averages (20 for women, 30 for men).
|----
|----
| DeFlorio-Barker et al. 2018 <ref> DeFlorio-Barker et al. 2018. Child environmental exposures to water and sand at the beach: Findings from studies of over 68,000 subjects at 12 beaches. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology 28:93–100 [https://www.nature.com/articles/jes201723]</ref>
| DeFlorio-Barker et al. 2018 <ref> DeFlorio-Barker et al. 2018. Child environmental exposures to water and sand at the beach: Findings from studies of over 68,000 subjects at 12 beaches. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology 28:93–100 [https://www.nature.com/articles/jes201723]</ref>
| n. 0 - 114 (keskiarvo n. 16)
| n. 0 - 114 (keskiarvo n. 16)
| n. 0.7 - 144 (keskiarvo n. 27)
| n. 0.7 - 144 (keskiarvo n. 27)
| Kyselytutkimus, käyttäytymisen perusteella simuloitu niellyn veden määrää perustuen Dufourin (2017) lukuihin
| Quistionnaire, simulations of amounts of swallowed water based on behavior and Dufour (2017) values.
|}
|}


'''Uimassa vietetty aika (min)
'''Time spent in water (min)
{| {{prettytable}}
{| {{prettytable}}
! Viite !! Aikuiset !! Lapset !! Huomioita
! Reference !! Adults !! Children !! Notes
|----
|----
| Dufour et al. 2017
| Dufour et al. 2017
| 50,3 (CI95 49-52)
| 50,3 (CI95 49-52)
| 6-10 vuotiaat: 95,9 (CI95 88-104)
| 6-10-year.olds: 95,9 (CI95 88-104)


11-15 vuotiaat: 55,8 (CI95 55-59)
11-15-year-olds: 55,8 (CI95 55-59)
|
|
|----
|----
| Suppes et al. 2016
| Suppes et al. 2016
| 20 - 240 (keskiarvo 72)
| 20 - 240 (avg 72)
| 30 - 480 (keskiarvo 114)
| 30 - 480 (avg 114)
|
|
|----
|----
Line 213: Line 211:
|----
|----
| DeFlorio-Barker et al. 2018
| DeFlorio-Barker et al. 2018
| 1-360 (keskiarvo 45,4-47)
| 1-360 (avg 45,4-47)
| 0-3 vuotiaat: 2 - 300 (keskiarvo 56-66,7)
| 0-3-year-olds: 2 - 300 (avg 56-66,7)


4-18 vuotiaat: 1 - 360 (keskiarvo 64-93)
4-18-year-olds: 1 - 360 (avg 64-93)
|
|
|}
|}


Alla olevien taulukoiden data tulee artikkelista DeFlorio-Barker et al. 2018, ja sitä käytetään mallissa.
The data for the tables below is from DeFlorio-Barker et al. 2018, and is the data the model uses.


<t2b name="Nielty vesi" index = "Age" unit = "l/h">
<t2b name="Swallowed water" index = "Age" unit = "l/h">
age 0-4|0.024(0.0005-0.087)
age 0-4|0.024(0.0005-0.087)
age 5-9|0.024(0.0005-0.087)
age 5-9|0.024(0.0005-0.087)
Line 232: Line 230:
</t2b>
</t2b>


<t2b name="Uintiaika" index = "Age" unit = "h">
<t2b name="Bathing time" index = "Age" unit = "h">
age 0-4|0.5-1.5
age 0-4|0.5-1.5
age 5-9|0.75-2
age 5-9|0.75-2
Line 242: Line 240:
</t2b>
</t2b>


<t2b name="Kävijöiden ikäjakauma" index = "Age" unit="-">
The table below shows an estimate of the age distribution of beachgoers. The data in the table is provided by Finnish Swimming Teaching and Lifesaving Federation, and is a very, very rough estimate of the age distribution. No data is currently collected of the age distribution of beachgoers.
 
Some arguments for this distribution:
*0-4-year-olds only go to the beach with 25-64-year-olds (also to a much lesser extent with the 65-79-year-olds).
*25-64-year-olds cover 40 years, so even though this is a group of people working and spending time at summer cottages, the total proportion is probably 0.2
*Due to the lack of any real statistics, there is nothing to suggest differences in proportions between the age groups covering 5-64-year-olds.
*The children and young adults between ages 5-24 might well cover 60% of the beachgoers, also depending on any possible activities on the beach, such as a tower with diving platforms.
 
<t2b name="Beachgoers' age distribution" index = "Age" unit="-">
age 0-4|0.1
age 0-4|0.1
age 5-9|0.2
age 5-9|0.2
Line 252: Line 258:
</t2b>
</t2b>


Yllä oleva taulukko pyrkii kuvaamaan eri ikäisten ihmisten osuutta rannalla kävijöistä. Taulukon data perustuu Suomen uimaopetus- ja hengenpelastusliitolta kysyttyyn ''hyvin'' karkeaan arvioon, sillä tilastoa rantojen käyttäjien ikäjakaumasta ei tällä hetkellä kerätä.
Jotakin annettuja perusteluja tälle ikäjakaumalle:
*Ryhmä 1 (0-4-vuotiaat) käy rannalla vain ryhmän 5 (25-64-vuotiaat) kanssa (ehkä osittain myös ryhmän 6 (65-79-vuotiaat) kanssa)
*Ryhmä 5 kattaa 40 vuotta, joten vaikka onkin työssä ja kesämökillä käyvien ryhmä, niin osuus lienee kuitenkin 0.2
*Koska mitään tarkempaa tutkimusta ei aiheesta ole, emme ylipäätään lähtisi tekemään eroa ryhmien 2-5 välille.
*Ryhmien 2-4 (lapset ja nuoret aikuiset) kokonaisosuus voi hyvinkin olla 0.6, riippuen osittain siitäkin, onko rannalla jotakin tekemistä (hyppypaikka yms.)


=== Laskenta ===
=== Calculations ===


<rcode
<rcode
name="nielty_vesi"
name="swallowed_water"
embed=1
embed=1
label="Alusta niellyn veden määrä"
label="Initialize the about of water swallowed"
>
>
# Tämä on koodi "Op_fi5895/nielty_vesi" sivulla [[Uimavesiopas]]
# This is code "Op_en7961/swallowed_water" on page [[Bathing water guide]]
library(OpasnetUtils)
library(OpasnetUtils)


nieltyvesi <- Ovariable("nieltyvesi", ddata="Op_fi5895", subset="Nielty vesi")
swallowedwater <- Ovariable("swallowedwater", ddata="Op_en7961", subset="Swallowed water")
uintiaika <- Ovariable("uintiaika", ddata="Op_fi5895", subset="Uintiaika")
bathingtime <- Ovariable("bathingtime", ddata="Op_en7961", subset="Bathing time")


Consumption <- Ovariable(
Consumption <- Ovariable(
   "Consumption",
   "Consumption",
   Dependencies=data.frame(
   Dependencies=data.frame(
     Names=c("uintiaika", "nieltyvesi")),
     Names=c("bathingtime", "swallowedwater")),
   formula=function(...){
   formula=function(...){
   return(uintiaika*nieltyvesi)  
   return(bathingtime*swallowedwater)  
   }
   }
)
)


objects.store(Consumption, nieltyvesi, uintiaika)
objects.store(Consumption, swallowedwater, bathingtime)
#oprint(EvalOutput(Consumption)@output, show_all=TRUE)
#oprint(EvalOutput(Consumption)@output, show_all=TRUE)
cat("Ovariablet Consumption, nieltyvesi ja uintiaika tallennettu. \n")
cat("Ovariables Consumption, swallowedwater and bathingtime saved. \n")


</rcode>
</rcode>
Line 290: Line 289:


<rcode
<rcode
name="alustus"
name="initialization"
label="Alusta uimavesiopas"
label="Initialize bathing water model"
embed=0
embed=0
graphics=1
graphics=1
>
>
# This is code Op_fi5895/alustus on page [[Water guide]]
# This is code Op_en7961/initialization on page [[Bathing water guide]]
library(OpasnetUtils)
library(OpasnetUtils)
library(ggplot2)
library(ggplot2)
Line 316: Line 315:
   dependencies=data.frame(
   dependencies=data.frame(
     Name=c("Consumption", "RawConcentration"),
     Name=c("Consumption", "RawConcentration"),
     Ident=c("Op_fi5895/nielty_vesi", "Op_en7953/variable")
     Ident=c("Op_en7961/swallowed_water", "Op_en7953/variable")
   ),
   ),
   formula = function(...) {
   formula = function(...) {
Line 369: Line 368:
</rcode>
</rcode>


== Katso myös ==
== See also ==


* [[Vesiopas]]
* [[Water guide]]
* EU-direktiiviin perustuva uimavesien laatuluokittelu [htps://www.finlex.fi/data/sdliite/liite/5516.pdf] (Sosiaali- ja terveysministeriön [htps://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/2008/20080177|asetuksen] liite)
* Quality classification of bathing waters based on an EU-directive [https://www.finlex.fi/data/sdliite/liite/5516.pdf] (An appendix of [https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/2008/20080177|a decree] of the ministry of social affairs and health)


* A Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing Infectious Disease Risks from Bathing in Fresh Recreational Waters in Relation to the Concentration of Escherichia coli, Intestinal Enterococci, Clostridium perfringens, and Somatic Coliphages [https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8115]
* A Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing Infectious Disease Risks from Bathing in Fresh Recreational Waters in Relation to the Concentration of Escherichia coli, Intestinal Enterococci, Clostridium perfringens, and Somatic Coliphages [https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8115]

Revision as of 06:28, 27 August 2019



Question

How to asses the microbiological risks of natural bathing waters, and the health effects they have? Data on the water and bathing behaviour must be possible to give to the model as input.

Answer

The model below is already functional. However, there is still work to do to ensure that the input data the model uses is accurate. For example the pathogen concentrations in different bathing water classes is unclear, and obviously greatly affects the health effects of bathing in natural waters.

Situation

Bathing water classification:

Beach goers per day:

Microbe concentration of bathing water

Campylobacter concentration (microbes/l):

E.coli O157:H7 concentration (microbes/l):

Rotavirus concentration (microbes/l):

Norovirus concentration (microbes/l):

Cryptosporidium concentration (microbes/l):

Giardia pitoisuus (microbes/l):

+ Show code

"Run model" -button opens a new tab, on which the results will appear after the model is done running. Current running time is 1-2 minutes.

Rationale

Data

Amount of water swallowed, ml/h

Reference Adults Children Notes
Dufour et al. 2006 [1] 0 - 70,67 (avg 21,33) 0 - 205,33 (avg 49,33) They measured cleaning chemicals added to the pool water from the bathers' urine
Dufour et al. 2017 [2] 12,4 (CI95 11-14) 6-10-year-olds: 23,9 (CI95 17-33)

11-15 vuotiaat: 23,7 (CI95 19-30)

Same as previous, but with a bigger sample size
Suppes et al. 2013 [3] 0 - 50,9 (avg 3,5) 0,9 - 105,5 (avg 25,7) Also measuring chemicals in urine
Suppes et al. 2016 [4] 0 - 60,6 (avg 6,3) 0 - 105,5 (avg 24,2) Same methods as the previous one
Schets et al. 2011 [5] 20 - 30 28 Questionnaire. These values are for fresh water, but the study also looked at values for sea and pool water. Values are averages (20 for women, 30 for men).
DeFlorio-Barker et al. 2018 [6] n. 0 - 114 (keskiarvo n. 16) n. 0.7 - 144 (keskiarvo n. 27) Quistionnaire, simulations of amounts of swallowed water based on behavior and Dufour (2017) values.

Time spent in water (min)

Reference Adults Children Notes
Dufour et al. 2017 50,3 (CI95 49-52) 6-10-year.olds: 95,9 (CI95 88-104)

11-15-year-olds: 55,8 (CI95 55-59)

Suppes et al. 2016 20 - 240 (avg 72) 30 - 480 (avg 114)
Schets et al. 2011 54 (CI95 6-220) 79
DeFlorio-Barker et al. 2018 1-360 (avg 45,4-47) 0-3-year-olds: 2 - 300 (avg 56-66,7)

4-18-year-olds: 1 - 360 (avg 64-93)

The data for the tables below is from DeFlorio-Barker et al. 2018, and is the data the model uses.

Swallowed water(l/h)
ObsAgeResult
1age 0-40.024(0.0005-0.087)
2age 5-90.024(0.0005-0.087)
3age 10-140.027(0.0005-0.113)
4age 15-240.020(0.001-0.112)
5age 25-640.014(0.0004-0.100)
6age 65-790.013(0.0004-0.115)
7age 80+0.013(0.0004-0.115)
Bathing time(h)
ObsAgeResult
1age 0-40.5-1.5
2age 5-90.75-2
3age 10-140.75-2
4age 15-240.5-2
5age 25-640.5-1.5
6age 65-790.5-1.5
7age 80+0.5-1.5

The table below shows an estimate of the age distribution of beachgoers. The data in the table is provided by Finnish Swimming Teaching and Lifesaving Federation, and is a very, very rough estimate of the age distribution. No data is currently collected of the age distribution of beachgoers.

Some arguments for this distribution:

  • 0-4-year-olds only go to the beach with 25-64-year-olds (also to a much lesser extent with the 65-79-year-olds).
  • 25-64-year-olds cover 40 years, so even though this is a group of people working and spending time at summer cottages, the total proportion is probably 0.2
  • Due to the lack of any real statistics, there is nothing to suggest differences in proportions between the age groups covering 5-64-year-olds.
  • The children and young adults between ages 5-24 might well cover 60% of the beachgoers, also depending on any possible activities on the beach, such as a tower with diving platforms.
Beachgoers' age distribution(-)
ObsAgeResult
1age 0-40.1
2age 5-90.2
3age 10-140.2
4age 15-240.2
5age 25-640.2
6age 65-790.08
7age 80+0.02


Calculations

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See also

  • Water guide
  • Quality classification of bathing waters based on an EU-directive [7] (An appendix of decree of the ministry of social affairs and health)
  • A Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing Infectious Disease Risks from Bathing in Fresh Recreational Waters in Relation to the Concentration of Escherichia coli, Intestinal Enterococci, Clostridium perfringens, and Somatic Coliphages [8]
  • Detection of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in surface water, including recreational areas: a one-year prospective study [9]

Viitteet

  1. ↑ Dufour et al. 2006. Water ingestion during swimming activities in a pool: a pilot study. J Water Health (2006) 4 (4): 425-430. [1]
  2. ↑ Dufour et al. 2017. Ingestion of swimming pool water by recreational swimmers. J Water Health (2017) 15 (3): 429-437. [2]
  3. ↑ Suppes et al. 2013. Assessment of swimmer behaviors on pool water ingestion. J Water Health (2013) 12 (2): 269-279. [3]
  4. ↑ Suppes et al. 2016. Cryptosporidium risk from swimming pool exposures. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 219(8):915-919 [4]
  5. ↑ Schets et al. 2011. Exposure assessment for swimmers in bathing waters and swimming pools. Water Research 45:2392-2400. [5]
  6. ↑ DeFlorio-Barker et al. 2018. Child environmental exposures to water and sand at the beach: Findings from studies of over 68,000 subjects at 12 beaches. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology 28:93–100 [6]
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