Heating consumption of buildings

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Scope

Presents day degree method, which is used to define heating consumption of buildings. R↻

Analytica model of Bioher calculations is available here.

Definition

Fig 1. Total heating consumption of buildings (kWh/m² year)

Heating consumption

Heating consumption (Q) of buildings can be defined with knowledge of surface area of building, inside and outside temperature in certain time period, and heat permeability factors. Easiest way to use heating consumption is to define it as floor area weighted calculation.

Assumptions:

Af = Ar
Aw = n(Af)
Awindow = 15/100 * Aw (By Finnish regulation windows covered area can be maximum of 50 % the 
buildings frontage, typical value used is 15 % of the buildings frontage)
Adoor = x * 2m2 

Buildings overall heat transfer coefficient per floor area is calculated as:

UTotal,f = (Af * Uf + Aw * Uw + Ar * Ur  + Awindow * Uwindow + Adoor * Udoor)/Af 
=Uf + [n * (100-15)/100 - x * Adoors] * Uw + Ur + (15/100) * Uwindow + x * 2m2/Af * Udoor

where A_f is area of floor, A_r is area of roof, A_w is area of walls, A_window is area of windows, A_door is area of doors, x is number of doors, n is number of floors in the building and U_f is the overall heat transfer coefficient of floor, U_w the overall heat transfer coefficient of walls, U_window is the overall heat transfer coefficient of window, U_door is the overall heat transfer coefficient of door and U_r is the overall heat transfer coefficient of roof. Unit of areas are m², unit of the overall heat transfer coefficients are kW/(m² K).

Building overall heat transfer coefficients are regulated in Finnish building regulations, which are presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Building overall heat transfer coefficients in Finnish buildings.

Part of building	1978-1985		1985-2002		2003-2006		2007-2010		2010-?
,	Mass less than	Mass over	Warm area	Half warm area	Warm area	Half warm area	Warm area	Half warm area	Warm area	Half warm area
,	100 kg / m2	100 kg / m2	> 17 °C	> 5 °C	> 17 °C	> 5 °C	> 17 °C	> 5 °C	> 17 °C	> 5 °C
,	[W / m2 K]	[W / m2 K]	[W / m2 K]	[W / m2 K]	[W / m2 K]	[W / m2 K]	[W / m2 K]	[W / m2 K]	[W / m2 K]	[W / m2 K]
Walls	0,29	0,35	0,28	0,45	0,25	0,45	0,24	0,38	0,17	0,26
Roof	0,23	0,29	0,22	0,45	0,16	0,45	0,15	0,28	0,09	0,14
Floor	0,23	0,29	0,22	0,45	0,16	0,45	0,15	0,28	0,09	0,26
Part which is against ground	0,4	0,4	0,36	0,45	0,25	0,45	0,24	0,34	0,16	0,24
Window			2,1	3,1	1,4	2,1	1,4	1,8	1	1,4
Door			0,7	2,9	1,4	2,1	1,4	1,8	1	1,4

Total need of thermal energy in buildings is

Q = Qh + Qw or
Q = sum(Qh) + Qw if monthly variation is considered

Analytica code:

sum(Heating_consumption1)+Heating_of_tap_water

Total heating insulation fractions

Total heating insulation fractions was calculated with knowledge of heating insulation fractions (Table 2), number of doors were assumed to be 3 and number of floors was assumed to be 1.

Table 2. Insulation fractions for floor, roof, and wall (kW/m2 K)

	Heating insulation fractions (kW/m2 K)
Ufloor	0.17
Uroof	0.09
Uwall	0.17
Uwindow	1.4
Udoor	1.4

Finlex See also: Motiva: current standard and Low-energy (pientalo ja matala energia talo)

Analytica code:

var a:=Heating_insulation_1[Heat_perm_factors='Ufloor'];
var b:=Heating_insulation_1[Heat_perm_factors='Uwall'];
var c:=Heating_insulation_1[Heat_perm_factors='Uroof'];
var d:=Heating_insulation_1[Heat_perm_factors='Uwindow'];
var e:=Heating_insulation_1[Heat_perm_factors='Udoor'];
var n:=Number_of_floors;
var x:=Number_of_doors;
(a+n*((100-15)/100)*b+c+(15/100)*d+x*(2/100)*e)

Heating consumption per floor area of the buildings is calculated as:

Qh = UTotal,f * (Tin-Tout)dt

where Q_h is heating consumption of the buildings (kW/m²/year), U_f is floor weighted overall heat transfer coefficient per floor area of building (kW/m² K) and T_in is inside temperature (usually used 17^oC=290,15 K) and T_out outside temperature (K) in time dt.

Heating consumption with monthly variation

Seasonal variation of heating consumption (Q_h) can be evaluated also with monthly mean temperature differences.

Heating consumption with monthly variation (kWh/ m² year) is calculated with days in month, mean outside temperature (Table 4) and mean inside temperature.

Analytica code:

var a:= Temperature_in-Mean_out_temperature;
var b:= Total_heating_insula;
var c = Days_in_a_month;
sum(a*b/1000*c*24)

Table 4. Temperature of months (Celsius) (huom miinusmerkkiset ei näy wikissä!!)

Month	Temperature (C)
Jan	-7.8
Feb	-8.8
Mar	-3.8
Apr	1.9
May	8.7
Jun	14.1
Jul	16.5
Aug	14.4
Sep	9
Oct	3.9
Nov	-0.9
Dec	-5.7

Mean monthly temperature in Jyväskylä between years 1900-2000

Heating of warm tap water in buildings

Buildings also need thermal energy for warm tap water. This can be calculated by a following function

Qw = cp,w pw qm,w * (Twarm - Tcold )t

where Q_w is thermal energy which is needed to heat tap water (kW/m²/year), c_p,w is specific thermal capacity of water (4.1962 kJ/kgK), p_w is density of water (1000 kg/m³), q_m,w is volume of needed warm tap water, which can be estimated to be 40 % of total used tap water (in Finland 100-224 (dm³/inhabitant)/day or 3,5 - 4,9 (dm³/m²)/day<), T_warm is temperature, where the tap water is heated (60 ^oC = 333,15 K), T_cold is temperature of the cold water (4 ^oC = 277,15 K) and t is time (1 year = 360 days). This can be also estimated by looking buildings thermal energy consumption in summer months, when there can be estimated to be only warm tap water use, because of outdoor temperature. Note that specific thermal capacity and density of water changes when the temperature changes. In calculations is used extrapolated value for the specific thermal capacity value (in 28^oC).

Volume of needed warm tap water was calculated with the knowledge of number of days in season (summer = 180, winter = 180), used tap water in buildings (In Finland the guide value for tap water use is 130 dm^3/day/inhabitant. In Helsinki metropolitan area tap water usage is 155 dm^3/day/inhabitant. In 1999 tap water use was max. 224 dm^3/day/inhabitant in Finland. ) and fraction of used warm tap water for seasons (summer = 0.4, winter = 0.25).

Analytica code:

Volume of needed tap water:

var a:= Population_in_bioher;
var b:= Fraction_of_warm_tap;
var c:= Number_of_days_in_a_;
var d:= Used_tap_water_in_a_;
sum(a*b*c*d)

Heating of warm tap water:

(Density_of_water*Thermal_capacity_of_*Volume_of_needed_war*Water_temperature)/Total_floor_area

Unit

kW/m²/year R↻

Result

Total heating consumption of buildings with monthly variation and used warm tap water in Bioher is 110.9 kWh/m² year.

• Total heating insulation fraction is 0.6984999999999999 W/m² K.
• Heating consumption with monthly variation (kWh/m² year) results are in Table 1.

Table 1. Heating consumption per m^2 - monthly T variation

Month	Heating consumption kWh/m^2
Jan	12.8881632
Feb	12.1103136
Mar	10.8094272
Apr	7.594092
May	4.3133772
Jun	1.458468
Jul	0.259842
Aug	1.3511784
Sep	4.02336
Oct	6.8078604
Nov	9.002268
Dec	11.7968268
Total	82.4151768

• In Bioher volume of needed warm tap water was 218800 dm³/ year.
• In Bioher heating of tap water as thermal energy, which is used to heat tap water in a building was 28.51 kWh/m² year.

References

Rakennuksen energiankulutuksen ja lämmitystehontarpeen laskenta[1]

Rakennusten lämmitys. Olli Seppänen. 2001, 2 päivitetty painos. Suomen LVI-liitto ry. Gummerus kirjapaino Oy, Jyväskylä 2001. ISBN 951-98811-0-7.

See also

Monthly mean temperature in years 1900-2000 at Helsinki Jyväskylä and Sodankylä [2].

• BIOHER assessment
• CLAIH assessment