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{{Assessment|moderator =Pauliina}}  
{{Assessment|moderator =Pauliina}}  
 
'''Bioher assessment''' about health impacts of small scale wood burning is closed.
{{participants needed}}


==Health and climate impacts of heat production in small municipalities (BIOHER)==
==Health and climate impacts of heat production in small municipalities (BIOHER)==
This is assessment page of '''Bioher'''. Bioher is a research project coordinated by National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). The duration is 2008-2011. Project includes five subprojects with 1) measurement of PM and greenhouse gas emissions, 2) chemical characterization and assessment of atmospheric thermal impact of emitted PM, 3) toxicological characterization of emitted PM, 4) assessment of exposure to and health effects of current residential wood combustion, 5) assessment of health risks.  
Bioher is a research project coordinated by the National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). The project runs from 2008 to 2011 and includes five workpackages: 1) measurement of PM and greenhouse gas emissions, 2) chemical characterization and assessment of atmospheric thermal impact of emitted PM, 3) toxicological characterization of emitted PM, 4) assessment of exposure to and health effects of current residential wood combustion, 5) assessment of health risks.  
 
This assessment page includes scope, definition, and result of health risk assessment of fine particles of four residential heating scenarios/decisions. Main study questions are:
 
*How human risks differs between four heating scenarios/decisions?
*What are the costs of emissions and health effects due to different heating scenarios/decisions?
*What are climate change impacts of PM emissions and health effects due to CC?


[[:Image:Bioher model.ANA|The Analytica model can be accessed here]]


Assessment model: [[File:Bioher model.ANA]]


== Scope  ==
== Scope  ==
Line 19: Line 12:
=== Purpose  ===
=== Purpose  ===


The purpose is to evaluate PM<sub>2.5</sub> and green house gas (GHG) emissions of detached houses and small heating power plant, to assess exposure and health effects due to evaluated emissions and to define emission, heating and health effect costs. Assessment is going to compare four alternative ways to arrange decentralized energy production in communities with 2000 - 10000 inhabitants: light oil and pellets as fuel of detached houses and heavy oil and wood chips as fuel of small heating plants. In addition, environmental effects i.e. climate change (CC) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions is assessed with this model.  
The purpose of the assessment is to evaluate health impacts and overall societal costs of different scenarios for residential heating in Finland.  


Questions:  
More specifically:  


*What would be the health effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of small power plant and individual houses in small living area (2000- 10000 inh.)?  
*What would be the mortality impacts of PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions and the related societal cost?
*What are GHG emissions of individual houses and small power plant and how emissions effect on CC?  
*What would be the greenhouse gas emissions and the related societal cost?
*What are the costs of different alternatives?  
*What are the optimal decisions on residential heating for the society when energy costs to consumers and societal costs related to greenhouse gas emissions and health impacts of PM<sub>2.5</sub> are taken into consideration?
*What is the optimal decision to produce energy and heat to houses?
*What are the optimal decisions on residential heating for a consumer (based on costs related to heat consumption), and are these in conflict with the optimal decisions for the society?


=== Boundaries  ===
=== Boundaries  ===


*Energy production (single house and small energy plant level, 1-20MW)
*House stock:
*Population (2000-10000 inh.)
**Detached single family houses built in the beginning of 2010 (standard, low energy)
*Exposure for PM<sub>2.5</sub>  
**Detached single family houses built in 60's and 70's
*ER-functions for PM<sub>2.5</sub>  
*Location: Finland
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions (-&gt;health effects)  
*Assessment follow-up time: 2010-2040
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> climate effect (-&gt; health effects)  
*Evaluated emissions:
*Household heating scenarios:
**Greenhouse gases (CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent)
**Light oil and pellets
**Fine particles (PM<sub>2.5</sub>)
*Small heating plant scenarios:
*Evaluated health impacts:
**Heavy oil and wood chips
**Mortality from PM<sub>2.5</sub> (quantified in mortality cases and DALYs)
*Atmospheric thermal impact
*Evaluated costs:
*DALY
**Heat consumption cost to consumer (heating appliance investment and interest, maintenance, energy)
**Cost from greenhouse gas emissions (based on the cost of carbon emission permits)
**Cost from health impacts of PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions (based on the value of lost life years)


*Impacts:
=== Scenarios  ===
**Climate change
**Premature mortality
**Costs


=== Scenarios  ===
*Primary heat source scenarios:
**Light fuel oil
**Wood pellet
**Direct electrical
**Geothermal
**District heat produced in a small power plant (<2 MW) with heavy fuel oil
**District heat produced in a small power plant (<2 MW) with wood chip
**District heat produced in business-as-usual power plants


Scenarios include two different fuel types of energy production in detached houses and small power plant:
*Secondary heat source scenarios
<br> '''Detached houses'''
**Air source heat pump
*light oil
**Wood fired masonry heater
*Pellets
<br> '''Small power plant'''
*Heavy oil
*Wood chips


=== Intended users  ===
=== Intended users  ===


*City-level policy-makers in all sectors in Kuopio as well as everywhere else
*City and national level policymakers
*International policy-makers related climate change
*Anyone making decisions on residential heating
*Policy-makers related health risks of fine particles and green house gases
*General public
*General public  
*Scientists working on health risks of fine particles, green house gases and climate change
*Other interested of topic


=== Participants  ===
=== Participants  ===


*Assessment and Modelling Unit of THL: [[User:Virpi Kollanus|Virpi Kollanus]], [[User:Pauliina|Pauliina]], [[User:Marko|Marko]], [[User:Mikko Pohjola|Mikko Pohjola]], [[User:Jouni|Jouni]]
*Assessment and Modelling Unit of THL: [[User:Virpi Kollanus|Virpi Kollanus]], [[User:Pauliina|Pauliina]], [[User:Marko|Marko]], [[User:Mikko Pohjola|Mikko Pohjola]], [[User:Jouni|Jouni]]
*Other researchers related Bioher -project
*Other researchers in Bioher project
*Anyone interested


== Results  ==
==Variables==
*Floor area in Bioher is approximately 50 m<sup>2</sup> per inhabitant that is 500 000 m<sup>2</sup> in total area.
**[[Floor area in Bioher]]


*For total heating consumption by own heating, total electricity heating and plant heating in Bioher are 18.6 GWh/year, 15.7 GWh/ year and 14.0 GWh/year respectively. Total heating consumption in Bioher (10 000 inh.) is 48.3 GWh/ year.
'''Residential heat purchase
**[[Total heating consumption by own heating in Bioher]]
*[[Unit heat consumption of buildings in Finland]]
**[[Electricity heating in Bioher]]
**[[Energy consumption of Bioher plant]]  


*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions are approximately 372 mg/s and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions are 4.4 t/s in Bioher.
'''District heat and electricity production
**[[Emissions in Bioher]]
*[[District heat production in Finland]]
*[[Electricity production in Finland]]


*Exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub> (µg/m<sup>3</sup>) of Bioher population is 0.31 for heating production part and 0.23 for district heating part. Total exposure is 0.54 µg/m<sup>3</sup> for Bioher population. Exposure due electricity emissions has not taken account yet.
'''Geenhouse gas & PM2.5 emissions
**[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Bioher]]
*[[Emission factors for burning processes]]


*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of own heating of houses and small municipality plant heating production (=district heating) causes approximately 1.4 premature deaths in ten years in Bioher case.
'''PM2.5 exposure and health effects
**[[Health effects in Bioher]]
*[[ERF of PM2.5 on mortality in general population]]
*[[Population of Finland|Population of Finland]]
*[[Mortality in Finland|Mortality in Finland]]
*[[Breathing rate]]


*Total fuel costs of heating consumption is 3.1 million euros per year.  That means costs of over 300 euros per inhabitant in year.
'''Costs
**[[Costs of heat production in Bioher]]
*[[Unit price of energy in residential heating in Finland]]
*[[Unit price of carbon emission permits]]
*[[Value of a life year (VOLY)]]


== Conclusions  ==


== Definition  ==
'''Old variables
*[[Heating consumption of buildings]]
*[[Prices of fuels in heat production]]
*[[Exposure of Finnish subpopulations to fine particles due domestic wood combustion]]


[[File:Biohermalli.png|thumb|450px|center|Figure 1. Main model of health effect assessment in Bioher. ]]
== Conclusions ==
 
=== Variables ===
 
'''Decision'''
 
''This variable is not clear yet!!
 
*Decisions of citizen level between different heating systems
**Is there district heating system available (emissions from small power plant -&gt; decisions of society level)
** Own heating system: fuel types (pellets/light oil)
**Building stock (energy efficiency of buildings)
 
*Decisions of society level
**Extent of district heating system
**Fuel type of energy production (heavy oil/wood chips)
**Building stock (energy efficiency of buildings)
 
'''Population
 
Population in Bioher is '''10 000 inhabitants'''
(For the comparison, the page of [[Population of Finland]] describes population of Finland.)
 
'''House stock'''
 
House stock as [[floor area in Bioher]] is indexed with house types (detached, row and block houses) and fuel types and all data is based on Finnish statistics. Building statistics in Finland have been described more intensively in the page of  [[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]].
 
'''Heating consumption'''
 
Heating consumption is merged in three different energy consumption calculations/variables:
 
*[[Total heating consumption by own heating in Bioher]]
*[[Electricity heating in Bioher]]
*[[Energy consumption of Bioher plant]]
 
These three variables based on method of calculation of [[Heating consumption of buildings]] with
heating of tap water in buildings, heating consumption with monthly temperature variation and [[Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland|Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland]].
 
Heating consumption by own heating means own heating systems in houses. In Bioher 34 % of total heating was produced with own heating system, 28% of total heating was electricity and 38% of heat was produced as district heating in small heating plant. Fraction of each variable is calculated in the page of [[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]].
 
'''Emission '''
 
PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions in Bioher is described in the variable of [[Emissions in Bioher]]. In emission calculation knowledge of [[Emission factors for burning processes]] have been used.
 
'''Exposure '''
 
[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Bioher]] is based on rough estimate due emissions, [[intake fraction]] of population and [[breathing rate]]. Because emission estimates based direct emissions of source, dispersion is not taken account. Also exposure indoors is not taken account YET.
 
'''Health effect '''
 
In Bioher premature mortality are considered firstly as health effects due emissions ([[Health effects in Bioher]]). Exposure response factors (ERF) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> for all causes, cardiopulmonary and lung cancer are described in [[ERF of PM2.5 on mortality in general population]]. Used ERF for premature mortality was 0.6. Background mortality of Bioher populaiton is 86 deaths in one year.
 
'''Expenses '''
 
Costs can be devided in two part: costs of heat production and costs of health effects. [[Costs of heat production in Bioher]] includes fuel, investment and service prices. For now all costs includes only fuel prices ([[Prices of fuels in heat production]]). Costs of health effects are defined more in [[CLAIH assessment]].
 
'''Climate change'''
 
'''???


*Positive effect (warming)
**CO<sub>2</sub>
**BC (black carbon)
**CH<sub>4</sub>
**N<sub>2</sub>O
**CFC
**NO<sub>x</sub>?
**H<sub>2</sub>O?
*Negative effect (cool down)
**PM<sub>2.5</sub>
**Albedo (soil surface, snow, clouds)
'''Other variables in the scale of Finland'''
Emissions in Finland:
*[[PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]
*[[CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]
*[[CH4 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]
*[[N2O emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]
*[[GHG emissions from land use change]]
Exposure in Finland:
*[[PM2.5 concentration in Finland]]
*[[Exposure of Finnish subpopulations to fine particles due domestic wood combustion]]
*[[Intake fraction]]
*[[Breathing rate]]
*[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Finland]]


=== Analyses  ===
=== Analyses  ===
Line 192: Line 103:


== See also  ==
== See also  ==
*[http://www.uef.fi/fine/pupo PUPO tietokanta]
*[http://www.uef.fi/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=914f7583-a17f-4d4d-a54f-38efe7d439a0&groupId=118564&p_l_id=1706412 PUPO loppuraportti]


* [http://intra.eracnet.fi/main/index.php/Bioher:Bioher Internal project website in ERACintra]  
* [http://intra.eracnet.fi/main/index.php/Bioher:Bioher Internal project website in ERACintra]  
Line 197: Line 111:
*[[Bioher stakeholder meeting 2009]]
*[[Bioher stakeholder meeting 2009]]
*[[Assessment on impacts of emission trading on city-level (ET-CL)]]
*[[Assessment on impacts of emission trading on city-level (ET-CL)]]
*[http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/39675/Pienet%20chp%20laitokset.pdf?sequence=1 Pienten (<4 MW) CHP-laitosten mahdollisuudet]
 
*[https://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/26995/Svan.Janne.pdf.pdf?sequence=1 Pientaloalueen lämmityskärjestelmien vertailu]
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/kaukolampo/kirjasto/tutkimusraportit/liitteet/pientaloalueiden%20kaukolampokriteerit_loppuraportti_20091111.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fkaukolampo%2Fkirjasto%2Ftutkimusraportit Pientaloalueiden ja -taajamien kaukolämpöön liittämisen kriteerit]
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/kaukolampo/kirjasto/tutkimusraportit/liitteet/pientaloalueiden%20kaukolampokriteerit_loppuraportti_20091111.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fkaukolampo%2Fkirjasto%2Ftutkimusraportit Pientaloalueiden ja -taajamien kaukolämpöön liittämisen kriteerit]
*[http://era17.fi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/sitran_selvityksia_39.pdf Rakennetun ympäristön energiankäyttö ja kasvihuonekaasupäästöt]
*[http://era17.fi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/sitran_selvityksia_39.pdf Rakennetun ympäristön energiankäyttö ja kasvihuonekaasupäästöt]
*[http://www.hsy.fi/seututieto/Documents/YTV_julkaisusarja/PJS_B_18_2003_pienpoltto_pks.pdf HSY2003:Pienpoltto pääkaupunkiseudulla]
*[http://www.hsy.fi/seututieto/Documents/YTV_julkaisusarja/PJS_B_18_2003_pienpoltto_pks.pdf HSY2003:Pienpoltto pääkaupunkiseudulla]
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/julkaisut%20ja%20tutkimukset/liitteet%20tutkimukset%20ja%20selvitykset/kaukolammityksenasiakasrajapinnanteknis-taloudellisetreunaehdot.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fjulkaisut Kaukolämmityksen asiakasrajapinnan teknis-taloudelliset reunaehdot sis.mm.Kaukolämpöliittymien kustannusselvitys]
*[http://www.energia.fi/sites/default/files/kl-asiakasrajapinnan_teknistaloudelliset_rajaehdot.pdf KAUKOLÄMMITYKSEN ASIAKASRAJAPINNAN TEKNIS‐TALOUDELLISET REUNAEHDOT TUTKIMUKSEN LOPPURAPORTTI]
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=82087 Parhaan käyttökelpoisen tekniikan huomioonottaminen ympäristölupamenettelyssä (esimerkkinä alle 50MWn polttolaitokset)]
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=82087 Parhaan käyttökelpoisen tekniikan huomioonottaminen ympäristölupamenettelyssä (esimerkkinä alle 50MWn polttolaitokset)]
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706 Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut1-7)] Tästä löytyy ominaispäästökertoimet ja hyötysuhteet polttoaineittain ja polttotekniikoittain pienissä polttolaitoksissa (esim. taulukko 4). Myös tieto kuinka paljon pieniä polttolaitoksia on Suomessa.
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706 Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut1-7)] Tästä löytyy ominaispäästökertoimet ja hyötysuhteet polttoaineittain ja polttotekniikoittain pienissä polttolaitoksissa (esim. taulukko 4). Myös tieto kuinka paljon pieniä polttolaitoksia on Suomessa.
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3708&lan=fi Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut8-19)]Täältä löytyy tietoa mm. hiukkasten poistotavoista (taulukko 23).
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3708&lan=fi Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut8-19)]Täältä löytyy tietoa mm. hiukkasten poistotavoista (taulukko 23).
*[http://webhotel2.tut.fi/ee/Materiaali/Ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf Heljo et al. Rakennusten energian kulutus ja CO2-ekv päästöt Suomessa]
*[http://webhotel2.tut.fi/ee/Materiaali/Ekorem/EKOREM_LP_ja_sahko_raportti_051128.pdf Heljo et al. Sähkölämmitys ja lämpöpumput sähkönkäyttäjinä ja päästöjen aiheuttajina Suomessa]
*[[File:Tissari PIPO loppuraportti.pdf]] sis. mm. polttopuun pienkäyttö Suomessa


costs and future:
*[http://www.gaia.fi/files/106/Hajautettu_energiantuotanto_loppuraportti.pdf Hajautettu energiatuotanto]
*[http://www.energia.fi/sites/default/files/lammon_ja_sahkon_yhteistuotannon_potentiaali_seka_kaukolammityksen_ja_-jaahdytyksen_tulevaisuus_suomessa.pdf Vehviläinen etal. Lämmön ja sähkön yhteistuotannon potentiaali sekä kaukolämmityksen ja -jäähdytyksen tulevaisuus Suomessa]
*[http://www.tbrc.fi/pubfilet/Scenarios%20and%20Business%20Models%20-%20Distributed%20energy.pdf Teknologiaohjelma DENSY – Hajautetun energiantuotannon tulevaisuusskenaariot ja vaikutukset liiketoimintamalleihin]
*[https://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/26995/Svan.Janne.pdf.pdf?sequence=1 Pientaloalueen lämmityskärjestelmien vertailu]sis.mm. kustannuslaskentaa
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/julkaisut%20ja%20tutkimukset/liitteet%20tutkimukset%20ja%20selvitykset/kaukolammityksenasiakasrajapinnanteknis-taloudellisetreunaehdot.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fjulkaisut Kaukolämmityksen asiakasrajapinnan teknis-taloudelliset reunaehdot sis.mm.Kaukolämpöliittymien kustannusselvitys]
*[http://www.energia.fi/sites/default/files/kl-asiakasrajapinnan_teknistaloudelliset_rajaehdot.pdf KAUKOLÄMMITYKSEN ASIAKASRAJAPINNAN TEKNIS‐TALOUDELLISET REUNAEHDOT TUTKIMUKSEN LOPPURAPORTTI]sis. mm. kaukolämpöliittymän kustannusselvityksen
*[http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/39675/Pienet%20chp%20laitokset.pdf?sequence=1 Pienten (<4 MW) CHP-laitosten mahdollisuudet]
*[https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/38219/isbn9789522145444.pdf sähkön tuotantokustannusvertailu]Voimalaitosten suorituskyky- ja kustannustiedot
Finnish power plants:
*[http://www.forestpower.net/data/liitteet/11143=martti_harkonen.pdf]
*[http://www.renewa.fi/fi/referenssit.html Renewa Oy]
*[http://www.planora.fi/sivu/fi/planora/referenssit/ref1/ Planora Oy]


[[Category:Health_effects]] [[Category:Classical_air_pollutants]]
[[Category:Health_effects]] [[Category:Classical_air_pollutants]]

Latest revision as of 11:36, 13 March 2015


Bioher assessment about health impacts of small scale wood burning is closed.

Health and climate impacts of heat production in small municipalities (BIOHER)

Bioher is a research project coordinated by the National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). The project runs from 2008 to 2011 and includes five workpackages: 1) measurement of PM and greenhouse gas emissions, 2) chemical characterization and assessment of atmospheric thermal impact of emitted PM, 3) toxicological characterization of emitted PM, 4) assessment of exposure to and health effects of current residential wood combustion, 5) assessment of health risks.


Assessment model: File:Bioher model.ANA

Scope

Purpose

The purpose of the assessment is to evaluate health impacts and overall societal costs of different scenarios for residential heating in Finland.

More specifically:

  • What would be the mortality impacts of PM2.5 emissions and the related societal cost?
  • What would be the greenhouse gas emissions and the related societal cost?
  • What are the optimal decisions on residential heating for the society when energy costs to consumers and societal costs related to greenhouse gas emissions and health impacts of PM2.5 are taken into consideration?
  • What are the optimal decisions on residential heating for a consumer (based on costs related to heat consumption), and are these in conflict with the optimal decisions for the society?

Boundaries

  • House stock:
    • Detached single family houses built in the beginning of 2010 (standard, low energy)
    • Detached single family houses built in 60's and 70's
  • Location: Finland
  • Assessment follow-up time: 2010-2040
  • Evaluated emissions:
    • Greenhouse gases (CO2 equivalent)
    • Fine particles (PM2.5)
  • Evaluated health impacts:
    • Mortality from PM2.5 (quantified in mortality cases and DALYs)
  • Evaluated costs:
    • Heat consumption cost to consumer (heating appliance investment and interest, maintenance, energy)
    • Cost from greenhouse gas emissions (based on the cost of carbon emission permits)
    • Cost from health impacts of PM2.5 emissions (based on the value of lost life years)

Scenarios

  • Primary heat source scenarios:
    • Light fuel oil
    • Wood pellet
    • Direct electrical
    • Geothermal
    • District heat produced in a small power plant (<2 MW) with heavy fuel oil
    • District heat produced in a small power plant (<2 MW) with wood chip
    • District heat produced in business-as-usual power plants
  • Secondary heat source scenarios
    • Air source heat pump
    • Wood fired masonry heater

Intended users

  • City and national level policymakers
  • Anyone making decisions on residential heating
  • General public

Participants

Variables

Residential heat purchase

District heat and electricity production

Geenhouse gas & PM2.5 emissions

PM2.5 exposure and health effects

Costs


Old variables

Conclusions

Analyses

  • Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses
  • value-of-information (VOI) analysis

See also


costs and future:

Finnish power plants:

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