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| See the main page of this assessment: [[Hämeenkyrö MSWI risk assessment: General]]
| | #REDIRECT[[Hämeenkyrö MSWI risk assessment: General]] |
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| ====PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions in Hämeenkyrö====
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| Päivi
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| {{var
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| |Name = PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions in Hämeenkyrö
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| |Focus = Existing PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions from all the sources in Hämeenkyrö.
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| |Scope = Annual emissions. Emissions from the sources in Hämeenkyrö municipality area only.
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| |Description = PM<sub>2.5</sub> means particles with diameter less than 2,5 µm. Generally the most important sources of these fine particles are domestic combustion and traffic. This is most likely the situation also in Hämeenkyrö which is a town of 10200 inhabitants. Industries and energy production are also important sources. There are some quite large industries and power plants (e.g. M-Real Kyro cardboard factory, Finnforest Oyj sawmill and Kyro gas power plant) that also cause fine particle emissions.
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| ''(Comment: Industry is so dominant in Hämeenkyrö that its emissions are likely the largest. However, this depends on the quality of the technique used. You should ask Marko: he has access to FRES model he told about yesterday.)''
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| |Inputs = Baseline PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure in Hämeenkyrö, Well-being of the population (smells, comfort, noise)
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| |Index =
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| |Definition =
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| |Unit = tonnes/year
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| |Result = The sum of the emissions from all the sources {{Disclink|Emissions should be given per sector}}
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| Total emissions = emission (domestic combustion) + emission (traffic) + emission (M-real) + emission (Finnforest) + emission (Kyro power plant) + emission (others)
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| Traffic (2004) particles 11 t/y (mass of PM<sub>2.5</sub> ?) (VTT Liisa)
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| Kyro power plant (2002) particles <0,1 t/y (Lupapäätös 48/2004/1)
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| |References = www.hameenkyro.fi
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| VTT Liisa lipasto.vtt.fi/lipasto/liisa/index.htm
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| Länsi-Suomen ympäristölupavirasto, Lupapäätös 48/2004/1
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| }}
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| ====PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions from MSWI, biofuel plant, and natural gas plant in Hämeenkyrö====
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| Tommi
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| {{var
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| |Name =
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| |Focus = Gives PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions for the three power plants according to their actual/planned production
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| |Scope = Annual PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions for each power plant.
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| |Description = This variable gives the PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions separately for each of the three power plant options to be considered in the Hämeenkyrö case. The emissions are calculated based on annual activities and exact technical configurations of the power plants. The technical data are entered in the FIRE (Factor Information Retrieval) software of the US EPA to obtain Emission Estimation Factors. The annual amounts of activity (in e.g. MWh/a or MSW burned/a) are then multiplied by the EF to get annual emissions from each plant. Note: This formulation leaves room for experimenting with adjustments in the power plants (e.g. if the amount of waste burned increases). Alternatively we can just use predetermined values and calculate one single annual emission figure for each plant.
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| ''(Comment: There might be ready-made plant-specific data in FRES-model. You could talk with Päivi (PM emissions from Hämeenkyrö) and Marko. In addition, the YVA of the MSWI plan, and the other plants, should be available. We should find some numbers that we can use to calculate the exposure.)''
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| |Inputs = Planned or projected activities for each power plant and exact technical configurations of the plants. No such variables are considered in this excercise but the connections are included in the master model. If these values are fixed, these factors can be included in the calculation of this present variable.
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| |Index =
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| |Definition =
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| |Unit = t a<sup>-1</sup>
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| |Result =
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| |References = http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/pm25inventory/concepts.html Here you can find and install the FIRE software among other things.
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| }}
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| ====Baseline PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure in Hämeenkyrö====
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| Anne K
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| {{var
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| |Name =
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| |Focus = Existing PM2.5 exposure in Hämeenkyrö.
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| |Scope = annual ?
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| |Description = Particular matters are a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets in the air. PM2.5 is a particulate matter that is 2.5micrometers or smaller in size. PM2.5 exposure route is inhalation and the level of exposure dependents on level of PM2.5 consentartion in the air and the lenght of spend time indoors and outdoors.Personal exposure of individuals can be calculated using air pollution levels from environment, which are weighted with the time-activity pattern.
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| |Inputs =
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| This variable is linked to PM2.5 emissions in Hämeenkyrö, PM2.5 emissions from MSWI, biofuel plant, and natural gas plant in Hämeenkyrö, population size of Hämeenkyrö, Intake fraction for PM2.5 emissions in Hämeenkyrö, Pm2.5 exposure due to MSWI in Hämeenkyrö, PM2.5 exposure-response function on population level and Health effects of dioxins and PM2.5.
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| |Index =
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| |Definition =
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| |Unit = ug/m3
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| |Result = Exposure to ambient-generated particles (Eag) e.g. PM2.5
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| Eag = Ca x (Fo + Fi x Finf)
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| Eag is dominated by home ventilation and are estimated from ambient concentrations (Ca) multiplied by the fraction of time spent outdoors (Fo) and the fraction of time spent indoors (Fi) modified by the particle infiltration efficiency (Finf ).(WHO, 2006.)
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| Mean personal daytime exposure in Helsinki were 8-11 ug/m3 (Koistinen 2002). In Europe average fairly uniform rural background concentrations were 11-13ug/m3,15-20 ug/m3 in urban background and 20-30 ug/m3 at traffic sites (WHO, 2006.).
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| |References = http://www.ktl.fi/attachments/suomi/julkaisut/julkaisusarja_a/2002a3.pdf
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| Koistinen Kimmo: Exposure of an Urban Adult Population to PM2.5. 2002.
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| http://www.who.dk/document/E88189.pdf
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| WHO: Health risks of particulate matter from long-range transboundary air pollution. 2006.
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| http://www.ehponline.org/members/2004/6980/6980.html
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| }}
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| ====Intake fraction for PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions from Hämeenkyrö====
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| {{var
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| |Name = Intake fraction for PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions from Hämeenkyrö
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| |Focus = Intake fraction for PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions from Hämeenkyrö
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| |Scope = Emission from a high stack in Hämeenkyrö, exposed population anywhere in Europe. Exposure within one month from the emission.
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| |Description = Intake fraction (iF) means the fraction of an emission that is finally inhaled or ingested by a target population. There are several studies about estimates of iF for primary fine particles. These are often in the order of one in a million; values are higher for traffic than for other sources. Tainio and coworkers have estimated iFs for Finnish emissions derived from different source categories, including energy production plants.
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| Fine particles travel in the atmosphere for several days or weeks, and several hundred or thousand kilometres from the source. Therefore, most of the exposure occurs far from the source, unless the exposure very near (less than 100 m) is very intensive. In the case of a MSWI with a high stack, the exposure very near the source is negligible. This is especially true for secondary particles that only form in the atmosphere during several hours or days.
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| |Inputs =
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| |Index = Particle type
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| |Definition =
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| |Unit = -
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| |Result = Different particle types:
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| *0.6*10<sup>-6</sup> (primary particles)
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| *less clear but probably lower, maybe in the order of 0.1--0.5*10<sup>-6</sup> (secondary particles)
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| |References = Tainio et al., Kopra project. Fine-loppuseminaari 3/2006.
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| }}
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| ====PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure due to MSWI in Hämeenkyrö ====
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| Terhi Y
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| {{var
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| |Name =
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| |Focus = Describes the variables affecting the personal exposure to MSWI-produced PM<sub>2.5</sub> (and links the exposure to dose)
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| |Scope = Exact numerical values would require knowledge of the meteorological, geographical etc. data of Hämeenkyrö area and extensive modeling so not included here; certain concentration assumed and dose calculated from it
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| |Description = Data needed to evaluate the personal exposure
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| # Data needed to model the PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration distribution around the MSWI:
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| ## The emission produced by MSWI
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| ## Stack height and location of MSWI in relation to municipality
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| ## Meteorological data: average (e.g. daily) temperatures, wind speeds and directions, solar radiation etc.
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| ## Geographical data: vegetation, elevations, town build, lakes etc.
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| ## ...
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| # Data needed to convert exposure to dose:
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| ## inhalable fraction of PM<sub>2.5</sub>
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| ## concentration of PM<sub>2.5</sub> around the person in the locations the person moves in
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| ## times spend in different locations
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| ## breathing rate of the person
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| ## weight of the person
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| ## ...
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| Also required: the background concentration. Some values available for comparison: Urban US highest PM<sub>2.5</sub> concs 20-30 mikrog/m<sup>3</sup>, concentration in Helsinki over several years 8-11 mikrog/m<sup>3</sup>, non-urban US concs 1-6 mikrog/m<sup>3</sup> (Koistinen 2002). Thus, small Finnish town: maybe 7 mikrog/m<sup>3</sup>?
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| |Inputs =
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| |Index =
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| |Definition = D = ((IR)(P)(RF)(ET)(EF)(ED))/(BW)(AT) where
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| D = dose (mg/kg.day)
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| IR = inhalation rate (m<sup>3</sup>/h)
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| P = particle concentration in air (mg/m<sup>3</sup>)
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| RF = respirable fraction of particles (dimensioless)
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| ET = exposure time (hours/day)
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| EF = exposure frequency (days/year)
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| ED = exposure duration (years)
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| BW = body weight (kg)
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| AT = averaging time (days)(Schwela ym. 2002)
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| for dose over a lifetime the formula can be simplified to D = (IR)(P)(RF)/BW
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| Assumptions:
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| IR = 13 m<sup>3</sup>/d
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| P = the background concentration, as the emission caused by the MSWI is distributed wide and thus diluted to negligible, thus 7 mikrog/m<sup>3</sup>/d = 0,007 mg/m<sup>3</sup>/d
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| RF = 0,6
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| BW = 70 kg
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| |Unit = mg d <sup>-1</sup> kg<sup>-1</sup>
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| |Result = 0,0008 mg d <sup>-1</sup> kg<sup>-1</sup>
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| |References =List of references does not include articles referred to within the reference...
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| # Koistinen, Kimmo (2002). Exposure of an urban adult population to PM<sub>2.5</sub>. Methods, determination and sources. Publications of the National Public Health Institute A3/2002.
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| # Schwela D, Morawska L, Kotzias D (Eds.) 2002. Guidelines for concentration and exposure-response measurement of fine and ultra fine particulate matter for use in epidemiological studies. WHO and JRC Expert Task Force meeting, Ispra, Italy, November 2002.
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| }}
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| ====PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure-response function on population level ====
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| Sari
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| {{var
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| |Name =
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| |Focus = Describes the relationship between ambient concentrations of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and the frequency of specific health effects in a given timeperiod.
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| |Scope = General population average considered
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| |Description = Concentration-response function is needed when we determine the health impact of PM2.5 concentrations in Hämeenkyrö on local people. Health impact of PM concentration in Hämeenkyrö = concentration *concentration response.
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| Concentration-response function needs data from exposure modelling, animal toxicology, small clinical or panel studies, and epidemiological studies.
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| Exposed population can be subdivided to subpopulations (adults, children, infants, elder people).
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| Exposure is assessed in a certain timeperiod (daily, annual exposure).
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| |Inputs =
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| |Index =
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| |Definition =
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| |Unit = increase in adverse health effect/ 1 ug/m3 change in PM <sub>2.5</sub> concentration
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| |Result =
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| |References = http://es.epa.gov/ncer/rfa/2004/2004_pm_research.html
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| }}
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