<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE rdf:RDF [
<!ENTITY owl "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#" >
<!ENTITY xsd "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#" >
<!ENTITY rdfs "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" >
<!ENTITY rdf "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" >
<!ENTITY decision "http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#" >
]>
<rdf:RDF xmlns="http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#"
xml:base="http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl"
xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
xmlns:owl="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"
xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
xmlns:decision="http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#">
<owl:Ontology rdf:about="http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl">
<owl:versionInfo rdf:datatype="&xsd;string">2012_04_18_1</owl:versionInfo>
<rdfs:seeAlso xml:lang="en">An example: http://code.google.com/p/decision-ontology/wiki/DecisionOntologyExample</rdfs:seeAlso>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Author: Piotr Nowara (piotrnowara(at)gmail.com)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:seeAlso xml:lang="en">Decision Ontology website: http://code.google.com/p/decision-ontology/</rdfs:seeAlso>
<rdfs:seeAlso xml:lang="en">Requirement Ontology website: https://requirement-ontology.googlecode.com/ </rdfs:seeAlso>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">SUMMARY:
1. Decision-making is initiated by some underlying problem that can be represented in form of a question.
2. Decision-making is a process that can result in some decision and decision is a situation of indicating one of the considered options. Decision Ontology provides means for precise distinguishing and distinct treatment of these two aspects.
3. Option is a considered situation of choosing some specific solution.
4. Options can have associated criteria that is requirements, recommendation (or other normative entities) that should be applied to them.</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">This is the decision ontology (v.2). Let me know if you would like to participate in developing, testing or supporting this project.
If you need help in using the Decision Ontology or the imported Requirement Ontology please send an email to: piotrnowara(at)gmail.com</rdfs:comment>
<owl:imports rdf:resource="https://requirement-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/requirement_ontology.owl"/>
</owl:Ontology>
<!--
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//
// Annotation properties
//
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-->
<!--
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// Datatypes
//
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-->
<!--
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// Object Properties
//
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-->
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#has_answer -->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&decision;has_answer">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">has answer</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="&decision;Answer"/>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&decision;Question"/>
<owl:inverseOf rdf:resource="&decision;is_answer_for"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#has_consequence -->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&decision;has_consequence">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">has consequence</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&decision;Situation"/>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="&decision;Situation"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#has_context -->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&decision;has_context">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">has context</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="&decision;Context"/>
<owl:inverseOf rdf:resource="&decision;is_context_of"/>
<rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="&decision;occurs_in"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#has_result -->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&decision;has_result">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">has result</rdfs:label>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#has_solution -->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&decision;has_solution">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">has solution</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&decision;Problem"/>
<owl:inverseOf rdf:resource="&decision;is_solution_for"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#includes -->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&decision;includes">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">includes</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="&decision;is_occurence_of"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#indicates -->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&decision;indicates">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">indicates</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="pl">wskazuje</rdfs:label>
<owl:inverseOf rdf:resource="&decision;is_indicated_by"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#initiates -->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&decision;initiates">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">initiates</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="&decision;Process"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#involves_choosing -->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&decision;involves_choosing">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">involves choosing</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="&decision;is_occurence_of"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#is_adressed_to -->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&decision;is_adressed_to">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">is adressed to</rdfs:label>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#is_answer_for -->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&decision;is_answer_for">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">is answer for</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&decision;Answer"/>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="&decision;Question"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#is_consequence_of -->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&decision;is_consequence_of">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">is consequence of</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&decision;Situation"/>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="&decision;Situation"/>
<owl:inverseOf rdf:resource="&decision;has_consequence"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#is_consideration_of -->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&decision;is_consideration_of">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">is consideration of</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&decision;Process"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#is_considered_during -->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&decision;is_considered_during">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">is considered during</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="&decision;Process"/>
<owl:inverseOf rdf:resource="&decision;is_consideration_of"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#is_context_of -->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&decision;is_context_of">
<rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="&decision;is_occurence_of"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#is_included_in -->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&decision;is_included_in">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">is included in</rdfs:label>
<owl:inverseOf rdf:resource="&decision;includes"/>
<rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="&decision;occurs_in"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#is_indicated_by -->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&decision;is_indicated_by">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">is indicated by</rdfs:label>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#is_initiated_by -->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&decision;is_initiated_by">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">is initiated by</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&decision;Process"/>
<owl:inverseOf rdf:resource="&decision;initiates"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#is_occurence_of -->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&decision;is_occurence_of"/>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#is_question_for -->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&decision;is_question_for">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">is question for</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&decision;Question"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#is_question_for_confirming -->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&decision;is_question_for_confirming">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">is question for confirming</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&decision;Question"/>
<rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="&decision;is_question_for"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#is_question_for_indicating -->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&decision;is_question_for_indicating">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">is question for indicating</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&decision;Question"/>
<rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="&decision;is_question_for"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#is_result_of -->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&decision;is_result_of">
<owl:inverseOf rdf:resource="&decision;has_result"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#is_solution_for -->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&decision;is_solution_for">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">is solution for</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="&decision;Problem"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#occurs_in -->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&decision;occurs_in"/>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#supposedly_same_as -->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&decision;supposedly_same_as">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="&owl;SymmetricProperty"/>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">supposedly same as</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Renamed from 'is supposed to be identical with'.</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Using to indicate supposedly same individuals (like in the context of a question where someone suppose some individual has certain properties or when introducing some unverified statements).</rdfs:comment>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!--
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// Data properties
//
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<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#indicates_boolean_value -->
<owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:about="&decision;indicates_boolean_value"/>
<!--
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//
// Classes
//
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-->
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#Answer -->
<owl:Class rdf:about="&decision;Answer">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Answer</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&decision;Situation"/>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource="&decision;is_answer_for"/>
<owl:someValuesFrom rdf:resource="&decision;Question"/>
</owl:Restriction>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class>
<owl:unionOf rdf:parseType="Collection">
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource="&decision;indicates"/>
<owl:someValuesFrom rdf:resource="&owl;Thing"/>
</owl:Restriction>
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource="&decision;indicates_boolean_value"/>
<owl:someValuesFrom rdf:resource="&xsd;boolean"/>
</owl:Restriction>
</owl:unionOf>
</owl:Class>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Indication of something requested in a question.</rdfs:comment>
</owl:Class>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#Context -->
<owl:Class rdf:about="&decision;Context">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Context</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&decision;Situation"/>
</owl:Class>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#Decision -->
<owl:Class rdf:about="&decision;Decision">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Decision</rdfs:label>
<owl:equivalentClass>
<owl:Class>
<owl:intersectionOf rdf:parseType="Collection">
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource="&decision;indicates"/>
<owl:someValuesFrom rdf:resource="&decision;Option"/>
</owl:Restriction>
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource="&decision;is_result_of"/>
<owl:someValuesFrom rdf:resource="&decision;Decision_making"/>
</owl:Restriction>
</owl:intersectionOf>
</owl:Class>
</owl:equivalentClass>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&decision;Situation"/>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Recognizing something as the right/appropriate/best possible solution to a question/problem. It can be a consequence of an objective evaluation of clearly defined criteria but also an intuition, emotion or other subjective factor.</rdfs:comment>
</owl:Class>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#Decision_making -->
<owl:Class rdf:about="&decision;Decision_making">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Decision making</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&decision;Process"/>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource="&decision;is_initiated_by"/>
<owl:someValuesFrom rdf:resource="&decision;Question_for_indicating"/>
</owl:Restriction>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource="&decision;is_consideration_of"/>
<owl:someValuesFrom rdf:resource="&decision;Option"/>
</owl:Restriction>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">2011-10-13
A complex process that starts with a question and may result in indication of a solution for the underlying problem. It is important to note that a decision-making is something substantially different than decision, which is an output of the process of deciding. Usually it can be represented by the following pattern:
1. Decision-making starts with a question which is an utterance of some problem
2. The decider gathers and analyzes some information
3. The decider evaluates possible options (under some criteria).
4. One of the options may get recognized as the right/appropriate/best possible solution for the initial question/problem or the decider may choose to restrain from choice. What justifies this act could be an objective evaluation of clearly defined criteria but also an intuition, emotion or other subjective factor.
In most cases stages 2-3 consist of many (concurrent or sequential) actions, events, processes related to information gathering, processing, verifying etc. In some cases a decision-making can be viewed as a complex process involving many sub-decisions preceding the recognition of the initial problem solution. In our current work we have focused on the basic elements of the above pattern (the question, gathering information, considering options, choosing solution). It should be considered to what extent this ontology should support the modeling of correlated issues such as: information verification and retrieval etc.</rdfs:comment>
</owl:Class>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#Option -->
<owl:Class rdf:about="&decision;Option">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Option</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="pl">Opcja</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&decision;Situation"/>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Option has usually some related criteria which correspond to requirements, recommendations etc.</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:seeAlso rdf:resource="&decision;Decision_making"/>
<rdfs:seeAlso rdf:resource="&decision;has_criterion"/>
</owl:Class>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#Problem -->
<owl:Class rdf:about="&decision;Problem">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Problem</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&decision;Situation"/>
</owl:Class>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#Process -->
<owl:Class rdf:about="&decision;Process">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Process</rdfs:label>
</owl:Class>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#Question -->
<owl:Class rdf:about="&decision;Question">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Question</rdfs:label>
<owl:equivalentClass>
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource="&decision;is_question_for"/>
<owl:someValuesFrom rdf:resource="&owl;Thing"/>
</owl:Restriction>
</owl:equivalentClass>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&decision;Situation"/>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">A situation in which a person indicates a will for acquiring knowledge about something.</rdfs:comment>
</owl:Class>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#Question_for_confirming -->
<owl:Class rdf:about="&decision;Question_for_confirming">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Question for confirming</rdfs:label>
<owl:equivalentClass>
<owl:Class>
<owl:intersectionOf rdf:parseType="Collection">
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource="&decision;is_question_for_confirming"/>
<owl:someValuesFrom rdf:resource="&owl;Thing"/>
</owl:Restriction>
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource="&decision;has_answer"/>
<owl:allValuesFrom>
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource="&decision;indicates_boolean_value"/>
<owl:someValuesFrom rdf:resource="&xsd;boolean"/>
</owl:Restriction>
</owl:allValuesFrom>
</owl:Restriction>
</owl:intersectionOf>
</owl:Class>
</owl:equivalentClass>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&decision;Question"/>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">A question containing a whole proposition, that is an utterance that could be true or false. It is answerd by confirming or denying that proposition ('yes/no question')
Examples: Are you a vegetarian? Is Norway a member of UE?</rdfs:comment>
</owl:Class>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#Question_for_indicating -->
<owl:Class rdf:about="&decision;Question_for_indicating">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Question for indicating</rdfs:label>
<owl:equivalentClass>
<owl:Class>
<owl:intersectionOf rdf:parseType="Collection">
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource="&decision;is_question_for_indicating"/>
<owl:someValuesFrom rdf:resource="&owl;Thing"/>
</owl:Restriction>
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource="&decision;has_answer"/>
<owl:allValuesFrom>
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource="&decision;indicates"/>
<owl:someValuesFrom rdf:resource="&owl;Thing"/>
</owl:Restriction>
</owl:allValuesFrom>
</owl:Restriction>
</owl:intersectionOf>
</owl:Class>
</owl:equivalentClass>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&decision;Question"/>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">A question demanding indication of some concept, thing or its property in order to be anwsered.
Examples: What's your date of birth? What is the name of the Director of the W3C?</rdfs:comment>
</owl:Class>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#Question_for_indicating_solution -->
<owl:Class rdf:about="&decision;Question_for_indicating_solution">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Question for indicating solution</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&decision;Question_for_indicating"/>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource="&decision;is_consequence_of"/>
<owl:someValuesFrom rdf:resource="&decision;Problem"/>
</owl:Restriction>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</owl:Class>
<!-- http://decision-ontology.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/decision.owl#Situation -->
<owl:Class rdf:about="&decision;Situation">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Situation</rdfs:label>
</owl:Class>
</rdf:RDF>