View source for Radon concentrations in European residences

[[Category:Radon]]
[[Category:Exposures]]
[[Category:Heimtsa]]
[[Category:Online model]]
[[heande:Radon concentrations in European residences]]
[[Category:Code under inspection]]
{{variable|moderator=Jouni}}

== Question ==

What are the radon concentrations in European residences, now and in the future?

== Answer ==

{{resultlink}}

== Rationale ==

Initial data is compiled from [http://radonmapping.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ National Summary Reports], EnVIE project <ref name="enviewp2"> EnVIE: Indoor Air Pollution Exposure. EnVIE project (Co-ordination Action on Indoor Air Quality and Health Effects; Project no. SSPE-CT-2004-502671) Deliverable 2.1 (WP2 Technical Report). KTL, Kuopio, 2008. [http://paginas.fe.up.pt/~envie/documents/finalreports/Final%20Reports%20Publishable/EnVIE%20WP2%20Final%20Report.pdf (on project website)] [http://heande.opasnet.org/heande/extensions/mfiles/mf_getfile.php?anon=true&docid=3318&fileid=3318&filename=EnVIE%20WP2%20Final%20Report.pdf (on Heande website)]</ref> and UNSCEAR 2000 <ref name="unscear">[http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2000_1.html UNSCEAR 2000 Report Vol. 1]  Sources and effects of ionizing radiation.  United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation , 2000.</ref>.

Future concentrations are constructed from current concentration data and predicted [[:heande:HI:Air exchange rate for European residences|residence air exchange rates]], by using <math>c_n = \frac{a_0+k}{a_n+k}c_0</math> where c is concentration, a is air exchange rate and k is decay rate (radioactive decay of Rn222). This formula is derived from [[:heande:Category:Lama]] model for indoor sources, where it has been assumed that the rate of emission of radon from soil is constant.

=== Original Data ===

{| {{prettytable}}
|+ '''Radon concentrations in dwellings determined in indoor surveys.'''<br> Compiled from [http://radonmapping.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ National Summary Reports], EnVIE project <ref name="enviewp2"> EnVIE: Indoor Air Pollution Exposure. EnVIE project (Co-ordination Action on Indoor Air Quality and Health Effects; Project no. SSPE-CT-2004-502671) Deliverable 2.1 (WP2 Technical Report). KTL, Kuopio, 2008. [http://paginas.fe.up.pt/~envie/documents/finalreports/Final%20Reports%20Publishable/EnVIE%20WP2%20Final%20Report.pdf (on project website)] [http://heande.opasnet.org/heande/extensions/mfiles/mf_getfile.php?anon=true&docid=3318&fileid=3318&filename=EnVIE%20WP2%20Final%20Report.pdf (on Heande website)]</ref>
and UNSCEAR 2000 <ref name="unscear">[http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2000_1.html UNSCEAR 2000 Report Vol. 1]  Sources and effects of ionizing radiation.  United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation , 2000.</ref>.
! Country
! Number of dwellings sampled
! Period and approx duration of measurement (situation in end 2008)
! Arithmetic mean (Bq/m<sup>3</sup>)
! Population 'dose' (M#*Bq/m<sup>3</sup>)
! Geometric mean (Bq/m<sup>3</sup>)
! Geometric SD (Bq/m<sup>3</sup>)
! Per cent &gt;200 Bq/m<sup>3</sup>
! Per cent &gt;400 Bq/m<sup>3</sup>
! Max obs (Bq/m<sup>3</sup>)
|----
|| Albania|| || || 120|| 408|| 105|| 2|| || || 270
|----
|| Austria|| 16000|| 1991-2002|| 97|| 795|| 61|| || 12|| 4|| 8325
|----
|| Belgium|| 10447|| 1995-present|| 69|| 718|| 76|| 2|| 2.4|| 0.5|| 4500
|----
|| Bulgaria|| || || 30|| 255|| 22|| || || || 250
|----
|| Croatia|| 782|| 2003-05|| 68|| 306|| || || 7.2|| 1.8|| 751
|----
|| Cyprus|| || || 7|| 6|| 7|| 2.6|| || || 78
|----
|| CzechRep|| 150000|| 1984-present|| 140|| 1428|| 110|| || 15|| 2.5|| 25000
|----
|| Denmark|| 3120|| 1995-96|| 53|| 292|| 64|| 2.2|| 2.9|| 0.2|| 590
|----
|| Estonia|| || || 120|| 180|| 92|| || || || 1390
|----
|| Finland|| 3074|| 1990-91|| 120|| 624|| 84|| 2.1|| 12.3|| 3.6|| 33000
|----
|| France|| 12261|| 1980-2003|| 89|| 5536|| 53|| 2.7|| 8.5|| 2|| 4964
|----
|| Germany|| 50000|| 1978-2003|| 50|| 4120|| 40|| 1.9|| 3|| 1|| 10000
|----
|| Greece|| 1277|| 1994-98|| 55|| 594|| 44|| || 3.1|| 1.1|| 1700
|----
|| Hungary|| || || 107|| 1081|| 82|| 2.7|| || || 1990
|----
|| Ireland|| 11319|| 1992-99|| 89|| 374|| 57|| || 7.5|| 1.5|| 1924
|----
|| Italy|| 5361|| 1989-1998|| 70|| 4060|| 52|| 2|| 4.1|| 0.9|| 1036
|----
|| Latvia|| || || || || || || || || 
|----
|| Lithuania|| || || 55|| 204|| 22|| || || || 1860
|----
|| Luxembourg|| 2619|| 1993-2002|| 115|| 58|| 70|| 2|| || 3|| 2776
|----
|| Malta|| || || || || || || || || 
|----
|| Netherlands|| 952|| 1995-96|| 30|| 498|| 25|| 1.6|| 0.3|| 0|| 382
|----
|| Norway|| 37400|| 1990-99|| 89|| 409|| 40|| || 9|| 3|| 50000
|----
|| Poland|| 2886|| 1992-94|| 49|| 1887|| 32|| 2|| 2|| 0.4|| 3261
|----
|| Portugal|| 3317|| 1988-91|| 86|| 920|| 39|| 2.2|| || || 3558
|----
|| Romania|| || || 45|| 1022|| || || || || 1025
|----
|| Slovakia|| || || 87|| 470|| || || || || 3750
|----
|| Slovenia|| 892|| 1993-95|| 87|| 174|| 60|| 2.2|| 7.7|| 2|| 1890
|----
|| Spain|| 5600|| 1990-2005|| 90|| 3645|| 45|| 3.7|| 6|| 2|| 15400
|----
|| Sweden|| 1360|| 1991-92|| 108|| 972|| 56|| || 11|| 3.5|| 3904
|----
|| Switzerland|| 55000|| 1980-2005|| 77|| 585|| 50|| || 17|| 7|| 29705
|----
|| UK|| 450000|| 1980-2005 || 20|| 1220|| || || 0.5|| 0.1|| 17000
|----
|| Eur weighed average Bq/m<sup>3</sup>|| || || 64.6|| || || || || || 
|----
|}

Notes.
* Changes since EnVIE <ref name="enviewp2"> EnVIE: Indoor Air Pollution Exposure. EnVIE project (Co-ordination Action on Indoor Air Quality and Health Effects; Project no. SSPE-CT-2004-502671) Deliverable 2.1 (WP2 Technical Report). KTL, Kuopio, 2008. [http://paginas.fe.up.pt/~envie/documents/finalreports/Final%20Reports%20Publishable/EnVIE%20WP2%20Final%20Report.pdf (on project website)] [http://heande.opasnet.org/heande/extensions/mfiles/mf_getfile.php?anon=true&docid=3318&fileid=3318&filename=EnVIE%20WP2%20Final%20Report.pdf (on Heande website)]</ref>: Bulgaria arithmetic mean added. Data existing in UNSCEAR but not in EnVIE; data was added here: Geometric mean for Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Slovenia (also GSD), Switzerland.
* The UNSCEAR data table is on a [http://heande.opasnet.org/heande/index.php?title=Radon_concentrations_in_European_residences&oldid=27710 previous version] of this page.
* Original Excel file: N:\ILMA\_Projects\ENVIE\WP-2

=== Dependencies ===

[[:heande:HI:Air exchange rate for European residences]]

=== Unit ===

Bq/m<sup>3</sup>

=== Formula ===

*Initial concentration data is downloaded from an earlier run, for which the details can be found in the [http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Radon_concentrations_in_European_residences&oldid=17503 earlier page version] under "Formula".

*This code features [[R]] functions described on pages [[Opasnet Base Connection for R]] and [[Operating intelligently with multidimensional arrays in R]].

<rcode>
library(OpasnetBaseUtils)
c0 <- op_baseGetData("opasnet_base", "Op_en4713", series_id = 897)
ae <- op_baseGetData("opasnet_base", "Erac2499")
ae0 <- ae[ae[,"Year"]=="2010",]
ae0array <- DataframeToArray(ae0[,c("obs","Country","Result")])
aen <- ae[ae[,"Year"]!="2010",]
c0array <- DataframeToArray(c0[,c(2,3,4)])
aenxc0 <- IntArray(aen, c0array, "c0")
aenxc0xa0 <- IntArray(aenxc0, ae0array, "a0")
k <- 0.007525128
x <- data.frame(aenxc0xa0[,c("obs","Country","policy","Year")], ((aenxc0xa0[,"a0"] + k)/(aenxc0xa0[,"Result"] + k)) * aenxc0xa0[,"c0"])
ae0xc0 <- IntArray(ae0, c0, "c0")
final <- ae0xc0[,c("obs","Country","policy","Year","c0")]
colnames(final)[ncol(final)] <- "Result"
o <- nrow(final)
final[(o+1):(o+nrow(x)),] <- x[,]
</rcode>

==See also==

* [[:heande:Indoor air quality & its impact on man]]
* [[:heande:Radon]]
* [[Radon|Radon]]
* [[:heande:Indoor air]]
* [[:heande:Radon sisäilma annos-vaste]]
* [[:heande:Radon sisäilma altistus Suomi]]
* [[:heande:Radon ja pitkäikäiset nuklidit porakaivo, kokonaissyöpäkuolemat annos-vaste]]
* [[:heande:Radon ja pitkäikäiset nuklidit porakaivo, efektiivinen annos]]
* [[:heande:Radon ja pitkäikäiset nuklidit porakaivovedessä]]

==References==

<references/>

Darby S, Hill D, Auvinen A, Barros-Dios JM, Baysson H, Bochicchio F, Deo H, Falk R, Forastiere F, Hakama M, Heid I, Kreienbrock L, Kreutzer M, Lagarde F, Mäkeläinen I, Muirhead C, Obereigner W, Pershagen G, Ruano-Ravina A, Ruosteenoja E, Schaffrath-Rosario A, Tirmarche M, Tomasek L, Whitley E, Wichmann H-E, Doll R. Radon in homes and lung cancer risk: collaborative analysis of individual data from 13 European case-control studies. British Medical Journal 2005; 330: 223–226.

G.  Dubois.  An  overview  of  radon  surveys  in  Europe.  Luxembourg:Office  for  Official Publication of the European Communities. ISBN 92-79-01066-2. European communities, 2005 

==Related files==

{{mfiles}}