Risk assessment on Hämeenkyrö municipal solid waste incinerator: Difference between revisions

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'''Risk assessment on Hämeenkyrö municipal solid waste incinerator''' contains a structured risk assessment of a plan to build a MSWI in Hämeenkyrö. There will be a public vote related to a city planning decision: whether the municipality should plan an area for the plant or not. The vote will be held in November 19, 2006.  
'''Risk assessment on Hämeenkyrö municipal solid waste incinerator''' contains a structured risk assessment of a plan to build a MSWI in Hämeenkyrö. There was a public vote related to a city planning decision: whether the municipality should plan an area for the plant or not. The vote was held in November 19, 2006.  


===Objective===
This risk assessment consists of several pages, and the links to all of these pages can be found from a category page [[:Category:Risk assessment on Hämeenkyrö municipal solid waste incinerator]].




[[image:Hameenkyropyrkilo.PNG]]


{{var
===Objective===
|Name        = RA of Hämeenkyrö MSWI
|Focus      = Health risk assessment related to the effects of the planned MSWI plant in Hämeenkyrö. (draft) {{Disclink|Discussion on the focus of Hämeenkyrö MSWI risk assessment}}
|Scope      = Health of the population in Hämeenkyrö especially, and in Southern Finland in general. Time scope: next 20 years (draft){{Disclink|Discussion on the scope of Hämeenkyrö MSWI risk assessment}}
|Description =  
|Inputs      =  
|Index      =  
|Definition  =
|Unit        =
|Result      =
|References  =
}}
 
'''Empty variable template'''
 
{{var
|Name        =
|Focus      =
|Scope      =
|Description =
|Inputs      =
|Index      =
|Definition  =
|Unit        =
|Result      =
|References  =
}}
 
 
===General variables===
 
{{var
|Name        = Optimizing rules
|Focus      =
|Scope      =
|Description = Optimizing rules, general (disagreement)
#Utilitarian optimizing
#Egalitarian optimizing
#Elitist optimizing
|Inputs      =
|Index      =
|Definition  =
|Unit        =
|Result      =
|References  =
}}
 
#Precautionary principle (disagreement)
## PP based on expected value, general
## PP based on worst-case or another 'conservative' scenario, general
## PP applied to emissions of municipal solid wasti incinerator (MSWI) in Hämeenkyrö
#Intake fraction (disambiguation)
##iF based on measured concentration fields
##iF based on exposure monitoring
##iF based on shortcuts
 
===Fine particle variables===
 
====PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions in Hämeenkyrö====
Päivi
 
{{var
|Name        = PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions in Hämeenkyrö
|Focus      = Existing PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions from all the sources in Hämeenkyrö.
|Scope      = Annual emissions. Emissions from the sources in Hämeenkyrö municipality area only.
 
 
|Description = PM<sub>2.5</sub>  means particles with diameter less than 2,5 µm. Generally the most important sources of these fine particles are domestic combustion and traffic. This is most likely the situation also in Hämeenkyrö which is a town of 10200 inhabitants. Industries and energy production are also important sources. There are some quite large industries and power plants (e.g. M-Real Kyro cardboard factory, Finnforest Oyj sawmill and Kyro gas power plant) that also cause fine particle emissions.
|Inputs      = Baseline PM<sub>2.5</sub>  exposure in Hämeenkyrö, Well-being of the population (smells, comfort, noise)
|Index      =
|Definition  =
|Unit        = tonnes/year
|Result      = The sum of the emissions from all the sources (trying to find some numbers here)
|References  = www.hameenkyro.fi
}}
 
====PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions from MSWI, biofuel plant, and natural gas plant in Hämeenkyrö====
Tommi
 
{{var
|Name        =
|Focus      = Gives PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions for the three power plants according to their actual/planned production
|Scope      = Annual PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions for each power plant.
|Description = This variable gives the PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions separately for each of the three power plant options to be considered in the Hämeenkyrö case. The emissions are calculated based on annual activities and exact technical configurations of the power plants. The technical data are entered in the FIRE (Factor Information Retrieval) software of the US EPA to obtain Emission Estimation Factors. The annual amounts of activity (in e.g. MWh/a or MSW burned/a) are then multiplied by the EF to get annual emissions from each plant. Note: This formulation leaves room for experimenting with adjustments in the power plants (e.g. if the amount of waste burned increases). Alternatively we can just use predetermined values and calculate one single annual emission figure for each plant.
|Inputs      = Planned or projected activities for each power plant and exact technical configurations of the plants. No such variables are considered in this excercise but the connections are included in the master model. If these values are fixed, these factors can be included in the calculation of this present variable.
|Index      =
|Definition  =
|Unit        = t a<sup>-1</sup>
|Result      =
|References  = http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/pm25inventory/concepts.html Here you can find and install the FIRE software among other things.
}}
 
====Baseline PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure in Hämeenkyrö====
Anne K
 
{{var
|Name        =
|Focus      =
|Scope      =
|Description =
|Inputs      =
|Index      =
|Definition  =
|Unit        =
|Result      =
|References  =
}}
 
====PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure due to MSWI in Hämeenkyrö ====
Terhi Y
 
{{var
|Name        =
|Focus      = Describes the variables affecting the personal exposure to MSWI-produced PM<sub>2.5</sub> (and links the exposure to dose)
|Scope      = Exact numerical values would require knowledge of the meteorological, geographical etc. data of Hämeenkyrö area and extensive modeling so not included here; certain concentration assumed and dose calculated from it
|Description = Data needed to evaluate the personal exposure
# Data needed to model the PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration distribution around the MSWI:
## The emission produced by MSWI
## Stack height and location of MSWI in relation to municipality
## Meteorological data: average (e.g. daily) temperatures, wind speeds and directions, solar radiation etc.
## Geographical data: vegetation, elevations, town build, lakes etc.
## ...
# Data needed to convert exposure to dose:
## inhalable fraction of PM<sub>2.5</sub>
## concentration of PM<sub>2.5</sub> around the person in the locations the person moves in
## times spend in different locations
## breathing rate of the person
## weight of the person
## ...
Also required: the background concentration. Some values available for comparison: Urban US highest PM<sub>2.5</sub> concs 20-30 mikrog/m<sup>3</sup>, concentration in Helsinki over several years 8-11 mikrog/m<sup>3</sup>, non-urban US concs 1-6 mikrog/m<sup>3</sup> (Koistinen 2002). Thus, small Finnish town: maybe 7 mikrog/m<sup>3</sup>?
|Inputs      =
|Index      =
|Definition  = D = ((IR)(P)(RF)(ET)(EF)(ED))/(BW)(AT) where
D = dose (mg/kg.day)
IR = inhalation rate (m<sup>3</sup>/h)
P = particle concentration in air (mg/m<sup>3</sup>)
RF = respirable fraction of particles (dimensioless)
ET = exposure time (hours/day)
EF = exposure frequency (days/year)
ED = exposure duration (years)
BW = body weight (kg)
AT = averaging time (days)(Schwela ym. 2002)
|Unit        =
|Result      =
|References  =List of references does not include articles referred to within the reference...
# Koistinen, Kimmo (2002). Exposure of an urban adult population to PM<sub>2.5</sub>. Methods, determination and sources. Publications of the National Public Health Institute A3/2002.
# Schwela D, Morawska L, Kotzias D (Eds.) 2002. Guidelines for concentration and exposure-response measurement of fine and ultra fine particulate matter for use in epidemiological studies. WHO and JRC Expert Task Force meeting, Ispra, Italy, November 2002.
}}
 
====PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure-response function on population level ====
Sari
 
{{var
|Name        =
|Focus      =
|Scope      =
|Description =
|Inputs      =
|Index      =
|Definition  =
|Unit        =
|Result      =
|References  =
}}
 
===Dioxin variables===
 
====Dioxin emissions in Hämeenkyrö ====
Virpi
 
{{var
|Name        =
|Focus      =
|Scope      =
|Description =
|Inputs      =
|Index      =
|Definition  =
|Unit        =
|Result      =
|References  =
}}
 
====Baseline dioxin exposure in Hämeenkyrö ====
Marjo
 
{{var
|Name        =
|Focus      = Baseline dioxin exposure in Hämeenkyrö inhabitants
|Scope      = the daily intake and the adipose tissue concentration of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in Hämeenkyrö population
|Description = Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs, "dioxins") are ubiquitously present, stable and persistent environmental contaminants. They are fat soluble and thus tend to bioaccumulate in tissue lipid and in the food chain. Food is the major source for human exposure to dioxins, especially fatty food. In Finland the main source is fish, followed by fats and oils.
|Inputs      =
|Index      =
|Definition  =
|Unit        = adipose tissue concentration: WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ pg/g fat
              daily intake: WHO-TEQ pg/kg body weight
|Result      =
|References  =
}}
 
====Dioxin exposure due to MSWI in Hämeenkyrö ====
Martin
 
{{var
|Name        =
|Focus      =
|Scope      =
|Description =
|Inputs      =
|Index      =
|Definition  =
|Unit        =
|Result      =
|References  =
}}
 
====Dioxin exposure-response function on population level ====
Sanna
 
{{var
|Name        = Responses of dioxin exposure on human health at the population level
|Focus      = Determine health effects caused by dioxin exposure
|Scope      = Low dose and high dose effects are totally indifferent. Most probable exposures from MSWI are low dioxin exposures for a long period of time. The most susceptible subgroups of diopopulation are children
|Description =
|Inputs      =
|Index      =
|Definition  =
|Unit        =
|Result      =
|References  =
}}
 
===Indicator variables===
 
*Decisions related to Hämeenkyrö case
*Possible indicators (optimising variables) in Hämeenkyrö
 
====Well-being of the population (smells, comfort, noise) ====
Kari  Auri
 
{{var
|Name        =
|Focus      = Factors or issues affecting peoples living comfortability in Hämeenkyrö.
|Scope      = The basic factors, like a noise, smell, social factors, etc., that affect the comfortability of inhabitants in Hämeenkyrö. Some of these factors can be measured and some are based on a experience and/or common beliefs and thoughts of inhabitants in Hämeenkyrö, like in other places where the municipal solid waste incinerator have been planned earlier (in Viljakkala).
|Description = 1.The noise:
:* From the building phase of the municipal solid waste incinerator
:* From operation time of the municipal incinerator
:* From the traffic<BR>
:* Things that should take account:<BR>
:* Comparing the noise from the incinerator to the noise coming from the birds, the traffic and activities in a landfill<BR>
:* The incinerator has planned to build in the existing industrial place.<BR>
:** What is the present level of the noise in that site?<BR>
:** What is the distance from the industrial site to the settlement?<BR>
:* The noise disturbs the comfortability of the living<BR>
2. The smell:<BR>
:* Probable less disturbing comparing it to the dump site.<BR>
:* Inhabitants, who live near the landfill, think that the smell decreases the living comfortability a lot.<BR>
3. The social factors:<BR>
:* Increasing a employment grade<BR>
:* Decreasing the value of the property (houses, lands, summer cottages)<BR>
:* Fear of the birds (the influenza)<BR>
4. Landscape:<BR>
:* A minor effect<BR>
5. Other things that will not occur with the municipal solid waste incinerator:<BR>
:* Diseases coming via the rats or birds? (This is a wild assumption)<BR>
:* Hazardous components leaching to the ground water and/or surface water will decrease.(The incinerator processes are controlled and monitored)<BR>
:* The inhabitants can pick berries and mushrooms with good feelings, without the fear of the hazardous components coming from the wastesite (like from the landfill).<BR>
 
 
|Inputs      =
|Index      =
|Definition  =
|Unit        =
|Result      =
|References  = YVA-reports and public opinion writings from the internet:
:http://www.ymparisto.fi/default.asp?contentid=168741&lan=fi
:http://www.viljakkalanpuolesta.net/lehdista1.html
:http://www.ytv.fi/NR/rdonlyres/FDC064707E3A4FF18458C7CDE7B02C01/0/biotuhka_yva05.pdf#search=%22kaatopaikka%20lintuhaitta%22
:http://www.eko-kymppi.fi/majasaari/YVA-selostus.pdf#search=%22kaatopaikka%20lintuhaitta%22
:http://www.jyvaskyla.fi/paatos/kh/2004/15031400.0/txt121.htm
:http://www.tapanila.fi/historia/kaatopaikka.html
}}
 
====Effects on economy (esp. gas energy plant)  ====
Juha
 
{{var
|Name        = Effects on economy
|Focus      = Factors related how plant affects to economy in Pirkanmaa and Kyrönkoski area
|Scope      = 10 - 20 years?
|Description =
How new municipal solid waste incinerator affects to economy? Waste incinerator is going to be a quite significant employer in Hämeenkyrö. It is also noted that price of gas energy is rising so it might be necessary to build the waste incinerator to guarantee low priced energy for M-real cardboard factory and Finnforest sawmill. Shutdown of either of these factory could be devastating to Hämeenkyrö's economy (employs over 300 persons). Shutdown of gas energy plant is not crucial (employs only 24 people).
|Inputs      = Data
* Persons employed
** gas energy plant (24 person)
** starting phase of the municipal solid waste incinerator (50 - 60 person-year)
** working phase of municipal solid waste incinerator (60 - 70 persons)
** M-Real cardboard factory (335 persons)
** Finnforest Sawmill (? persons)
* Tax incomes
** directly to Hämeenkyrö
** directly to Pirkanmaa
** indirect taxes (Sawmill, cardboard factory and waste incinerator)
 
|Index      =
|Definition  =
|Unit        = € or employed persons
|Result      = Worst-case scenario:
* No waste incinerator or bioplant, shutdown of both factories and gas plant
** Over 300 person '''less''' are employed
Best-case scenario:
* Waste incinerator is builded, both factories and gas plant remains
** over 70 persons '''more''' are employed
OK-case scenario:
* Waste incinerator is builded, both factories remains, gas plant is shut down
** about 50 persons '''more''' are employed
|References  =
}}
 
====Transportation costs of waste ====
Anne
 
{{var
|Name        =
|Focus      =
|Scope      =
|Description =
|Inputs      =
|Index      =
|Definition  =
|Unit        =
|Result      =
|References  =
}}
 
====Health effects of dioxins and PM<sub>2.5</sub> ====
Anu T
 
{{var
|Name        = Health effects
|Focus      = effects of dioxins and  PM<sub>2.5</sub> on human health
|Scope      = potential short-term and long-term health effects among Hämeenkyrö inhabitants caused by dioxins and PM<sub>2.5</sub> originating from the Hämeenkyrö municipal solid waste incinerator
|Description =
'''Dioxins''' are a group of polychlorinated dibenzo-''p''-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs). 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-''p''-dioxin (TCDD) is the most toxic PCDD/Fs congener, and it is classified as a known human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).
 
*Health effects related to '''long-term exposure'''
**impairment of the immune system
**impairment of the developing nervous system
**impairment of the endocrine system
**impairment of reproductive functions
**increased cancer risk (evidence from animal studies, weak carcinogens in humans)
Sensitive subgroups: foetuses, newborns, individuals with high fish consumption, individuals working in incineration plants etc. (For health effects related to '''short-term exposure''' {{Reslink|Discussion on short term effects of dioxins}})
 
'''PM<sub>2.5</sub>''' are fine particles less than 2.5 μm in diameter.
*Health effects related to '''short-term exposure'''
**respiratory symptoms
**adverse cardiovascular effects
**increased medication usage
**increased number of hospital admissions
**increased mortality
*Health effects related to '''long-term exposure''' (more relevance to public health)
**increased incidence of respiratory symptoms
**reduction in lung function
**increased incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
**reduction in life expectancy
***increased cardiopulmonary mortality
***increased lung cancer mortality
 
Sensitive subgroups: children, the elderly, individuals with heart and lung disease, individuals who are active outdoors
|Inputs      = Fine particle variables:
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions in Hämeenkyrö
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions from MSWI, biofuel plant, and natural gas plant in Hämeenkyrö
*Baseline PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure in Hämeenkyrö
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure due to MSWI in Hämeenkyrö
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure-response function on population level
Dioxin variables:
*Dioxin emissions in Hämeenkyrö
*Baseline dioxin exposure in Hämeenkyrö
*Dioxin exposure due to MSWI in Hämeenkyrö
*Dioxin exposure-response function on population level
|Index      =
|Definition  =
|Unit        = Dioxins: increase in lifetime risk per pg/kg body weight
PM<sub>2.5</sub>: change in mortality hazard per each 10 µg/m<sup>3</sup> elevation in PM<sub>2.5</sub>
|Result      =
Dioxins
*effective dose resulting in a 0.01 increase in lifetime risk of cancer mortality (ED<sub>01</sub>): 45 pg/kg body weight (95% CI 21-324 pg/kg body weight) 
*tolerable daily intake (TDI): 1-4 pg/kg body weight
 
PM<sub>2.5</sub>
*6% increase in the risk of deaths from all causes (95% CI 2-11%)
*12% increase in the risk of death from cardiovascular diseases and diabetes (95% CI 8-15%)
*14% increase in the risk of death from lung cancer (95% CI 4-23%)
per each 10 µg/m<sup>3</sup> elevation in PM<sub>2.5</sub> air pollution
 
|References  = Crump et al. 2003. Meta-analysis of dioxin-cancer dose-response for three occupational cohorts. Environmental Health Perspectives 111 (5), 681-687.
 
Health aspects of air pollution. Results from the WHO project "Systematic review of health aspects of air pollution in Europe". World Health Organization, 2004. http://www.euro.who.int/document/E83080.pdf
 
Pope et al. 2002. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA 287 (9), 1132-1141.
 
Pope et al. 2004. Cardiovascular mortality and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution. Circulation (109), 71-77.
 
Service Contract for Carrying out Cost-Benefit Analysis of Air Quality Related Issues, in particular in the Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) Programme. Volume 2: Health Impact Assessment. AEA Technology Environment, 2005. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/cafe/pdf/cba_methodology_vol2.pdf
 
Tuomisto et al. 1999. Synopsis on dioxins and PCBs. Publications of the National Public Health Institute B17/1999.
}}
 
===Miscellaneous variables===
 
*Secondary effects on waste separation, recycling etc.)
 
 
====Municipal solid waste production in Häme ====
Pasi K
 
{{var
|Name        = Municipal solid waste production in Häme
|Focus      = Total amount of municipal solid waste produced in Häme
|Scope      = Describes municipal solid waste production in all over Häme and it's final destination in different parts of the providence
|Description = There is three different waste management companies in Häme:
 
'''Päijät-Hämeen jätehuolto Oy'''
 
-
 
'''Kiertokapula Oy'''
 
 
'''Loimi-Hämeen Jätehuolto Oy'''
 
 
 
|Inputs      =
|Index      =
|Definition  =
|Unit        =
|Result      =
|References  = http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3281&lan=fi
http://www.phj.fi/downloadable_material/Toimintakertomus.pdf
http://www.kiertokapula.fi/PDF/pdfoppaat/Toimintak_2005.pdf


http://www.l-hjatehuolto.fi/VK2005.pdf
}}


Health risk assessment related to the effects of the planned MSWI plant in Hämeenkyrö. Health of the population in Hämeenkyrö especially, and in Southern Finland in general. The scope contains a) the background risk due to the key emissions and b) the incremental risk due to the building and operation of the MSWI. Time scope: next 20 years (draft)


====Existing MSWI plants and current plans in southern Finland ====
<imagemap>
Marjaleena
Image:Hameenkyropyrkilo.PNG|


{{var
rect 554 160 661 213 [[Variable:Well-being in Hämeenkyrö due to MSWI|Well-being]]
|Name        =
rect 562 100 659 157 [[Variable:Effects of Hämeenkyrö MSWI on economy|Economy]]
|Focus      =
rect 558 352 662 405 [[Variable:Climatic effects of Hämeenkyrö MSWI|Climatic effects of Hämeenkyrö MSWI]]
|Scope      =
rect 159 111 261 236 [[Variable:Options with the Hämeenkyrö municipal solid waste incinerator|Options with the Hämeenkyrö MSWI]]
|Description =
|Inputs      =
|Index      =
|Definition  =
|Unit        =
|Result      =
|References  =
}}


====Background of waste production and its relations to EU directive ====
desc bottom-left
Eva
</imagemap>


{{var
[[Category:Policy options]]
|Name        =
[[Category:Risk assessments]]
|Focus      =
[[Category:Risk assessment on Hämeenkyrö municipal solid waste incinerator]]
|Scope      =
|Description =
|Inputs      =
|Index      =
|Definition  =
|Unit        =
|Result      =
|References  =
}}

Latest revision as of 21:17, 31 May 2007

Risk assessment on Hämeenkyrö municipal solid waste incinerator contains a structured risk assessment of a plan to build a MSWI in Hämeenkyrö. There was a public vote related to a city planning decision: whether the municipality should plan an area for the plant or not. The vote was held in November 19, 2006.

This risk assessment consists of several pages, and the links to all of these pages can be found from a category page Category:Risk assessment on Hämeenkyrö municipal solid waste incinerator.


Objective

Health risk assessment related to the effects of the planned MSWI plant in Hämeenkyrö. Health of the population in Hämeenkyrö especially, and in Southern Finland in general. The scope contains a) the background risk due to the key emissions and b) the incremental risk due to the building and operation of the MSWI. Time scope: next 20 years (draft)

Well-beingEconomyClimatic effects of Hämeenkyrö MSWIOptions with the Hämeenkyrö MSWI
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