User:Stefania

DARM course 2013 - Homework 1

What is pragmatism?

Pragmatism is an approach that emphasizes the linking between practice and theory. Knowledge and action are closely intertwined. The validation of a theory depends on its practical verification: in this sense, knowledge can be seen as a tool for action.

What is the trialogical approach to knowledge creation and learning?

The trialogical approach is a new framework developed on the contest of collaborative learning, based on three basic metaphors of learning (acquisition, participation and knowledge-creation) associated with three different processes: one monological, within mind approach; another one dialogical, following an interaction approach through communication and participation; one more trialogical which develops shared artefacts and practices collaboratively. ----#: . Right. Briefly put: trialogical approach is about creating (shared) knowledge and learning by working on something (preferably concrete) in collaboration with others. --Mikko Pohjola 11:20, 28 January 2013 (EET) (type: truth; paradigms: science: comment)

What are the properties of good assessment?

A good assessment should have nine different properties that can be categorized into 3 groups. The first group refers to the quality of content, so the features of the information content in the assessment output and includes informativeness, calibration, coherence. The second one takes into account the applicability of the assessment and consists of relevance, availability, usability and acceptability. Finally, the third group concerns the efficiency that has to characterize the process and includes the efficiencies both intra- and inter-assessement.

←--#: . Good answers! --Mikko Pohjola 11:20, 28 January 2013 (EET) (type: truth; paradigms: science: defence)

DARM course 2013 - Homework 3

Groupwork with Isabell Rumrich [[1]]

SCOPE

The purpose of the assessment is to support decision making on issues of societal relevance, in our specific case on climate change polities in cities by working on the emissions of public transport.

Question

If we analyze the problem of GHG emissions by sector, we can see how relevant traffic is. We choose public transport as part of the traffic sector, because the city can have direct influence on that as being the owner of the company. Therefore, because we are interested in supporting policy making, our question will be the following:

“Which fuel can be used in public transport in order to reduce GHG emissions in the sector of traffic?”

1) BAU

2) Electric

3) Bio-fuel

Intended Use And Users

Different users are supposed to need the assessment:

- the city

- public transport company

- consumers

- car/bus industry

Everyone expects to use the information in different ways: the city and the firms are interested to know the costs of the fuel; consumers are interested to know the impact on health; the car/bus industry has to develop new techniques for better use of the fuels or can give limitation to what is doable.

Participants

DARM participants, transport company, manufacturer industry, city and everyone can participate to make the assessment a well-balanced and well-informed work. There is no reason for which someone is not allowed to participate, because it is an open assessment, and the basic idea is collaboration and sharing information.

Scenarios

Fuel Options: 1) BAU; 2) Electric; 3) Bio-fuel

Boundaries

Time: Year 2013 – 2023

possible technical limitations

Emissions important only in the city, not in the whole country

Analyses

Different analyses are needed to be able to produce results that are useful for making conclusions: concentration of emissions and health impacts, number of cars, Kilometers driven, life cycle and costs.

ANSWER

Results

Fuel	km driven	number of cars	€/KM	Emissions [y T/a CO2e]	DALY	overall price (*)
BAU
Electric
Biofuel

(*) includes costs for DALYs, emissions, the fuel itself and the new techniques in the vehicles

Conclusion

The best option is Fuel …, because …

RATIONALE

Endpoints

The stakeholders that we should consider are the citizens, the city, the transport company, environmental congregations. In particular, each stakeholder is interested in a specific endpoints: the city and the transport firm are interested in the costs of the fuel, the citizens in heath impact, environmental congregations in GHG emissions.

Variables

The issues that should be looked at to be able to understand the outcomes of the decision options can be: 1) the costs of fuel; 2) the GHG emissions; 3) the health impact; 4) the life cycle impact; 5) the cost for developing the technique or to use it in the vehicles

Typically, with health impact assessments, we need to consider some emissions (CO2, NOx, PMx, etc) and some cardiovascular diseases, pulmonary diseases, well-being and exposures.

Therefore, dose-response data of the emissions and the endpoints need to be available.

Different population subgroups should be considered: children and elderly individuals are in general more sensitive to health outcomes of air pollution. Furthermore the drivers of the public transport might have higher and longer exposure to the emission due to their work.

DARM course 2013 - Homework 4

Groupwork with Isabell Rumrich [[2]]

• What are the aims/goals of the strategy/program, i.e. what are the desired impacts and outcomes striven for?

The Irish Academy of Engineering agreed on adaptations to the impacts of climate change. Therefore the engineering profession will take a leading role in identifying the challenges and proposing adaptation measures, which are appropriate and cost-effective.

The goal of this program is to ensure the best contribution of the engineering profession in policies and in planning of future scenarios. It focuses on three key infrastructural areas: water supply, flood alleviation and energy infrastructure.

A more detailed goal of the strategy is to review the design standards and amend these as greater certainty about climate change parameters emerges. Additionally, research should be done to minimize the uncertainties in future climate change and the prognosis of extreme weather events.

The program states not only goals for the climate change, but also for the working process: Experts with different backgrounds should work together in a better way, to ensure decisions are not restricted.

The first area considers water supply. We know how water is essential to survive, but also to industry, business and farming. The principal aims

The second area that we have to take into account is the flood alleviation, considering that the cities and towns of Ireland are nearly all located by the coast and/or on a large river. The main goals intended to take in this sector concerns 1) assess flood risk; 2) delineate flood plains; 3) implement coastal protection plans; 4) manage and control development; 5) improve flood warnings; 6) review of design standards

The second area that we have to take into account in order to progress towards the goals is the flood alleviation, considering that the cities and towns of Ireland are nearly all located by the coast and/or on a large river. The actions intended to take in this sector concerns 1) assess flood risk; 2) delineate flood plains; 3) implement coastal protection plans; 4) manage and control development; 5) improve flood warnings; 6) review of design standards

• Who are those that benefit if the aims/goals of the strategy/program are reached?

The citizens of Ireland are the ones that benefit most, if the goals are reached. But they are not the only ones. Also the State of Ireland will be able to take advantage of this strategy. In fact, the benefits will be both in the social and economic sector.

• What are the actions that are needed/intended to take in order to progress towards the aims/goals?

The working group decided on variuos actions, which needed to be done:

1) All-island statutory plan: an existing government department or agency in each jurisdiction is taking the lead to coordinate all actions and policies. Furthermore, those agencies should agree together on one all-island adaption plan.

2) Establish an adaption framework: Each agency should establish a framework for the upcoming work. It has to define, identify and map the elements of critical infrastructure.

3) Review engineering design standards: Engineers and climate change researcher should work together to identify the most important climate parameters, that are critical.

4) Co-ordinate Research: Two lead agencies should take the overall lead and coordinate the work and the funding.

5) Research for infrastructure: research for the designing, planning and producing policy for new infrastructures need to be done in short- and medium-term.

6) Link research and implementation: the dialogue between different experts needs to be improved.

7) Establish research priorities: the research should focus on the current information gaps.

8) Establish observational networks: Networks need to be built to collect data across a range of parameters.

9) Learn from others: Countries, which have the same climate conditions as Ireland, should be identified to share knowledge and experience.

10) Establish Water Resource Authorities: The Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland should establish a Water Resource Authority, which work together and control the available water resources, prepare policy and strategy as well as manage.

11) Plan for competing demands: Priorities need to be established in order to deal with equitably with competing demands for scare water resources.

12) Plan for future water supplies: planning of how water will be harvested, managed and distributed to meet society´s future needs.

13) Investigate future water sources: Search for new water sources and adopt a balanced approach for future water supply schemes.

14) Survey groundwater resources: Investigate groundwater resources to identify them for further development.

15) Investigate water supply sustainability: The changed pattern of rainfall and low flows affect the quantity and quality of available water. Those changed must be investigated.

16) Complete water quality risk assessment and contingency planning: The present sewerage infrastructure and the traditional storm-water drainage systems are not built for extreme weather conditions. The risks of that need to be known.

17) Review flow options: New strategies for low flow situations need to be developed.

18) Use technology to capture data: The collection of data needs to be improved using modern technology.

19) Review the desalination option: A comparison between desalination and other options needs to be reviewed, taking environmental impacts and energy use into account.

20) Implement universal water charging: The high quantities of used water in Ireland can lead to water shortage in the future. Demand management and pricing of water need to be evaluated.

21) Asses flood risk: The flood risk need to be assessed in order to identify and prioritise adaption measures. National agreement on standards, methodologies and actions are needed for that.

22) Complete flood risk maps and management plans: Progress in meeting the requirements of EU Floods Directive is needed.

23) Delineate flood plains: A robust and acceptable methodology to delineate flood plains needs to be developed.

24) Manage and control developments: Guidelines to support planning need to be implemented and followed strictly. This should be monitored by the Government.

25) Identify significant flood defences: Major flood defence assets must be identified and recorded in order to protect and develop them.

26) Control the removal of flood defences: The removal of flood defences, even in private ownership needs to be approved after careful analysis of the impact.

27) Implement costal protection plans: Protections plans for all areas at risk from erosion or flooding need to be developed.

28) Improve flood forecasting and warning: A system for forecasting surges and issuing coastal flood warnings is needed.

29) Install a tide gauge network: A tide gauge network needs to be established. I should have quality-controlled data processing and archiving.

30) Review the effectiveness of mitigation measures: Land use management and forestry practice need to be part of flood mitigation measures in order to male them sustainable and successful.

31) Increase public awareness: To ensure public support for flood protection measures and controls, the public awareness of the risks of flooding needs to be increased.

32) Produce asset risk registers: A preliminary climate change risk analysis needs to be done by all owners of energy infrastructure. Moreover, a risk register suing climate change parameters needs to be prepard.

33) Review plant output: A preliminary report needs to be done with the expected changes in the output of power plants caused by the climate change.

34) Review power plant requirements: An increase in energy need is expected du to the additional pumping of water supplies, wastewater disposal, agricultural irrigation and air conditioning. A report needs to be done about how climate change could incrase the energy demand.

35) Review water impoundment standards: The standards for water impoundment need to be review by the owners, so that operating nd maintenance procedures take climate change scenrios into account.

36) Review wave energy issues: In the planning and designing wave energy plants the posiible raise in sea level and other climate change scenarios need to be taken into account.

37) Implement coastal protection measures: Coastal protection measures need to be implemented for all kind of sensitive installations like oil refinerz and storage installation, gas and other pipelines, power generating stations and electricity substations.

• Who are those that actually realize these actions?

First of all, the Government has to adopt the proposed actions and froce the implementation of it. Additionally, governmental agencies will be responsible for the controlling of the actions.

The proposed actions should be mainly realized by Engineers and climate change reseachers. If all propsed actions are implemented, the owners of sensitive installations, flood defences and energy plants need to take actions, depending on what the guidelines require.

• What are the decisions that are needed to make in order to enable/promote the actions?

All actions presented in this framework are only proposals so far. Therefore, the Gorvernment has to evaluate all proposed actions and adopt them for implementation. The proposed actions are not very detailed, that is why concrete decisions cannot be identified.

• Who are the decision makers?

Again, the Government is the decision maker. Partly, engineers and researcher are able to make minor decisions.

• What direct or indirect health impacts, positive or negative, these decisions and actions (may) have?

• Where and how do these impacts take place, who are those that face these health impacts in practice?The community,the citizens..

• Are the health impacts big or small in relation to other impacts (e.g. economical, social, climate, other environmental, ...)?

• Do the intended policies result in win-win, win-lose, lose-win, or lose-lose situations with regard to health and other impacts?

The report does not specify health impacts caused by the proposed actions. It only refers to general health impacts caused by climate change.

However, analyzing the impacts of climate change on water quality, some health impacts can be deduced. One of the most critical concerns surely polluted drinking water, which is likely to cause acute health effects.

The citizens are those that face these health impacts. However, these health impacts are small in relation to other impacts, above all environmental impacts.

The environmental impacts may include the erosion of coastal areas, flood events, changing of environmental conditions due to changes in rain pattern.

Overall, the proposed actions result in a win-win situation, because not only the citizens, but also the environment, benefit of it. The costs might be high, but in the long term it may save a lot of money.

• Formulate a plausible and meaningful specific assessment question that takes account of (some of) the aspects considered in above questions.

Which are the strategies needed for critical instructions in order to allow Ireland to adapt to the impact climate change in the sectors of energy supply, water services and flood alleviation?

• Extra question: In what ways your answers do or do not represent "shared understanding"? (The climate program/strategy can be considered a compilation of contributions by many experts and attempting to reflect the views and needs of different decision makers and stakeholders).it conforms to the decision,aims and strategies.

The given anwers present limited shared understanding. All relevant aspects have been described in detail, but decision maker´s decision criteria have not been described very well.