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| See the main page of this assessment: [[Hämeenkyrö MSWI risk assessment: General]]
| | #REDIRECT[[Hämeenkyrö MSWI risk assessment: General]] |
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| *Decisions related to Hämeenkyrö case
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| *Possible indicators (optimising variables) in Hämeenkyrö
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| ====Well-being of the population (smells, comfort, noise) ====
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| Kari Auri
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| {{var
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| |Name = Karis proposal
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| |Focus =
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| |Scope =
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| |Description =
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| Focus: proposal to how to define the focus of this variable
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| Direct or indirect information about the factors affecting peoples living comfortability related to waste management alternatives (disposal site or MSWI). Direct variables are modelled or measured (ie. noise map) and indicators are based on feedback from local people or from other indirect source.
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| If the decision model will be used to analyse alternative scenarios, we have to include both modelled variables and feedback variables here or alternatively define these own variable for the Pyrkilö -model.
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| Scope: proposal to how to define the scope
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| Areas related to alternative waste management systems in Pirkanmaa. Thus, focus will be on existing dumping place (Tarastejärvi) and planned MSWI plant in Hämeenkyrö. Modelled variables will be estimated using different time scales (day, month, year). Well-being indicators will be monitored continuosly and summarizing reports can be done monthly and annually. People can also be asked what kind of changes in comfortability factors they believe to happen in future when a certain waste management alternative is implemented.
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| MSWI and dumping site alternatives have diffent total noise and smell effects for people living near the emission source. Both should be analysed before final solution.
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| Discription: some ideas of different factors (both a: direct variables and b: indicators)
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| 1 Noise
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| a) modelled noise maps / control noise measurements in neighborhoods of site based on:
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| - estimated amount of traffic near waste treatment site
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| - noise emissions from operating incinerator
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| - extra noise from birds (near landfill site)
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| Inputs: waste collection data, emission data from plant, bird invetory and voice emission data
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| Unit: dB
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| b) noise distubance asked from local people
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| - how often people suffer from noise?
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| - continuous or episodic noise?
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| Inputs: Indicator data from systematic post questionaries and continuous feedback forms from web-site.
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| Unit: Index value or classfied indicator (1-5 levels)
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| 2 Smell/odor
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| a) maps based on odor dispersion models
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| Inputs: data from waste management processes in landfill site
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| b) smell information asked from local people
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| Inputs: questionaries & online feedback forms on the web
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| Unit: Index value or classfied indicator (1-5 levels)
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| 3 Social factors
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| b) socioeconomic indicators based on statistics at small area (250x250 m) resolution
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| - socioeconomic variables (income, unemployment, education) are used to calculate social index
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| - indicator may be useful information before the decisions, but also for monitoring and forecasting changes in future when plant/landfill site is operating
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| Inputs: statistics
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| Unit: index (deprivation index)
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| 4 Scenic values
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| a) visibility maps calculated using GIS
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| Iputs: digital elevation model, forest data and other geograpical data
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| b) scenic values asked from local people
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| Inputs: questionary
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| Unit: index
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| 5 Discomfort index
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| b) index based on several questions from local people about comfortability of area
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| Inputs: questionary
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| Unit: index
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| 6 Concern index (Health effects)
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| b) index based on several questions from local people about concerns their have about the possible health effects
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| Inputs: questionary
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| Unit: index
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| |Inputs =
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| |Index =
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| |Definition =
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| |Unit =
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| |Result =
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| |References =
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| }}
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| {{var
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| |Name = Auris proposal
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| |Focus = Factors or issues affecting peoples living comfortability in Hämeenkyrö.
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| |Scope = The basic factors, like a noise, smell, social factors, etc., that affect the comfortability of inhabitants in Hämeenkyrö. Some of these factors can be measured and some are based on a experience and/or common beliefs and thoughts of inhabitants in Hämeenkyrö, like in other places where the municipal solid waste incinerator have been planned earlier (in Viljakkala).
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| |Description = 1.The noise:
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| :* From the building phase of the municipal solid waste incinerator
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| :* From operation time of the municipal incinerator
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| :* From the traffic<BR>
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| :* Things that should take account:<BR>
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| :* Comparing the noise from the incinerator to the noise coming from the birds, the traffic and activities in a landfill<BR>
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| :* The incinerator has planned to build in the existing industrial place.<BR>
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| :** What is the present level of the noise in that site?<BR>
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| :** What is the distance from the industrial site to the settlement?<BR>
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| :* The noise disturbs the comfortability of the living<BR>
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| 2. The smell:<BR>
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| :* Probable less disturbing comparing it to the dump site.<BR>
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| :* Inhabitants, who live near the landfill, think that the smell decreases the living comfortability a lot.<BR>
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| 3. The social factors:<BR>
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| :* Increasing a employment grade<BR>
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| :* Decreasing the value of the property (houses, lands, summer cottages)<BR>
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| :* Fear of the birds (the influenza)<BR>
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| 4. Landscape:<BR>
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| :* A minor effect<BR>
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| 5. Other things that will not occur with the municipal solid waste incinerator:<BR>
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| :* Diseases coming via the rats or birds? (This is a wild assumption)<BR>
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| :* Hazardous components leaching to the ground water and/or surface water will decrease.(The incinerator processes are controlled and monitored)<BR>
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| :* The inhabitants can pick berries and mushrooms with good feelings, without the fear of the hazardous components coming from the wastesite (like from the landfill).<BR>
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| |Inputs =
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| |Index =
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| |Definition =
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| |Unit =
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| |Result =
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| |References = YVA-reports and public opinion writings from the internet:
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| :http://www.ymparisto.fi/default.asp?contentid=168741&lan=fi
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| :http://www.viljakkalanpuolesta.net/lehdista1.html
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| :http://www.ytv.fi/NR/rdonlyres/FDC064707E3A4FF18458C7CDE7B02C01/0/biotuhka_yva05.pdf#search=%22kaatopaikka%20lintuhaitta%22
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| :http://www.eko-kymppi.fi/majasaari/YVA-selostus.pdf#search=%22kaatopaikka%20lintuhaitta%22
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| :http://www.jyvaskyla.fi/paatos/kh/2004/15031400.0/txt121.htm
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| :http://www.tapanila.fi/historia/kaatopaikka.html
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|
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| }}
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| ====Effects on economy (esp. gas energy plant) ====
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| Juha
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| {{var
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| |Name = Effects on economy
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| |Focus = Factors related how plant affects to economy in Pirkanmaa and Kyrönkoski area
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| |Scope = 10 - 20 years?
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| |Description =
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| How new municipal solid waste incinerator affects to economy? Waste incinerator is going to be a quite significant employer in Hämeenkyrö. It is also noted that price of gas energy is rising so it might be necessary to build the waste incinerator to guarantee low priced energy for M-real cardboard factory and Finnforest sawmill. Shutdown of either of these factory could be devastating to Hämeenkyrö's economy (employs over 300 persons). Shutdown of gas energy plant is not crucial (employs only 24 people).
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| |Inputs = Data
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| * Persons employed
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| ** gas energy plant (24 person)
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| ** starting phase of the municipal solid waste incinerator (50 - 60 person-year)
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| ** working phase of municipal solid waste incinerator (60 - 70 persons)
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| ** M-Real cardboard factory (335 persons)
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| ** Finnforest Sawmill (? persons)
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| * Tax incomes
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| ** directly to Hämeenkyrö
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| ** directly to Pirkanmaa
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| ** indirect taxes (Sawmill, cardboard factory and waste incinerator)
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| |Index =
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| |Definition =
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| |Unit = € or employed persons
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| |Result = Worst-case scenario:
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| * No waste incinerator or bioplant, shutdown of both factories and gas plant
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| ** Over 300 person '''less''' are employed
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| Best-case scenario:
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| * Waste incinerator is builded, both factories and gas plant remains
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| ** over 70 persons '''more''' are employed
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| OK-case scenario:
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| * Waste incinerator is builded, both factories remains, gas plant is shut down
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| ** about 50 persons '''more''' are employed
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| |References =
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| Pirkanvoima - website [http://www.pirkanvoima.fi/fi/projektin_esittely/?id=1106], accessed in 21.9.2006
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| Kyro Power - website [http://www.kyropower.fi/], accessed in 21.9.2006
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| Kyro Technologies - website [http://www.kyro.fi/showPage.php?page_id=74], accessed in 21.9.2006
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| M-Real - website [http://www.m-real.com], accessed in 21.9.2006
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| }}
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| ====Transportation costs of waste ====
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| Anne
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| {{var
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| |Name =
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| |Focus =
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| |Scope =
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| |Description =
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| |Inputs =
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| |Index =
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| |Definition =
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| |Unit =
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| |Result =
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| |References =
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| }}
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| ==== Dioxin exposure-response function on population level====
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| Anu T
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| {{var
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| |Name = Dioxin exposure-response function on population level
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| |Focus =
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| |Scope =
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| |Description =
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| '''Dioxins''' are a group of polychlorinated dibenzo-''p''-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs).
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| 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-''p''-dioxin (TCDD) is the most toxic PCDD/Fs congener, and it is classified as a known human
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| carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).
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| *Health effects related to '''long-term exposure'''
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| **impairment of the immune system
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| **impairment of the developing nervous system
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| **impairment of the endocrine system
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| **impairment of reproductive functions
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| **increased cancer risk
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| Evidence concerning cancer risk is mainly from animal studies, and dioxins are probably quite weak carcinogens in humans.
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| Evindence concerning other health effects is inconsistent.
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| Sensitive subgroups: foetuses, newborns, individuals with high fish consumption, individuals working in incineration plants
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| etc. (For health effects related to '''short-term exposure''' {{Reslink|Discussion on short term effects of dioxins}})
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| |Inputs = Dioxin variables:
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| *Dioxin emissions in Hämeenkyrö
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| *Baseline dioxin exposure in Hämeenkyrö
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| *Dioxin exposure due to MSWI in Hämeenkyrö
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| |Index =
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| |Definition =
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| |Unit = Dioxins: increase in lifetime risk per pg/kg body weight
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| |Result =
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| Dioxins
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| *effective dose resulting in a 0.01 increase in lifetime risk of cancer mortality (ED<sub>01</sub>): 45 pg/kg body weight
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| (95% CI 21-324 pg/kg body weight)
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| *tolerable daily intake (TDI): 1-4 pg/kg body weight
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| |References = Crump et al. 2003. Meta-analysis of dioxin-cancer dose-response for three occupational cohorts. Environmental
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| Health Perspectives 111 (5), 681-687.
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| Kogevinas 2001. Human health effects of dioxins: cancer, reproductive and endochrine system effects. Human Reproduction
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| Update 7 (3), 331-339.
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| Tuomisto et al. 1999. Synopsis on dioxins and PCBs. Publications of the National Public Health Institute B17/1999.
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| }}
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| ==== PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure-response function on population level====
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| {{var
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| |Name = PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure-response function on population level
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| |Focus =
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| |Scope =
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| |Description = '''PM<sub>2.5</sub>''' are fine particles less than 2.5 μm in diameter.
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| *Health effects related to '''short-term exposure'''
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| **respiratory symptoms
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| **adverse cardiovascular effects
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| **increased medication usage
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| **increased number of hospital admissions
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| **increased mortality
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| *Health effects related to '''long-term exposure''' (more relevance to public health)
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| **increased incidence of respiratory symptoms
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| **reduction in lung function
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| **increased incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
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| **reduction in life expectancy
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| ***increased cardiopulmonary mortality
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| ***increased lung cancer mortality
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| Sensitive subgroups: children, the elderly, individuals with heart and lung disease, individuals who are active outdoors
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| |Inputs = Fine particle variables:
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| *PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions in Hämeenkyrö
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| *PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions from MSWI, biofuel plant, and natural gas plant in Hämeenkyrö
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| *Baseline PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure in Hämeenkyrö
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| *PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure due to MSWI in Hämeenkyrö
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| |Index =
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| |Definition =
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| |Unit = PM<sub>2.5</sub>: increase in the risk of death per each 10 µg/m<sup>3</sup> elevation in PM<sub>2.5</sub>
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| |Result =
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| PM<sub>2.5</sub>
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| *6% increase in the risk of deaths from all causes (95% CI 2-11%)
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| *12% increase in the risk of death from cardiovascular diseases and diabetes (95% CI 8-15%)
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| *14% increase in the risk of death from lung cancer (95% CI 4-23%)
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| per each 10 µg/m<sup>3</sup> elevation in PM<sub>2.5</sub> air pollution
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| |References = Health aspects of air pollution. Results from the WHO project "Systematic review of health aspects of air
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| pollution in Europe". World Health Organization, 2004. http://www.euro.who.int/document/E83080.pdf
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| Pope et al. 2002. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA 287
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| (9), 1132-1141.
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| Pope et al. 2004. Cardiovascular mortality and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution. Circulation (109), 71-77.
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| Service Contract for Carrying out Cost-Benefit Analysis of Air Quality Related Issues, in particular in the Clean Air for
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| Europe (CAFE) Programme. Volume 2: Health Impact Assessment. AEA Technology Environment, 2005.
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| http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/cafe/pdf/cba_methodology_vol2.pdf
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| }}
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| ====Health effects of dioxins and PM<sub>2.5</sub> ====
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| Anu T
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| {{var
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| |Name = Health effects
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| |Focus = effects of dioxins and PM<sub>2.5</sub> on human health
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| |Scope = potential short-term and long-term health effects among Hämeenkyrö inhabitants caused by dioxins and
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| PM<sub>2.5</sub> originating from the Hämeenkyrö municipal solid waste incinerator
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| |Description =
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| |Inputs = Fine particle variables:
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| *PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions in Hämeenkyrö
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| *PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions from MSWI, biofuel plant, and natural gas plant in Hämeenkyrö
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| *Baseline PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure in Hämeenkyrö
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| *PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure due to MSWI in Hämeenkyrö
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| *PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure-response function on population level
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| Dioxin variables:
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| *Dioxin emissions in Hämeenkyrö
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| *Baseline dioxin exposure in Hämeenkyrö
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| *Dioxin exposure due to MSWI in Hämeenkyrö
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| *Dioxin exposure-response function on population level
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| |Index =
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| |Definition =
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| |Unit =
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| |Result =
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| |References = Crump et al. 2003. Meta-analysis of dioxin-cancer dose-response for three occupational cohorts. Environmental Health Perspectives 111 (5), 681-687.
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| Health aspects of air pollution. Results from the WHO project "Systematic review of health aspects of air pollution in Europe". World Health Organization, 2004. http://www.euro.who.int/document/E83080.pdf
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| Kogevinas 2001. Human health effects of dioxins: cancer, reproductive and endochrine system effects. Human Reproduction Update 7 (3), 331-339.
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| Pope et al. 2002. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA 287 (9), 1132-1141.
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| Pope et al. 2004. Cardiovascular mortality and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution. Circulation (109), 71-77.
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| Service Contract for Carrying out Cost-Benefit Analysis of Air Quality Related Issues, in particular in the Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) Programme. Volume 2: Health Impact Assessment. AEA Technology Environment, 2005. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/cafe/pdf/cba_methodology_vol2.pdf
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| Tuomisto et al. 1999. Synopsis on dioxins and PCBs. Publications of the National Public Health Institute B17/1999.
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| }}
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