Risk assessment on Hämeenkyrö municipal solid waste incinerator: Difference between revisions
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- Kiimassuo waste center is located in Forssa | - Kiimassuo waste center is located in Forssa | ||
- Population in Loimi-Hämeen Jätehuolto Oy area of operation is ~115 000 from which ~36 000 are from Häme | - Population in Loimi-Hämeen Jätehuolto Oy area of operation is ~115 000 from which ~36 000 are from Häme | ||
|Inputs = Municipal solid waste produced in 2005 in | |||
- Kujala waste center | |||
- Kapula and Karanoja waste center | |||
- Kiimassuo waste center | |||
|Index = | |Index = | ||
|Definition = | |Definition = |
Revision as of 14:35, 21 September 2006
Risk assessment on Hämeenkyrö municipal solid waste incinerator contains a structured risk assessment of a plan to build a MSWI in Hämeenkyrö. There will be a public vote related to a city planning decision: whether the municipality should plan an area for the plant or not. The vote will be held in November 19, 2006.
Contents
Objective
Focus: | Health risk assessment related to the effects of the planned MSWI plant in Hämeenkyrö. (draft) D↷ |
Scope: | Health of the population in Hämeenkyrö especially, and in Southern Finland in general. Time scope: next 20 years (draft)D↷ |
Description: | |
Inputs: | |
Index: | |
Definition: | |
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Result: | |
References: |
Empty variable template
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General variables
Focus: | |
Scope: | |
Description: | Optimizing rules, general (disagreement)
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Index: | |
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References: |
- Precautionary principle (disagreement)
- PP based on expected value, general
- PP based on worst-case or another 'conservative' scenario, general
- PP applied to emissions of municipal solid wasti incinerator (MSWI) in Hämeenkyrö
- Intake fraction (disambiguation)
- iF based on measured concentration fields
- iF based on exposure monitoring
- iF based on shortcuts
Fine particle variables
PM2.5 emissions in Hämeenkyrö
Päivi
Focus: | Existing PM2.5 emissions from all the sources in Hämeenkyrö. |
Scope: | Annual emissions. Emissions from the sources in Hämeenkyrö municipality area only. |
Description: | PM2.5 means particles with diameter less than 2,5 µm. Generally the most important sources of these fine particles are domestic combustion and traffic. This is most likely the situation also in Hämeenkyrö which is a town of 10200 inhabitants. Industries and energy production are also important sources. There are some quite large industries and power plants (e.g. M-Real Kyro cardboard factory, Finnforest Oyj sawmill and Kyro gas power plant) that also cause fine particle emissions. |
Inputs: | Baseline PM2.5 exposure in Hämeenkyrö, Well-being of the population (smells, comfort, noise) |
Index: | |
Definition: | |
Unit: | tonnes/year |
Result: | The sum of the emissions from all the sources (trying to find some numbers here) |
References: | www.hameenkyro.fi |
PM2.5 emissions from MSWI, biofuel plant, and natural gas plant in Hämeenkyrö
Tommi
Focus: | Gives PM2.5 emissions for the three power plants according to their actual/planned production |
Scope: | Annual PM2.5 emissions for each power plant. |
Description: | This variable gives the PM2.5 emissions separately for each of the three power plant options to be considered in the Hämeenkyrö case. The emissions are calculated based on annual activities and exact technical configurations of the power plants. The technical data are entered in the FIRE (Factor Information Retrieval) software of the US EPA to obtain Emission Estimation Factors. The annual amounts of activity (in e.g. MWh/a or MSW burned/a) are then multiplied by the EF to get annual emissions from each plant. Note: This formulation leaves room for experimenting with adjustments in the power plants (e.g. if the amount of waste burned increases). Alternatively we can just use predetermined values and calculate one single annual emission figure for each plant. |
Inputs: | Planned or projected activities for each power plant and exact technical configurations of the plants. No such variables are considered in this excercise but the connections are included in the master model. If these values are fixed, these factors can be included in the calculation of this present variable. |
Index: | |
Definition: | |
Unit: | t a-1 |
Result: | |
References: | http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/pm25inventory/concepts.html Here you can find and install the FIRE software among other things. |
Baseline PM2.5 exposure in Hämeenkyrö
Anne K
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Scope: | |
Description: | |
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References: |
PM2.5 exposure due to MSWI in Hämeenkyrö
Terhi Y
Focus: | Describes the variables affecting the personal exposure to MSWI-produced PM2.5 (and links the exposure to dose) |
Scope: | Exact numerical values would require knowledge of the meteorological, geographical etc. data of Hämeenkyrö area and extensive modeling so not included here; certain concentration assumed and dose calculated from it |
Description: | Data needed to evaluate the personal exposure
Also required: the background concentration. Some values available for comparison: Urban US highest PM2.5 concs 20-30 mikrog/m3, concentration in Helsinki over several years 8-11 mikrog/m3, non-urban US concs 1-6 mikrog/m3 (Koistinen 2002). Thus, small Finnish town: maybe 7 mikrog/m3? |
Inputs: | |
Index: | |
Definition: | D = ((IR)(P)(RF)(ET)(EF)(ED))/(BW)(AT) where
D = dose (mg/kg.day) IR = inhalation rate (m3/h) P = particle concentration in air (mg/m3) RF = respirable fraction of particles (dimensioless) ET = exposure time (hours/day) EF = exposure frequency (days/year) ED = exposure duration (years) BW = body weight (kg) AT = averaging time (days)(Schwela ym. 2002) |
Unit: | |
Result: | |
References: | List of references does not include articles referred to within the reference...
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PM2.5 exposure-response function on population level
Sari
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Scope: | |
Description: | |
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Dioxin variables
Dioxin emissions in Hämeenkyrö
Virpi
Focus: | |
Scope: | |
Description: | |
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Definition: | |
Unit: | |
Result: | |
References: |
Baseline dioxin exposure in Hämeenkyrö
Marjo
Focus: | Baseline dioxin exposure in Hämeenkyrö inhabitants |
Scope: | The daily intake and the adipose tissue concentration of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and biphenyls (PCBs)in Hämeenkyrö population |
Description: | Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs, "dioxins") are ubiquitously present, stable and persistent environmental contaminants. They are fat soluble and thus tend to bioaccumulate in tissue lipid and in the food chain. More than 90 % of the average human intake of dioxins originates from food, especially food of animal origin. In Finland the main source is fish, whose contribution is 72-94 % of the total PCDD/F intake via food.
Here we will use the daily PCDD/F intake estimated for the Finnish population in average as a starting point. In addition, the other variable in this model, "Dioxin emissions in Hämeenkyrö", may affect the estimate of baseline dioxin exposure in Hämeenkyrö. For the adipose tissue PCDD/f concentration the value estimated for the general population living in Finnish inland is used. Some subgroups within society, such as nursing babies and people consuming lot of fish may be more highly exposed to dioxins. PCBs, another group of persistent environmental contaminants, were included as they behave similarly in the food chain and have partly similar health effects as dioxins. |
Inputs: | Dioxin emissions in Hämeenkyrö |
Index: | |
Definition: | |
Unit: | 1) Adipose tissue concentration: WHO-TEQ pg/g fat
2) Daily intake: WHO-TEQ pg/kg body weight |
Result: | Average daily intake of PCDD/Fs 0.79 pg/kg bw
Average daily intake of PCBs 0.74 pg/kg bw Average adipose tissue PCDD/F concentration 26.4 pg/g Average adipose tissue PCB concentration 18.1 pg/g Note: During the nursing period, the PCDD/F intake of a child can be 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that of an adult. |
References: | Holtta P, Kiviranta H, Leppaniemi A, Vartiainen T, Lukinmaa PL, Alaluusua S.
Developmental dental defects in children who reside by a river polluted by dioxins and furans. Arch Environ Health. 2001 Nov-Dec;56(6):522-8. Kiviranta H, Ovaskainen ML, Vartiainen T. Market basket study on dietary intake of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PBDEs in Finland. Environ Int. 2004 Sep;30(7):923-32. Kiviranta H, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls in the general population in Finland. Chemosphere. 2005 Aug;60(7):854-69. Tuomisto et al. 1999. Synopsis on dioxins and PCBs. Publications of the National Public Health Institute B17/1999. |
Dioxin exposure due to MSWI in Hämeenkyrö
Martin
Focus: | |
Scope: | |
Description: | |
Inputs: | |
Index: | |
Definition: | |
Unit: | |
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References: |
Dioxin exposure-response function on population level
Sanna
Focus: | Determine health effects caused by dioxin exposure |
Scope: | Low dose and high dose effects are totally indifferent. Most probable exposures from MSWI are low dioxin exposures for a long period of time. The most susceptible subgroups of diopopulation are children |
Description: | |
Inputs: | |
Index: | |
Definition: | |
Unit: | |
Result: | |
References: |
Indicator variables
- Decisions related to Hämeenkyrö case
- Possible indicators (optimising variables) in Hämeenkyrö
Well-being of the population (smells, comfort, noise)
Kari Auri
Focus: | Factors or issues affecting peoples living comfortability in Hämeenkyrö. |
Scope: | The basic factors, like a noise, smell, social factors, etc., that affect the comfortability of inhabitants in Hämeenkyrö. Some of these factors can be measured and some are based on a experience and/or common beliefs and thoughts of inhabitants in Hämeenkyrö, like in other places where the municipal solid waste incinerator have been planned earlier (in Viljakkala). |
Description: | 1.The noise:
2. The smell:
3. The social factors:
4. Landscape:
5. Other things that will not occur with the municipal solid waste incinerator:
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Inputs: | |
Index: | |
Definition: | |
Unit: | |
Result: | |
References: | YVA-reports and public opinion writings from the internet:
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Effects on economy (esp. gas energy plant)
Juha
Focus: | Factors related how plant affects to economy in Pirkanmaa and Kyrönkoski area |
Scope: | 10 - 20 years? |
Description: | How new municipal solid waste incinerator affects to economy? Waste incinerator is going to be a quite significant employer in Hämeenkyrö. It is also noted that price of gas energy is rising so it might be necessary to build the waste incinerator to guarantee low priced energy for M-real cardboard factory and Finnforest sawmill. Shutdown of either of these factory could be devastating to Hämeenkyrö's economy (employs over 300 persons). Shutdown of gas energy plant is not crucial (employs only 24 people). |
Inputs: | Data
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Index: | |
Definition: | |
Unit: | € or employed persons |
Result: | Worst-case scenario:
Best-case scenario:
OK-case scenario:
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References: |
Transportation costs of waste
Anne
Focus: | |
Scope: | |
Description: | |
Inputs: | |
Index: | |
Definition: | |
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References: |
Health effects of dioxins and PM2.5
Anu T
Focus: | effects of dioxins and PM2.5 on human health |
Scope: | potential short-term and long-term health effects among Hämeenkyrö inhabitants caused by dioxins and PM2.5 originating from the Hämeenkyrö municipal solid waste incinerator |
Description: | Dioxins are a group of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs). 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is the most toxic PCDD/Fs congener, and it is classified as a known human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).
Sensitive subgroups: foetuses, newborns, individuals with high fish consumption, individuals working in incineration plants etc. (For health effects related to short-term exposure R↻ ) PM2.5 are fine particles less than 2.5 μm in diameter.
Sensitive subgroups: children, the elderly, individuals with heart and lung disease, individuals who are active outdoors |
Inputs: | Fine particle variables:
Dioxin variables:
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Index: | |
Definition: | |
Unit: | Dioxins: increase in lifetime risk per pg/kg body weight
PM2.5: change in mortality hazard per each 10 µg/m3 elevation in PM2.5 |
Result: | Dioxins
PM2.5
per each 10 µg/m3 elevation in PM2.5 air pollution |
References: | Crump et al. 2003. Meta-analysis of dioxin-cancer dose-response for three occupational cohorts. Environmental Health Perspectives 111 (5), 681-687.
Health aspects of air pollution. Results from the WHO project "Systematic review of health aspects of air pollution in Europe". World Health Organization, 2004. http://www.euro.who.int/document/E83080.pdf Pope et al. 2002. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA 287 (9), 1132-1141. Pope et al. 2004. Cardiovascular mortality and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution. Circulation (109), 71-77. Service Contract for Carrying out Cost-Benefit Analysis of Air Quality Related Issues, in particular in the Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) Programme. Volume 2: Health Impact Assessment. AEA Technology Environment, 2005. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/cafe/pdf/cba_methodology_vol2.pdf Tuomisto et al. 1999. Synopsis on dioxins and PCBs. Publications of the National Public Health Institute B17/1999. |
Miscellaneous variables
- Secondary effects on waste separation, recycling etc.)
Municipal solid waste production in Häme
Pasi K
Focus: | Total amount of municipal solid waste produced in Häme |
Scope: | Describes municipal solid waste production in all over Häme and it's final destination in different parts of the providence |
Description: | There is three different waste management companies in Häme:
- Kujala waste center is located in Lahti - Population in Päijät-Hämeen jätehuolto Oy area of operation is ~199 000
- Two waste centers; Kapula waste center is located in border of Hyvinkää and Riihimäki (wastes from southern parts of the company operation area) and Karanoja waste center in Hämeenlinna (wastes from northern parts of the company operation area) - Population in Kiertokapula Oy area of operation is ~307 000 from which ~129 000 are from Häme
- Kiimassuo waste center is located in Forssa - Population in Loimi-Hämeen Jätehuolto Oy area of operation is ~115 000 from which ~36 000 are from Häme |
Inputs: | Municipal solid waste produced in 2005 in
- Kujala waste center - Kapula and Karanoja waste center - Kiimassuo waste center |
Index: | |
Definition: | |
Unit: | |
Result: | |
References: | http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3281&lan=fi
http://www.phj.fi/downloadable_material/Toimintakertomus.pdf http://www.kiertokapula.fi/PDF/pdfoppaat/Toimintak_2005.pdf |
Existing MSWI plants and current plans in southern Finland
Marjaleena
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Description: | |
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Background of waste production and its relations to EU directive
Eva
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Description: | |
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