ERF of outdoor air pollution

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Question

What is the the quantitative dose-response relationships between outdoor air PM2.5 concentration and mortality due to cardio-pulmonary, lung cancer, and other non-accidental causes (index Cause of death 2)?

Answer

This code gets the ovariable of this page and calculates some basic results.

+ Show code- Hide code library(OpasnetUtils) # A package with Opasnet functionalities library(xtable) # A package with table formats library(ggplot2) # A package with fancy graph formats objects.latest("Op_en2202", "calculations") # Get the latest ovariables from code calculations on page Op_en2202. ConcentrationresponsetoPM2.5 <- EvalOutput(ConcentrationresponsetoPM2.5) print(xtable(ConcentrationresponsetoPM2.5)@output), type = 'html') # Show a result table ggplot(ConcentrationresponsetoPM2.5@output, # Show a bar chart aes(x = Exposuremetric, y = ERFResult)) + geom_bar(position="dodge") + theme_grey(base_size = 24)

Default run

Rationale

Causality

List of parents:

• None

Data

Concentration-response function

ERF of outdoor air pollution: Difference between revisions(relative increase of mortality per µg/m3)

Obs	Disease	Response metric	Exposure route	Exposure metric	Exposure unit	Threshold	ERF parameter	ERF	Description
1	Cardiopulmonary	Mortality	Inhalation	Annual average outdoor concentration	µq/m3	0	Relative increase	0.0128	Dockery et al. 1993 and Pope et al. 2002:0.0128 (-0.0036-0.0375)
2	Lung cancer	Mortality	Inhalation	Annual average outdoor concentration	µq/m3	0	Relative increase	0.0150	Dockery et al. 1993 and Pope et al. 2002:0.0150 (-0.0350-0.0728)
3	Other causes	Mortality	Inhalation	Annual average outdoor concentration	µq/m3	0	Relative increase	0.0008	Dockery et al. 1993 and Pope et al. 2002:0.0008 (-0.0232-0.0252)
4	All causes	Mortality	Inhalation	Annual average outdoor concentration	µq/m3	0	Relative increase	0.0091	Dockery et al. 1993 and Pope et al. 2002:0.0091 (-0.0019-0.0289)

Calculations

This code defines and stores the ovariable of this page (ConcentrationresponsetoPM2.5).

+ Show code- Hide code library(OpasnetUtils) library(xtable) ConcentrationresponsetoPM2.5<- Ovariable("ConcentrationresponsetoPM2.5 ", ddata = "Op_en2202", getddata = FALSE, save = TRUE) cat("Ovariable ConcentrationresponsetoPM2.5 saved for later use. Page name: Op_en2202, code name: calculations\n") print(xtable(EvalOutput(ConcentrationresponsetoPM2.5)@output), type = "html")

Default run

Unit

m³/μg D↷

Uncertainties:

• Mortality estimate from Hoek et al. (2002) was not included due to many confounding factors related to mortality, e.g. road noise.
• Probability for PM2.5 assumed to be the true cause of the effects in 70 %, 90 %, and 10 % for cardiopulmonary, lung cancer and all other mortality, respectively (author judgement).
• Toxicity differences between ambient air particles and the particles generated by different bus types were not taken into account due to lack of comprehensive data.

• No threshold was assumed in the dose-response relationship.

ERF for chronic PM_2.5 exposure

Cause of death	RR	95% Cl
All-cause	1.06	1.02-1.11
Cardiopulmonary	1.09	1.03-1.16
Lung cancer	1.14	1.04-1.23

See also

• Relative risks of mortality -page in Heande
• Health aspects of air pollution. Results from the WHO project "Systematic review of health aspects of air pollution in Europe". World Health Organization, 2004.
• Pope et al. 2004. Cardiovascular mortality and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution. Circulation (109), 71-77.
• C. Puett, Joel Schwartz, Jaime E. Hart, Jeff D. Yanosky, Frank E. Speizer, Helen Suh, Christopher J. Paciorek, Lucas M. Neas and Francine Laden: Chronic Particulate Exposure, Mortality, and Coronary Heart Disease in the Nurses’ Health Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, doi:10.1093/aje/kwn232
• NEEDS - New Energy Externalities Developments for Sustainability, Deliverable 3.7 "A set of concentration-response function", Integrated Project, Sixth Framework Programme, Project no. 502687.