FrankfurtReport

Case-study Frankfurt Airport

„Ermittlung externer Kosten des Flugverkehrs am Flughafen Frankfurt/Main“

7 July 2003

Stephan A. Schmid Philipp Preiss Alexander Gressmann Rainer Friedrich

Generic Information

• Transport to an from airport is not considered as those external costs are allocated to cars and train directly (p. 12, 15/16)
• Scenarios: 2000 (is-scenario), 2015 (without extension of the airport; with different scenarios for additional runways) (p. 13)
• Total external costs for the scenarios and marginal external costs (external costs that are caused by one additional take-off and landing; needed for internalisation) (p. 13)

Limits

• • LTO-cycle (Landing/take-off cycle)
  • Height: ca. 600 m (corresponds with the mean boundary layer height)
  • Impacts of emissions are considered European-wide
  • Noise data modelled by Hessisches Landesamt für Umwelt und Geologie are used among other data (square of 70 km by 70 km) (p. 15)

External costs (methodology)

• • Bottom-up-approach and impact pathway (p. 17)
  • Categories: (p. 18)
    • air pollutants -> human health, material, crops
    • noise -> human health, annoyance
    • accidents -> human health (costs of medical treatment are considered as internalised already because they are covered by insurance)
    • nature and landscape -> different use of areas and the resulting impacts
  • monetisation of impacts (p. 19)
    • indirect methods: e.g. hedonic price method (market price approach): e.g. people pay more to live in a place where the environmental quality is better
    • direct methods: surveys (contingent valuation) ask for valuation by people  wo ist der unterschied zu wtp?
  • Classification of planes (e.g. according to noise level); number of seats in a specific type of plane can vary with the airline operating the flight (p. 22)

Air pollutants (p. 24)

• • Impact pathway
    • Emissions
    • Dispersion and chemical transformation
    • Exposition
    • Physical impacts (calculated by using exposure-response-functions)
    • Monetarisation of the impacts
  • Comparison of 2 scenarios at a time: a baseline scenario and a second scenario (additional runway)
  • Dispersion and chemical transformation (p. 25)
    • Local area, ca. 40 by 40 km: only chemical transformation modelled is NO -> NO₂
    • European-wide: Ecosense windrose trajectory model (secondary aerosols and acid deposition); SROM-modell (ozone)
  • Exposure (p. 25)
    • Local receptor data
    • European-wide receptor data (“werden verschnitten” mit GIS???)
  • Physical impacts (p. 26)
    • Human health: Exposition-response-relationships
    • Crops: SO2, ozone, acidification, eutrophication
    • Materials:
  • Monetarisation
    • Market prices for e.g. crops
    • Willingness to pay studies (WTP) (values on p. 33)
  • External costs (p. 35):
    • Marginal external costs:
      • Emissions of a plane per second; differentiated by LTO-segment
      • Multiplication by times (s) for LTO-segment
      • Emissions of plane per LTO or per start or per landing [g / LTO or start or landing]
      • Multiplication by monetary damage factor'*' (Schadenskostenfaktor) [€ / g]
      • Marginal external costs of single planes [€ / LTO], aggregation to classes
    • '*'Monetary damage factor: A factor that determines the costs of the impacts (= damages) caused by a certain amount of emitted pollutant. This factor is dependent on the location and on the overall concentration / emissions of pollutants. It was calculated with the Ecosense model for this specific location. (S. 35 aber was hat man da als Szenarien / Emissionen genommen??? S. 36 was hat man denn jetzt nun lokal und was regional berechnet??? Jetzt bin ich total durcheinander)
    • Total external costs (p. 43):
      • Calculation of regional costs + calculation of local costs
      • External costs of air traffic [€ / a]
      • Emission of planes, of motor vehicles and stationary sources on the premises of the airport, emissions of upstream and downstream processes (electricity provision, provision of fuel and district heating and cooling) and of induced traffic

Noise (p. 59)

• • Steps:
    • Noise emission – dispersion – noise level in the environment
    • Exposition of population
    • Physical (health) impacts (dose-response-relationships)
    • Monetisation (noise level directly: above a threshold every db is multiplied by a factor; physical impacts)
  • Modelled noise data source: Hessisches Landesamt für Umwelt und Geologie (HLUG); 5 scenarios; for marginal costs additional calculations are needed
  • Health endpoints: ischaemia, hypertension, disturbance of sleep, annoyance
  • Monetisation (p. 70): hedonic studies: impairment of realty and rent level depending on noise level
  • Valuation of health impacts (Hunt):
    • costs of resources (medical care)
    • opportunity costs (non-productive time, opportunity costs caused be the loss of free time)
    • dis-utility (additional social and economic costs, including limited pleasure in free time, discomfort, pain, suffering, fear of future etc.)
  • total external costs caused by noise (p. 78):
    • modelled aircraft noise + noise on runways + groundlevel noise + traffic noise
    • energetic summation
    • total noise level
    • intersection with population data, appliance of dose-response-relationships or indirect valuation using hedonic pricing, respectively
    • external costs of aircraft noise = external costs of total noise – external costs of traffic
    • external costs of aircraft noise [€ / a]
  • marginal external costs caused by noise (p.83):
    • modelled aircraft noise + noise on runways + groundlevel noise + traffic noise + modelled noise of one starting/landing plane
    • energetic summation
    • total noise level + one additional plane
    • intersection with population data, appliance of dose-response-relationships or indirect valuation using hedonic pricing, respectively
    • external costs of one additional plane = external costs of total noise level plus one additional plane – external costs of total noise level
    • external costs of one start or landing [€ / flight movement]