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| ==Kristiina telmii==
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| <t2b index = "Substance,Observation type" locations = "CASRN,WOE 86 Guidelines,WOE Narrative,IRIS identifier" unit = "no unit">
| |
| Acenaphthene|83-32-9|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0442
| |
| Acenaphthylene| 208-96-8|D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity|Based on no human data and inadequate data from animal bioassays.|0443
| |
| Acephate|30560-19-1|C, Possible human carcinogen|The classification is based on increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas and adenomas in female mice.|0354
| |
| Acetaldehyde|75-07-0|B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals|Based on increased incidence of nasal tumors in male and female rats and laryngeal tumors in male and female hamsters after inhalation exposure.|0290
| |
| Acetochlor|34256-82-1|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0521
| |
| Acetone|67-64-1|NA, Not applicable. This substance was not assessed using the 1986 cancer guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1986).|In accordance with the Draft Revised Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999) data are inadequate for an assessment of the human carcinogenic potential of acetone.|0128
| |
| Acetonitrile|75-05-8|D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity|Under the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), the carcinogenic potential of ACN following inhalation, oral, or dermal exposure is best characterized as "cannot be determined because the existing evidence is composed of conflicting data (e.g., some evidence is suggestive of carcinogenic effects, but other equally pertinent evidence does not confirm any concern)."|0205
| |
| Acetophenone|98-86-2|D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity|Based on no human data and no animal data.|0321
| |
| Acetyl chloride|75-36-5|D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity|No human data or animal data.|0518
| |
| Acifluorfen, sodium|62476-59-9|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0192
| |
| Acrolein|107-02-8|NA, Not applicable. This substance was not assessed using the 1986 cancer guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1986).|Under the Draft Revised Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999), the potential carcinogenicity of acrolein cannot be determined because the existing data are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential for either the oral or inhalation route of exposure. There are no adequate human studies of the carcinogenic potential of acrolein. Collectively, experimental studies provide inadequate evidence that acrolein causes cancer in laboratory animals.|0364
| |
| Acrylamide|79-06-1|B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals|Based on inadequate human data and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals; significantly increased incidences of benign and/or malignant tumors at multiple sites in both sexes of rats, and carcinogenic effects in a series of one-year limited bioassays in mice by several routes of exposures. The classification is supported by positive genotoxicity data, adduct formation activity, and structure-activity relationships to vinyl carbamate and acrylonitrile.|0286
| |
| Acrylic acid|79-10-7|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0002
| |
| Acrylonitrile|107-13-1|B1, Probable human carcinogen - based on limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans|The observation of a statistically significant increase in incidence of lung cancer in exposed workers and observation of tumors, generally astrocytomas in the brain, in studies in two rat strains exposed by various routes (drinking water, gavage, and inhalation) forms the basis for this classification.|0206
| |
| Adiponitrile|111-69-3|D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity|No human and no animal cancer data were available. Adiponitrile was negative for mutagenicity in Salmonella with and without activation.|0515
| |
| Alachlor|15972-60-8|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0129
| |
| Alar|1596-84-5|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0287
| |
| Aldicarb|116-06-3|D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity|Aldicarb was not found to induce statistically significant increases in tumor incidence in mice or rats in feeding studies or mice in a skin painting study. In the feeding studies there were, however, significant trends in pituitary tumors in female rats and fibrosarcomas in the male mouse. This evidence, together with the fact that less than maximum tolerated doses were used, indicates that the available assays are inadequate to assess the carcinogenic potential of aldicarb.|0003
| |
| Aldicarb sulfone|1646-88-4|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0312
| |
| Aldrin|309-00-2|B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals|Orally administered aldrin produced significant increases in tumor responses in three different strains of mice in both males and females. Tumor induction has been observed for structurally related chemicals, including dieldrin, a metabolite.|0130
| |
| Ally|74223-64-6|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0288
| |
| Allyl alcohol|107-18-6|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0004
| |
| Allyl chloride|107-05-1|C, Possible human carcinogen|Classification is based on a low (but biologically important) incidence of forestomach tumors in female mice and positive results in a variety of genetic toxicity tests. Allyl chloride is an alkylating agent and structurally related to probable human carcinogens.|0387
| |
| Aluminum phosphide|20859-73-8|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0005
| |
| Amdro|67485-29-4|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0207
| |
| Ametryn|834-12-8|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0208
| |
| 4-Aminopyridine|504-24-5|D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity|No human data and no animal data available.|0440
| |
| Amitraz|33089-61-1|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0334
| |
| Ammonia|7664-41-7|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0422
| |
| Ammonium acetate|631-61-8|D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity|No human data and no animal data|0517
| |
| Ammonium methacrylate|16325-47-6|D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity|No human data and no animal data|0516
| |
| Ammonium sulfamate|7773-06-0|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0007
| |
| Aniline|62-53-3|B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals|Induction of tumors of the spleen and the body cavity in two strains of rat, and some supporting genetic toxicological evidence.|0350
| |
| ortho-Anisidine|90-04-0|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0610
| |
| Anthracene|120-12-7|D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity|Based on no human data and inadequate data from animal bioassays.|0434
| |
| Antimony|7440-36-0|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0006
| |
| Antimony trioxide|1309-64-4|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0676
| |
| Apollo|74115-24-5|C, Possible human carcinogen|Based on an increase in thyroid gland follicular cell tumors in male rats and supportive findings in pituitary/thyroid hormone activity.|0008
| |
| Aramite|140-57-8|B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals|Based on no human data and sufficient data from animal bioassays including increased incidence of liver tumors and/or neoplastic nodules in three strains of male and female rats and males of one strain of mice, and extrahepatic biliary system tumors in dogs following chronic oral exposure.|0473
| |
| Aroclor 1016|12674-11-2|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0462
| |
| Aroclor 1248|12672-29-6|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0649
| |
| Aroclor 1254|11097-69-1|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0389
| |
| Arsenic, inorganic|7440-38-2|A, Human Carcinogen| Based on sufficient evidence from human data. An increased lung cancer mortality was observed in multiple human populations exposed primarily through inhalation. Also, increased mortality from multiple internal organ cancers (liver, kidney, lung, and bladder) and an increased incidence of skin cancer were observed in populations consuming drinking water high in inorganic arsenic.|0278
| |
| Arsine|7784-42-1|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0672
| |
| Asbestos|1332-21-4|A, Human Carcinogen|Observation of increased mortality and incidence of lung cancer, mesotheliomas and gastrointestinal cancer in occupationally exposed workers are consistent across investigators and study populations. Animal studies by inhalation in two strains of rats showed similar findings for lung cancer and mesotheliomas. Animal evidence for carcinogenicity via ingestion is limited (male rats fed intermediate-range chrysotile fibers; i.e., >10 um length, developed benign polyps), and epidemiologic data in this regard are inadequate.|0371
| |
| Assure|76578-14-8|D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity|Based on no human data and inadequate animal data.|0335
| |
| Asulam|3337-71-1|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0284
| |
| Atrazine|1912-24-9|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0209
| |
| Avermectin B1|65195-55-3|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0381
| |
| Azobenzene|103-33-3|B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals|Azobenzene induced invasive sarcomas in the spleen and other abdominal organs in male and female F344 rats following dietary administration. It is genotoxic and may be converted to benzidine, a known human carcinogen, under the acidic conditions in the stomach.|0351
| |
| Barium and Compounds|7440-39-3|D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity|Under the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogenic Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), barium is considered not likely to be carcinogenic to humans following oral exposure and its carcinogenic potential cannot be determined following inhalation exposure.|0010
| |
| Barium cyanide|542-62-1|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0009
| |
| Baygon|114-26-1|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0210
| |
| Bayleton|43121-43-3|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0131
| |
| Baythroid|68359-37-5|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0132
| |
| Benefin|1861-40-1|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0133
| |
| Benomyl|17804-35-2|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0011
| |
| Bentazon (Basagran)|25057-89-0|E, Evidence of non-carcinogenicity for humans|Under EPA's proposed guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), Bentazon would be characterized as not likely to be carcinogenic to humans by any route of exposure.|0134
| |
| Benz[a]anthracene|56-55-3|B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals|Based on no human data and sufficient data from animal bioassays. Benz[a]anthracene produced tumors in mice exposed by gavage; intraperitoneal, subcutaneous or intramuscular injection; and topical application. Benz[a]anthracene produced mutations in bacteria and in mammalian cells, and transformed mammalian cells in culture.|0454
| |
| Benzaldehyde|100-52-7|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0332
| |
| Benzene|71-43-2|A, Human Carcinogen|Under the proposed revised Carcinogen Risk Assessment Guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1996), benzene is characterized as a known human carcinogen for all routes of exposure based upon convincing human evidence as well as supporting evidence from animal studies. (U.S. EPA, 1979, 1985, 1998; ATSDR, 1997).|0276
| |
| Benzidine|92-87-5|A, Human Carcinogen|Observation of increased incidence of bladder cancer and bladder cancer-related deaths in exposed workers|0135
| |
| Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)|50-32-8|B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals|Human data specifically linking benzo[a]pyrene (BAP) to a carcinogenic effect are lacking. There are, however, multiple animal studies in many species demonstrating BAP to be carcinogenic following administration by numerous routes. BAP has produced positive results in numerous genotoxicity assays.|0136
| |
| Benzo[b]fluoranthene|205-99-2|B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals|Based on no human data and sufficient data from animal bioassays. Benzo[b]fluoranthene produced tumors in mice after lung implantation, intraperitoneal (i.p.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) injection, and skin painting.|0453
| |
| Benzo[g,h,i]perylene|191-24-2|D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity|Based on no human data and inadequate animal data from lung implant, skin-painting and subcutaneous injection bioassays.|0461
| |
| Benzo[k]fluoranthene|207-08-9|B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals|Based on no human data and sufficient data from animal bioassays. Benzo[k]fluoranthene produced tumors after lung implantation in mice and when administered with a promoting agent in skin-painting studies. Equivocal results have been found in a lung adenoma assay in mice. Benzo[k]fluoranthene is mutagenic in bacteria.|0452
| |
| Benzoic acid|65-85-0|D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity|No human data and inadequate data from animal bioassays|0355
| |
| Benzotrichloride|98-07-7|B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals|Based on inadequate human data and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals; namely, significantly increased incidences of benign and malignant tumors at multiple sites in one strain of female mice treated orally, dermally, and by inhalation. There is also evidence of mutagenicity in a variety of test systems.|0388
| |
| Benzyl chloride|100-44-7|B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals|Based on inadequate human data and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals; namely significantly increased incidences of benign and malignant tumors at multiple sites in both sexes of mice and a significant increase in thyroid tumors in female rats. There was evidence of mutagenicity in a variety of test systems.|0393
| |
| Beryllium and compounds|7440-41-7|B1, Probable human carcinogen - based on limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans|Using the 1996 proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, inhaled beryllium would be characterized as a "likely" carcinogen in humans, and the human carcinogenic potential of ingested beryllium cannot be determined.|0012
| |
| Bidrin|141-66-2|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0211
| |
| Biphenthrin|82657-04-3|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0333
| |
| 1,1-Biphenyl|92-52-4|D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity|No human data and inadequate studies in mice and rats. Results of genotoxicity tests are generally negative.|0013
| |
| Bis(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) ether|108-60-1|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0407
| |
| Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane|111-91-1|D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity|No human data and no animal data.|0522
| |
| Bis(chloroethyl)ether (BCEE)|111-44-4|B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals|Positive carcinogenicity results in two strains of mice and evidence of mutagenicity|0137
| |
| Bis(chloromethyl)ether (BCME)|542-88-1|A, Human Carcinogen|Statistically significant increases in lung tumors (oat cell carcinomas) observed in six studies of exposed workers and bioassay data from rats and mice.|0375
| |
| Bisphenol A.|80-05-7|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0356
| |
| Boron and Compounds|7440-42-8|||0410
| |
| Bromate|15541-45-4|B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals|Under the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), Bromate should be evaluated as a likely human carcinogen by the oral route of exposure. Insufficient data are available to evaluate the human carcinogenic potential of Bromate by the inhalation route.|1002
| |
| Brominated dibenzofurans|NA|D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity|No data in humans or animals|0514
| |
| Bromobenzene|108-86-1|||1020
| |
| Bromochloromethane|74-97-5|D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity|Based on the lack of data regarding the carcinogenicity of bromochloromethane in humans or animals; however, there are data indicative of genotoxic effects and structural relationships to halogenated methanes classified as B2 probable human carcinogens.|0532
| |
| Bromodichloromethane|75-27-4|B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals|Based on inadequate human data and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in two animal species (mice and rats) as shown by increased incidence of kidney tumors and tumors of the large intestine in male and female rats, kidney tumors in male mice, and liver tumors in female mice.|0213
| |
| p-Bromodiphenyl ether|101-55-3|D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity|No human data and inadequate animal data.|0490
| |
| Bromoform|75-25-2|B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals|Based on inadequate human data and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals, namely an increased incidence of tumors after oral administration of bromoform in rats and intraperitoneal administration in mice. Bromoform is genotoxic in several assay systems. Also, bromoform is structurally related to other trihalomethanes (e.g., chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane) which have been verified as either probable or possible carcinogens.|0214
| |
| Bromomethane|74-83-9|D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity|Inadequate human and animal data: a single mortality study from which direct exposure associations could not be deduced and studies in several animal species with too few animals, too brief exposure or observation time for adequate power. Bromomethane has shown genotoxicity.|0015
| |
| Bromotrichloromethane|75-62-7|D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity|Based on no data regarding the carcinogenicity of bromotrichloromethane in humans or animals.|0533
| |
| Bromoxynil|1689-84-5|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0289
| |
| Bromoxynil octanoate|1689-99-2|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0138
| |
| 1,3-Butadiene|106-99-0|NA, Not applicable. This substance was not assessed using the 1986 cancer guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1986).|Under EPA's 1999 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999), 1,3-butadiene is characterized as carcinogenic to humans by inhalation. This characterization is supported by the total weight of evidence provided by the following: (1) sufficient evidence from epidemiologic studies of the majority of U.S. workers occupationally exposed to 1,3-butadiene, either to the monomer or to the polymer by inhalation, showing increased lymphohematopoietic cancers and a dose-response relationship for leukemias in polymer workers (see Section II.A.2), (2) sufficient evidence in laboratory animal studies showing that 1,3-butadiene causes tumors at multiple sites in mice and rats by inhalation (see Section II.A.3), and (3) numerous studies consistently demonstrating that 1,3-butadiene is metabolized into genotoxic metabolites by experimental animals and humans (see Section II.A.4). The specific mechanisms of 1,3-butadiene-induced carcinogenesis are unknown; however, the scientific evidence strongly suggests that the carcinogenic effects are mediated by genotoxic metabolites of 1,3-butadiene, i.e., the monoepoxide, the diepoxide, and the epoxydiol.|0139
| |
| n-Butanol|71-36-3|D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity|Based on no human and no animal cancer data.|0140
| |
| Butyl benzyl phthalate|85-68-7|C, Possible human carcinogen|Based on statistically significant increase in mononuclear cell leukemia in female rats; the response in male rats was inconclusive and there was no such response in mice.|0293
| |
| Butylate|2008-41-5|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0215
| |
| t-Butylchloride|507-20-0|D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity|Based on no human carcinogenicity data and inadequate animal data.|0417
| |
| Butylphthalyl butylglycolate (BPBG)|85-70-1|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0016
| |
| Cacodylic acid|75-60-5|D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity|No human data and inadequate data in animals|0587
| |
| Cadmium|7440-43-9|B1, Probable human carcinogen - based on limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans|Limited evidence from occupational epidemiologic studies of cadmium is consistent across investigators and study populations. There is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in rats and mice by inhalation and intramuscular and subcutaneous injection. Seven studies in rats and mice wherein cadmium salts (acetate, sulfate, chloride) were administered orally have shown no evidence of carcinogenic response.|0141
| |
| Calcium cyanide|592-01-8|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0017
| |
| Caprolactam|105-60-2|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0357
| |
| Captafol|2425-06-1|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0216
| |
| Captan|133-06-2|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0018
| |
| Carbaryl|63-25-2|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0019
| |
| Carbofuran|1563-66-2|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0218
| |
| Carbon disulfide|75-15-0|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0217
| |
| Carbon tetrachloride|56-23-5|B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals|Carcinogenicity in rats, mice, and hamsters|0020
| |
| Carbonyl sulfide|463-58-1|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0617
| |
| Carbosulfan|55285-14-8|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0021
| |
| Carboxin|5234-68-4|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0022
| |
| Cerium Oxide and Cerium Compounds|1306-38-3|||1018
| |
| Chloral hydrate|302-17-0|C, Possible human carcinogen|Under the 1996 proposed guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), chloral hydrate shows suggestive evidence of human carcinogenicity by the oral route of exposure.|0304
| |
| Chloramben|133-90-4|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0023
| |
| Chlordane (Technical)|12789-03-6|B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals|Under the 1996 Proposed Guidelines, chlordane would be characterized as a likely carcinogen by all routes of exposure.|0142
| |
| Chlordecone (Kepone)|143-50-0|||1017
| |
| Chlorimuron-ethyl|90982-32-4|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0406
| |
| Chlorine|7782-50-5|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0405
| |
| Chlorine cyanide|506-77-4|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0024
| |
| Chlorine dioxide|10049-04-4|D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity|Under the draft Carcinogen Assessment Guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1996), the human carcinogenicity of chlorine dioxide cannot be determined because no satisfactory human or animal studies assessing the chronic carcinogenic potential of chlorine dioxide have been located.|0496
| |
| Chlorite (sodium salt)|7758-19-2|D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity|Under the draft Carcinogen Assessment Guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1996), the human carcinogenicity of chlorite cannot be determined because of a lack of human data and limitations in animal studies.|0648
| |
| 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane|75-68-3|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0661
| |
| 2-Chloroacetophenone|532-27-4|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0537
| |
| p-Chloroaniline|106-47-8|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0320
| |
| Chlorobenzene|108-90-7|D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity|No human data, inadequate animal data and predominantly negative genetic toxicity data in bacterial, yeast, and mouse lymphoma cells.|0399
| |
| Chlorobenzilate|510-15-6|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0400
| |
| 1-Chlorobutane|109-69-3|D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity|Based on no human carcinogenicity data and inadequate animal data.|0415
| |
| 2-Chlorobutane|78-86-4|D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity|Based on no human carcinogenicity data and inadequate animal data.|0416
| |
| Chlorocyclopentadiene|41851-50-7|D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity|Lack of data concerning carcinogenicity in humans or animals.|0430
| |
| Chlorodifluoromethane|75-45-6|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0657
| |
| Chloroform|67-66-3|B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals|Under the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996; U.S. EPA, 1999), chloroform is likely to be carcinogenic to humans by all routes of exposure under high-exposure conditions that lead to cytotoxicity and regenerative hyperplasia in susceptible tissues (U.S. EPA, 1998a,b). Chloroform is not likely to be carcinogenic to humans by any route of exposure under exposure conditions that do not cause cytotoxicity and cell regeneration. This weight-of-evidence conclusion is based on: 1) observations in animals exposed by both oral and inhalation pathways which indicate that sustained or repeated cytotoxicity with secondary regenerative hyperplasia precedes, and is probably required for, hepatic and renal neoplasia; 2) there are no epidemiological data specific to chloroform and, at most, equivocal epidemiological data related to drinking water exposures that cannot necessarily be negative, although there are some scattered positive results that generally have limitations such as excessively high dose or with confounding factors. Thus, the weigh-of-evidence of the genotoxicity data on chloroform supports a conclusion that chloroform is not strongly mutagenic, and the genotoxicity is not likely to be the predominant mode of action underlying the carcinogenic potential of chloroform. Although no cancer data exist for exposures via the dermal pathway, the weight-of-evidence conclusion is considered to be applicable to this pathway as well, because chloroform absorbed through the skin and into the blood is expected to be metabolized and to cause toxicity in much the same way as chloroform absorbed by other exposure routes.|0025
| |
| Chloromethyl methyl ether (CMME)|107-30-2|A, Human Carcinogen|The observation of an increased incidence of respiratory cancer in exposed workers and the observation of respiratory tumors in mice, rats, and hamsters exposed by inhalation forms the basis for this classification.|0245
| |
| beta-Chloronaphthalene|91-58-7|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0463
| |
| 2-Chlorophenol|95-57-8|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0303
| |
| p-Chlorophenyl methyl sulfide|123-09-1|D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity|No human or animal studies found in the available literature|0623
| |
| p-Chlorophenyl methyl sulfone|98-57-7|D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity|No human or animal studies found in the available literature|0624
| |
| p-Chlorophenyl methyl sulfoxide|934-73-6|D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity|No human or animal studies found in the available literature|0625
| |
| Chloroprene|126-99-8|||1021
| |
| Chlorothalonil|1897-45-6|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0143
| |
| o-Chlorotoluene|95-49-8|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0412
| |
| Chlorpropham|101-21-3|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0283
| |
| Chlorpyrifos|2921-88-2|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0026
| |
| Chlorsulfuron|64902-72-3|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0027
| |
| Chromium(III), insoluble salts|16065-83-1|D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity|Using the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (EPA, 1996), there are inadequate data to determine the potential carcinogenicity of trivalent chromium, as discussed below. However, the classification of hexavalent chromium as a known human carcinogen raises a concern for the carcinogenic potential of trivalent chromium.|0028
| |
| Chromium(VI)|18540-29-9|A, Human Carcinogen (Inhalation route)D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity (Oral route)|Under the proposed guidelines (EPA, 1996), Cr(VI) would be characterized as a known human carcinogen by the inhalation route of exposure. The oral carcinogenicity of Cr(VI) cannot be determined. No data were located in the available literature that suggested that Cr(VI) is carcinogenic by the oral route of exposure.|0144
| |
| Chrysene|218-01-9|B2, Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals|No human data and sufficient data from animal bioassays. Chrysene produced carcinomas and malignant lymphoma in mice after intraperitoneal injection and skin carcinomas in mice following dermal exposure. Chrysene produced chromosomal abnormalities in hamsters and mouse germ cells after gavage exposure, positive responses in bacterial gene mutation assays and transformed mammalian cells exposed in culture.|0455
| |
| Coke oven emissions|8007-45-2|A, Human Carcinogen|Studies of coke oven workers have shown increased risk of mortality from cancer of the lung, trachea and bronchus; cancer of the kidney; cancer of the prostate; and cancer at all sites combined. In animals, extracts and condensates of coke oven emissions were found to be carcinogenic in both inhalation studies and skin-painting bioassays. The mutagenicity of whole extracts and condensates, as well as their individual components, provides supportive evidence for carcinogenicity.|0395
| |
| Copper|7440-50-8|D, Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity|There are no human data, inadequate animal data from assays of copper compounds, and equivocal mutagenicity data.|0368
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| Copper cyanide|544-92-3|Not Assessed under the IRIS program.||0029
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| Creosote|8001-58-9|B1, Probable human carcinogen - based on limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans|Limited evidence of the association between occupational creosote contact and subsequent tumor formation, sufficient evidence of local and distant tumor formation after dermal application to mice, and some evidence of mutagenic activity, as well as the well-documented carcinogenicity of other coal tar products to humans.|0360
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| Crotonaldehyde|123-73-9|C, Possible human carcinogen|Based on no human data and an increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas and hepatic neoplastic nodules (combined) in male F344 rats. The possible carcinogenicity of crotonaldehyde is supported by genotoxic activity and the expected reactivity of croton oil and aldehyde. Crotonaldehyde is also a suspected metabolite of N-nitrosopyrrolidine, a probable human carcinogen.
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