Energy use of buildings

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Question

What is the use of energy of buildings?

Answer

Energy consumption rate shows that people are using more energy than years before or it is about the same in Finland:

Most of the electricity is consumed in service sectors and homes. Moreover, the electricity produced by heating is used mostly in stakeholders and a little amount in service sector:

==

Wood fuel stile is the biggest source of enrgy in Finland:

The efficiency of using energy shows soaring increase in recent years:

Rationale

Baseline energy consumption

Baseline energy consumption per area unit(kWh/m2/a)

Obs	Building	Heating	Heat	User electricity	Total electricity	Year	Description
1	Detached houses	District	134.74	50	184.74	2010	Calculated from energy company´s data; Pöyry
2	Detached houses	Electricity	130	50	180	2010	Energiapolar; Pöyry
3	Detached houses	Oil	134.74	50	50	2010	Pöyry. Efficiency 90-95% (energiatehokaskoti.fi).
4	Detached houses	Wood	134.74	50	50	2010	Assumption. Efficiency of good kettles 80%(energiatehokaskoti.fi).
5	Detached houses	Geothermal	40	50	90	2010	Assumption
6	Row houses		168.88	73.5	73.5	2010	Calculated from energy company´s data. Based on district
7	Apartment houses		172.31	41.7	41.7	2010	Calculated from energy company´s data. Based on district
8	Commercial		161.82	229.6	229.6	2010	Calculated from energy company´s data. Based on district
9	Offices		161.07	93.1	93.1	2010	Calculated from energy company´s data. Based on district
10	Health and social sector		214.97	122.81	122.81	2010	Calculated from energy company´s data. Based on district
11	Public		165.47	110.4	110.4	2010	Calculated from energy company´s data. Based on district
12	Sports		121.38	85.9	85.9	2010	Calculated from energy company´s data. Based on district
13	Educational		170	116.4	116.4	2010	Calculated from energy company´s data. Based on district
14	Industrial		168.44	212.4	212.4	2010	Calculated from energy company´s data. Based on district
15	Leisure houses		2.4	1	3.4	2010	Calculated from energy company´s data. Based on electricity
16	Other		138.14	170.3	170.3	2010	Calculated from energy company´s data
17	Non-residential buildings	No energy source	113				Urgenche data for Basel
18	Non-residential buildings	Heating oil	113				Urgenche data for Basel
19	Non-residential buildings	Coal	113				Urgenche data for Basel
20	Non-residential buildings	Gas	113				Urgenche data for Basel
21	Non-residential buildings	Electricity	113				Urgenche data for Basel
22	Non-residential buildings	Wood	113				Urgenche data for Basel
23	Non-residential buildings	Centrifuge, hydro-extractor	113				Urgenche data for Basel
24	Non-residential buildings	Solar heater/ collector	113				Urgenche data for Basel
25	Non-residential buildings	Long-distance heating	113				Urgenche data for Basel
26	Non-residential buildings	Other sources	113				Urgenche data for Basel
27	Special constructions		86-106				Urgenche data for Basel (Mixed use)
28	Single-family houses		69				Urgenche data for Basel
29	Multiple-family houses		54-106				Urgenche data for Basel
30	Residential buildings with subsidiary use		86-106				Urgenche data for Basel
31	Buildings with partial residential use		86-106				Urgenche data for Basel

Pöyry 2011.

Energiapolar.

Energiatehokaskoti.fi/Öljylämmitys

+ Show code- Hide code # This code is Op_en5488/energyUse on page [[Energy use of buildings]] library(OpasnetUtils) energyUse <- Ovariable("energyUse", dependencies = data.frame( Name = c("dummy") ), formula = function (...) { out <- Ovariable('energyUse', ddata = 'Op_en5488', subset = 'Baseline energy consumption per area unit' ) out@data <- out@data[ out@data[["Energy use"]] == "Heat" , colnames(out@data) != "Energy use" ] levels(out@data$Heating)[levels(out@data$Heating) == ""] <- NA out@data <- fillna(out@data, "Heating") return(EvalOutput(out)) } ) objects.store(energyUse) cat("Objects energyUse initiated!\n")

----#: . Note that below numbers are very preliminary (esp. electricity)! --Marjo 16:49, 13 March 2013 (EET) (type: truth; paradigms: science: comment)

Baseline energy consumption per volume unit(kWh/m3/a)

Obs	Building	Heating	Heat	User electricity	Year	Description
1	Detached houses	District	42.15	15.67	2010	Calculated from energy company´s data; Energiapolar
2	Detached houses	Electricity	40.66	15.67	2010	Energiapolar
3	Detached houses	Oil	42.15	15.67	2010	Energiapolar
4	Detached houses	Wood	42.15	15.67	2010	Assumption
5	Detached houses	Geothermal	18.56	15.67	2010	Assumption
6	Row houses	District	53.25	23.16	2010	From energy company
7	Apartment houses	District	49.2	11.9	2010	From energy company
8	Commercial	District	28.65	40.64	2010	From energy company
9	Offices	District	36.32	20.99	2010	From energy company
10	Health and social sector	District	55.2	31.53	2010	From energy company
11	Public	District	32.21	21.49	2010	From energy company
12	Sports	District	18.37	13	2010	From energy company; Electricity value comes from city´s renovation data
13	Educational	District	40.23	27.54	2010	From energy company
14	Industrial	District	30.57	38.55	2010	From energy company
15	Leisure houses	Electricity	0.68	0.29	2010	From energy company
16	Other	District	29.88	36.83	2010	From energy company

Energy efficiency in heating

What is the relative energy consumption of different efficiency classes compared with Old? This table tells that with some background information about heat (in kWh/m2/a), electricity, and water consumption.

Energy use by energy class of building(ratio)

Obs	Efficiency	Ratio	Heat	User electricity	Water	Description
1	Traditional	1.2-1.4	200			Guesstimate
2	Old	1	150		30	Pöyry 2011 s.28
3	New	0.4-0.5	70	50	40	Pöyry 2011 s.32 (2010 SRMK)
4	Low-energy	0.2-0.25	35	50	40	Personal communication
5	Passive	0.1-0.16	17.5 - 25	50	40	Pöyry 2011 s.33; Personal communication

+ Show code- Hide code # This code is Op_en5488/efficiencyRatio on page [[Energy use of buildings]] library(OpasnetUtils) efficiencyRatio <- Ovariable( name = 'efficiencyRatio', ddata = 'Op_en5488', subset = 'Energy use by energy class of building' ) objects.store(efficiencyRatio) cat("Object efficiencyRatio initiated!\n")

Energy efficiency of buildings when they are built(%)

Obs	Efficiency	Constructed	Fraction	Description
1	Traditional	1800-1944	100
2	Old	1945-1994	100
3	New	1995-2019	100
4	New	2020-2029	10-20
5	Low-energy	2020-2029		The rest of energy class
6	Passive	2020-2029	25-35
7	New	2030-2039	5-10
8	Low-energy	2030-2039	20-50
9	Passive	2030-2039		The rest of energy class
10	New	2040-2064	0-5
11	Low-energy	2040-2064	10-30
12	Passive	2040-2064		The rest of energy class

• Old: old buildings to be renovated (or in need of renovation)
• New: normal new buildings (no current need of renovation)
• Low-energy: buildings consuming about half of the energy of a new building
• Passive: buildings consuming a quarter or less of the energy of a new building
• Chinese green building system: [4] [5]

+ Show code- Hide code #This code is Op_en5488/efficiencyShares from page [[Energy use of buildings]]. library(OpasnetUtils) efficiencyShares <- Ovariable("efficiencyShares", dependencies = data.frame( Name = c("dummy") ), formula = function(...) { es <- Ovariable( name = 'es', ddata = 'Op_en5488', subset = 'Energy efficiency of buildings when they are built' ) es <- findrest(es, cols = "Efficiency", total = 100) / 100 constructed <- unique(es@data$Constructed) temp <- ((strsplit(as.character(constructed), split = "-"))) y <- data.frame() for(i in 1:length(constructed)) { y <- rbind( y, data.frame( Constructed = constructed[i], Time = seq(from = as.numeric(temp[[i]][1]), to = as.numeric(temp[[i]][2]), by = 5), Result = 1 ) ) } y <- Ovariable(output = y, marginal = c(TRUE, TRUE, FALSE)) out <- unkeep(es * y, cols = "Constructed", prevresults = TRUE, sources = TRUE) out@output$Efficiency <- factor( out@output$Efficiency, levels = c("Traditional", "Old", "New", "Low-energy", "Passive"), ordered = TRUE ) return(out) } ) dummy <- 1 objects.store(efficiencyShares, dummy) cat("Objects efficiencyShares, dummy initiated!\n")

Impact of renovations

Energy saving potential of different renovations(ratio,kWh/m2/a)

Obs	Renovation	Relative	Absolute	Renovation details	Description
1	Windows	0.85	25	New windows and doors	Pöyry 2011
2	Technical systems	0.50	75	New windows, sealing of building's sheath, improvement of building's technical systems	Pöyry 2011
3	Sheath reform	0.35	100	New windows, sealing of building's sheath, improvement of building's technical systems, significant reform of building's sheath	Pöyry 2011
4	General	0.85	-	General renovation	Pöyry 2011
5	None	1	0	Renovation not done

+ Show code- Hide code # This code is Op_en5488/renovationRatio on page [[Energy use of buildings]] library(OpasnetUtils) renovationRatio <- Ovariable( name = 'renovationRatio', ddata = 'Op_en5488', subset = 'Energy saving potential of different renovations' ) renovationRatio@data$Renovation <- factor( renovationRatio@data$Renovation, levels = c("None", "General", "Windows", "Technical systems", "Sheath reform"), ordered = TRUE ) objects.store(renovationRatio) cat("Object renovationRatio initiated!\n")

Regulations regarding energy consumption of buildings

Maximum allowed energy consumption per unit (= E-value)(kWh/m2/a)

Obs	Building	Year	E-value	Description
1	Detached houses	2012 forward	204	Heated net area <120 m2; Finland´s Environmental Administration
2	Row houses	2012 forward	150	Finland´s Environmental Administration
3	Apartment houses	2012 forward	130	Finland´s Environmental Administration
4	Shops and other commercial buildings	2012 forward	240	Finland´s Environmental Administration
5	Offices	2012 forward	170	Finland´s Environmental Administration
6	Health and social sector: Hospitals	2012 forward	450	Finland´s Environmental Administration
7	Health and social sector: Health care centers etc.	2012 forward	170	Finland´s Environmental Administration
8	Public	2012 forward	240	Finland´s Environmental Administration
9	Sports	2012 forward	170	Does not apply to swimming- and ice halls; Finland´s Environmental Administration
10	Educational	2012 forward	170	Finland´s Environmental Administration
11	Industrial	2012 forward	-	E-value must be calculated but there´s no limit for it; Finland´s Environmental Administration
12	Leisure buildings	2012 forward	-	E-value must be calculated but there´s no limit for it; Finland´s Environmental Administration
13	Other	2012 forward	-	E-value must be calculated but there´s no limit for it; Finland´s Environmental Administration

Calculations for ovariables

+ Show code- Hide code library(OpasnetUtils) energy.per.volume <- Ovariable( name = 'energy.per.volume', ddata = 'Op_en5488', subset = 'Baseline energy consumption per volume unit' ) Maximum.allowed.energy.consumption.per.unit <- Ovariable( name = 'Maximum.allowed.energy.consumption.per.unit', ddata = 'Op_en5488', subset = 'Maximum allowed energy consumption per unit (= E-value)' ) dummy <- 1 objects.store( energyUse, energy.per.volume, renovationRatio, efficiencyRatio, dummy ) cat("Objects energyUse, energy.per.volume, renovationRatio, efficiencyRatio, dummy initiated!\n")