User:Ehab Mustafa

DARM, 2017 Homework

Homework 1

Homework 1a: Open policy practice

2. What is shared understanding?

A situation where all individual (assessors, managers, stakeholders) are able to correctly explain what the other thinks about a certain topic and why, including information on:

• Objective pursued

• considered decision options

• possible outcomes

• selected decision option

• consequence of policy implementation

This definition can be extended also to a larger group. Here shared understanding is a written description of the topic that covers the thinking and reasoning on the topic of all members.

7. What is open assessment?

Open assessment is a method that attempts to answer the following research question and to apply the answer in practical assessments: how can scientific information (based on information) and value judgments (based on individuals opinions) be organised for improving societal decision-making in a situation where open participation is allowed?

8. What are the dimensions of openness?

• Scope of participation (who are allowed to participate)

• Access to information (What information can be accessed?)

• Timing of openness (When are participants invited or allowed to participate?)

• Scope of contribution (To which aspects of the issue are participants invited or allowed to contribute?)

• Impact of contribution (How much are participant contributions allowed to have influence on the outcomes? In other words, how much weight is given to participant contributions?)

Homework 3

Task 1

I think definition of convergence was not clearly stated, it would be great if we discuss more about it the lecture.

I'm not an expert in statistics, it is not my area of specialty. In turn, I found it a bit difficult to understand the following terms;

• Binomial distribution

• Beta-binomial distribution

• Correlated binomial distribution

• Bernoulli distribution

• Gamma distribution

It will be appreciated if more information in this regard is offered.

Task 2

Co-creation is a process in which valued outcomes are produced by bringing different parties (e.g. companies and customers) all together. In context of business system, consumers appreciated when they are able to see their their influence not only in the exchange point of goods but also in designing products, developing production processes, crafting marketing messages, and controlling sales channels. In environmental risk assessment regard, it also involves that modelers help decision makers to get answers through performing quantitative risk assessment.

Advantages of co-creation over traditional decision support process include:

1. it builds trust among participants and outside observers
2. it is an efficient way to ensure that all relevant issues are raised and handled properly
3. it facilitates learning when all information is easily available to everyone