View source for Exposure to PM2.5 in Finland

{{variable|moderator = Virpi Kollanus}}

[[Category: CLAIH]]

==Question==

What is the exposure to fine particles (PM2.5) in the Finnish population? Only outdoor sources are considered here. Exposures are calculated for defined locations (listed in a table in Rationale). 
: {{comment|# |This could be implemented (as a method) for any locations in Finland, but the calculations are so slow that it is better to calculate actual answers for specified locations (as a variable) before applying it in a model.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 16:58, 5 March 2014 (EET)}}

==Answer==

[http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Special:RTools&id=aXDIVDboftr1bTEd Example run]

== Rationale==

===Dispersion modelling===

<rcode name='disperse'>
library(OpasnetUtils)
library(OpasnetUtilsExt)
library(ggplot2)
library(rgdal)
library(maptools)
library(RColorBrewer)
library(classInt)
library(RgoogleMaps)

objects.latest("Op_en6007", code_name = "answer") # [[OpasnetUtils/Drafts]]

# GIS points for emissions.

districts <- tidy(opbase.data("Op_en3435.kuopio_city_districts"), widecol = "Location") # [[Exposure to PM2.5 in Finland]]
districts <- Ovariable("districts", data = data.frame(districts, Result = 1))

cat("PM2.5 intake fractions are being calculated for these locations.\n")

oprint(districts)

dis <- ova2spat(EvalOutput(districts), coord = c("E", "N"), proj4string = "+init=epsg:3067")

# Long-distance iF of PM2.5 for exposures beyond 10 km.

objects.latest("Op_en5813", code_name="initiate") # Long-distance iF for PM2.5 [[Intake fractions of PM]]
iF.PM2.5@data <- iF.PM2.5@data[iF.PM2.5@data$Subcategory == "Large power plants" , ]
iF.PM2.5@data <- iF.PM2.5@data[!colnames(iF.PM2.5@data) %in% c("Obs", "Geographical area", "Year", "PM type", "Source category", "Subcategory")]

# Calculate exposure concentration * population for a unit emission and all emission points.

out <- Ovariable()
for(i in 1:length(dis$City.area)) 
{
	print(paste(i, "\n"))
	temp <- GIS.Exposure(GIS.Concentration.matrix(
		1, 
		LA = coordinates(dis)[i, 2], 
		LO = coordinates(dis)[i, 1],
		N = 1
	))
	out@output <- rbind(out@output, data.frame(City.area = dis$City.area[i], temp@output))
}

out@output <- out@output[out@output$HAVAINTO == "VAESTO" , ]
out@marginal <- !grepl("Result$", colnames(out@output))
out <- unkeep(out, cols = c("KUNTA", "ID_NRO", "XKOORD", "YKOORD", "HAVAINTO", "dx", "dy"), sources = TRUE)

# Large matrix with detailed exposures in grids.
PILTTI.matrix <- out

# This produces an intake fraction if you give PM2.5 emissions as ton /a. GIS.Concentration.matrix takes ton /a and gives ug /m3.
# iF = intake (g /s) per emission (g /s) = concentration (ug /m3) * population (#) * breathing rate (m3 /s) / emission (g /s).

iF <- oapply(out, cols = c("LAbin", "LObin"), FUN = "sum", na.rm = TRUE)
iF <- iF * 20 / (24 * 3600) * 1E-6 # Divide by breathing rate 20 m3 /d and scale from ug to g to get intake fraction.
iF@output <- data.frame(Emissionheight = "Low", iF@output)
iF@output <- orbind(iF, data.frame(Emissionheight = "High", Result = 0))
iF@marginal <- c(TRUE, iF@marginal)
iF@output <- fillna(iF@output, marginals = colnames(iF@output)[iF@marginal])

iF <- iF + iF.PM2.5 * 1E-6 # Scale iF.PM2.5 from ppm to fractions.

emissionLocations <- Ovariable("emissionLocations", # [[Exposure to PM2.5 in Finland]]
	ddata = 'Op_en3435',
	subset = 'Emission locations'
)
emissionLocations@data$emissionLocationsResult <- 1
colnames(emissionLocations@data) <- gsub("[ \\.]", "_", colnames(emissionLocations@data))

objects.store(PILTTI.matrix, iF, emissionLocations)
cat("Objects PILTTI.matrix, emissionLocations and iF saved.\n")
</rcode>

===Data===

==== Emission locations ====

Where and how do the emissions of heating take place?

<t2b name='Emission locations' index='Heating,Emission site,Emission height' obs='Dummy' unit='-'>
District|Haapaniemi|High|
Electricity|Haapaniemi|High|
Geothermal|Haapaniemi|High|
Oil|At site of consumption|Ground|
Wood|At site of consumption|Ground|
Gas|At site of consumption|Ground|
</t2b>

==== Intake fractions of PM ====

These data come from 
<ref>Sebastien Humbert, Julian D. Marshall, Shanna Shaked, Joseph V. Spadaro, Yurika Nishioka, Philipp Preiss, Thomas E. McKone, Arpad Horvath, and Olivier Jolliet. Intake Fraction for Particulate Matter: Recommendations for Life Cycle
Impact Assessment (2011). Environmental Science and Technology, 45, 4808-4816.</ref>

Pollutants:
* PM10-2.5: Primary PM10 - primary PM2.5
* PM2.5: Primary PM2.5
* SO2: Secondary PM2.5 derived from SO2 (in practice, SO_4)
* NOx: Secondary PM2.5 derived from NOx (in practice, NO_3)
* NH3: Secondary PM2.5 derived from NH3 (in practice, NH4)

<t2b name="Intake fractions of PM" index="Pollutant,Emission height,Area" locations="Urban,Rural,Remote,Average" desc="Description" unit="ppm">
PM10-2.5|High|8.8|0.7|0.04|5.0|
PM10-2.5|Low|13|1.1|0.04|7.5|
PM10-2.5|Ground|40|3.7|0.04|23|
PM10-2.5|Average|37|3.4|0.04|21|
PM2.5|High|11|1.6|0.1|6.8|
PM2.5|Low|15|2.0|0.1|6.8|
PM2.5|Ground|44|3.8|0.1|25|
PM2.5|Average|26|2.6|0.1|15|
SO2||0.99|0.79|0.05|0.89|
NOx||0.2|0.17|0.01|0.18|
NH3||1.7|1.7|0.1|1.7|
</t2b>

==== Kuopio city districts ====

The exposures are calculated for the points listed below. The coordinates were visually checked from http://www.karttapaikka.fi

<t2b name='Kuopio city districts' index="City area,Location" locations="N,E" desc="Notes" unit= "ETRS-TM35FIN">
Itkonniemi|6974469|536853|
Männistö|6974607|535746|
Linnanpelto|6975014|535490|
Itkonniemi-Männistö-Linnanpelto|6974697|536030|
Niirala|6973403|532903|
Puijonlaakso|6975016|532625|
Rahusenkangas|6976558|534851|
Rahusenkangas-Kuivinniemi|6976558|534851|
Haapaniemi|6972486|534457|
Levänen|6970609|532094|
Saaristokaupunki|6968569|534906|
Jynkkä|6969424|533150|
Kettulanlahti|6977547|534958|
Petonen|6967759|532822|
Neulamäki|6973454|530655|
Kelloniemi|6976486|535799|
Särkiniemi|6971873|532398|
Särkilahti|6971406|531919|
Särkiniemi-Särkilahti|6971640|532159|
Saarijärvi|6975883|535098|
City center|6973853|535023|
Inkilänmäki|6976028|534434|
Inkilänmäki-Peipposenrinne|6975755|534453|
Pitkälahti|6963542|531123|
Julkula|6977523|532059|
Peipposenrinne|6975481|534472|
Päiväranta|6978479|533542|
Länsi-Puijo|6976667|532399|
</t2b>

===Dependencies===

* [[OpasnetUtils/Drafts]]
* [[Intake fractions of PM]]

==See also==

* This data is used in [[Building stock in Kuopio]]

{{urgenche}}

==References==


<references/>