ERF of outdoor air pollution: Difference between revisions

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== Result ==
== Result ==
These coefficients are defined as distributions around estimates of central tendency for each cause of death.
These coefficients are defined as distributions around estimates of central tendency for each cause of death.
Relative increase of mortality per 1 μgm-3 increase of outdoor PM2.5 concentration. Values were drawn with equal probability from the two distributions reported in <ref>Dockery, D. W., Pope, C. A., III, Xu, X., Spengler, J. D., Ware, J. H., Fay, M. E., Ferris, B. G., Jr., & Speizer F. E. (1993). An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. The New England Journal of Medicine, 329(24), 1753-1759</ref>, <ref>Pope, C. A. III, Burnett, R. T., Thun, M. J., Calle, E. E., Krewski, D., Ito, K., & Thurston, G. D. (2002). Lung Cancer, Cardiopulmory Mortality, and Long-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 287(9), 1132-1141</ref>
Distribution of dose response coefficient for
* cardiopulmonary mortality 1.014 (0.0053-0.0254)
* lung cancer mortality 1.016 (-0.0009-0.0364)
* all other mortality 1.002 (-0.0073-0.0102)
Uncertainties:
* Mortality estimate from Hoek et al. (2002)<ref> Hoek, G, Brunekreef, B, Goldbohm, S, Fischer, P, & van den Brandt, P. A. (2002). Association between mortality and indicators of traffic-related air pollution in the Netherlands: a cohort study.
Lancet, 360 (9341), 1203-1209. </ref> was not included due to many confounding factors related to mortality, e.g. road noise.
*Probability for PM2.5 assumed to be the true cause of the effects in 70 %, 90 %, and 10 % for cardiopulmonary, lung cancer and all other mortality, respectively (author judgement).
*Toxicity differences between ambient air particles and the particles generated by different bus types  were not taken into account due to lack of comprehensive data. <ref>Laden, F., Neas, L. M., Dockery, D. W., & Schwartz, J. (2000). Association of fine particulate
matter from different sources with daily mortality in six U.S. cities. Environmental Health
Perspectives, 108, 941-947. </ref>
<ref>Mar, T. F., Norris, G. A., Koenig, J. Q., & Larson, T. V. (2000). Associations between air pollution
and mortality in Phoenix, 1995-1997. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108(4), 347-353.</ref>
*No threshold was assumed in the dose-response relationship.
<ref>WHO Regional Office for Europe (2003). Health Aspects of Air Pollution with Particulate Matter,
Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide, Report on a WHO Working Group. Report on a WHO working group,
Bonn, Germany, January 13-15 2003. Copenhagen. 98 pages. Available at
http://www.euro.who.int/eprise/main/who/progs/aiq/newsevents/20030115_2 </ref>
<ref>Schwartz, J., Laden, F., & Zanobetti, A. (2002). The concentration-response relation between
PM2.5 and daily deaths. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(10), 1025-1029. </ref>


== References ==
== References ==
<references/>
<references/>

Revision as of 12:01, 21 February 2008

Scope

Concentration-response to PM2.5 describes the quantitative dose-response relationships between outdoor air PM2.5 concentration and mortality due to cardio-pulmonary, lung cancer and other non-accidental causes.

Definition

Causality

List of parents:

  • None

Data

List of data files or sources:

  • Dockery et al. 1993[1]
  • Pope et al. 2002[2]

Formula

The model randomly samples between the effect estimates provided by the two studies. See the model for more detailed description.

Unit

m3/μg D↷

Result

These coefficients are defined as distributions around estimates of central tendency for each cause of death.

Relative increase of mortality per 1 μgm-3 increase of outdoor PM2.5 concentration. Values were drawn with equal probability from the two distributions reported in [3], [4]

Distribution of dose response coefficient for

  • cardiopulmonary mortality 1.014 (0.0053-0.0254)
  • lung cancer mortality 1.016 (-0.0009-0.0364)
  • all other mortality 1.002 (-0.0073-0.0102)

Uncertainties:

  • Mortality estimate from Hoek et al. (2002)[5] was not included due to many confounding factors related to mortality, e.g. road noise.
  • Probability for PM2.5 assumed to be the true cause of the effects in 70 %, 90 %, and 10 % for cardiopulmonary, lung cancer and all other mortality, respectively (author judgement).
  • Toxicity differences between ambient air particles and the particles generated by different bus types were not taken into account due to lack of comprehensive data. [6]

[7]

  • No threshold was assumed in the dose-response relationship.

[8]

[9]

References

  1. ↑ Dockery, D. W., Pope, C. A., III, Xu, X., Spengler, J. D., Ware, J. H., Fay, M. E., Ferris, B. G., Jr., & Speizer F. E. (1993). An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. The New England Journal of Medicine, 329(24), 1753-1759
  2. ↑ Pope, C. A. III, Burnett, R. T., Thun, M. J., Calle, E. E., Krewski, D., Ito, K., & Thurston, G. D. (2002). Lung Cancer, Cardiopulmory Mortality, and Long-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 287(9), 1132-1141
  3. ↑ Dockery, D. W., Pope, C. A., III, Xu, X., Spengler, J. D., Ware, J. H., Fay, M. E., Ferris, B. G., Jr., & Speizer F. E. (1993). An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. The New England Journal of Medicine, 329(24), 1753-1759
  4. ↑ Pope, C. A. III, Burnett, R. T., Thun, M. J., Calle, E. E., Krewski, D., Ito, K., & Thurston, G. D. (2002). Lung Cancer, Cardiopulmory Mortality, and Long-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 287(9), 1132-1141
  5. ↑ Hoek, G, Brunekreef, B, Goldbohm, S, Fischer, P, & van den Brandt, P. A. (2002). Association between mortality and indicators of traffic-related air pollution in the Netherlands: a cohort study. Lancet, 360 (9341), 1203-1209.
  6. ↑ Laden, F., Neas, L. M., Dockery, D. W., & Schwartz, J. (2000). Association of fine particulate matter from different sources with daily mortality in six U.S. cities. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108, 941-947.
  7. ↑ Mar, T. F., Norris, G. A., Koenig, J. Q., & Larson, T. V. (2000). Associations between air pollution and mortality in Phoenix, 1995-1997. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108(4), 347-353.
  8. ↑ WHO Regional Office for Europe (2003). Health Aspects of Air Pollution with Particulate Matter, Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide, Report on a WHO Working Group. Report on a WHO working group, Bonn, Germany, January 13-15 2003. Copenhagen. 98 pages. Available at http://www.euro.who.int/eprise/main/who/progs/aiq/newsevents/20030115_2
  9. ↑ Schwartz, J., Laden, F., & Zanobetti, A. (2002). The concentration-response relation between PM2.5 and daily deaths. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(10), 1025-1029.
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