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http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=BIOHER_assessment&diff=22747
BIOHER assessment
2011-10-24T12:00:51Z
<p>Pauliina: /* See also */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Assessment|moderator =Pauliina}} <br />
<br />
{{participants needed}}<br />
<br />
==Health and climate impacts of heat production in small municipalities (BIOHER)==<br />
This is assessment page of '''Bioher'''. Bioher is a research project coordinated by National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). The duration is 2008-2011. Project includes five subprojects with 1) measurement of PM and greenhouse gas emissions, 2) chemical characterization and assessment of atmospheric thermal impact of emitted PM, 3) toxicological characterization of emitted PM, 4) assessment of exposure to and health effects of current residential wood combustion, 5) assessment of health risks. <br />
<br />
Main study questions are:<br />
*How human risks differs between four heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are the costs of emissions and health effects due to different heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are climate change impacts of PM emissions and health effects due to CC?<br />
<br />
[http://en.opasnet.org/w/Image:Claih_model.ANA &nbsp;CLAIH/BIOHER analytica model ] <br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
=== Purpose ===<br />
<br />
The purpose is to evaluate PM<sub>2.5</sub> and green house gas (GHG) emissions of detached houses and small heating power plant, to assess exposure and health effects due to evaluated emissions and to define emission, heating and health effect costs. Assessment is going to compare four alternative ways to arrange decentralized energy production in communities with 2000 - 10000 inhabitants: light oil and pellets as fuel of detached houses and heavy oil and wood chips as fuel of small heating plants. In addition, environmental effects i.e. climate change (CC) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions is assessed with this model. <br />
<br />
Questions: <br />
<br />
*What would be the health effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of small power plant and individual houses in small living area (2000- 10000 inh.)? <br />
*What are GHG emissions of individual houses and small power plant and how emissions effect on CC? <br />
*What are the costs of different alternatives? <br />
*What is the optimal decision to produce energy and heat to houses?<br />
<br />
=== Boundaries ===<br />
<br />
*Energy production (single house and small energy plant level, 1-20MW) <br />
*Population (2000-10000 inh.) <br />
*Exposure for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*ER-functions for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions (-&gt;health effects) <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> climate effect (-&gt; health effects) <br />
*Household heating scenarios: <br />
**Light oil and pellets <br />
*Small heating plant scenarios:<br />
**Heavy oil and wood chips<br />
*Atmospheric thermal impact <br />
*DALY<br />
<br />
*Impacts: <br />
**Climate change<br />
**Premature mortality <br />
**Costs<br />
<br />
=== Scenarios ===<br />
<br />
Scenarios include two different fuel types of energy production in detached houses and small power plant: <br />
<br> '''Detached houses''' <br />
*light oil <br />
*Pellets<br />
<br> '''Small power plant''' <br />
*Heavy oil <br />
*Wood chips<br />
<br />
=== Intended users ===<br />
<br />
*City-level policy-makers in all sectors in Kuopio as well as everywhere else <br />
*International policy-makers related climate change <br />
*Policy-makers related health risks of fine particles and green house gases <br />
*General public <br />
*Scientists working on health risks of fine particles, green house gases and climate change <br />
*Other interested of topic<br />
<br />
=== Participants ===<br />
<br />
*Assessment and Modelling Unit of THL: [[User:Virpi Kollanus|Virpi Kollanus]], [[User:Pauliina|Pauliina]], [[User:Marko|Marko]], [[User:Mikko Pohjola|Mikko Pohjola]], [[User:Jouni|Jouni]]<br />
*Other researchers related Bioher -project<br />
<br />
==Variables==<br />
<br />
*[[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]]<br />
*[[Heating consumption of buildings]] <br />
*[[Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland]]<br />
*[[Emission factors for burning processes]]<br />
*[[ERF of PM2.5 on mortality in general population]]<br />
*[[Prices of fuels in heat production]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Other variables in the scale of Finland'''<br />
<br />
Emissions in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]] <br />
*[[CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[CH4 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[N2O emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[GHG emissions from land use change]]<br />
<br />
Exposure in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 concentration in Finland]]<br />
*[[Exposure of Finnish subpopulations to fine particles due domestic wood combustion]]<br />
*[[Intake fraction]] <br />
*[[Breathing rate]]<br />
*[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Finland]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Conclusions ==<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Analyses ===<br />
<br />
*Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses <br />
*value-of-information (VOI) analysis<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.uef.fi/fine/pupo PUPO tietokanta]<br />
*[http://www.uef.fi/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=914f7583-a17f-4d4d-a54f-38efe7d439a0&groupId=118564&p_l_id=1706412 PUPO loppuraportti]<br />
<br />
* [http://intra.eracnet.fi/main/index.php/Bioher:Bioher Internal project website in ERACintra] <br />
*[[CLAIH assessment]]<br />
*[[Bioher stakeholder meeting 2009]]<br />
*[[Assessment on impacts of emission trading on city-level (ET-CL)]]<br />
<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/kaukolampo/kirjasto/tutkimusraportit/liitteet/pientaloalueiden%20kaukolampokriteerit_loppuraportti_20091111.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fkaukolampo%2Fkirjasto%2Ftutkimusraportit Pientaloalueiden ja -taajamien kaukolämpöön liittämisen kriteerit]<br />
*[http://era17.fi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/sitran_selvityksia_39.pdf Rakennetun ympäristön energiankäyttö ja kasvihuonekaasupäästöt]<br />
*[http://www.hsy.fi/seututieto/Documents/YTV_julkaisusarja/PJS_B_18_2003_pienpoltto_pks.pdf HSY2003:Pienpoltto pääkaupunkiseudulla]<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=82087 Parhaan käyttökelpoisen tekniikan huomioonottaminen ympäristölupamenettelyssä (esimerkkinä alle 50MWn polttolaitokset)]<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706 Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut1-7)] Tästä löytyy ominaispäästökertoimet ja hyötysuhteet polttoaineittain ja polttotekniikoittain pienissä polttolaitoksissa (esim. taulukko 4). Myös tieto kuinka paljon pieniä polttolaitoksia on Suomessa.<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3708&lan=fi Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut8-19)]Täältä löytyy tietoa mm. hiukkasten poistotavoista (taulukko 23).<br />
*[http://webhotel2.tut.fi/ee/Materiaali/Ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf Heljo et al. Rakennusten energian kulutus ja CO2-ekv päästöt Suomessa]<br />
*[http://webhotel2.tut.fi/ee/Materiaali/Ekorem/EKOREM_LP_ja_sahko_raportti_051128.pdf Heljo et al. Sähkölämmitys ja lämpöpumput sähkönkäyttäjinä ja päästöjen aiheuttajina Suomessa]<br />
*[[File:Tissari PIPO loppuraportti.pdf]] sis. mm. polttopuun pienkäyttö Suomessa<br />
<br />
<br />
costs and future:<br />
*[http://www.gaia.fi/files/106/Hajautettu_energiantuotanto_loppuraportti.pdf Hajautettu energiatuotanto]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/sites/default/files/lammon_ja_sahkon_yhteistuotannon_potentiaali_seka_kaukolammityksen_ja_-jaahdytyksen_tulevaisuus_suomessa.pdf Vehviläinen etal. Lämmön ja sähkön yhteistuotannon potentiaali sekä kaukolämmityksen ja -jäähdytyksen tulevaisuus Suomessa]<br />
*[http://www.tbrc.fi/pubfilet/Scenarios%20and%20Business%20Models%20-%20Distributed%20energy.pdf Teknologiaohjelma DENSY – Hajautetun energiantuotannon tulevaisuusskenaariot ja vaikutukset liiketoimintamalleihin]<br />
*[https://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/26995/Svan.Janne.pdf.pdf?sequence=1 Pientaloalueen lämmityskärjestelmien vertailu]sis.mm. kustannuslaskentaa<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/julkaisut%20ja%20tutkimukset/liitteet%20tutkimukset%20ja%20selvitykset/kaukolammityksenasiakasrajapinnanteknis-taloudellisetreunaehdot.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fjulkaisut Kaukolämmityksen asiakasrajapinnan teknis-taloudelliset reunaehdot sis.mm.Kaukolämpöliittymien kustannusselvitys]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/sites/default/files/kl-asiakasrajapinnan_teknistaloudelliset_rajaehdot.pdf KAUKOLÄMMITYKSEN ASIAKASRAJAPINNAN TEKNIS‐TALOUDELLISET REUNAEHDOT TUTKIMUKSEN LOPPURAPORTTI]sis. mm. kaukolämpöliittymän kustannusselvityksen<br />
*[http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/39675/Pienet%20chp%20laitokset.pdf?sequence=1 Pienten (<4 MW) CHP-laitosten mahdollisuudet]<br />
*[https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/38219/isbn9789522145444.pdf sähkön tuotantokustannusvertailu]Voimalaitosten suorituskyky- ja kustannustiedot<br />
Finnish power plants:<br />
*[http://www.forestpower.net/data/liitteet/11143=martti_harkonen.pdf]<br />
*[http://www.renewa.fi/fi/referenssit.html Renewa Oy]<br />
*[http://www.planora.fi/sivu/fi/planora/referenssit/ref1/ Planora Oy]<br />
*<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Health_effects]] [[Category:Classical_air_pollutants]]</div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=BIOHER_assessment&diff=22740
BIOHER assessment
2011-10-24T07:50:37Z
<p>Pauliina: /* See also */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Assessment|moderator =Pauliina}} <br />
<br />
{{participants needed}}<br />
<br />
==Health and climate impacts of heat production in small municipalities (BIOHER)==<br />
This is assessment page of '''Bioher'''. Bioher is a research project coordinated by National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). The duration is 2008-2011. Project includes five subprojects with 1) measurement of PM and greenhouse gas emissions, 2) chemical characterization and assessment of atmospheric thermal impact of emitted PM, 3) toxicological characterization of emitted PM, 4) assessment of exposure to and health effects of current residential wood combustion, 5) assessment of health risks. <br />
<br />
Main study questions are:<br />
*How human risks differs between four heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are the costs of emissions and health effects due to different heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are climate change impacts of PM emissions and health effects due to CC?<br />
<br />
[http://en.opasnet.org/w/Image:Claih_model.ANA &nbsp;CLAIH/BIOHER analytica model ] <br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
=== Purpose ===<br />
<br />
The purpose is to evaluate PM<sub>2.5</sub> and green house gas (GHG) emissions of detached houses and small heating power plant, to assess exposure and health effects due to evaluated emissions and to define emission, heating and health effect costs. Assessment is going to compare four alternative ways to arrange decentralized energy production in communities with 2000 - 10000 inhabitants: light oil and pellets as fuel of detached houses and heavy oil and wood chips as fuel of small heating plants. In addition, environmental effects i.e. climate change (CC) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions is assessed with this model. <br />
<br />
Questions: <br />
<br />
*What would be the health effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of small power plant and individual houses in small living area (2000- 10000 inh.)? <br />
*What are GHG emissions of individual houses and small power plant and how emissions effect on CC? <br />
*What are the costs of different alternatives? <br />
*What is the optimal decision to produce energy and heat to houses?<br />
<br />
=== Boundaries ===<br />
<br />
*Energy production (single house and small energy plant level, 1-20MW) <br />
*Population (2000-10000 inh.) <br />
*Exposure for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*ER-functions for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions (-&gt;health effects) <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> climate effect (-&gt; health effects) <br />
*Household heating scenarios: <br />
**Light oil and pellets <br />
*Small heating plant scenarios:<br />
**Heavy oil and wood chips<br />
*Atmospheric thermal impact <br />
*DALY<br />
<br />
*Impacts: <br />
**Climate change<br />
**Premature mortality <br />
**Costs<br />
<br />
=== Scenarios ===<br />
<br />
Scenarios include two different fuel types of energy production in detached houses and small power plant: <br />
<br> '''Detached houses''' <br />
*light oil <br />
*Pellets<br />
<br> '''Small power plant''' <br />
*Heavy oil <br />
*Wood chips<br />
<br />
=== Intended users ===<br />
<br />
*City-level policy-makers in all sectors in Kuopio as well as everywhere else <br />
*International policy-makers related climate change <br />
*Policy-makers related health risks of fine particles and green house gases <br />
*General public <br />
*Scientists working on health risks of fine particles, green house gases and climate change <br />
*Other interested of topic<br />
<br />
=== Participants ===<br />
<br />
*Assessment and Modelling Unit of THL: [[User:Virpi Kollanus|Virpi Kollanus]], [[User:Pauliina|Pauliina]], [[User:Marko|Marko]], [[User:Mikko Pohjola|Mikko Pohjola]], [[User:Jouni|Jouni]]<br />
*Other researchers related Bioher -project<br />
<br />
==Variables==<br />
<br />
*[[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]]<br />
*[[Heating consumption of buildings]] <br />
*[[Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland]]<br />
*[[Emission factors for burning processes]]<br />
*[[ERF of PM2.5 on mortality in general population]]<br />
*[[Prices of fuels in heat production]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Other variables in the scale of Finland'''<br />
<br />
Emissions in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]] <br />
*[[CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[CH4 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[N2O emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[GHG emissions from land use change]]<br />
<br />
Exposure in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 concentration in Finland]]<br />
*[[Exposure of Finnish subpopulations to fine particles due domestic wood combustion]]<br />
*[[Intake fraction]] <br />
*[[Breathing rate]]<br />
*[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Finland]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Conclusions ==<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Analyses ===<br />
<br />
*Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses <br />
*value-of-information (VOI) analysis<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
<br />
* [http://intra.eracnet.fi/main/index.php/Bioher:Bioher Internal project website in ERACintra] <br />
*[[CLAIH assessment]]<br />
*[[Bioher stakeholder meeting 2009]]<br />
*[[Assessment on impacts of emission trading on city-level (ET-CL)]]<br />
<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/kaukolampo/kirjasto/tutkimusraportit/liitteet/pientaloalueiden%20kaukolampokriteerit_loppuraportti_20091111.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fkaukolampo%2Fkirjasto%2Ftutkimusraportit Pientaloalueiden ja -taajamien kaukolämpöön liittämisen kriteerit]<br />
*[http://era17.fi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/sitran_selvityksia_39.pdf Rakennetun ympäristön energiankäyttö ja kasvihuonekaasupäästöt]<br />
*[http://www.hsy.fi/seututieto/Documents/YTV_julkaisusarja/PJS_B_18_2003_pienpoltto_pks.pdf HSY2003:Pienpoltto pääkaupunkiseudulla]<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=82087 Parhaan käyttökelpoisen tekniikan huomioonottaminen ympäristölupamenettelyssä (esimerkkinä alle 50MWn polttolaitokset)]<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706 Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut1-7)] Tästä löytyy ominaispäästökertoimet ja hyötysuhteet polttoaineittain ja polttotekniikoittain pienissä polttolaitoksissa (esim. taulukko 4). Myös tieto kuinka paljon pieniä polttolaitoksia on Suomessa.<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3708&lan=fi Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut8-19)]Täältä löytyy tietoa mm. hiukkasten poistotavoista (taulukko 23).<br />
*[http://webhotel2.tut.fi/ee/Materiaali/Ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf Heljo et al. Rakennusten energian kulutus ja CO2-ekv päästöt Suomessa]<br />
*[http://webhotel2.tut.fi/ee/Materiaali/Ekorem/EKOREM_LP_ja_sahko_raportti_051128.pdf Heljo et al. Sähkölämmitys ja lämpöpumput sähkönkäyttäjinä ja päästöjen aiheuttajina Suomessa]<br />
*[[File:Tissari PIPO loppuraportti.pdf]] sis. mm. polttopuun pienkäyttö Suomessa<br />
<br />
<br />
costs and future:<br />
*[http://www.gaia.fi/files/106/Hajautettu_energiantuotanto_loppuraportti.pdf Hajautettu energiatuotanto]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/sites/default/files/lammon_ja_sahkon_yhteistuotannon_potentiaali_seka_kaukolammityksen_ja_-jaahdytyksen_tulevaisuus_suomessa.pdf Vehviläinen etal. Lämmön ja sähkön yhteistuotannon potentiaali sekä kaukolämmityksen ja -jäähdytyksen tulevaisuus Suomessa]<br />
*[http://www.tbrc.fi/pubfilet/Scenarios%20and%20Business%20Models%20-%20Distributed%20energy.pdf Teknologiaohjelma DENSY – Hajautetun energiantuotannon tulevaisuusskenaariot ja vaikutukset liiketoimintamalleihin]<br />
*[https://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/26995/Svan.Janne.pdf.pdf?sequence=1 Pientaloalueen lämmityskärjestelmien vertailu]sis.mm. kustannuslaskentaa<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/julkaisut%20ja%20tutkimukset/liitteet%20tutkimukset%20ja%20selvitykset/kaukolammityksenasiakasrajapinnanteknis-taloudellisetreunaehdot.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fjulkaisut Kaukolämmityksen asiakasrajapinnan teknis-taloudelliset reunaehdot sis.mm.Kaukolämpöliittymien kustannusselvitys]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/sites/default/files/kl-asiakasrajapinnan_teknistaloudelliset_rajaehdot.pdf KAUKOLÄMMITYKSEN ASIAKASRAJAPINNAN TEKNIS‐TALOUDELLISET REUNAEHDOT TUTKIMUKSEN LOPPURAPORTTI]sis. mm. kaukolämpöliittymän kustannusselvityksen<br />
*[http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/39675/Pienet%20chp%20laitokset.pdf?sequence=1 Pienten (<4 MW) CHP-laitosten mahdollisuudet]<br />
*[https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/38219/isbn9789522145444.pdf sähkön tuotantokustannusvertailu]Voimalaitosten suorituskyky- ja kustannustiedot<br />
Finnish power plants:<br />
*[http://www.forestpower.net/data/liitteet/11143=martti_harkonen.pdf]<br />
*[http://www.renewa.fi/fi/referenssit.html Renewa Oy]<br />
*[http://www.planora.fi/sivu/fi/planora/referenssit/ref1/ Planora Oy]<br />
*<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Health_effects]] [[Category:Classical_air_pollutants]]</div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=File:Tissari_PIPO_loppuraportti.pdf&diff=22738
File:Tissari PIPO loppuraportti.pdf
2011-10-24T07:48:40Z
<p>Pauliina: Puun pienpolton pienhiukkaspäästöt - PIPO loppuraportti</p>
<hr />
<div>Puun pienpolton pienhiukkaspäästöt - PIPO loppuraportti</div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=BIOHER_assessment&diff=22680
BIOHER assessment
2011-10-11T07:15:35Z
<p>Pauliina: /* See also */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Assessment|moderator =Pauliina}} <br />
<br />
{{participants needed}}<br />
<br />
==Health and climate impacts of heat production in small municipalities (BIOHER)==<br />
This is assessment page of '''Bioher'''. Bioher is a research project coordinated by National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). The duration is 2008-2011. Project includes five subprojects with 1) measurement of PM and greenhouse gas emissions, 2) chemical characterization and assessment of atmospheric thermal impact of emitted PM, 3) toxicological characterization of emitted PM, 4) assessment of exposure to and health effects of current residential wood combustion, 5) assessment of health risks. <br />
<br />
Main study questions are:<br />
*How human risks differs between four heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are the costs of emissions and health effects due to different heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are climate change impacts of PM emissions and health effects due to CC?<br />
<br />
[http://en.opasnet.org/w/Image:Claih_model.ANA &nbsp;CLAIH/BIOHER analytica model ] <br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
=== Purpose ===<br />
<br />
The purpose is to evaluate PM<sub>2.5</sub> and green house gas (GHG) emissions of detached houses and small heating power plant, to assess exposure and health effects due to evaluated emissions and to define emission, heating and health effect costs. Assessment is going to compare four alternative ways to arrange decentralized energy production in communities with 2000 - 10000 inhabitants: light oil and pellets as fuel of detached houses and heavy oil and wood chips as fuel of small heating plants. In addition, environmental effects i.e. climate change (CC) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions is assessed with this model. <br />
<br />
Questions: <br />
<br />
*What would be the health effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of small power plant and individual houses in small living area (2000- 10000 inh.)? <br />
*What are GHG emissions of individual houses and small power plant and how emissions effect on CC? <br />
*What are the costs of different alternatives? <br />
*What is the optimal decision to produce energy and heat to houses?<br />
<br />
=== Boundaries ===<br />
<br />
*Energy production (single house and small energy plant level, 1-20MW) <br />
*Population (2000-10000 inh.) <br />
*Exposure for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*ER-functions for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions (-&gt;health effects) <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> climate effect (-&gt; health effects) <br />
*Household heating scenarios: <br />
**Light oil and pellets <br />
*Small heating plant scenarios:<br />
**Heavy oil and wood chips<br />
*Atmospheric thermal impact <br />
*DALY<br />
<br />
*Impacts: <br />
**Climate change<br />
**Premature mortality <br />
**Costs<br />
<br />
=== Scenarios ===<br />
<br />
Scenarios include two different fuel types of energy production in detached houses and small power plant: <br />
<br> '''Detached houses''' <br />
*light oil <br />
*Pellets<br />
<br> '''Small power plant''' <br />
*Heavy oil <br />
*Wood chips<br />
<br />
=== Intended users ===<br />
<br />
*City-level policy-makers in all sectors in Kuopio as well as everywhere else <br />
*International policy-makers related climate change <br />
*Policy-makers related health risks of fine particles and green house gases <br />
*General public <br />
*Scientists working on health risks of fine particles, green house gases and climate change <br />
*Other interested of topic<br />
<br />
=== Participants ===<br />
<br />
*Assessment and Modelling Unit of THL: [[User:Virpi Kollanus|Virpi Kollanus]], [[User:Pauliina|Pauliina]], [[User:Marko|Marko]], [[User:Mikko Pohjola|Mikko Pohjola]], [[User:Jouni|Jouni]]<br />
*Other researchers related Bioher -project<br />
<br />
==Variables==<br />
<br />
*[[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]]<br />
*[[Heating consumption of buildings]] <br />
*[[Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland]]<br />
*[[Emission factors for burning processes]]<br />
*[[ERF of PM2.5 on mortality in general population]]<br />
*[[Prices of fuels in heat production]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Other variables in the scale of Finland'''<br />
<br />
Emissions in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]] <br />
*[[CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[CH4 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[N2O emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[GHG emissions from land use change]]<br />
<br />
Exposure in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 concentration in Finland]]<br />
*[[Exposure of Finnish subpopulations to fine particles due domestic wood combustion]]<br />
*[[Intake fraction]] <br />
*[[Breathing rate]]<br />
*[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Finland]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Conclusions ==<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Analyses ===<br />
<br />
*Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses <br />
*value-of-information (VOI) analysis<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
<br />
* [http://intra.eracnet.fi/main/index.php/Bioher:Bioher Internal project website in ERACintra] <br />
*[[CLAIH assessment]]<br />
*[[Bioher stakeholder meeting 2009]]<br />
*[[Assessment on impacts of emission trading on city-level (ET-CL)]]<br />
<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/kaukolampo/kirjasto/tutkimusraportit/liitteet/pientaloalueiden%20kaukolampokriteerit_loppuraportti_20091111.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fkaukolampo%2Fkirjasto%2Ftutkimusraportit Pientaloalueiden ja -taajamien kaukolämpöön liittämisen kriteerit]<br />
*[http://era17.fi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/sitran_selvityksia_39.pdf Rakennetun ympäristön energiankäyttö ja kasvihuonekaasupäästöt]<br />
*[http://www.hsy.fi/seututieto/Documents/YTV_julkaisusarja/PJS_B_18_2003_pienpoltto_pks.pdf HSY2003:Pienpoltto pääkaupunkiseudulla]<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=82087 Parhaan käyttökelpoisen tekniikan huomioonottaminen ympäristölupamenettelyssä (esimerkkinä alle 50MWn polttolaitokset)]<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706 Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut1-7)] Tästä löytyy ominaispäästökertoimet ja hyötysuhteet polttoaineittain ja polttotekniikoittain pienissä polttolaitoksissa (esim. taulukko 4). Myös tieto kuinka paljon pieniä polttolaitoksia on Suomessa.<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3708&lan=fi Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut8-19)]Täältä löytyy tietoa mm. hiukkasten poistotavoista (taulukko 23).<br />
*[http://webhotel2.tut.fi/ee/Materiaali/Ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf Heljo et al. Rakennusten energian kulutus ja CO2-ekv päästöt Suomessa]<br />
*[http://webhotel2.tut.fi/ee/Materiaali/Ekorem/EKOREM_LP_ja_sahko_raportti_051128.pdf Heljo et al. Sähkölämmitys ja lämpöpumput sähkönkäyttäjinä ja päästöjen aiheuttajina Suomessa]<br />
<br />
costs and future:<br />
*[http://www.gaia.fi/files/106/Hajautettu_energiantuotanto_loppuraportti.pdf Hajautettu energiatuotanto]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/sites/default/files/lammon_ja_sahkon_yhteistuotannon_potentiaali_seka_kaukolammityksen_ja_-jaahdytyksen_tulevaisuus_suomessa.pdf Vehviläinen etal. Lämmön ja sähkön yhteistuotannon potentiaali sekä kaukolämmityksen ja -jäähdytyksen tulevaisuus Suomessa]<br />
*[http://www.tbrc.fi/pubfilet/Scenarios%20and%20Business%20Models%20-%20Distributed%20energy.pdf Teknologiaohjelma DENSY – Hajautetun energiantuotannon tulevaisuusskenaariot ja vaikutukset liiketoimintamalleihin]<br />
*[https://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/26995/Svan.Janne.pdf.pdf?sequence=1 Pientaloalueen lämmityskärjestelmien vertailu]sis.mm. kustannuslaskentaa<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/julkaisut%20ja%20tutkimukset/liitteet%20tutkimukset%20ja%20selvitykset/kaukolammityksenasiakasrajapinnanteknis-taloudellisetreunaehdot.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fjulkaisut Kaukolämmityksen asiakasrajapinnan teknis-taloudelliset reunaehdot sis.mm.Kaukolämpöliittymien kustannusselvitys]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/sites/default/files/kl-asiakasrajapinnan_teknistaloudelliset_rajaehdot.pdf KAUKOLÄMMITYKSEN ASIAKASRAJAPINNAN TEKNIS‐TALOUDELLISET REUNAEHDOT TUTKIMUKSEN LOPPURAPORTTI]sis. mm. kaukolämpöliittymän kustannusselvityksen<br />
*[http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/39675/Pienet%20chp%20laitokset.pdf?sequence=1 Pienten (<4 MW) CHP-laitosten mahdollisuudet]<br />
*[https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/38219/isbn9789522145444.pdf sähkön tuotantokustannusvertailu]Voimalaitosten suorituskyky- ja kustannustiedot<br />
Finnish power plants:<br />
*[http://www.forestpower.net/data/liitteet/11143=martti_harkonen.pdf]<br />
*[http://www.renewa.fi/fi/referenssit.html Renewa Oy]<br />
*[http://www.planora.fi/sivu/fi/planora/referenssit/ref1/ Planora Oy]<br />
*<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Health_effects]] [[Category:Classical_air_pollutants]]</div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=GHG_emission_factors_for_different_fuels&diff=22677
GHG emission factors for different fuels
2011-10-10T11:58:57Z
<p>Pauliina: /* See also */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Marjo|stub=Yes}}<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
What are the GHG emission factors for different fuels?<br />
<br />
== Answer ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
European Environment Agency Scientific Committee, 2011. Opinion of the EEA Scientific Committee on Greenhouse Gas Accounting in Relation to Bioenergy<ref>http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/extensions/mfiles/mf_getfile.php?anon=true&docid=3443&docver=1&fileid=3444&filever=1&filename=SC_Opinion_on_GHG_in_rel_bioenergy_-_final_15_September_2011[1].pdf</ref><br />
<ref>http://www.eea.europa.eu/about-us/governance/scientific-committee/sc-opinions/opinions-on-scientific-issues/sc-opinion-on-greenhouse-gas</ref><br />
<br />
=== Dependencies ===<br />
<br />
=== Formula ===<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
[[Emission factors for burning processes]]<br />
<br />
==Keywords==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Related files==<br />
<br />
{{mfiles}}<br />
<br />
{{publication<br />
| authors = <br />
| title = <br />
| explanation = <br />
| publishingyear = <br />
| urn = <br />
| reference = <br />
}}</div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Emission_factors_for_burning_processes&diff=22676
Emission factors for burning processes
2011-10-10T11:57:47Z
<p>Pauliina: /* Emission factors for PM */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Pauliina}}<br />
[[Category: BIOHER]]<br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
What are the emission factors for burning processes in Finland?<br />
{{disclink|EF for burning processes or EF by fuel types}}<br />
<br />
== Definition ==<br />
<br />
Emission factors for burning processes is an impact assessment that take a wide perspective over environmental issues that can dealt with on a city level<br />
<br />
See discussions with the statements in the discussion page.{{disclink|Discussions of emission factors}}<br />
<br />
=== Data ===<br />
<br />
In Finland there are about 700 kettles that has under 5MW fuel power. Same amount is between 5 to 50 MW kettles and over 50 MW kettles there are 200 in Finland. One heating power plant can have several kettles. Many 5-50 MW power plants has also less than 5 MW kettle. <ref>http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706<br />
</ref> <br />
<br />
==Emission factors for PM==<br />
<br />
Next table includes emission factors for small power plants in Finland. <ref>http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706<br />
</ref> <br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| Type of plant or kettle<br />
| Fuel power (MW)<br />
| Fuel<br />
| PM separator<br />
| Emission factor (mg/MJ)<br />
| Number of plants<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| &lt;5<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| partly syklone<br />
| 20-90<br />
| 300<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 5-15<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| partly syklone<br />
| 10-70<br />
| 200<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 15-50<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| partly syklone<br />
| 5-40<br />
| 100<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| &lt;5<br />
| Light oil<br />
| - <br />
| &lt;10<br />
| 20<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 5-15<br />
| Light oil<br />
| - <br />
| &lt;10<br />
| 20<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 15-50<br />
| Light oil<br />
| - <br />
| &lt;10<br />
| 10<br />
|----<br />
| Diesel/kaasumoottori<br />
| 20-40<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| - <br />
| 30-60<br />
| 2<br />
|----<br />
| Kerrosleijukattila<br />
| 5-10<br />
| Wood<br />
| electric<br />
| 10-70<br />
| 8<br />
|----<br />
| Kerrosleijukattila<br />
| 10-50<br />
| Wood<br />
| electric<br />
| 5-30<br />
| 10<br />
|----<br />
| Kiertoleijukattila<br />
| 20-40<br />
| Wood<br />
| electric<br />
| 5-30<br />
| 4<br />
|----<br />
| Puuarinakattila<br />
| &lt;5<br />
| Wood<br />
| syklone/electric<br />
| 20-150<br />
| 120<br />
|----<br />
| Puuarinakattila<br />
| 5-10<br />
| Wood<br />
| syklone/electric<br />
| 20-150<br />
| 50<br />
|----<br />
| Puuarinakattila<br />
| 10-50<br />
| Wood<br />
| syklone/electric<br />
| 10-150<br />
| 35<br />
|----<br />
| Kaasutuskattila<br />
| 2-7<br />
| Wood<br />
| syklone<br />
| 50-150<br />
| 5<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
("Taulukoissa esitetyt ominaispäästökertoimet edustavat vaihteluväliä, joiden<br />
sisällä suurin osa yksittäisten laitosten arvoista on. Vaihteluvälit perustuvat käytettävissä<br />
olevien laitostietokantojen arvoihin (VAHTI-tiedot) ja pienten polttolaitosten<br />
päästömittaustuloksiin.")<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Emission factors for wood burning in small scale heating (e.g. secondary heating at houses) can be found from [http://wanda.uef.fi/pupo/index.html PUPO emission and toxicity database]<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+'''Table. Emissions of wood burning in different fireplaces.[http://wanda.uef.fi/pupo/index.html] <br />
| Fire place<br />
| Number of measurements<br />
| Mean (mg/MJ)<br />
| Min (mg/MJ)<br />
| Max (mg/MJ)<br />
|----<br />
| Panospoltto<br />
| 32<br />
| 76<br />
| 14.15<br />
| 224.27<br />
|----<br />
| Varaava tulisija<br />
| 22<br />
| 80<br />
| 27.97<br />
| 224.27<br />
|----<br />
| -Perinteinen<br />
| 18<br />
| 91<br />
| 30.75<br />
| 224.27<br />
|----<br />
| -Moderni<br />
| 3<br />
| 32<br />
| 27.97<br />
| 36.52<br />
|----<br />
| Kamiinat ja muut<br />
| 5<br />
| 54<br />
| 45.8<br />
| 74.2<br />
|----<br />
| Kiukaat<br />
| 1<br />
| 168<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
|----<br />
| Klapikattilat<br />
| 4<br />
| 59<br />
| 14.15<br />
| 106.14<br />
|----<br />
| -Perinteinen<br />
| 2<br />
| 102<br />
| 98.59<br />
| 106.14<br />
|----<br />
| -Moderni<br />
| 2<br />
| 16<br />
| 14.15<br />
| 17.58<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 49<br />
| 20<br />
| 5.21<br />
| 89.2<br />
|----<br />
| Pellettipoltin<br />
| 21<br />
| 21<br />
| 5.21<br />
| 89.2<br />
|----<br />
| Stokeripoltin<br />
| 5<br />
| 15<br />
| 12.21<br />
| 18.71<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Emission factors for greenhousegases==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''EFs by fuel based classification<br />
<br />
Heljo & Laineen selvityksessä on päädytty seuraaviin kasvihuonekaasupäästökertoimiin<br />
(kgCO2/MWh) laskettuna rakennuksen bruttotasolla (rakennukseen hankittu energia)[http://webhotel2.tut.fi/ee/Materiaali/Ekorem/EKOREM_LP_ja_sahko_raportti_051128.pdf]<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| kgCO2/MWh)<br />
|----<br />
| Puu<br />
| 18<br />
|----<br />
| Kevyt polttoöljy<br />
| 265<br />
|----<br />
| Raskas polttoöljy<br />
| 179<br />
|----<br />
| Kaukolämpö, erillistuotanto<br />
| 231<br />
|----<br />
| Kaukolämpö, yhteistuotanto<br />
| 224<br />
|----<br />
| Kaukolämpö keskimäärin (yhteistuotantoa 73 %)<br />
| 226<br />
|----<br />
| Sähkö keskimäärin<br />
| 204<br />
|----<br />
| Sähkön marginaalikulutus<br />
| 714<br />
|----<br />
| Sähkön perustehoalueen kulutus<br />
| 112<br />
|----<br />
| Sähkön välitehoalueen kulutus<br />
| 459<br />
|----<br />
| Sähkön huipputehoalueen kulutus<br />
| 867<br />
|----<br />
| Sähkölämmityksen lämmitysenergia (esimerkkiarvo)<br />
| 400<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 1. Fuel classification and emission factors in Finland 2010. <ref>[http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_polttoaineluokitus.html]</ref> <ref>http://tilastokeskus.fi/tup/khkinv/fi_nir_150110.pdf</ref>. Definitions for classification of fuels and energy sources can be found [http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_maaritykset_2010_en.html here].<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| Code Heading<br />
|<br />
| Fuel-specific unit <br />
| CO<sub>2</sub> default emission factor [t/TJ]<br />
| <br />
| Default net calorific value (as fired) [GJ/unit]<br />
| <br />
| NB<br />
|----<br />
| 1<br />
| Fossil fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 11<br />
| Petroleum products<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 111<br />
| Petroleum gases<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1111<br />
| Refinery gas<br />
| t<br />
| 54.2<br />
| *<br />
| 49.7<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1112<br />
| LPG (Liquefied petroleum gas)<br />
| t<br />
| 65.0<br />
| <br />
| 46.2<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 112<br />
| Light distillates<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1121<br />
| Naphtha<br />
| t<br />
| 72.7<br />
| <br />
| 44.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1122<br />
| Motor gasoline<br />
| t<br />
| 72.9<br />
| <br />
| 43.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1123<br />
| Aviation gasoline<br />
| t<br />
| 71.3<br />
| <br />
| 43.7<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 113<br />
| Medium distillates<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1131<br />
| Kerosene (jet fuel)<br />
| t<br />
| 73.2<br />
| <br />
| 43.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1132<br />
| Other kerosenes<br />
| t<br />
| 71.5<br />
| *<br />
| 43.1<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1133<br />
| Diesel oil<br />
| t<br />
| 73.6<br />
| <br />
| 42.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1134<br />
| Light fuel oil (heating fuel oil)<br />
| t<br />
| 74.1<br />
| <br />
| 42.7<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1135<br />
| Gasoil (for non-road use)<br />
| t<br />
| 73.6<br />
| *<br />
| 42.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1139<br />
| Other medium distillates<br />
| t<br />
| 74.1<br />
| <br />
| 42.7<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 114<br />
| Heavy distillates<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1141<br />
| Heavy fuel oil, sulphur content &lt; 1%<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 41.1<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1142<br />
| Heavy fuel oil, sulphur content ≥ 1%<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 40.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1143<br />
| Other heavy distillates<br />
| t<br />
| 79.2<br />
| *<br />
| 40.2<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 115<br />
| Petroleum coke<br />
| t<br />
| 97.0<br />
| <br />
| 33.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 116<br />
| Recycled and waste oils<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 41.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 119<br />
| Other petroleum products<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 30.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12<br />
| Coal<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|----<br />
| 121<br />
| Hard coal<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1211<br />
| Anthracite<br />
| t<br />
| 98.3<br />
| *<br />
| 33.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1212<br />
| Hard coal, bituminous <br />
| t<br />
| 94.6<br />
| <br />
| 24.6<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 122<br />
| Other coal<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1221<br />
| Semi-bituminous coal, brown coal, lignite<br />
| t<br />
| 108.0<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1222<br />
| Coal briquettes<br />
| t<br />
| 94.6<br />
| *<br />
| 30.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1228<br />
| Coal tar<br />
| t<br />
| 90.6<br />
| *<br />
| 37.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1229<br />
| Other non-specified coal<br />
| t<br />
| 108.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 123<br />
| Coke<br />
| t<br />
| 108.0<br />
| <br />
| 29.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 124<br />
| Coke oven gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 41.5<br />
| <br />
| 16.7<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 125<br />
| Blast furnace gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 263.7<br />
| <br />
| 3.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 13<br />
| Natural gas<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 131<br />
| Natural gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 55.04<br />
| <br />
| 36.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 2<br />
| Peat<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 21<br />
| Peat<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 211<br />
| Milled peat<br />
| t<br />
| 105.9<br />
| <br />
| 10.1<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 212<br />
| Sod peat<br />
| t<br />
| 102.0<br />
| <br />
| 12.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 213<br />
| Peat pellets and briquettes<br />
| t<br />
| 97.0<br />
| <br />
| 18.0<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3<br />
| Renewable and mixed fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 31<br />
| Biomass<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 311<br />
| Forest fuelwood<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3111<br />
| Firewood (stems and split firewood)<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 14.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3112<br />
| Chips from roundwood<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 9.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3113<br />
| Forest residue chips<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 9.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 312<br />
| Industrial wood residue<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3121<br />
| Bark<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 7.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3122<br />
| Sawdust, cutter shavings etc.<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 8.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3123<br />
| Wood residue chips<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 9.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3128<br />
| Unspecified industrial wood residue<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 7.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3129<br />
| Other industrial wood residue<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| *<br />
| 8.8<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 313<br />
| Black liquor and other concentrated liquors<br />
| tka<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 11.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 314<br />
| Other by-products from wood processing <br />
| TJ<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| industry<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 315<br />
| Recovered wood<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 12.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 316<br />
| Wood pellets and briquettes<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 16.0<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 317<br />
| Vegetable-based fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|----<br />
| 3171<br />
| NEW!!Reed canary grass<br />
| t<br />
| 100.0<br />
| <br />
| 14.6<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3172<br />
| NEW!!Cereal crops and straw parts<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 13.5<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3179<br />
| NEW!! Other vegetable-based fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 15.0<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 318<br />
| Animal-based fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 109.6<br />
| <br />
| 30.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 32<br />
| Other biofuels and mixed fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 321<br />
| Biogas<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3211<br />
| Landfill gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56,1<br />
| <br />
| 17.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3212<br />
| Biogas from wastewater treatment<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56.1<br />
| <br />
| 23.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3213<br />
| Industrial biogas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56.1<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3219<br />
| Other biogas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56.1<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 322<br />
| Liquid biofuels<br />
| t<br />
| 77.4<br />
| <br />
| 30..40<br />
|<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 323<br />
| Mixed fuels (fossil and non-fossil)<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3231<br />
| Recovered fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 31.8<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3232<br />
| Demolition wood<br />
| t<br />
| 17.0<br />
| <br />
| 15.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3233<br />
| Impregnated wood (chemically treated)<br />
| t<br />
| 11.4<br />
| <br />
| 12.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3234<br />
| NEW!! Deinking sludge <br />
| t<br />
| 60.0<br />
| <br />
| 4.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3238<br />
| NEW!!Municipal waste (unsorted)<br />
| t<br />
| 40.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3239<br />
| Other mixed fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 110.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 324<br />
| Gasified waste (Product gas)<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| ..<br />
| <br />
| ..<br />
| <br />
| 2)<br />
|----<br />
| 325<br />
| NEW!!Biosludge<br />
| t<br />
| 109.6<br />
| <br />
| 2.5<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 4<br />
| Other energy sources<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 41<br />
| Nuclear energy<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 411<br />
| Nuclear energy<br />
| TJ<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 49<br />
| Others<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 491<br />
| Other by-products and wastes used as fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4911<br />
| Plastics waste<br />
| t<br />
| 74.1<br />
| <br />
| 33.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4912<br />
| Rubber waste<br />
| t<br />
| 90.0<br />
| <br />
| 33.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4913<br />
| Hazardous waste<br />
| t<br />
| 117.0<br />
| *<br />
| 10.0<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4919<br />
| Other waste<br />
| t<br />
| 75.0<br />
| <br />
| 15.0<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 492<br />
| Exothermic heat from industry<br />
| TJ<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 493<br />
| Secondary heat from industry<br />
| TJ<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 494<br />
| Electricity<br />
| MWh<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 495<br />
| Steam<br />
| MWh<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 497<br />
| NEW!!Sulphur<br />
| t<br />
| 0.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 498<br />
| Hydrogen<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 0.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 499<br />
| Other non-specified energy sources<br />
| TJ<br />
| ..<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
NB<br />
<br />
BIO = biofuel, whose carbon dioxide emissions are not counted in the total emission amounts of Finland's greenhouse gases, nor are they taken into account in emissions trading.<br />
<br />
1) CO<sub>2</sub> factor of mixed fuels is an estimate taking into account only the share of fossil carbon.<br />
<br />
2) Gasified waste (Product gas) is reported in the fuel categories of the source materials of gasification.<br />
<br />
Calorific values and emission coefficients describe the properties of fuel as fired,<br />
inclusive of moisture content (except for 313, where the measurement unit is tonnes of dry matter).<br />
Calorific value of natural gas has been specified in normal conditions (0 °C and 1.013 bar).<br />
<br />
Emission factors are updated when necessary. <br />
<br />
(* Revised values.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Emission factors for district heating is calculated in [http://www.motiva.fi/en/ Motiva] CO<sub>2</sub> emission calculation introductions<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref>. <br />
For district heating joint production emission factor is 220 kg CO<sub>2</sub>/MWh. In this view other GHGs (CH<sub>4</sub> or N<sub>2</sub>O) are not taken account as CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv!<br />
Emission factors by fuel based on [http://www.motiva.fi/en/ Motiva] knowledge is in table 2. <br />
<br />
Table 2. Emission factors of CO<sub>2</sub> by fuel<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref>.<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| Fuels<br />
| kg CO<sub>2</sub>/MWh<br />
|----<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 279<br />
|----<br />
| Light oil<br />
| 267<br />
|----<br />
| Gas<br />
| 202<br />
|----<br />
| Fluid gas<br />
| 227<br />
|----<br />
| Peat<br />
| 382<br />
|----<br />
| Coal<br />
| 341<br />
|----<br />
| Coke<br />
| 389<br />
|----<br />
| Wood<br />
| 0<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
CO2 EF for electricity can be classified in two categories: purchase electricity and own production. EF for purchase electricity is the same as own electricity vendor has informed or average Finnish electricity procurement CO2 EF (= 200 kg CO2/MWh). EF for own electricity production can be used EF from table 2 (fuel based EFs). If electricity is produced in combined electricity, heating production EFs are calculated with “benefit division method”. Method is explained in Motiva introduction<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref> (attachment 2).<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 4. Average emission factors measured with differed gas analyzator (kk) and FTIR analyzator <ref>http://www.uku.fi/fine/src/raportit/PUPOloppuraportti2007.pdf</ref>.<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
| Ordinary combustion<br />
| Distribution (%)<br />
| Bad combustion<br />
| Distribution (%)<br />
| Unit<br />
|----<br />
| Temperature of gas<br />
| 253<br />
| 1<br />
| 159<br />
| 17<br />
| Celsius<br />
|----<br />
| CO2 (kk)<br />
| 7.3<br />
| 5<br />
| 11<br />
| 8<br />
| %, dry<br />
|----<br />
| O2 (kk)<br />
| 13.3<br />
| 3<br />
| 8.7<br />
| 14<br />
| %, dry<br />
|----<br />
| H2O (FTIR)<br />
| 6.5<br />
| 4<br />
| 7.7<br />
| - <br />
| %, wet<br />
|----<br />
| CO (kk)<br />
| 2300<br />
| 10<br />
| 8100<br />
| 29<br />
| mg/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| CO (FTIR)<br />
| 2000<br />
| 11<br />
| 5700<br />
| - <br />
| mg/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| OGC (kk)<br />
| 120<br />
| 17<br />
| 1700<br />
| 46<br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| OGC (FTIR)<br />
| 160<br />
| 24<br />
| 1500<br />
| - <br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| CH4 (FTIR)<br />
| 30<br />
| 22<br />
| 350<br />
| - <br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| C6H6 (FTIR)<br />
| 20<br />
| 27<br />
| 210<br />
| - <br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 5 and 6 are from Heljo et al 2005<ref>http://www.tut.fi/units/rak/rtt/tutkimus/ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf</ref>. Coefficient of CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv/CO<sub>2</sub> as 1.02 is used in transformation CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors to CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv. factors for electricity and district heating.<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 5. CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors of energy use of buildings (kg CO<sub>2</sub>/MWh)<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
| '''Gross of building level<br />
| '''Dispersion<br />
| '''Efficiency<br />
| '''Efficienfy energy level<br />
|----<br />
| Light oil<br />
| 267<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 314<br />
|----<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 279<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 328<br />
|----<br />
| Wood<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
|----<br />
| '''District heating<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Separate production<br />
| 226<br />
| 20-500<br />
| - <br />
| 226<br />
|----<br />
| Co-production<br />
| 220<br />
| dispersion<br />
| - <br />
| 220<br />
|----<br />
| '''Electricity production<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Average<br />
| 200<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 200<br />
|----<br />
| Marginal<br />
| 700<br />
| 700-900<br />
| - <br />
| 700<br />
|----<br />
| '''or<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Basic capacity<br />
| 110<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 110<br />
|----<br />
| Interval capacity<br />
| 450<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 450<br />
|----<br />
| Peak capacity<br />
| 850<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 850<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 6. CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv emission factors of energy use of buildings (kg CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv/MWh)<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
| '''Gross of building level<br />
| '''Dispersion<br />
| '''Efficiency<br />
| '''Efficienfy energy level<br />
|----<br />
| Light oil<br />
| 267<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 314<br />
|----<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 279<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 328<br />
|----<br />
| Wood<br />
| 18<br />
| - <br />
| 0.6<br />
| 30<br />
|----<br />
| '''District heating<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Separate production<br />
| 231<br />
| 20-500<br />
| - <br />
| 231<br />
|----<br />
| Co-production<br />
| 224<br />
| dispersion<br />
| - <br />
| 224<br />
|----<br />
| '''Electricity production<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Average<br />
| 204<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 204<br />
|----<br />
| Marginal<br />
| 714<br />
| 700-900<br />
| - <br />
| 714<br />
|----<br />
| '''or<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Basic capacity<br />
| 112<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 112<br />
|----<br />
| Interval capacity<br />
| 459<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 459<br />
|----<br />
| Peak capacity<br />
| 867<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 867<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Causality ===<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Unit ===<br />
<br />
mg/MJ<br />
<br />
=== Formula ===<br />
<br />
Data that have another unit than mg/MJ should be changed.<br />
<br />
e.g. t/TJ -> mg/MJ<br />
<br />
== Result ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* USEPA emission factor information web site [http://cfpub.epa.gov/oarweb/index.cfm?action=fire.main]<br />
<br />
*Tissari et al 2009 [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-4TVR26G-1&_user=953170&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000049246&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=953170&md5=0e3d0594c133bc8066aad60fc16ee88c]<br />
<br />
* PUPO loppuraportti [http://www.uku.fi/fine/src/raportit/PUPOloppuraportti2007.pdf]<br />
<br />
* Heljo et al. 2005 Rakennusten energiankulutus ja CO2-ekv päästöt Suomessa [http://www.tut.fi/units/rak/rtt/tutkimus/ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf]<br />
<br />
*Motiva 2004. Yksittäisen kohteen CO2-päästöjen laskentaohjeistus sekä käytettävät CO2-päästökertoimet [http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf]<br />
<br />
*Palosuo T. 09 [http://www.mm.helsinki.fi/mmtek/opiskelu/kurssit/y92/Taru_Palosuo_puuketjut_elinkaarianalyysi_230109.pdf]<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
*[http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_polttoaineluokitus.html]<br />
<br />
<references /></div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=BIOHER_assessment&diff=22581
BIOHER assessment
2011-09-27T11:06:47Z
<p>Pauliina: /* See also */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Assessment|moderator =Pauliina}} <br />
<br />
{{participants needed}}<br />
<br />
==Health and climate impacts of heat production in small municipalities (BIOHER)==<br />
This is assessment page of '''Bioher'''. Bioher is a research project coordinated by National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). The duration is 2008-2011. Project includes five subprojects with 1) measurement of PM and greenhouse gas emissions, 2) chemical characterization and assessment of atmospheric thermal impact of emitted PM, 3) toxicological characterization of emitted PM, 4) assessment of exposure to and health effects of current residential wood combustion, 5) assessment of health risks. <br />
<br />
Main study questions are:<br />
*How human risks differs between four heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are the costs of emissions and health effects due to different heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are climate change impacts of PM emissions and health effects due to CC?<br />
<br />
[http://en.opasnet.org/w/Image:Claih_model.ANA &nbsp;CLAIH/BIOHER analytica model ] <br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
=== Purpose ===<br />
<br />
The purpose is to evaluate PM<sub>2.5</sub> and green house gas (GHG) emissions of detached houses and small heating power plant, to assess exposure and health effects due to evaluated emissions and to define emission, heating and health effect costs. Assessment is going to compare four alternative ways to arrange decentralized energy production in communities with 2000 - 10000 inhabitants: light oil and pellets as fuel of detached houses and heavy oil and wood chips as fuel of small heating plants. In addition, environmental effects i.e. climate change (CC) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions is assessed with this model. <br />
<br />
Questions: <br />
<br />
*What would be the health effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of small power plant and individual houses in small living area (2000- 10000 inh.)? <br />
*What are GHG emissions of individual houses and small power plant and how emissions effect on CC? <br />
*What are the costs of different alternatives? <br />
*What is the optimal decision to produce energy and heat to houses?<br />
<br />
=== Boundaries ===<br />
<br />
*Energy production (single house and small energy plant level, 1-20MW) <br />
*Population (2000-10000 inh.) <br />
*Exposure for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*ER-functions for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions (-&gt;health effects) <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> climate effect (-&gt; health effects) <br />
*Household heating scenarios: <br />
**Light oil and pellets <br />
*Small heating plant scenarios:<br />
**Heavy oil and wood chips<br />
*Atmospheric thermal impact <br />
*DALY<br />
<br />
*Impacts: <br />
**Climate change<br />
**Premature mortality <br />
**Costs<br />
<br />
=== Scenarios ===<br />
<br />
Scenarios include two different fuel types of energy production in detached houses and small power plant: <br />
<br> '''Detached houses''' <br />
*light oil <br />
*Pellets<br />
<br> '''Small power plant''' <br />
*Heavy oil <br />
*Wood chips<br />
<br />
=== Intended users ===<br />
<br />
*City-level policy-makers in all sectors in Kuopio as well as everywhere else <br />
*International policy-makers related climate change <br />
*Policy-makers related health risks of fine particles and green house gases <br />
*General public <br />
*Scientists working on health risks of fine particles, green house gases and climate change <br />
*Other interested of topic<br />
<br />
=== Participants ===<br />
<br />
*Assessment and Modelling Unit of THL: [[User:Virpi Kollanus|Virpi Kollanus]], [[User:Pauliina|Pauliina]], [[User:Marko|Marko]], [[User:Mikko Pohjola|Mikko Pohjola]], [[User:Jouni|Jouni]]<br />
*Other researchers related Bioher -project<br />
<br />
==Variables==<br />
<br />
*[[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]]<br />
*[[Heating consumption of buildings]] <br />
*[[Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland]]<br />
*[[Emission factors for burning processes]]<br />
*[[ERF of PM2.5 on mortality in general population]]<br />
*[[Prices of fuels in heat production]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Other variables in the scale of Finland'''<br />
<br />
Emissions in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]] <br />
*[[CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[CH4 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[N2O emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[GHG emissions from land use change]]<br />
<br />
Exposure in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 concentration in Finland]]<br />
*[[Exposure of Finnish subpopulations to fine particles due domestic wood combustion]]<br />
*[[Intake fraction]] <br />
*[[Breathing rate]]<br />
*[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Finland]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Conclusions ==<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Analyses ===<br />
<br />
*Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses <br />
*value-of-information (VOI) analysis<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
<br />
* [http://intra.eracnet.fi/main/index.php/Bioher:Bioher Internal project website in ERACintra] <br />
*[[CLAIH assessment]]<br />
*[[Bioher stakeholder meeting 2009]]<br />
*[[Assessment on impacts of emission trading on city-level (ET-CL)]]<br />
<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/kaukolampo/kirjasto/tutkimusraportit/liitteet/pientaloalueiden%20kaukolampokriteerit_loppuraportti_20091111.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fkaukolampo%2Fkirjasto%2Ftutkimusraportit Pientaloalueiden ja -taajamien kaukolämpöön liittämisen kriteerit]<br />
*[http://era17.fi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/sitran_selvityksia_39.pdf Rakennetun ympäristön energiankäyttö ja kasvihuonekaasupäästöt]<br />
*[http://www.hsy.fi/seututieto/Documents/YTV_julkaisusarja/PJS_B_18_2003_pienpoltto_pks.pdf HSY2003:Pienpoltto pääkaupunkiseudulla]<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=82087 Parhaan käyttökelpoisen tekniikan huomioonottaminen ympäristölupamenettelyssä (esimerkkinä alle 50MWn polttolaitokset)]<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706 Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut1-7)] Tästä löytyy ominaispäästökertoimet ja hyötysuhteet polttoaineittain ja polttotekniikoittain pienissä polttolaitoksissa (esim. taulukko 4). Myös tieto kuinka paljon pieniä polttolaitoksia on Suomessa.<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3708&lan=fi Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut8-19)]Täältä löytyy tietoa mm. hiukkasten poistotavoista (taulukko 23).<br />
*[http://webhotel2.tut.fi/ee/Materiaali/Ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf Heljo et al. Rakennusten energian kulutus ja CO2-ekv päästöt Suomessa]<br />
*[http://webhotel2.tut.fi/ee/Materiaali/Ekorem/EKOREM_LP_ja_sahko_raportti_051128.pdf Heljo et al. Sähkölämmitys ja lämpöpumput sähkönkäyttäjinä ja päästöjen aiheuttajina Suomessa]<br />
<br />
costs and future:<br />
*[http://www.gaia.fi/files/106/Hajautettu_energiantuotanto_loppuraportti.pdf Hajautettu energiatuotanto]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/sites/default/files/lammon_ja_sahkon_yhteistuotannon_potentiaali_seka_kaukolammityksen_ja_-jaahdytyksen_tulevaisuus_suomessa.pdf Vehviläinen etal. Lämmön ja sähkön yhteistuotannon potentiaali sekä kaukolämmityksen ja -jäähdytyksen tulevaisuus Suomessa]<br />
*[http://www.tbrc.fi/pubfilet/Scenarios%20and%20Business%20Models%20-%20Distributed%20energy.pdf Teknologiaohjelma DENSY – Hajautetun energiantuotannon tulevaisuusskenaariot ja vaikutukset liiketoimintamalleihin]<br />
*[https://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/26995/Svan.Janne.pdf.pdf?sequence=1 Pientaloalueen lämmityskärjestelmien vertailu]sis.mm. kustannuslaskentaa<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/julkaisut%20ja%20tutkimukset/liitteet%20tutkimukset%20ja%20selvitykset/kaukolammityksenasiakasrajapinnanteknis-taloudellisetreunaehdot.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fjulkaisut Kaukolämmityksen asiakasrajapinnan teknis-taloudelliset reunaehdot sis.mm.Kaukolämpöliittymien kustannusselvitys]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/sites/default/files/kl-asiakasrajapinnan_teknistaloudelliset_rajaehdot.pdf KAUKOLÄMMITYKSEN ASIAKASRAJAPINNAN TEKNIS‐TALOUDELLISET REUNAEHDOT TUTKIMUKSEN LOPPURAPORTTI]sis. mm. kaukolämpöliittymän kustannusselvityksen<br />
*[http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/39675/Pienet%20chp%20laitokset.pdf?sequence=1 Pienten (<4 MW) CHP-laitosten mahdollisuudet]<br />
*[https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/38219/isbn9789522145444.pdf sähkön tuotantokustannusvertailu]Voimalaitosten suorituskyky- ja kustannustiedot<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Health_effects]] [[Category:Classical_air_pollutants]]</div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=BIOHER_assessment&diff=22580
BIOHER assessment
2011-09-27T10:58:54Z
<p>Pauliina: /* See also */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Assessment|moderator =Pauliina}} <br />
<br />
{{participants needed}}<br />
<br />
==Health and climate impacts of heat production in small municipalities (BIOHER)==<br />
This is assessment page of '''Bioher'''. Bioher is a research project coordinated by National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). The duration is 2008-2011. Project includes five subprojects with 1) measurement of PM and greenhouse gas emissions, 2) chemical characterization and assessment of atmospheric thermal impact of emitted PM, 3) toxicological characterization of emitted PM, 4) assessment of exposure to and health effects of current residential wood combustion, 5) assessment of health risks. <br />
<br />
Main study questions are:<br />
*How human risks differs between four heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are the costs of emissions and health effects due to different heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are climate change impacts of PM emissions and health effects due to CC?<br />
<br />
[http://en.opasnet.org/w/Image:Claih_model.ANA &nbsp;CLAIH/BIOHER analytica model ] <br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
=== Purpose ===<br />
<br />
The purpose is to evaluate PM<sub>2.5</sub> and green house gas (GHG) emissions of detached houses and small heating power plant, to assess exposure and health effects due to evaluated emissions and to define emission, heating and health effect costs. Assessment is going to compare four alternative ways to arrange decentralized energy production in communities with 2000 - 10000 inhabitants: light oil and pellets as fuel of detached houses and heavy oil and wood chips as fuel of small heating plants. In addition, environmental effects i.e. climate change (CC) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions is assessed with this model. <br />
<br />
Questions: <br />
<br />
*What would be the health effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of small power plant and individual houses in small living area (2000- 10000 inh.)? <br />
*What are GHG emissions of individual houses and small power plant and how emissions effect on CC? <br />
*What are the costs of different alternatives? <br />
*What is the optimal decision to produce energy and heat to houses?<br />
<br />
=== Boundaries ===<br />
<br />
*Energy production (single house and small energy plant level, 1-20MW) <br />
*Population (2000-10000 inh.) <br />
*Exposure for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*ER-functions for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions (-&gt;health effects) <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> climate effect (-&gt; health effects) <br />
*Household heating scenarios: <br />
**Light oil and pellets <br />
*Small heating plant scenarios:<br />
**Heavy oil and wood chips<br />
*Atmospheric thermal impact <br />
*DALY<br />
<br />
*Impacts: <br />
**Climate change<br />
**Premature mortality <br />
**Costs<br />
<br />
=== Scenarios ===<br />
<br />
Scenarios include two different fuel types of energy production in detached houses and small power plant: <br />
<br> '''Detached houses''' <br />
*light oil <br />
*Pellets<br />
<br> '''Small power plant''' <br />
*Heavy oil <br />
*Wood chips<br />
<br />
=== Intended users ===<br />
<br />
*City-level policy-makers in all sectors in Kuopio as well as everywhere else <br />
*International policy-makers related climate change <br />
*Policy-makers related health risks of fine particles and green house gases <br />
*General public <br />
*Scientists working on health risks of fine particles, green house gases and climate change <br />
*Other interested of topic<br />
<br />
=== Participants ===<br />
<br />
*Assessment and Modelling Unit of THL: [[User:Virpi Kollanus|Virpi Kollanus]], [[User:Pauliina|Pauliina]], [[User:Marko|Marko]], [[User:Mikko Pohjola|Mikko Pohjola]], [[User:Jouni|Jouni]]<br />
*Other researchers related Bioher -project<br />
<br />
==Variables==<br />
<br />
*[[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]]<br />
*[[Heating consumption of buildings]] <br />
*[[Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland]]<br />
*[[Emission factors for burning processes]]<br />
*[[ERF of PM2.5 on mortality in general population]]<br />
*[[Prices of fuels in heat production]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Other variables in the scale of Finland'''<br />
<br />
Emissions in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]] <br />
*[[CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[CH4 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[N2O emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[GHG emissions from land use change]]<br />
<br />
Exposure in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 concentration in Finland]]<br />
*[[Exposure of Finnish subpopulations to fine particles due domestic wood combustion]]<br />
*[[Intake fraction]] <br />
*[[Breathing rate]]<br />
*[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Finland]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Conclusions ==<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Analyses ===<br />
<br />
*Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses <br />
*value-of-information (VOI) analysis<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
<br />
* [http://intra.eracnet.fi/main/index.php/Bioher:Bioher Internal project website in ERACintra] <br />
*[[CLAIH assessment]]<br />
*[[Bioher stakeholder meeting 2009]]<br />
*[[Assessment on impacts of emission trading on city-level (ET-CL)]]<br />
<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/kaukolampo/kirjasto/tutkimusraportit/liitteet/pientaloalueiden%20kaukolampokriteerit_loppuraportti_20091111.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fkaukolampo%2Fkirjasto%2Ftutkimusraportit Pientaloalueiden ja -taajamien kaukolämpöön liittämisen kriteerit]<br />
*[http://era17.fi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/sitran_selvityksia_39.pdf Rakennetun ympäristön energiankäyttö ja kasvihuonekaasupäästöt]<br />
*[http://www.hsy.fi/seututieto/Documents/YTV_julkaisusarja/PJS_B_18_2003_pienpoltto_pks.pdf HSY2003:Pienpoltto pääkaupunkiseudulla]<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=82087 Parhaan käyttökelpoisen tekniikan huomioonottaminen ympäristölupamenettelyssä (esimerkkinä alle 50MWn polttolaitokset)]<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706 Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut1-7)] Tästä löytyy ominaispäästökertoimet ja hyötysuhteet polttoaineittain ja polttotekniikoittain pienissä polttolaitoksissa (esim. taulukko 4). Myös tieto kuinka paljon pieniä polttolaitoksia on Suomessa.<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3708&lan=fi Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut8-19)]Täältä löytyy tietoa mm. hiukkasten poistotavoista (taulukko 23).<br />
*[http://webhotel2.tut.fi/ee/Materiaali/Ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf Heljo et al. Rakennusten energian kulutus ja CO2-ekv päästöt Suomessa]<br />
*[http://webhotel2.tut.fi/ee/Materiaali/Ekorem/EKOREM_LP_ja_sahko_raportti_051128.pdf Heljo et al. Sähkölämmitys ja lämpöpumput sähkönkäyttäjinä ja päästöjen aiheuttajina Suomessa]<br />
<br />
costs and future:<br />
*[http://www.gaia.fi/files/106/Hajautettu_energiantuotanto_loppuraportti.pdf Hajautettu energiatuotanto]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/sites/default/files/lammon_ja_sahkon_yhteistuotannon_potentiaali_seka_kaukolammityksen_ja_-jaahdytyksen_tulevaisuus_suomessa.pdf Vehviläinen etal. Lämmön ja sähkön yhteistuotannon potentiaali sekä kaukolämmityksen ja -jäähdytyksen tulevaisuus Suomessa]<br />
*[http://www.tbrc.fi/pubfilet/Scenarios%20and%20Business%20Models%20-%20Distributed%20energy.pdf Teknologiaohjelma DENSY – Hajautetun energiantuotannon tulevaisuusskenaariot ja vaikutukset liiketoimintamalleihin]<br />
*[https://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/26995/Svan.Janne.pdf.pdf?sequence=1 Pientaloalueen lämmityskärjestelmien vertailu]sis.mm. kustannuslaskentaa<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/julkaisut%20ja%20tutkimukset/liitteet%20tutkimukset%20ja%20selvitykset/kaukolammityksenasiakasrajapinnanteknis-taloudellisetreunaehdot.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fjulkaisut Kaukolämmityksen asiakasrajapinnan teknis-taloudelliset reunaehdot sis.mm.Kaukolämpöliittymien kustannusselvitys]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/sites/default/files/kl-asiakasrajapinnan_teknistaloudelliset_rajaehdot.pdf KAUKOLÄMMITYKSEN ASIAKASRAJAPINNAN TEKNIS‐TALOUDELLISET REUNAEHDOT TUTKIMUKSEN LOPPURAPORTTI]sis. mm. kaukolämpöliittymän kustannusselvityksen<br />
*[http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/39675/Pienet%20chp%20laitokset.pdf?sequence=1 Pienten (<4 MW) CHP-laitosten mahdollisuudet]<br />
*[https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/38219/isbn9789522145444.pdf sähkön tuotantokustannusvertailu]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Health_effects]] [[Category:Classical_air_pollutants]]</div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=BIOHER_assessment&diff=22579
BIOHER assessment
2011-09-27T10:31:49Z
<p>Pauliina: /* See also */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Assessment|moderator =Pauliina}} <br />
<br />
{{participants needed}}<br />
<br />
==Health and climate impacts of heat production in small municipalities (BIOHER)==<br />
This is assessment page of '''Bioher'''. Bioher is a research project coordinated by National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). The duration is 2008-2011. Project includes five subprojects with 1) measurement of PM and greenhouse gas emissions, 2) chemical characterization and assessment of atmospheric thermal impact of emitted PM, 3) toxicological characterization of emitted PM, 4) assessment of exposure to and health effects of current residential wood combustion, 5) assessment of health risks. <br />
<br />
Main study questions are:<br />
*How human risks differs between four heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are the costs of emissions and health effects due to different heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are climate change impacts of PM emissions and health effects due to CC?<br />
<br />
[http://en.opasnet.org/w/Image:Claih_model.ANA &nbsp;CLAIH/BIOHER analytica model ] <br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
=== Purpose ===<br />
<br />
The purpose is to evaluate PM<sub>2.5</sub> and green house gas (GHG) emissions of detached houses and small heating power plant, to assess exposure and health effects due to evaluated emissions and to define emission, heating and health effect costs. Assessment is going to compare four alternative ways to arrange decentralized energy production in communities with 2000 - 10000 inhabitants: light oil and pellets as fuel of detached houses and heavy oil and wood chips as fuel of small heating plants. In addition, environmental effects i.e. climate change (CC) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions is assessed with this model. <br />
<br />
Questions: <br />
<br />
*What would be the health effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of small power plant and individual houses in small living area (2000- 10000 inh.)? <br />
*What are GHG emissions of individual houses and small power plant and how emissions effect on CC? <br />
*What are the costs of different alternatives? <br />
*What is the optimal decision to produce energy and heat to houses?<br />
<br />
=== Boundaries ===<br />
<br />
*Energy production (single house and small energy plant level, 1-20MW) <br />
*Population (2000-10000 inh.) <br />
*Exposure for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*ER-functions for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions (-&gt;health effects) <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> climate effect (-&gt; health effects) <br />
*Household heating scenarios: <br />
**Light oil and pellets <br />
*Small heating plant scenarios:<br />
**Heavy oil and wood chips<br />
*Atmospheric thermal impact <br />
*DALY<br />
<br />
*Impacts: <br />
**Climate change<br />
**Premature mortality <br />
**Costs<br />
<br />
=== Scenarios ===<br />
<br />
Scenarios include two different fuel types of energy production in detached houses and small power plant: <br />
<br> '''Detached houses''' <br />
*light oil <br />
*Pellets<br />
<br> '''Small power plant''' <br />
*Heavy oil <br />
*Wood chips<br />
<br />
=== Intended users ===<br />
<br />
*City-level policy-makers in all sectors in Kuopio as well as everywhere else <br />
*International policy-makers related climate change <br />
*Policy-makers related health risks of fine particles and green house gases <br />
*General public <br />
*Scientists working on health risks of fine particles, green house gases and climate change <br />
*Other interested of topic<br />
<br />
=== Participants ===<br />
<br />
*Assessment and Modelling Unit of THL: [[User:Virpi Kollanus|Virpi Kollanus]], [[User:Pauliina|Pauliina]], [[User:Marko|Marko]], [[User:Mikko Pohjola|Mikko Pohjola]], [[User:Jouni|Jouni]]<br />
*Other researchers related Bioher -project<br />
<br />
==Variables==<br />
<br />
*[[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]]<br />
*[[Heating consumption of buildings]] <br />
*[[Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland]]<br />
*[[Emission factors for burning processes]]<br />
*[[ERF of PM2.5 on mortality in general population]]<br />
*[[Prices of fuels in heat production]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Other variables in the scale of Finland'''<br />
<br />
Emissions in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]] <br />
*[[CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[CH4 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[N2O emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[GHG emissions from land use change]]<br />
<br />
Exposure in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 concentration in Finland]]<br />
*[[Exposure of Finnish subpopulations to fine particles due domestic wood combustion]]<br />
*[[Intake fraction]] <br />
*[[Breathing rate]]<br />
*[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Finland]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Conclusions ==<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Analyses ===<br />
<br />
*Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses <br />
*value-of-information (VOI) analysis<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
<br />
* [http://intra.eracnet.fi/main/index.php/Bioher:Bioher Internal project website in ERACintra] <br />
*[[CLAIH assessment]]<br />
*[[Bioher stakeholder meeting 2009]]<br />
*[[Assessment on impacts of emission trading on city-level (ET-CL)]]<br />
<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/kaukolampo/kirjasto/tutkimusraportit/liitteet/pientaloalueiden%20kaukolampokriteerit_loppuraportti_20091111.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fkaukolampo%2Fkirjasto%2Ftutkimusraportit Pientaloalueiden ja -taajamien kaukolämpöön liittämisen kriteerit]<br />
*[http://era17.fi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/sitran_selvityksia_39.pdf Rakennetun ympäristön energiankäyttö ja kasvihuonekaasupäästöt]<br />
*[http://www.hsy.fi/seututieto/Documents/YTV_julkaisusarja/PJS_B_18_2003_pienpoltto_pks.pdf HSY2003:Pienpoltto pääkaupunkiseudulla]<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=82087 Parhaan käyttökelpoisen tekniikan huomioonottaminen ympäristölupamenettelyssä (esimerkkinä alle 50MWn polttolaitokset)]<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706 Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut1-7)] Tästä löytyy ominaispäästökertoimet ja hyötysuhteet polttoaineittain ja polttotekniikoittain pienissä polttolaitoksissa (esim. taulukko 4). Myös tieto kuinka paljon pieniä polttolaitoksia on Suomessa.<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3708&lan=fi Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut8-19)]Täältä löytyy tietoa mm. hiukkasten poistotavoista (taulukko 23).<br />
*[http://webhotel2.tut.fi/ee/Materiaali/Ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf Heljo et al. Rakennusten energian kulutus ja CO2-ekv päästöt Suomessa]<br />
*[http://webhotel2.tut.fi/ee/Materiaali/Ekorem/EKOREM_LP_ja_sahko_raportti_051128.pdf Heljo et al. Sähkölämmitys ja lämpöpumput sähkönkäyttäjinä ja päästöjen aiheuttajina Suomessa]<br />
<br />
costs and future:<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/sites/default/files/lammon_ja_sahkon_yhteistuotannon_potentiaali_seka_kaukolammityksen_ja_-jaahdytyksen_tulevaisuus_suomessa.pdf Vehviläinen etal. Lämmön ja sähkön yhteistuotannon potentiaali sekä kaukolämmityksen ja -jäähdytyksen tulevaisuus Suomessa]<br />
*[http://www.tbrc.fi/pubfilet/Scenarios%20and%20Business%20Models%20-%20Distributed%20energy.pdf Teknologiaohjelma DENSY – Hajautetun energiantuotannon tulevaisuusskenaariot ja vaikutukset liiketoimintamalleihin]<br />
*[https://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/26995/Svan.Janne.pdf.pdf?sequence=1 Pientaloalueen lämmityskärjestelmien vertailu]sis.mm. kustannuslaskentaa<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/julkaisut%20ja%20tutkimukset/liitteet%20tutkimukset%20ja%20selvitykset/kaukolammityksenasiakasrajapinnanteknis-taloudellisetreunaehdot.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fjulkaisut Kaukolämmityksen asiakasrajapinnan teknis-taloudelliset reunaehdot sis.mm.Kaukolämpöliittymien kustannusselvitys]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/sites/default/files/kl-asiakasrajapinnan_teknistaloudelliset_rajaehdot.pdf KAUKOLÄMMITYKSEN ASIAKASRAJAPINNAN TEKNIS‐TALOUDELLISET REUNAEHDOT TUTKIMUKSEN LOPPURAPORTTI]sis. mm. kaukolämpöliittymän kustannusselvityksen<br />
*[http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/39675/Pienet%20chp%20laitokset.pdf?sequence=1 Pienten (<4 MW) CHP-laitosten mahdollisuudet]<br />
*[https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/38219/isbn9789522145444.pdf sähkön tuotantokustannusvertailu]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Health_effects]] [[Category:Classical_air_pollutants]]</div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Prices_of_fuels_in_heat_production&diff=22576
Prices of fuels in heat production
2011-09-27T07:37:57Z
<p>Pauliina: /* Definition */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Pauliina}}<br />
[[Category: BIOHER]]<br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
What are prices of fuel used in heat production in own heating systems in apartments and in plants in Finland?<br />
<br />
== Definition ==<br />
This page includes prices for electricity, district heating, liquid fuels and consumer prices of hard coal, natural gas and domestic fuels in heat production in Finland. all data is based on knowledge of [http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/ehkh/2009/04/index.html Statistics Finland] In the end of data section there will be also data for maintenance and investment costs!!<br />
<br />
Prices of energy in Finland in Stat.<ref>http://pxweb2.stat.fi/database/statfin/ene/ehi/ehi_fi.asp</ref><br />
<br />
=== Data ===<br />
<br />
====Price of district heating====<br />
<br />
Table 1. Price of District Heating by Type of Consumer<sup>1)</sup>, €/MWh<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|Date<br />
|Type of Consumer<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
|<br />
|Detached house<br />
|Semidetached house (rivitalo)<br />
|Apartment building, small<br />
|Apartment building<br />
|Apartment building, large<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.1996<br />
| 35.37<br />
| 32.31<br />
| 31.89<br />
| 30.80<br />
| 28.19<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.1996<br />
| 35.55<br />
| 32.71<br />
| 31.96<br />
| 31.13<br />
| 28.49<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.1997<br />
| 36.41<br />
| 33.62<br />
| 32.88<br />
| 31.99<br />
| 29.42<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.1997<br />
| 36.55<br />
| 33.82<br />
| 32.83<br />
| 32.09<br />
| 29.60<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.1998<br />
| 37.30<br />
| 34.63<br />
| 33.62<br />
| 32.71<br />
| 30.22<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.1998<br />
| 37.35<br />
| 34.38<br />
| 33.50<br />
| 33.07<br />
| 30.17<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.1999<br />
| 37.83<br />
| 34.81<br />
| 34.21<br />
| 32.91<br />
| 30.59<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.1999<br />
| 37.94<br />
| 34.95<br />
| 34.34<br />
| 32.98<br />
| 30.53<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2000<br />
| 38.18<br />
| 35.55<br />
| 35.08<br />
| 33.76<br />
| 30.95<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2000<br />
| 38.62<br />
| 36.35<br />
| 35.89<br />
| 34.55<br />
| 31.55<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2001<br />
| 40.42<br />
| 38.60<br />
| 38.08<br />
| 36.77<br />
| 33.49<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2001<br />
| 41.17<br />
| 39.39<br />
| 38.35<br />
| 37.24<br />
| 34.09<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2002<br />
| 42.11<br />
| 40.09<br />
| 39.30<br />
| 37.73<br />
| 34.66<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2002<br />
| 42.60<br />
| 40.54<br />
| 39.63<br />
| 38.11<br />
| 35.20<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2003<br />
| 43.75<br />
| 40.94<br />
| 40.11<br />
| 38.64<br />
| 35.33<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2003<br />
| 43.97<br />
| 41.05<br />
| 40.20<br />
| 38.62<br />
| 35.52<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2004<br />
| 44.68<br />
| 41.27<br />
| 40.49<br />
| 38.22<br />
| 35.59<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2004<br />
| 44.50<br />
| 41.93<br />
| 41.03<br />
| 38.85<br />
| 36.25<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2005<br />
| 46.59<br />
| 43.11<br />
| 42.29<br />
| 40.34<br />
| 37.99<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2005<br />
| 46.67<br />
| 43.40<br />
| 42.66<br />
| 40.68<br />
| 38.18<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2006<br />
| 49.33<br />
| 46.35<br />
| 45.52<br />
| 43.11<br />
| 40.51<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2006<br />
| 49.93<br />
| 47.42<br />
| 46.49<br />
| 44.20<br />
| 41.56<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2007<br />
| 51.59<br />
| 48.08<br />
| 47.43<br />
| 45.11<br />
| 42.49<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2007<br />
| 51.92<br />
| 48.95<br />
| 47.71<br />
| 45.44<br />
| 42.76<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2008<br />
| 54.89<br />
| 52.02<br />
| 50.68<br />
| 48.40<br />
| 45.51<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2008<br />
| 55.92<br />
| 53.45<br />
| 52.01<br />
| 49.85<br />
| 47.22<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2009<br />
| 61.91<br />
| 58.96<br />
| 57.87<br />
| 55.76<br />
| 53.22<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2009<br />
| 69.25<br />
| 63.45<br />
| 62.68<br />
| 60.77<br />
| 58.47<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2010<br />
| 71.62<br />
| 65.72<br />
| 64.96<br />
| 62.87<br />
| 60.28<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<sup>1)</sup> The above price data represent overall prices, including the various charges collected ('energy' charge, 'basic' charge, value added tax 22% etc.). The prices are averages for each type of consumer, weighted by the number of consumers served by the plants members of the Association of Finnish Energy Industries / District Heating.<br />
<br />
Table 2. Type of consumer. Source: Finnish Energy Industries<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| Type of consumer<br />
| Building volume, m3 <br />
| Energy consumption, MWh/a<br />
|----<br />
| Detached house<br />
| 500<br />
| 20<br />
|----<br />
| Semidetached house<br />
| 2 000<br />
| 100<br />
|----<br />
| Apartment building, small<br />
| 5 000<br />
| 225<br />
|----<br />
| Apartment building<br />
| 10 000<br />
| 450<br />
|----<br />
| Apartment building, big<br />
| 25 000<br />
| 1 125<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Price of electricity====<br />
<br />
Table 3. Price of Electricity by Type of Consumer<sup>1)</sup>, c/kWh (Prices include electrical energy, the distribution of electricity, and taxes.)<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|Date<br />
|Household<br />
| <br />
| Farm<br />
|Electric Heating<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Flat<br />
| Detached House<br />
| <br />
| Direct<br />
| Accumulating<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.1999<br />
| 9.67<br />
| 8.59<br />
| 8.09<br />
| 6.49<br />
| 5.57<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.1999<br />
| 9.57<br />
| 8.58<br />
| 8.04<br />
| 6.44<br />
| 5.52<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.1999<br />
| 9.52<br />
| 8.53<br />
| 7.99<br />
| 6.42<br />
| 5.50<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.1999<br />
| 9.50<br />
| 8.51<br />
| 7.97<br />
| 6.41<br />
| 5.48<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2000<br />
| 9.47<br />
| 8.48<br />
| 7.93<br />
| 6.37<br />
| 5.47<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2000<br />
| 9.45<br />
| 8.46<br />
| 7.90<br />
| 6.35<br />
| 5.45<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2000<br />
| 9.44<br />
| 8.44<br />
| 7.83<br />
| 6.33<br />
| 5.44<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2000<br />
| 9.44<br />
| 8.41<br />
| 7.79<br />
| 6.31<br />
| 5.43<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2000<br />
| 9.47<br />
| 8.41<br />
| 7.79<br />
| 6.30<br />
| 5.41<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2001<br />
| 9.48<br />
| 8.42<br />
| 7.78<br />
| 6.30<br />
| 5.42<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2001<br />
| 9.50<br />
| 8.43<br />
| 7.77<br />
| 6.31<br />
| 5.43<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2001<br />
| 9.77<br />
| 8.64<br />
| 7.97<br />
| 6.44<br />
| 5.57<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2001<br />
| 9.92<br />
| 8.75<br />
| 8.10<br />
| 6.58<br />
| 5.73<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2001<br />
| 10.04<br />
| 8.84<br />
| 8.18<br />
| 6.66<br />
| 5.81<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2002<br />
| 10.11<br />
| 8.90<br />
| 8.25<br />
| 6.75<br />
| 5.92<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2002<br />
| 10.14<br />
| 8.92<br />
| 8.26<br />
| 6.77<br />
| 5.94<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2002<br />
| 10.18<br />
| 8.94<br />
| 8.29<br />
| 6.78<br />
| 5.96<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2002<br />
| 10.34<br />
| 9.05<br />
| 8.38<br />
| 6.80<br />
| 5.98<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2002<br />
| 10.39<br />
| 9.08<br />
| 8.41<br />
| 6.82<br />
| 6.01<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2003<br />
| 10.77<br />
| 9.38<br />
| 8.65<br />
| 7.08<br />
| 6.25<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2003<br />
| 11.60<br />
| 9.98<br />
| 9.23<br />
| 7.75<br />
| 6.89<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2003<br />
| 11.63<br />
| 9.96<br />
| 9.28<br />
| 7.79<br />
| 6.94<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2003<br />
| 11.66<br />
| 9.99<br />
| 9.30<br />
| 7.80<br />
| 6.95<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2003<br />
| 11.71<br />
| 10.05<br />
| 9.36<br />
| 7.83<br />
| 6.98<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2004<br />
| 11.77<br />
| 10.10<br />
| 9.43<br />
| 7.88<br />
| 7.05<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2004<br />
| 11.60<br />
| 9.90<br />
| 9.28<br />
| 7.73<br />
| 6.94<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2004<br />
| 11.56<br />
| 9.85<br />
| 9.25<br />
| 7.69<br />
| 6.90<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2004<br />
| 11.56<br />
| 9.85<br />
| 9.24<br />
| 7.68<br />
| 6.90<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2004<br />
| 11.54<br />
| 9.82<br />
| 9.22<br />
| 7.65<br />
| 6.87<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2005<br />
| 11.52<br />
| 9.81<br />
| 9.22<br />
| 7.66<br />
| 6.89<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2005<br />
| 11.37<br />
| 9.69<br />
| 9.12<br />
| 7.57<br />
| 6.84<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2005<br />
| 11.28<br />
| 9.63<br />
| 9.08<br />
| 7.52<br />
| 6.80<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2005<br />
| 11.44<br />
| 9.74<br />
| 9.18<br />
| 7.66<br />
| 6.94<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2005<br />
| 11.57<br />
| 9.83<br />
| 9.26<br />
| 7.74<br />
| 7.01<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2006<br />
| 11.76<br />
| 9.97<br />
| 9.40<br />
| 7.90<br />
| 7.18<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2006<br />
| 11.79<br />
| 10.01<br />
| 9.44<br />
| 7.97<br />
| 7.24<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2006<br />
| 12.00<br />
| 10.17<br />
| 9.59<br />
| 8.13<br />
| 7.41<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2006<br />
| 12.25<br />
| 10.42<br />
| 9.82<br />
| 8.31<br />
| 7.55<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2006<br />
| 12.31<br />
| 10.47<br />
| 9.88<br />
| 8.36<br />
| 7.59<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2007<br />
| 12.53<br />
| 10.69<br />
| 10.10<br />
| 8.56<br />
| 7.78<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2007<br />
| 12.45<br />
| 10.59<br />
| 9.99<br />
| 8.47<br />
| 7.72<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2007<br />
| 12.35<br />
| 10.51<br />
| 9.92<br />
| 8.38<br />
| 7.64<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2007<br />
| 12.40<br />
| 10.57<br />
| 9.98<br />
| 8.45<br />
| 7.71<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2007<br />
| 12.56<br />
| 10.72<br />
| 10.11<br />
| 8.49<br />
| 7.75<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2008<br />
| 13.16<br />
| 11.29<br />
| 10.64<br />
| 9.10<br />
| 8.35<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2008<br />
| 13.30<br />
| 11.56<br />
| 10.94<br />
| 9.41<br />
| 8.68<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2008<br />
| 13.67<br />
| 11.78<br />
| 11.15<br />
| 9.58<br />
| 8.86<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2008<br />
| 13.96<br />
| 12.05<br />
| 11.41<br />
| 9.91<br />
| 9.19<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2008<br />
| 14.21<br />
| 12.29<br />
| 11.64<br />
| 10.15<br />
| 9.45<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2009<br />
| 14.61<br />
| 12.45<br />
| 11.77<br />
| 10.25<br />
| 9.52<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2009<br />
| 14.91<br />
| 12.51<br />
| 11.82<br />
| 10.30<br />
| 9.56<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2009<br />
| 15.04<br />
| 12.59<br />
| 11.91<br />
| 10.25<br />
| 9.49<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2009<br />
| 14.86<br />
| 12.43<br />
| 11.74<br />
| 10.12<br />
| 9.36<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2009<br />
| 14.65<br />
| 12.60<br />
| 11.92<br />
| 10.33<br />
| 9.60<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<sup>1)</sup> The prices are tax-inclusive averages weighted by the sales volumes of liable electricity retailers. On 1 January 1997, taxes on the energy sources of electricity generation were abandoned, while taxes and a precautionary stock fee on electricity consumption were taken into use.<br />
<br />
Types of consumer(Source: Energy Market Authority (Electricity Market Authority)):<br />
<br />
1. Apartment house, consumption 2 000 kWh/a, fuse 1 x 25 A<br />
<br />
2. Detached house 5 000 kWh/a, 3 x 25 A<br />
<br />
3. Agriculture 10 000 kWh/a, 3 x 35 A<br />
<br />
4. Detached house, direct electric heating, 18 000 kWh/a (whereof 8 000 kWh by night), 3 x 25 A<br />
<br />
5. Detached house, partly accumulating electric heating, 20 000 kWh/a (whereof 14 400 kWh by night), 3 x 25 A<br />
<br />
6. Small-scale industry, 1-shift enterprise, 150 MWh/a (whereof 35 MWh by night), charged capacity 75 kW, effective time of <br />
capacity use 2 000 h/a<br />
<br />
7. Medium-scale industry, 2-shift, 2 000 MWh/a (whereof 625 MWh by night),500 kW, 4 000 h<br />
<br />
8. Medium-scale industry, 2-shift, 10 000 MWh/a (whereof 3 130 MWh by night), 2 500 kW, 4 000 h<br />
<br />
==== Prices of domestic fuels ====<br />
Table 4. Consumer Prices of Hard Coal, Natural Gas and Domestic Fuels in Heat Production (VAT not included)<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
|Hard Coal<sup>1)</sup><br />
|<br />
|Natural Gas<sup>2)</sup><br />
|<br />
| <br />
|Milled peat<sup>3)</sup><br />
|Sod Peat<sup>3)</sup><br />
| <br />
| Fuel Chips<sup>4)</sup><br />
| Forest Chips<sup>5)</sup><br />
| Wood pellet<sup>6)</sup><br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Month<br />
| On the Coast<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Quarter<br />
|Delivered<br />
|At Production Site<br />
| Delivered<br />
| Delivered<br />
| Delivered<br />
| Consumer price (incl. VAT) <br />
| Index<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| €/t<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/1000 m3 (0° C)<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| <br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| c/kWh<br />
| 2005=100<br />
|----<br />
| 9/1999<br />
| 70.66<br />
| 9.97<br />
| 118.57<br />
| 11.85<br />
| Q3/1999<br />
| 8.98<br />
| 6.92<br />
| 8.96<br />
| 7.57<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/1999<br />
| 73.05<br />
| 10.30<br />
| 124.29<br />
| 12.44<br />
| Q4/1999<br />
| 8.93<br />
| 6.98<br />
| 9.05<br />
| 7.74<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2000<br />
| 73.66<br />
| 10.39<br />
| 128.50<br />
| 12.85<br />
| Q1/2000<br />
| 8.88<br />
| 7.07<br />
| 9.12<br />
| 7.74<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2000<br />
| 76.33<br />
| 10.77<br />
| 127.82<br />
| 12.78<br />
| Q2/2000<br />
| 8.87<br />
| 6.97<br />
| 9.08<br />
| 7.74<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2000<br />
| 79.18<br />
| 11.17<br />
| 133.04<br />
| 13.31<br />
| Q3/2000<br />
| 8.93<br />
| 6.99<br />
| 9.18<br />
| 7.74<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2000<br />
| 84.31<br />
| 11.89<br />
| 163.82<br />
| 16.38<br />
| Q4/2000<br />
| 9.01<br />
| 7.09<br />
| 9.28<br />
| 7.74<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2001<br />
| 83.08<br />
| 11.72<br />
| 163.98<br />
| 16.39<br />
| Q1/2001<br />
| 9.13<br />
| 7.16<br />
| 9.44<br />
| 8.07<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2001<br />
| 91.72<br />
| 12.94<br />
| 158.10<br />
| 15.82<br />
| Q2/2001<br />
| 9.21<br />
| 7.27<br />
| 9.54<br />
| 8.20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2001<br />
| 88.27<br />
| 12.45<br />
| 158.26<br />
| 15.82<br />
| Q3/2001<br />
| 9.21<br />
| 7.27<br />
| 8.97<br />
| 8.13<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2001<br />
| 87.61<br />
| 12.36<br />
| 156.75<br />
| 15.68<br />
| Q4/2001<br />
| 9.16<br />
| 7.44<br />
| 9.32<br />
| 8.40<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2002<br />
| 89.01<br />
| 12.55<br />
| 149.79<br />
| 14.98<br />
| Q1/2002<br />
| 9.17<br />
| 7.52<br />
| 9.41<br />
| 9.00<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2002<br />
| 81.98<br />
| 11.56<br />
| 151.85<br />
| 15.19<br />
| Q2/2002<br />
| 9.19<br />
| 7.52<br />
| 9.46<br />
| 9.08<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2002<br />
| 78.78<br />
| 11.11<br />
| 154.66<br />
| 15.47<br />
| Q3/2002<br />
| 9.05<br />
| 7.57<br />
| 9.11<br />
| 9.01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2002<br />
| 79.91<br />
| 11.27<br />
| 156.74<br />
| 15.67<br />
| Q4/2002<br />
| 9.17<br />
| 7.62<br />
| 9.57<br />
| 9.37<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2003<br />
| 81.42<br />
| 11.48<br />
| 162.54<br />
| 16.25<br />
| Q1/2003<br />
| 9.28<br />
| 7.73<br />
| 9.73<br />
| 9.85<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2003<br />
| 78.13<br />
| 11.02<br />
| 160.84<br />
| 16.08<br />
| Q2/2003<br />
| 9.27<br />
| 7.73<br />
| 9.75<br />
| 9.95<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2003<br />
| 81.37<br />
| 11.48<br />
| 157.64<br />
| 15.76<br />
| Q3/2003<br />
| 9.49<br />
| 8.03<br />
| 10.08<br />
| 10.12<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2003<br />
| 82.04<br />
| 11.57<br />
| 156.44<br />
| 15.64<br />
| Q4/2003<br />
| 9.35<br />
| 8.01<br />
| 9.97<br />
| 9.82<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2004<br />
| 84.88<br />
| 11.97<br />
| 151.64<br />
| 15.16<br />
| Q1/2004<br />
| 9.37<br />
| 8.04<br />
| 10.05<br />
| 9.73<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2004<br />
| 94.93<br />
| 13.39<br />
| 152.84<br />
| 15.28<br />
| Q2/2004<br />
| 9.37<br />
| 8.05<br />
| 10.00<br />
| 9.63<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2004<br />
| 95.98<br />
| 13.54<br />
| 158.04<br />
| 15.80<br />
| Q3/2004<br />
| 9.65<br />
| 8.50<br />
| 10.63<br />
| 9.63<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2004<br />
| 94.98<br />
| 13.40<br />
| 160.84<br />
| 16.08<br />
| Q4/2004<br />
| 9.70<br />
| 8.60<br />
| 10.93<br />
| 10.19<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2005<br />
| 97.72<br />
| 13.78<br />
| 162.24<br />
| 16.22<br />
| Q1/2005<br />
| 9.78<br />
| 8.69<br />
| 11.24<br />
| 10.64<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2005<br />
| 94.33<br />
| 13.30<br />
| 169.64<br />
| 16.96<br />
| Q2/2005<br />
| 9.81<br />
| 8.68<br />
| 11.23<br />
| 10.62<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2005<br />
| 94.63<br />
| 13.35<br />
| 181.64<br />
| 18.16<br />
| Q3/2005<br />
| 8.15<br />
| 7.05<br />
| 9.57<br />
| 10.56<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2005<br />
| 95.77<br />
| 13.51<br />
| 194.14<br />
| 19.41<br />
| Q4/2005<br />
| 8.05<br />
| 7.22<br />
| 10.21<br />
| 10.51<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2006<br />
| 95.25<br />
| 13.43<br />
| 226.94<br />
| 22.69<br />
| Q1/2006<br />
| 8.13<br />
| 7.36<br />
| 10.59<br />
| 11.41<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2006<br />
| 93.65<br />
| 13.21<br />
| 227.84<br />
| 22.78<br />
| Q2/2006<br />
| 8.13<br />
| 7.48<br />
| 10.95<br />
| 11.50<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2006<br />
| 98.80<br />
| 13.94<br />
| 226.94<br />
| 22.69<br />
| Q3/2006<br />
| 8.24<br />
| 7.49<br />
| 10.96<br />
| 11.53<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2006<br />
| 101.34<br />
| 14.29<br />
| 228.84<br />
| 22.88<br />
| Q4/2006<br />
| 8.13<br />
| 7.46<br />
| 10.85<br />
| 11.82<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2007<br />
| 97.92<br />
| 13.81<br />
| 216.54<br />
| 21.65<br />
| Q1/2007<br />
| 8.26<br />
| 7.79<br />
| 11.54<br />
| 12.22<br />
| 12.66<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2007<br />
| 96.81<br />
| 13.65<br />
| 218.54<br />
| 21.85<br />
| Q2/2007<br />
| 8.30<br />
| 7.82<br />
| 11.61<br />
| 12.32<br />
| 12.81<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2007<br />
| 98.90<br />
| 13.95<br />
| 226.44<br />
| 22.64<br />
| Q3/2007<br />
| 8.53<br />
| 7.92<br />
| 11.71<br />
| 12.43<br />
| 12.79<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2007<br />
| 109.76<br />
| 15.48<br />
| 243.04<br />
| 24.30<br />
| Q4/2007<br />
| 8.52<br />
| 7.95<br />
| 11.76<br />
| ..<br />
| 13.21<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2008<br />
| 128.52<br />
| 18.13<br />
| 264.80<br />
| 26.48<br />
| Q1/2008<br />
| 8.47<br />
| 8.72<br />
| 12.58<br />
| ..<br />
| 13.41<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2008<br />
| 139.48<br />
| 19.67<br />
| 284.40<br />
| 28.44<br />
| Q2/2008<br />
| 8.47<br />
| 8.72<br />
| 12.58<br />
| ..<br />
| 13.94<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2008<br />
| 152.95<br />
| 21.57<br />
| 318.40<br />
| 31.84<br />
| Q3/2008<br />
| 10.92<br />
| 8.72<br />
| 13.30<br />
| ..<br />
| 14.05<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2008<br />
| 163.64<br />
| 23.11<br />
| 319.60<br />
| 31.96<br />
| Q4/2008<br />
| 10.94<br />
| ..<br />
| 13.34<br />
| ..<br />
| 15.16<br />
| 4.81<br />
| 151.6<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2009<br />
| 126.21<br />
| 17.83<br />
| 281.50<br />
| 28.15<br />
| Q1/2009<br />
| 11.08<br />
| ..<br />
| 13.02<br />
| ..<br />
| 16.78<br />
| 4.89<br />
| 154.1<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2009<br />
| 110.96<br />
| 15.67<br />
| 253.60<br />
| 25.36<br />
| Q2/2009<br />
| 10.80<br />
| ..<br />
| 14.52<br />
| ..<br />
| 17.53<br />
| 5.25<br />
| 166.0<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2009<br />
| 106.10<br />
| 14.99<br />
| 267.10<br />
| 26.71<br />
| Q3/2009<br />
| 10.16<br />
| ..<br />
| 13.11<br />
| <br />
| 18.73<br />
| 5,20 **<br />
| 164,5 **<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2009<br />
| 103.63<br />
| 14.64<br />
| 280.40<br />
| 28.04<br />
| Q4/2009<br />
| 10.16<br />
| ..<br />
| 13.11<br />
| <br />
| 17.96<br />
| 5.32<br />
| 168.5<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<sup>1)</sup> Hard coal: the price is based on the average import price (customs tariff CN 2701 12 90) plus taxes and charges as well as handling and transportation costs. Price on the coast: unloaded on wharf at customer's own harbour. Thermal value: 7,08 MWh/t.<br />
<br />
<sup>2)</sup> Natural gas: until 12/2000, average contract price. Since 3/2001, type of consumer T8, see table 7. The prices include an excise tax and a precautionary stock fee.Thermal value: 10,0 MWh/1000 m3.<br />
<br />
<sup>3)</sup> Peat: The prices are averages weighted by the deliveries of certain member companies of the Confederation of Peat Industries and, therefore, vary according to consumer dependingon the transportation distance and/or contract terms. The price of delivered peat includes a transportation distance of 100 km for milled peat and 50 km for sod peat. Until the second quarter of 2005 the prices include an excise tax, which applies to plants with an annual minimum peat consumption of 25 GWh. Thermal values: milled peat 0,9 MWh/m3, sod peat 1,4 MWh/m3.The price of delivered sod peat in the second quarter of 2008 is an estimate as there was not a sufficient number of deliveries.<br />
<br />
<sup>4)</sup> Fuel chips: Sample includes both forest residue chips and industrial wood residue chips. Delivered, transportation distance not specified. The prices are not valid for the whole country. <br />
<br />
<sup>5)</sup> Forest Chips: Enquiry definitions: Delivered, transportation distance 50 kilometres. Crushed stumps not included.Chipped/crushed product, sold on real markets (shipments within a corporate group not included). Nevertheless, includes small amounts of crushed stumps and unchipped shipments.<br />
<br />
<sup>6)</sup> Wood pellet for households, I-class, 6-8 mm, batch size 5 tons.<br />
<br />
Source:Foreign Trade Statistics, Gasum Oy, Association of Finnish Peat Industries, Statistics Finland/ Environment and Energy<br />
<br />
====Prices of liquid fuels====<br />
<br />
Table 5. Consumer Prices of Liquid Fuels (includes VAT)<sup>1)</sup><br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| Month<br />
| Motor Gasoline<br />
| Diesel fuel<br />
| Light fuel oil<br />
| <br />
| Heavy fuel oil<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| c/l<br />
| c/l<br />
| c/l<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| c/kg<br />
| €/MWh<br />
|----<br />
| 3/1998<br />
| 95.0<br />
| 65.9<br />
| 26.9<br />
| 27.0<br />
| 18.0<br />
| 15.8<br />
|----<br />
| 6/1998<br />
| 95.2<br />
| 63.1<br />
| 25.2<br />
| 25.3<br />
| 18.0<br />
| 15.8<br />
|----<br />
| 9/1998<br />
| 94.9<br />
| 62.9<br />
| 25.9<br />
| 26.0<br />
| 18.1<br />
| 15.8<br />
|----<br />
| 12/1998<br />
| 86.8<br />
| 62.9<br />
| 22.9<br />
| 23.0<br />
| 16.8<br />
| 14.8<br />
|----<br />
| 3/1999<br />
| 92.2<br />
| 63.1<br />
| 25.9<br />
| 26.0<br />
| 17.7<br />
| 15.5<br />
|----<br />
| 6/1999<br />
| 99.6<br />
| 65.3<br />
| 26.6<br />
| 26.7<br />
| 20.2<br />
| 17.7<br />
|----<br />
| 9/1999<br />
| 104.9<br />
| 70.8<br />
| 32.1<br />
| 32.3<br />
| 24.8<br />
| 21.7<br />
|----<br />
| 12/1999<br />
| 108.3<br />
| 78.9<br />
| 35.8<br />
| 36.0<br />
| 25.8<br />
| 22.5<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2000<br />
| 114.0<br />
| 83.1<br />
| 38.7<br />
| 38.9<br />
| 30.4<br />
| 26.6<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2000<br />
| 123.6<br />
| 82.7<br />
| 39.4<br />
| 39.5<br />
| 31.2<br />
| 27.2<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2000<br />
| 117.4<br />
| 91.7<br />
| 54.2<br />
| 54.4<br />
| 34.3<br />
| 30.1<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2000<br />
| 104.9<br />
| 89.8<br />
| 47.3<br />
| 47.5<br />
| 32.6<br />
| 28.6<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2001<br />
| 111.2<br />
| 82.2<br />
| 40.4<br />
| 40.6<br />
| 27.9<br />
| 24.4<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2001<br />
| 117.6<br />
| 82.4<br />
| 44.1<br />
| 44.3<br />
| 28.5<br />
| 24.9<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2001<br />
| 112.5<br />
| 82.4<br />
| 42.9<br />
| 43.1<br />
| 28.6<br />
| 25.1<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2001<br />
| 98.4<br />
| 77.7<br />
| 32.3<br />
| 32.4<br />
| 24.9<br />
| 21.8<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2002<br />
| 103.3<br />
| 77.9<br />
| 37.3<br />
| 37.5<br />
| 27.3<br />
| 23.9<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2002<br />
| 107.4<br />
| 77.3<br />
| 34.8<br />
| 34.9<br />
| 27.8<br />
| 24.3<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2002<br />
| 111.2<br />
| 79.6<br />
| 39.2<br />
| 39.4<br />
| 30.8<br />
| 27.0<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2002<br />
| 103.6<br />
| 79.2<br />
| 38.8<br />
| 39.0<br />
| 29.1<br />
| 25.5<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2003<br />
| 114.0<br />
| 95.0<br />
| 49.1<br />
| 49.3<br />
| 33.1<br />
| 29.0<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2003<br />
| 110.4<br />
| 75.5<br />
| 36.1<br />
| 36.3<br />
| 27.4<br />
| 24.0<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2003<br />
| 109.2<br />
| 78.0<br />
| 36.1<br />
| 36.3<br />
| 28.6<br />
| 25.0<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2003<br />
| 103.8<br />
| 77.6<br />
| 37.0<br />
| 37.2<br />
| 26.6<br />
| 23.3<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2004<br />
| 110.6<br />
| 79.9<br />
| 39.5<br />
| 39.4<br />
| 27.1<br />
| 23.7<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2004<br />
| 113.6<br />
| 79.8<br />
| 42.7<br />
| 42.6<br />
| 29.9<br />
| 26.2<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2004<br />
| 116.5<br />
| 88.0<br />
| 48.3<br />
| 48.2<br />
| 29.3<br />
| 25.7<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2004<br />
| 111.2<br />
| 91.1<br />
| 44.9<br />
| 44.8<br />
| 28.0<br />
| 24.5<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2005<br />
| 112.7<br />
| 93.4<br />
| 54.3<br />
| 54.2<br />
| 33.7<br />
| 29.6<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2005<br />
| 120.6<br />
| 97.0<br />
| 60.7<br />
| 60.6<br />
| 38.3<br />
| 33.6<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2005<br />
| 135.1<br />
| 104.4<br />
| 66.0<br />
| 65.8<br />
| 45.5<br />
| 39.8<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2005<br />
| 123.0<br />
| 100.9<br />
| 60.7<br />
| 60.6<br />
| 43.4<br />
| 38.0<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2006<br />
| 124.4<br />
| 101.8<br />
| 63.7<br />
| 63.6<br />
| 45.4<br />
| 39.8<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2006<br />
| 133.3<br />
| 103.1<br />
| 67.8<br />
| 67.6<br />
| 44.2<br />
| 38.7<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2006<br />
| 126.3<br />
| 101.6<br />
| 62.3<br />
| 62.2<br />
| 40.5<br />
| 35.5<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2006<br />
| 121.4<br />
| 100.1<br />
| 58.3<br />
| 58.2<br />
| 37.6<br />
| 33.0<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2007<br />
| 126.4<br />
| 98.8<br />
| 58.1<br />
| 58.0<br />
| 38.1<br />
| 33.3<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2007<br />
| 135.4<br />
| 99.6<br />
| 62.5<br />
| 62.4<br />
| 43.7<br />
| 38.2<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2007<br />
| 131.4<br />
| 101.7<br />
| 67.1<br />
| 66.9<br />
| 45.4<br />
| 39.8<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2007<br />
| 132.5<br />
| 113.1<br />
| 72.2<br />
| 72.0<br />
| 53.1<br />
| 46.5<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2008<br />
| 141.9<br />
| 125.7<br />
| 84.4<br />
| 84.2<br />
| 53.9<br />
| 47.2<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2008<br />
| 157.4<br />
| 143.9<br />
| 102.5<br />
| 102.3<br />
| 65.2<br />
| 57.2<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2008<br />
| 149.9<br />
| 133.1<br />
| 88.7<br />
| 88.5<br />
| 61.8<br />
| 54.1<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2008<br />
| 114.4<br />
| 101.1<br />
| 55.1<br />
| 55.0<br />
| 37.4<br />
| 32.8<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2009<br />
| 119.6<br />
| 93.1<br />
| 52.2<br />
| 52.1<br />
| 36.1<br />
| 31.7<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2009<br />
| 137.4<br />
| 101.5<br />
| 62.9<br />
| 62.8<br />
| 48.4<br />
| 42.4<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2009<br />
| 131.9<br />
| 99.8<br />
| 61.3<br />
| 61.2<br />
| 50.3<br />
| 44.1<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2009<br />
| 132.2<br />
| 102.8<br />
| 63.0<br />
| 62.9<br />
| 51.5<br />
| 45.1<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<sup>1)</sup> Motor gasoline, diesel oil and light fuel oil: weighted average of the prices on the 15th of the month in six localities (Helsinki, Mikkeli, Oulu, Rovaniemi, Seinäjoki and Turku).Heavy fuel oil: national monthly average.<br />
Source: Finnish Oil and Gas Federation<br />
<br />
====Heat system maintenance costs====<br />
<br />
====Heat system investment costs====<br />
<br />
=== Causality ===<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Unit ===<br />
€/MWh<br />
<br />
=== Formula ===<br />
<br />
== Result ==<br />
All results are averages of year 2009<br />
<br />
'''Price of district heating by type of consumer (€/MWh)<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| <br />
! colspan="5" |Type of Consumer<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
!Detached house<br />
!Semidetached house (rivitalo)<br />
!Apartment building, small<br />
!Apartment building<br />
!Apartment building, large<br />
|----<br />
| Year 2009 av.<br />
| 65.58<br />
| 61.21<br />
| 60.28<br />
| 58.27<br />
| 55.85<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''' Price of electricity (c/kWh)<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
! colspan="2" | Household<br />
! colspan="2" | Electric Heating<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
|Flat<br />
|Detached House<br />
|Direct<br />
|Accumulating<br />
|----<br />
| Year 2009 av.<br />
| 14.81<br />
| 12.52<br />
| 10.25<br />
| 9.51<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Prices of domestic fuel<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| <br />
! colspan="2" |Hard Coal<br />
! colspan="2" |Natural Gas<br />
! Milled peat<br />
! Sod Peat<br />
! Forest Chips<br />
! colspan="2" |Wood pellet<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| colspan="2" | On the Coast<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Delivered<br />
| Delivered<br />
| Delivered<br />
|Consumer price (incl. VAT) <br />
| Index<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| €/t<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/1000 m3 (0° C)<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| c/kWh<br />
| 2005=100<br />
|----<br />
| Year 2009 av.<br />
| 111.73<br />
| 15.78<br />
| 270.65<br />
| 27.07<br />
| 10.55<br />
| 13.44<br />
| 17.75<br />
| 5.15<br />
| 162.87<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Price of liquid fuel<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
! colspan="2" |Light fuel oil<br />
! colspan="2" | Heavy fuel oil<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| c/l<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| c/kg<br />
| €/MWh<br />
|----<br />
| Year 2009 av.<br />
| 59.9<br />
| 59.7<br />
| 46.6<br />
| 40.8<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
*[[BIOHER assessment]]<br />
*[[CLAIH assessment]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Prices_of_fuels_in_heat_production&diff=22570
Prices of fuels in heat production
2011-09-27T06:14:57Z
<p>Pauliina: /* Definition */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Pauliina}}<br />
[[Category: BIOHER]]<br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
What are prices of fuel used in heat production in own heating systems in apartments and in plants in Finland?<br />
<br />
== Definition ==<br />
This page includes prices for electricity, district heating, liquid fuels and consumer prices of hard coal, natural gas and domestic fuels in heat production in Finland. all data is based on knowledge of [http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/ehkh/2009/04/index.html Statistics Finland] In the end of data section there will be also data for maintenance and investment costs!!<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Data ===<br />
<br />
====Price of district heating====<br />
<br />
Table 1. Price of District Heating by Type of Consumer<sup>1)</sup>, €/MWh<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|Date<br />
|Type of Consumer<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
|<br />
|Detached house<br />
|Semidetached house (rivitalo)<br />
|Apartment building, small<br />
|Apartment building<br />
|Apartment building, large<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.1996<br />
| 35.37<br />
| 32.31<br />
| 31.89<br />
| 30.80<br />
| 28.19<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.1996<br />
| 35.55<br />
| 32.71<br />
| 31.96<br />
| 31.13<br />
| 28.49<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.1997<br />
| 36.41<br />
| 33.62<br />
| 32.88<br />
| 31.99<br />
| 29.42<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.1997<br />
| 36.55<br />
| 33.82<br />
| 32.83<br />
| 32.09<br />
| 29.60<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.1998<br />
| 37.30<br />
| 34.63<br />
| 33.62<br />
| 32.71<br />
| 30.22<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.1998<br />
| 37.35<br />
| 34.38<br />
| 33.50<br />
| 33.07<br />
| 30.17<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.1999<br />
| 37.83<br />
| 34.81<br />
| 34.21<br />
| 32.91<br />
| 30.59<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.1999<br />
| 37.94<br />
| 34.95<br />
| 34.34<br />
| 32.98<br />
| 30.53<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2000<br />
| 38.18<br />
| 35.55<br />
| 35.08<br />
| 33.76<br />
| 30.95<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2000<br />
| 38.62<br />
| 36.35<br />
| 35.89<br />
| 34.55<br />
| 31.55<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2001<br />
| 40.42<br />
| 38.60<br />
| 38.08<br />
| 36.77<br />
| 33.49<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2001<br />
| 41.17<br />
| 39.39<br />
| 38.35<br />
| 37.24<br />
| 34.09<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2002<br />
| 42.11<br />
| 40.09<br />
| 39.30<br />
| 37.73<br />
| 34.66<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2002<br />
| 42.60<br />
| 40.54<br />
| 39.63<br />
| 38.11<br />
| 35.20<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2003<br />
| 43.75<br />
| 40.94<br />
| 40.11<br />
| 38.64<br />
| 35.33<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2003<br />
| 43.97<br />
| 41.05<br />
| 40.20<br />
| 38.62<br />
| 35.52<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2004<br />
| 44.68<br />
| 41.27<br />
| 40.49<br />
| 38.22<br />
| 35.59<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2004<br />
| 44.50<br />
| 41.93<br />
| 41.03<br />
| 38.85<br />
| 36.25<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2005<br />
| 46.59<br />
| 43.11<br />
| 42.29<br />
| 40.34<br />
| 37.99<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2005<br />
| 46.67<br />
| 43.40<br />
| 42.66<br />
| 40.68<br />
| 38.18<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2006<br />
| 49.33<br />
| 46.35<br />
| 45.52<br />
| 43.11<br />
| 40.51<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2006<br />
| 49.93<br />
| 47.42<br />
| 46.49<br />
| 44.20<br />
| 41.56<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2007<br />
| 51.59<br />
| 48.08<br />
| 47.43<br />
| 45.11<br />
| 42.49<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2007<br />
| 51.92<br />
| 48.95<br />
| 47.71<br />
| 45.44<br />
| 42.76<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2008<br />
| 54.89<br />
| 52.02<br />
| 50.68<br />
| 48.40<br />
| 45.51<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2008<br />
| 55.92<br />
| 53.45<br />
| 52.01<br />
| 49.85<br />
| 47.22<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2009<br />
| 61.91<br />
| 58.96<br />
| 57.87<br />
| 55.76<br />
| 53.22<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2009<br />
| 69.25<br />
| 63.45<br />
| 62.68<br />
| 60.77<br />
| 58.47<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2010<br />
| 71.62<br />
| 65.72<br />
| 64.96<br />
| 62.87<br />
| 60.28<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<sup>1)</sup> The above price data represent overall prices, including the various charges collected ('energy' charge, 'basic' charge, value added tax 22% etc.). The prices are averages for each type of consumer, weighted by the number of consumers served by the plants members of the Association of Finnish Energy Industries / District Heating.<br />
<br />
Table 2. Type of consumer. Source: Finnish Energy Industries<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| Type of consumer<br />
| Building volume, m3 <br />
| Energy consumption, MWh/a<br />
|----<br />
| Detached house<br />
| 500<br />
| 20<br />
|----<br />
| Semidetached house<br />
| 2 000<br />
| 100<br />
|----<br />
| Apartment building, small<br />
| 5 000<br />
| 225<br />
|----<br />
| Apartment building<br />
| 10 000<br />
| 450<br />
|----<br />
| Apartment building, big<br />
| 25 000<br />
| 1 125<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Price of electricity====<br />
<br />
Table 3. Price of Electricity by Type of Consumer<sup>1)</sup>, c/kWh (Prices include electrical energy, the distribution of electricity, and taxes.)<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|Date<br />
|Household<br />
| <br />
| Farm<br />
|Electric Heating<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Flat<br />
| Detached House<br />
| <br />
| Direct<br />
| Accumulating<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.1999<br />
| 9.67<br />
| 8.59<br />
| 8.09<br />
| 6.49<br />
| 5.57<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.1999<br />
| 9.57<br />
| 8.58<br />
| 8.04<br />
| 6.44<br />
| 5.52<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.1999<br />
| 9.52<br />
| 8.53<br />
| 7.99<br />
| 6.42<br />
| 5.50<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.1999<br />
| 9.50<br />
| 8.51<br />
| 7.97<br />
| 6.41<br />
| 5.48<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2000<br />
| 9.47<br />
| 8.48<br />
| 7.93<br />
| 6.37<br />
| 5.47<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2000<br />
| 9.45<br />
| 8.46<br />
| 7.90<br />
| 6.35<br />
| 5.45<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2000<br />
| 9.44<br />
| 8.44<br />
| 7.83<br />
| 6.33<br />
| 5.44<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2000<br />
| 9.44<br />
| 8.41<br />
| 7.79<br />
| 6.31<br />
| 5.43<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2000<br />
| 9.47<br />
| 8.41<br />
| 7.79<br />
| 6.30<br />
| 5.41<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2001<br />
| 9.48<br />
| 8.42<br />
| 7.78<br />
| 6.30<br />
| 5.42<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2001<br />
| 9.50<br />
| 8.43<br />
| 7.77<br />
| 6.31<br />
| 5.43<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2001<br />
| 9.77<br />
| 8.64<br />
| 7.97<br />
| 6.44<br />
| 5.57<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2001<br />
| 9.92<br />
| 8.75<br />
| 8.10<br />
| 6.58<br />
| 5.73<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2001<br />
| 10.04<br />
| 8.84<br />
| 8.18<br />
| 6.66<br />
| 5.81<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2002<br />
| 10.11<br />
| 8.90<br />
| 8.25<br />
| 6.75<br />
| 5.92<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2002<br />
| 10.14<br />
| 8.92<br />
| 8.26<br />
| 6.77<br />
| 5.94<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2002<br />
| 10.18<br />
| 8.94<br />
| 8.29<br />
| 6.78<br />
| 5.96<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2002<br />
| 10.34<br />
| 9.05<br />
| 8.38<br />
| 6.80<br />
| 5.98<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2002<br />
| 10.39<br />
| 9.08<br />
| 8.41<br />
| 6.82<br />
| 6.01<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2003<br />
| 10.77<br />
| 9.38<br />
| 8.65<br />
| 7.08<br />
| 6.25<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2003<br />
| 11.60<br />
| 9.98<br />
| 9.23<br />
| 7.75<br />
| 6.89<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2003<br />
| 11.63<br />
| 9.96<br />
| 9.28<br />
| 7.79<br />
| 6.94<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2003<br />
| 11.66<br />
| 9.99<br />
| 9.30<br />
| 7.80<br />
| 6.95<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2003<br />
| 11.71<br />
| 10.05<br />
| 9.36<br />
| 7.83<br />
| 6.98<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2004<br />
| 11.77<br />
| 10.10<br />
| 9.43<br />
| 7.88<br />
| 7.05<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2004<br />
| 11.60<br />
| 9.90<br />
| 9.28<br />
| 7.73<br />
| 6.94<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2004<br />
| 11.56<br />
| 9.85<br />
| 9.25<br />
| 7.69<br />
| 6.90<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2004<br />
| 11.56<br />
| 9.85<br />
| 9.24<br />
| 7.68<br />
| 6.90<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2004<br />
| 11.54<br />
| 9.82<br />
| 9.22<br />
| 7.65<br />
| 6.87<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2005<br />
| 11.52<br />
| 9.81<br />
| 9.22<br />
| 7.66<br />
| 6.89<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2005<br />
| 11.37<br />
| 9.69<br />
| 9.12<br />
| 7.57<br />
| 6.84<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2005<br />
| 11.28<br />
| 9.63<br />
| 9.08<br />
| 7.52<br />
| 6.80<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2005<br />
| 11.44<br />
| 9.74<br />
| 9.18<br />
| 7.66<br />
| 6.94<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2005<br />
| 11.57<br />
| 9.83<br />
| 9.26<br />
| 7.74<br />
| 7.01<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2006<br />
| 11.76<br />
| 9.97<br />
| 9.40<br />
| 7.90<br />
| 7.18<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2006<br />
| 11.79<br />
| 10.01<br />
| 9.44<br />
| 7.97<br />
| 7.24<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2006<br />
| 12.00<br />
| 10.17<br />
| 9.59<br />
| 8.13<br />
| 7.41<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2006<br />
| 12.25<br />
| 10.42<br />
| 9.82<br />
| 8.31<br />
| 7.55<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2006<br />
| 12.31<br />
| 10.47<br />
| 9.88<br />
| 8.36<br />
| 7.59<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2007<br />
| 12.53<br />
| 10.69<br />
| 10.10<br />
| 8.56<br />
| 7.78<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2007<br />
| 12.45<br />
| 10.59<br />
| 9.99<br />
| 8.47<br />
| 7.72<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2007<br />
| 12.35<br />
| 10.51<br />
| 9.92<br />
| 8.38<br />
| 7.64<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2007<br />
| 12.40<br />
| 10.57<br />
| 9.98<br />
| 8.45<br />
| 7.71<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2007<br />
| 12.56<br />
| 10.72<br />
| 10.11<br />
| 8.49<br />
| 7.75<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2008<br />
| 13.16<br />
| 11.29<br />
| 10.64<br />
| 9.10<br />
| 8.35<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2008<br />
| 13.30<br />
| 11.56<br />
| 10.94<br />
| 9.41<br />
| 8.68<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2008<br />
| 13.67<br />
| 11.78<br />
| 11.15<br />
| 9.58<br />
| 8.86<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2008<br />
| 13.96<br />
| 12.05<br />
| 11.41<br />
| 9.91<br />
| 9.19<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2008<br />
| 14.21<br />
| 12.29<br />
| 11.64<br />
| 10.15<br />
| 9.45<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2009<br />
| 14.61<br />
| 12.45<br />
| 11.77<br />
| 10.25<br />
| 9.52<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2009<br />
| 14.91<br />
| 12.51<br />
| 11.82<br />
| 10.30<br />
| 9.56<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2009<br />
| 15.04<br />
| 12.59<br />
| 11.91<br />
| 10.25<br />
| 9.49<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2009<br />
| 14.86<br />
| 12.43<br />
| 11.74<br />
| 10.12<br />
| 9.36<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2009<br />
| 14.65<br />
| 12.60<br />
| 11.92<br />
| 10.33<br />
| 9.60<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<sup>1)</sup> The prices are tax-inclusive averages weighted by the sales volumes of liable electricity retailers. On 1 January 1997, taxes on the energy sources of electricity generation were abandoned, while taxes and a precautionary stock fee on electricity consumption were taken into use.<br />
<br />
Types of consumer(Source: Energy Market Authority (Electricity Market Authority)):<br />
<br />
1. Apartment house, consumption 2 000 kWh/a, fuse 1 x 25 A<br />
<br />
2. Detached house 5 000 kWh/a, 3 x 25 A<br />
<br />
3. Agriculture 10 000 kWh/a, 3 x 35 A<br />
<br />
4. Detached house, direct electric heating, 18 000 kWh/a (whereof 8 000 kWh by night), 3 x 25 A<br />
<br />
5. Detached house, partly accumulating electric heating, 20 000 kWh/a (whereof 14 400 kWh by night), 3 x 25 A<br />
<br />
6. Small-scale industry, 1-shift enterprise, 150 MWh/a (whereof 35 MWh by night), charged capacity 75 kW, effective time of <br />
capacity use 2 000 h/a<br />
<br />
7. Medium-scale industry, 2-shift, 2 000 MWh/a (whereof 625 MWh by night),500 kW, 4 000 h<br />
<br />
8. Medium-scale industry, 2-shift, 10 000 MWh/a (whereof 3 130 MWh by night), 2 500 kW, 4 000 h<br />
<br />
==== Prices of domestic fuels ====<br />
Table 4. Consumer Prices of Hard Coal, Natural Gas and Domestic Fuels in Heat Production (VAT not included)<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
|Hard Coal<sup>1)</sup><br />
|<br />
|Natural Gas<sup>2)</sup><br />
|<br />
| <br />
|Milled peat<sup>3)</sup><br />
|Sod Peat<sup>3)</sup><br />
| <br />
| Fuel Chips<sup>4)</sup><br />
| Forest Chips<sup>5)</sup><br />
| Wood pellet<sup>6)</sup><br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Month<br />
| On the Coast<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Quarter<br />
|Delivered<br />
|At Production Site<br />
| Delivered<br />
| Delivered<br />
| Delivered<br />
| Consumer price (incl. VAT) <br />
| Index<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| €/t<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/1000 m3 (0° C)<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| <br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| c/kWh<br />
| 2005=100<br />
|----<br />
| 9/1999<br />
| 70.66<br />
| 9.97<br />
| 118.57<br />
| 11.85<br />
| Q3/1999<br />
| 8.98<br />
| 6.92<br />
| 8.96<br />
| 7.57<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/1999<br />
| 73.05<br />
| 10.30<br />
| 124.29<br />
| 12.44<br />
| Q4/1999<br />
| 8.93<br />
| 6.98<br />
| 9.05<br />
| 7.74<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2000<br />
| 73.66<br />
| 10.39<br />
| 128.50<br />
| 12.85<br />
| Q1/2000<br />
| 8.88<br />
| 7.07<br />
| 9.12<br />
| 7.74<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2000<br />
| 76.33<br />
| 10.77<br />
| 127.82<br />
| 12.78<br />
| Q2/2000<br />
| 8.87<br />
| 6.97<br />
| 9.08<br />
| 7.74<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2000<br />
| 79.18<br />
| 11.17<br />
| 133.04<br />
| 13.31<br />
| Q3/2000<br />
| 8.93<br />
| 6.99<br />
| 9.18<br />
| 7.74<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2000<br />
| 84.31<br />
| 11.89<br />
| 163.82<br />
| 16.38<br />
| Q4/2000<br />
| 9.01<br />
| 7.09<br />
| 9.28<br />
| 7.74<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2001<br />
| 83.08<br />
| 11.72<br />
| 163.98<br />
| 16.39<br />
| Q1/2001<br />
| 9.13<br />
| 7.16<br />
| 9.44<br />
| 8.07<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2001<br />
| 91.72<br />
| 12.94<br />
| 158.10<br />
| 15.82<br />
| Q2/2001<br />
| 9.21<br />
| 7.27<br />
| 9.54<br />
| 8.20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2001<br />
| 88.27<br />
| 12.45<br />
| 158.26<br />
| 15.82<br />
| Q3/2001<br />
| 9.21<br />
| 7.27<br />
| 8.97<br />
| 8.13<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2001<br />
| 87.61<br />
| 12.36<br />
| 156.75<br />
| 15.68<br />
| Q4/2001<br />
| 9.16<br />
| 7.44<br />
| 9.32<br />
| 8.40<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2002<br />
| 89.01<br />
| 12.55<br />
| 149.79<br />
| 14.98<br />
| Q1/2002<br />
| 9.17<br />
| 7.52<br />
| 9.41<br />
| 9.00<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2002<br />
| 81.98<br />
| 11.56<br />
| 151.85<br />
| 15.19<br />
| Q2/2002<br />
| 9.19<br />
| 7.52<br />
| 9.46<br />
| 9.08<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2002<br />
| 78.78<br />
| 11.11<br />
| 154.66<br />
| 15.47<br />
| Q3/2002<br />
| 9.05<br />
| 7.57<br />
| 9.11<br />
| 9.01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2002<br />
| 79.91<br />
| 11.27<br />
| 156.74<br />
| 15.67<br />
| Q4/2002<br />
| 9.17<br />
| 7.62<br />
| 9.57<br />
| 9.37<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2003<br />
| 81.42<br />
| 11.48<br />
| 162.54<br />
| 16.25<br />
| Q1/2003<br />
| 9.28<br />
| 7.73<br />
| 9.73<br />
| 9.85<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2003<br />
| 78.13<br />
| 11.02<br />
| 160.84<br />
| 16.08<br />
| Q2/2003<br />
| 9.27<br />
| 7.73<br />
| 9.75<br />
| 9.95<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2003<br />
| 81.37<br />
| 11.48<br />
| 157.64<br />
| 15.76<br />
| Q3/2003<br />
| 9.49<br />
| 8.03<br />
| 10.08<br />
| 10.12<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2003<br />
| 82.04<br />
| 11.57<br />
| 156.44<br />
| 15.64<br />
| Q4/2003<br />
| 9.35<br />
| 8.01<br />
| 9.97<br />
| 9.82<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2004<br />
| 84.88<br />
| 11.97<br />
| 151.64<br />
| 15.16<br />
| Q1/2004<br />
| 9.37<br />
| 8.04<br />
| 10.05<br />
| 9.73<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2004<br />
| 94.93<br />
| 13.39<br />
| 152.84<br />
| 15.28<br />
| Q2/2004<br />
| 9.37<br />
| 8.05<br />
| 10.00<br />
| 9.63<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2004<br />
| 95.98<br />
| 13.54<br />
| 158.04<br />
| 15.80<br />
| Q3/2004<br />
| 9.65<br />
| 8.50<br />
| 10.63<br />
| 9.63<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2004<br />
| 94.98<br />
| 13.40<br />
| 160.84<br />
| 16.08<br />
| Q4/2004<br />
| 9.70<br />
| 8.60<br />
| 10.93<br />
| 10.19<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2005<br />
| 97.72<br />
| 13.78<br />
| 162.24<br />
| 16.22<br />
| Q1/2005<br />
| 9.78<br />
| 8.69<br />
| 11.24<br />
| 10.64<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2005<br />
| 94.33<br />
| 13.30<br />
| 169.64<br />
| 16.96<br />
| Q2/2005<br />
| 9.81<br />
| 8.68<br />
| 11.23<br />
| 10.62<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2005<br />
| 94.63<br />
| 13.35<br />
| 181.64<br />
| 18.16<br />
| Q3/2005<br />
| 8.15<br />
| 7.05<br />
| 9.57<br />
| 10.56<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2005<br />
| 95.77<br />
| 13.51<br />
| 194.14<br />
| 19.41<br />
| Q4/2005<br />
| 8.05<br />
| 7.22<br />
| 10.21<br />
| 10.51<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2006<br />
| 95.25<br />
| 13.43<br />
| 226.94<br />
| 22.69<br />
| Q1/2006<br />
| 8.13<br />
| 7.36<br />
| 10.59<br />
| 11.41<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2006<br />
| 93.65<br />
| 13.21<br />
| 227.84<br />
| 22.78<br />
| Q2/2006<br />
| 8.13<br />
| 7.48<br />
| 10.95<br />
| 11.50<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2006<br />
| 98.80<br />
| 13.94<br />
| 226.94<br />
| 22.69<br />
| Q3/2006<br />
| 8.24<br />
| 7.49<br />
| 10.96<br />
| 11.53<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2006<br />
| 101.34<br />
| 14.29<br />
| 228.84<br />
| 22.88<br />
| Q4/2006<br />
| 8.13<br />
| 7.46<br />
| 10.85<br />
| 11.82<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2007<br />
| 97.92<br />
| 13.81<br />
| 216.54<br />
| 21.65<br />
| Q1/2007<br />
| 8.26<br />
| 7.79<br />
| 11.54<br />
| 12.22<br />
| 12.66<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2007<br />
| 96.81<br />
| 13.65<br />
| 218.54<br />
| 21.85<br />
| Q2/2007<br />
| 8.30<br />
| 7.82<br />
| 11.61<br />
| 12.32<br />
| 12.81<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2007<br />
| 98.90<br />
| 13.95<br />
| 226.44<br />
| 22.64<br />
| Q3/2007<br />
| 8.53<br />
| 7.92<br />
| 11.71<br />
| 12.43<br />
| 12.79<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2007<br />
| 109.76<br />
| 15.48<br />
| 243.04<br />
| 24.30<br />
| Q4/2007<br />
| 8.52<br />
| 7.95<br />
| 11.76<br />
| ..<br />
| 13.21<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2008<br />
| 128.52<br />
| 18.13<br />
| 264.80<br />
| 26.48<br />
| Q1/2008<br />
| 8.47<br />
| 8.72<br />
| 12.58<br />
| ..<br />
| 13.41<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2008<br />
| 139.48<br />
| 19.67<br />
| 284.40<br />
| 28.44<br />
| Q2/2008<br />
| 8.47<br />
| 8.72<br />
| 12.58<br />
| ..<br />
| 13.94<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2008<br />
| 152.95<br />
| 21.57<br />
| 318.40<br />
| 31.84<br />
| Q3/2008<br />
| 10.92<br />
| 8.72<br />
| 13.30<br />
| ..<br />
| 14.05<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2008<br />
| 163.64<br />
| 23.11<br />
| 319.60<br />
| 31.96<br />
| Q4/2008<br />
| 10.94<br />
| ..<br />
| 13.34<br />
| ..<br />
| 15.16<br />
| 4.81<br />
| 151.6<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2009<br />
| 126.21<br />
| 17.83<br />
| 281.50<br />
| 28.15<br />
| Q1/2009<br />
| 11.08<br />
| ..<br />
| 13.02<br />
| ..<br />
| 16.78<br />
| 4.89<br />
| 154.1<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2009<br />
| 110.96<br />
| 15.67<br />
| 253.60<br />
| 25.36<br />
| Q2/2009<br />
| 10.80<br />
| ..<br />
| 14.52<br />
| ..<br />
| 17.53<br />
| 5.25<br />
| 166.0<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2009<br />
| 106.10<br />
| 14.99<br />
| 267.10<br />
| 26.71<br />
| Q3/2009<br />
| 10.16<br />
| ..<br />
| 13.11<br />
| <br />
| 18.73<br />
| 5,20 **<br />
| 164,5 **<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2009<br />
| 103.63<br />
| 14.64<br />
| 280.40<br />
| 28.04<br />
| Q4/2009<br />
| 10.16<br />
| ..<br />
| 13.11<br />
| <br />
| 17.96<br />
| 5.32<br />
| 168.5<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<sup>1)</sup> Hard coal: the price is based on the average import price (customs tariff CN 2701 12 90) plus taxes and charges as well as handling and transportation costs. Price on the coast: unloaded on wharf at customer's own harbour. Thermal value: 7,08 MWh/t.<br />
<br />
<sup>2)</sup> Natural gas: until 12/2000, average contract price. Since 3/2001, type of consumer T8, see table 7. The prices include an excise tax and a precautionary stock fee.Thermal value: 10,0 MWh/1000 m3.<br />
<br />
<sup>3)</sup> Peat: The prices are averages weighted by the deliveries of certain member companies of the Confederation of Peat Industries and, therefore, vary according to consumer dependingon the transportation distance and/or contract terms. The price of delivered peat includes a transportation distance of 100 km for milled peat and 50 km for sod peat. Until the second quarter of 2005 the prices include an excise tax, which applies to plants with an annual minimum peat consumption of 25 GWh. Thermal values: milled peat 0,9 MWh/m3, sod peat 1,4 MWh/m3.The price of delivered sod peat in the second quarter of 2008 is an estimate as there was not a sufficient number of deliveries.<br />
<br />
<sup>4)</sup> Fuel chips: Sample includes both forest residue chips and industrial wood residue chips. Delivered, transportation distance not specified. The prices are not valid for the whole country. <br />
<br />
<sup>5)</sup> Forest Chips: Enquiry definitions: Delivered, transportation distance 50 kilometres. Crushed stumps not included.Chipped/crushed product, sold on real markets (shipments within a corporate group not included). Nevertheless, includes small amounts of crushed stumps and unchipped shipments.<br />
<br />
<sup>6)</sup> Wood pellet for households, I-class, 6-8 mm, batch size 5 tons.<br />
<br />
Source:Foreign Trade Statistics, Gasum Oy, Association of Finnish Peat Industries, Statistics Finland/ Environment and Energy<br />
<br />
====Prices of liquid fuels====<br />
<br />
Table 5. Consumer Prices of Liquid Fuels (includes VAT)<sup>1)</sup><br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| Month<br />
| Motor Gasoline<br />
| Diesel fuel<br />
| Light fuel oil<br />
| <br />
| Heavy fuel oil<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| c/l<br />
| c/l<br />
| c/l<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| c/kg<br />
| €/MWh<br />
|----<br />
| 3/1998<br />
| 95.0<br />
| 65.9<br />
| 26.9<br />
| 27.0<br />
| 18.0<br />
| 15.8<br />
|----<br />
| 6/1998<br />
| 95.2<br />
| 63.1<br />
| 25.2<br />
| 25.3<br />
| 18.0<br />
| 15.8<br />
|----<br />
| 9/1998<br />
| 94.9<br />
| 62.9<br />
| 25.9<br />
| 26.0<br />
| 18.1<br />
| 15.8<br />
|----<br />
| 12/1998<br />
| 86.8<br />
| 62.9<br />
| 22.9<br />
| 23.0<br />
| 16.8<br />
| 14.8<br />
|----<br />
| 3/1999<br />
| 92.2<br />
| 63.1<br />
| 25.9<br />
| 26.0<br />
| 17.7<br />
| 15.5<br />
|----<br />
| 6/1999<br />
| 99.6<br />
| 65.3<br />
| 26.6<br />
| 26.7<br />
| 20.2<br />
| 17.7<br />
|----<br />
| 9/1999<br />
| 104.9<br />
| 70.8<br />
| 32.1<br />
| 32.3<br />
| 24.8<br />
| 21.7<br />
|----<br />
| 12/1999<br />
| 108.3<br />
| 78.9<br />
| 35.8<br />
| 36.0<br />
| 25.8<br />
| 22.5<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2000<br />
| 114.0<br />
| 83.1<br />
| 38.7<br />
| 38.9<br />
| 30.4<br />
| 26.6<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2000<br />
| 123.6<br />
| 82.7<br />
| 39.4<br />
| 39.5<br />
| 31.2<br />
| 27.2<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2000<br />
| 117.4<br />
| 91.7<br />
| 54.2<br />
| 54.4<br />
| 34.3<br />
| 30.1<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2000<br />
| 104.9<br />
| 89.8<br />
| 47.3<br />
| 47.5<br />
| 32.6<br />
| 28.6<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2001<br />
| 111.2<br />
| 82.2<br />
| 40.4<br />
| 40.6<br />
| 27.9<br />
| 24.4<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2001<br />
| 117.6<br />
| 82.4<br />
| 44.1<br />
| 44.3<br />
| 28.5<br />
| 24.9<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2001<br />
| 112.5<br />
| 82.4<br />
| 42.9<br />
| 43.1<br />
| 28.6<br />
| 25.1<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2001<br />
| 98.4<br />
| 77.7<br />
| 32.3<br />
| 32.4<br />
| 24.9<br />
| 21.8<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2002<br />
| 103.3<br />
| 77.9<br />
| 37.3<br />
| 37.5<br />
| 27.3<br />
| 23.9<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2002<br />
| 107.4<br />
| 77.3<br />
| 34.8<br />
| 34.9<br />
| 27.8<br />
| 24.3<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2002<br />
| 111.2<br />
| 79.6<br />
| 39.2<br />
| 39.4<br />
| 30.8<br />
| 27.0<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2002<br />
| 103.6<br />
| 79.2<br />
| 38.8<br />
| 39.0<br />
| 29.1<br />
| 25.5<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2003<br />
| 114.0<br />
| 95.0<br />
| 49.1<br />
| 49.3<br />
| 33.1<br />
| 29.0<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2003<br />
| 110.4<br />
| 75.5<br />
| 36.1<br />
| 36.3<br />
| 27.4<br />
| 24.0<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2003<br />
| 109.2<br />
| 78.0<br />
| 36.1<br />
| 36.3<br />
| 28.6<br />
| 25.0<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2003<br />
| 103.8<br />
| 77.6<br />
| 37.0<br />
| 37.2<br />
| 26.6<br />
| 23.3<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2004<br />
| 110.6<br />
| 79.9<br />
| 39.5<br />
| 39.4<br />
| 27.1<br />
| 23.7<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2004<br />
| 113.6<br />
| 79.8<br />
| 42.7<br />
| 42.6<br />
| 29.9<br />
| 26.2<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2004<br />
| 116.5<br />
| 88.0<br />
| 48.3<br />
| 48.2<br />
| 29.3<br />
| 25.7<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2004<br />
| 111.2<br />
| 91.1<br />
| 44.9<br />
| 44.8<br />
| 28.0<br />
| 24.5<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2005<br />
| 112.7<br />
| 93.4<br />
| 54.3<br />
| 54.2<br />
| 33.7<br />
| 29.6<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2005<br />
| 120.6<br />
| 97.0<br />
| 60.7<br />
| 60.6<br />
| 38.3<br />
| 33.6<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2005<br />
| 135.1<br />
| 104.4<br />
| 66.0<br />
| 65.8<br />
| 45.5<br />
| 39.8<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2005<br />
| 123.0<br />
| 100.9<br />
| 60.7<br />
| 60.6<br />
| 43.4<br />
| 38.0<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2006<br />
| 124.4<br />
| 101.8<br />
| 63.7<br />
| 63.6<br />
| 45.4<br />
| 39.8<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2006<br />
| 133.3<br />
| 103.1<br />
| 67.8<br />
| 67.6<br />
| 44.2<br />
| 38.7<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2006<br />
| 126.3<br />
| 101.6<br />
| 62.3<br />
| 62.2<br />
| 40.5<br />
| 35.5<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2006<br />
| 121.4<br />
| 100.1<br />
| 58.3<br />
| 58.2<br />
| 37.6<br />
| 33.0<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2007<br />
| 126.4<br />
| 98.8<br />
| 58.1<br />
| 58.0<br />
| 38.1<br />
| 33.3<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2007<br />
| 135.4<br />
| 99.6<br />
| 62.5<br />
| 62.4<br />
| 43.7<br />
| 38.2<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2007<br />
| 131.4<br />
| 101.7<br />
| 67.1<br />
| 66.9<br />
| 45.4<br />
| 39.8<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2007<br />
| 132.5<br />
| 113.1<br />
| 72.2<br />
| 72.0<br />
| 53.1<br />
| 46.5<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2008<br />
| 141.9<br />
| 125.7<br />
| 84.4<br />
| 84.2<br />
| 53.9<br />
| 47.2<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2008<br />
| 157.4<br />
| 143.9<br />
| 102.5<br />
| 102.3<br />
| 65.2<br />
| 57.2<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2008<br />
| 149.9<br />
| 133.1<br />
| 88.7<br />
| 88.5<br />
| 61.8<br />
| 54.1<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2008<br />
| 114.4<br />
| 101.1<br />
| 55.1<br />
| 55.0<br />
| 37.4<br />
| 32.8<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2009<br />
| 119.6<br />
| 93.1<br />
| 52.2<br />
| 52.1<br />
| 36.1<br />
| 31.7<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2009<br />
| 137.4<br />
| 101.5<br />
| 62.9<br />
| 62.8<br />
| 48.4<br />
| 42.4<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2009<br />
| 131.9<br />
| 99.8<br />
| 61.3<br />
| 61.2<br />
| 50.3<br />
| 44.1<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2009<br />
| 132.2<br />
| 102.8<br />
| 63.0<br />
| 62.9<br />
| 51.5<br />
| 45.1<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<sup>1)</sup> Motor gasoline, diesel oil and light fuel oil: weighted average of the prices on the 15th of the month in six localities (Helsinki, Mikkeli, Oulu, Rovaniemi, Seinäjoki and Turku).Heavy fuel oil: national monthly average.<br />
Source: Finnish Oil and Gas Federation<br />
<br />
====Heat system maintenance costs====<br />
<br />
====Heat system investment costs====<br />
<br />
=== Causality ===<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Unit ===<br />
€/MWh<br />
<br />
=== Formula ===<br />
<br />
== Result ==<br />
All results are averages of year 2009<br />
<br />
'''Price of district heating by type of consumer (€/MWh)<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| <br />
! colspan="5" |Type of Consumer<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
!Detached house<br />
!Semidetached house (rivitalo)<br />
!Apartment building, small<br />
!Apartment building<br />
!Apartment building, large<br />
|----<br />
| Year 2009 av.<br />
| 65.58<br />
| 61.21<br />
| 60.28<br />
| 58.27<br />
| 55.85<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''' Price of electricity (c/kWh)<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
! colspan="2" | Household<br />
! colspan="2" | Electric Heating<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
|Flat<br />
|Detached House<br />
|Direct<br />
|Accumulating<br />
|----<br />
| Year 2009 av.<br />
| 14.81<br />
| 12.52<br />
| 10.25<br />
| 9.51<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Prices of domestic fuel<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| <br />
! colspan="2" |Hard Coal<br />
! colspan="2" |Natural Gas<br />
! Milled peat<br />
! Sod Peat<br />
! Forest Chips<br />
! colspan="2" |Wood pellet<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| colspan="2" | On the Coast<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Delivered<br />
| Delivered<br />
| Delivered<br />
|Consumer price (incl. VAT) <br />
| Index<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| €/t<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/1000 m3 (0° C)<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| c/kWh<br />
| 2005=100<br />
|----<br />
| Year 2009 av.<br />
| 111.73<br />
| 15.78<br />
| 270.65<br />
| 27.07<br />
| 10.55<br />
| 13.44<br />
| 17.75<br />
| 5.15<br />
| 162.87<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Price of liquid fuel<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
! colspan="2" |Light fuel oil<br />
! colspan="2" | Heavy fuel oil<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| c/l<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| c/kg<br />
| €/MWh<br />
|----<br />
| Year 2009 av.<br />
| 59.9<br />
| 59.7<br />
| 46.6<br />
| 40.8<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
*[[BIOHER assessment]]<br />
*[[CLAIH assessment]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Prices_of_fuels_in_heat_production&diff=22569
Prices of fuels in heat production
2011-09-27T06:14:02Z
<p>Pauliina: /* Scope */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Pauliina}}<br />
[[Category: BIOHER]]<br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
What are prices of fuel used in heat production in own heating systems in apartments and in plants in Finland?<br />
<br />
== Definition ==<br />
<br />
=== Data ===<br />
<br />
====Price of district heating====<br />
<br />
Table 1. Price of District Heating by Type of Consumer<sup>1)</sup>, €/MWh<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|Date<br />
|Type of Consumer<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
|<br />
|Detached house<br />
|Semidetached house (rivitalo)<br />
|Apartment building, small<br />
|Apartment building<br />
|Apartment building, large<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.1996<br />
| 35.37<br />
| 32.31<br />
| 31.89<br />
| 30.80<br />
| 28.19<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.1996<br />
| 35.55<br />
| 32.71<br />
| 31.96<br />
| 31.13<br />
| 28.49<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.1997<br />
| 36.41<br />
| 33.62<br />
| 32.88<br />
| 31.99<br />
| 29.42<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.1997<br />
| 36.55<br />
| 33.82<br />
| 32.83<br />
| 32.09<br />
| 29.60<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.1998<br />
| 37.30<br />
| 34.63<br />
| 33.62<br />
| 32.71<br />
| 30.22<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.1998<br />
| 37.35<br />
| 34.38<br />
| 33.50<br />
| 33.07<br />
| 30.17<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.1999<br />
| 37.83<br />
| 34.81<br />
| 34.21<br />
| 32.91<br />
| 30.59<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.1999<br />
| 37.94<br />
| 34.95<br />
| 34.34<br />
| 32.98<br />
| 30.53<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2000<br />
| 38.18<br />
| 35.55<br />
| 35.08<br />
| 33.76<br />
| 30.95<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2000<br />
| 38.62<br />
| 36.35<br />
| 35.89<br />
| 34.55<br />
| 31.55<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2001<br />
| 40.42<br />
| 38.60<br />
| 38.08<br />
| 36.77<br />
| 33.49<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2001<br />
| 41.17<br />
| 39.39<br />
| 38.35<br />
| 37.24<br />
| 34.09<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2002<br />
| 42.11<br />
| 40.09<br />
| 39.30<br />
| 37.73<br />
| 34.66<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2002<br />
| 42.60<br />
| 40.54<br />
| 39.63<br />
| 38.11<br />
| 35.20<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2003<br />
| 43.75<br />
| 40.94<br />
| 40.11<br />
| 38.64<br />
| 35.33<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2003<br />
| 43.97<br />
| 41.05<br />
| 40.20<br />
| 38.62<br />
| 35.52<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2004<br />
| 44.68<br />
| 41.27<br />
| 40.49<br />
| 38.22<br />
| 35.59<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2004<br />
| 44.50<br />
| 41.93<br />
| 41.03<br />
| 38.85<br />
| 36.25<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2005<br />
| 46.59<br />
| 43.11<br />
| 42.29<br />
| 40.34<br />
| 37.99<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2005<br />
| 46.67<br />
| 43.40<br />
| 42.66<br />
| 40.68<br />
| 38.18<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2006<br />
| 49.33<br />
| 46.35<br />
| 45.52<br />
| 43.11<br />
| 40.51<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2006<br />
| 49.93<br />
| 47.42<br />
| 46.49<br />
| 44.20<br />
| 41.56<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2007<br />
| 51.59<br />
| 48.08<br />
| 47.43<br />
| 45.11<br />
| 42.49<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2007<br />
| 51.92<br />
| 48.95<br />
| 47.71<br />
| 45.44<br />
| 42.76<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2008<br />
| 54.89<br />
| 52.02<br />
| 50.68<br />
| 48.40<br />
| 45.51<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2008<br />
| 55.92<br />
| 53.45<br />
| 52.01<br />
| 49.85<br />
| 47.22<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2009<br />
| 61.91<br />
| 58.96<br />
| 57.87<br />
| 55.76<br />
| 53.22<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2009<br />
| 69.25<br />
| 63.45<br />
| 62.68<br />
| 60.77<br />
| 58.47<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2010<br />
| 71.62<br />
| 65.72<br />
| 64.96<br />
| 62.87<br />
| 60.28<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<sup>1)</sup> The above price data represent overall prices, including the various charges collected ('energy' charge, 'basic' charge, value added tax 22% etc.). The prices are averages for each type of consumer, weighted by the number of consumers served by the plants members of the Association of Finnish Energy Industries / District Heating.<br />
<br />
Table 2. Type of consumer. Source: Finnish Energy Industries<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| Type of consumer<br />
| Building volume, m3 <br />
| Energy consumption, MWh/a<br />
|----<br />
| Detached house<br />
| 500<br />
| 20<br />
|----<br />
| Semidetached house<br />
| 2 000<br />
| 100<br />
|----<br />
| Apartment building, small<br />
| 5 000<br />
| 225<br />
|----<br />
| Apartment building<br />
| 10 000<br />
| 450<br />
|----<br />
| Apartment building, big<br />
| 25 000<br />
| 1 125<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Price of electricity====<br />
<br />
Table 3. Price of Electricity by Type of Consumer<sup>1)</sup>, c/kWh (Prices include electrical energy, the distribution of electricity, and taxes.)<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|Date<br />
|Household<br />
| <br />
| Farm<br />
|Electric Heating<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Flat<br />
| Detached House<br />
| <br />
| Direct<br />
| Accumulating<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.1999<br />
| 9.67<br />
| 8.59<br />
| 8.09<br />
| 6.49<br />
| 5.57<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.1999<br />
| 9.57<br />
| 8.58<br />
| 8.04<br />
| 6.44<br />
| 5.52<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.1999<br />
| 9.52<br />
| 8.53<br />
| 7.99<br />
| 6.42<br />
| 5.50<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.1999<br />
| 9.50<br />
| 8.51<br />
| 7.97<br />
| 6.41<br />
| 5.48<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2000<br />
| 9.47<br />
| 8.48<br />
| 7.93<br />
| 6.37<br />
| 5.47<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2000<br />
| 9.45<br />
| 8.46<br />
| 7.90<br />
| 6.35<br />
| 5.45<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2000<br />
| 9.44<br />
| 8.44<br />
| 7.83<br />
| 6.33<br />
| 5.44<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2000<br />
| 9.44<br />
| 8.41<br />
| 7.79<br />
| 6.31<br />
| 5.43<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2000<br />
| 9.47<br />
| 8.41<br />
| 7.79<br />
| 6.30<br />
| 5.41<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2001<br />
| 9.48<br />
| 8.42<br />
| 7.78<br />
| 6.30<br />
| 5.42<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2001<br />
| 9.50<br />
| 8.43<br />
| 7.77<br />
| 6.31<br />
| 5.43<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2001<br />
| 9.77<br />
| 8.64<br />
| 7.97<br />
| 6.44<br />
| 5.57<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2001<br />
| 9.92<br />
| 8.75<br />
| 8.10<br />
| 6.58<br />
| 5.73<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2001<br />
| 10.04<br />
| 8.84<br />
| 8.18<br />
| 6.66<br />
| 5.81<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2002<br />
| 10.11<br />
| 8.90<br />
| 8.25<br />
| 6.75<br />
| 5.92<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2002<br />
| 10.14<br />
| 8.92<br />
| 8.26<br />
| 6.77<br />
| 5.94<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2002<br />
| 10.18<br />
| 8.94<br />
| 8.29<br />
| 6.78<br />
| 5.96<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2002<br />
| 10.34<br />
| 9.05<br />
| 8.38<br />
| 6.80<br />
| 5.98<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2002<br />
| 10.39<br />
| 9.08<br />
| 8.41<br />
| 6.82<br />
| 6.01<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2003<br />
| 10.77<br />
| 9.38<br />
| 8.65<br />
| 7.08<br />
| 6.25<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2003<br />
| 11.60<br />
| 9.98<br />
| 9.23<br />
| 7.75<br />
| 6.89<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2003<br />
| 11.63<br />
| 9.96<br />
| 9.28<br />
| 7.79<br />
| 6.94<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2003<br />
| 11.66<br />
| 9.99<br />
| 9.30<br />
| 7.80<br />
| 6.95<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2003<br />
| 11.71<br />
| 10.05<br />
| 9.36<br />
| 7.83<br />
| 6.98<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2004<br />
| 11.77<br />
| 10.10<br />
| 9.43<br />
| 7.88<br />
| 7.05<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2004<br />
| 11.60<br />
| 9.90<br />
| 9.28<br />
| 7.73<br />
| 6.94<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2004<br />
| 11.56<br />
| 9.85<br />
| 9.25<br />
| 7.69<br />
| 6.90<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2004<br />
| 11.56<br />
| 9.85<br />
| 9.24<br />
| 7.68<br />
| 6.90<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2004<br />
| 11.54<br />
| 9.82<br />
| 9.22<br />
| 7.65<br />
| 6.87<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2005<br />
| 11.52<br />
| 9.81<br />
| 9.22<br />
| 7.66<br />
| 6.89<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2005<br />
| 11.37<br />
| 9.69<br />
| 9.12<br />
| 7.57<br />
| 6.84<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2005<br />
| 11.28<br />
| 9.63<br />
| 9.08<br />
| 7.52<br />
| 6.80<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2005<br />
| 11.44<br />
| 9.74<br />
| 9.18<br />
| 7.66<br />
| 6.94<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2005<br />
| 11.57<br />
| 9.83<br />
| 9.26<br />
| 7.74<br />
| 7.01<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2006<br />
| 11.76<br />
| 9.97<br />
| 9.40<br />
| 7.90<br />
| 7.18<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2006<br />
| 11.79<br />
| 10.01<br />
| 9.44<br />
| 7.97<br />
| 7.24<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2006<br />
| 12.00<br />
| 10.17<br />
| 9.59<br />
| 8.13<br />
| 7.41<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2006<br />
| 12.25<br />
| 10.42<br />
| 9.82<br />
| 8.31<br />
| 7.55<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2006<br />
| 12.31<br />
| 10.47<br />
| 9.88<br />
| 8.36<br />
| 7.59<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2007<br />
| 12.53<br />
| 10.69<br />
| 10.10<br />
| 8.56<br />
| 7.78<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2007<br />
| 12.45<br />
| 10.59<br />
| 9.99<br />
| 8.47<br />
| 7.72<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2007<br />
| 12.35<br />
| 10.51<br />
| 9.92<br />
| 8.38<br />
| 7.64<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2007<br />
| 12.40<br />
| 10.57<br />
| 9.98<br />
| 8.45<br />
| 7.71<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2007<br />
| 12.56<br />
| 10.72<br />
| 10.11<br />
| 8.49<br />
| 7.75<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2008<br />
| 13.16<br />
| 11.29<br />
| 10.64<br />
| 9.10<br />
| 8.35<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2008<br />
| 13.30<br />
| 11.56<br />
| 10.94<br />
| 9.41<br />
| 8.68<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2008<br />
| 13.67<br />
| 11.78<br />
| 11.15<br />
| 9.58<br />
| 8.86<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2008<br />
| 13.96<br />
| 12.05<br />
| 11.41<br />
| 9.91<br />
| 9.19<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2008<br />
| 14.21<br />
| 12.29<br />
| 11.64<br />
| 10.15<br />
| 9.45<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2009<br />
| 14.61<br />
| 12.45<br />
| 11.77<br />
| 10.25<br />
| 9.52<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2009<br />
| 14.91<br />
| 12.51<br />
| 11.82<br />
| 10.30<br />
| 9.56<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2009<br />
| 15.04<br />
| 12.59<br />
| 11.91<br />
| 10.25<br />
| 9.49<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2009<br />
| 14.86<br />
| 12.43<br />
| 11.74<br />
| 10.12<br />
| 9.36<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2009<br />
| 14.65<br />
| 12.60<br />
| 11.92<br />
| 10.33<br />
| 9.60<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<sup>1)</sup> The prices are tax-inclusive averages weighted by the sales volumes of liable electricity retailers. On 1 January 1997, taxes on the energy sources of electricity generation were abandoned, while taxes and a precautionary stock fee on electricity consumption were taken into use.<br />
<br />
Types of consumer(Source: Energy Market Authority (Electricity Market Authority)):<br />
<br />
1. Apartment house, consumption 2 000 kWh/a, fuse 1 x 25 A<br />
<br />
2. Detached house 5 000 kWh/a, 3 x 25 A<br />
<br />
3. Agriculture 10 000 kWh/a, 3 x 35 A<br />
<br />
4. Detached house, direct electric heating, 18 000 kWh/a (whereof 8 000 kWh by night), 3 x 25 A<br />
<br />
5. Detached house, partly accumulating electric heating, 20 000 kWh/a (whereof 14 400 kWh by night), 3 x 25 A<br />
<br />
6. Small-scale industry, 1-shift enterprise, 150 MWh/a (whereof 35 MWh by night), charged capacity 75 kW, effective time of <br />
capacity use 2 000 h/a<br />
<br />
7. Medium-scale industry, 2-shift, 2 000 MWh/a (whereof 625 MWh by night),500 kW, 4 000 h<br />
<br />
8. Medium-scale industry, 2-shift, 10 000 MWh/a (whereof 3 130 MWh by night), 2 500 kW, 4 000 h<br />
<br />
==== Prices of domestic fuels ====<br />
Table 4. Consumer Prices of Hard Coal, Natural Gas and Domestic Fuels in Heat Production (VAT not included)<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
|Hard Coal<sup>1)</sup><br />
|<br />
|Natural Gas<sup>2)</sup><br />
|<br />
| <br />
|Milled peat<sup>3)</sup><br />
|Sod Peat<sup>3)</sup><br />
| <br />
| Fuel Chips<sup>4)</sup><br />
| Forest Chips<sup>5)</sup><br />
| Wood pellet<sup>6)</sup><br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Month<br />
| On the Coast<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Quarter<br />
|Delivered<br />
|At Production Site<br />
| Delivered<br />
| Delivered<br />
| Delivered<br />
| Consumer price (incl. VAT) <br />
| Index<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| €/t<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/1000 m3 (0° C)<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| <br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| c/kWh<br />
| 2005=100<br />
|----<br />
| 9/1999<br />
| 70.66<br />
| 9.97<br />
| 118.57<br />
| 11.85<br />
| Q3/1999<br />
| 8.98<br />
| 6.92<br />
| 8.96<br />
| 7.57<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/1999<br />
| 73.05<br />
| 10.30<br />
| 124.29<br />
| 12.44<br />
| Q4/1999<br />
| 8.93<br />
| 6.98<br />
| 9.05<br />
| 7.74<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2000<br />
| 73.66<br />
| 10.39<br />
| 128.50<br />
| 12.85<br />
| Q1/2000<br />
| 8.88<br />
| 7.07<br />
| 9.12<br />
| 7.74<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2000<br />
| 76.33<br />
| 10.77<br />
| 127.82<br />
| 12.78<br />
| Q2/2000<br />
| 8.87<br />
| 6.97<br />
| 9.08<br />
| 7.74<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2000<br />
| 79.18<br />
| 11.17<br />
| 133.04<br />
| 13.31<br />
| Q3/2000<br />
| 8.93<br />
| 6.99<br />
| 9.18<br />
| 7.74<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2000<br />
| 84.31<br />
| 11.89<br />
| 163.82<br />
| 16.38<br />
| Q4/2000<br />
| 9.01<br />
| 7.09<br />
| 9.28<br />
| 7.74<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2001<br />
| 83.08<br />
| 11.72<br />
| 163.98<br />
| 16.39<br />
| Q1/2001<br />
| 9.13<br />
| 7.16<br />
| 9.44<br />
| 8.07<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2001<br />
| 91.72<br />
| 12.94<br />
| 158.10<br />
| 15.82<br />
| Q2/2001<br />
| 9.21<br />
| 7.27<br />
| 9.54<br />
| 8.20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2001<br />
| 88.27<br />
| 12.45<br />
| 158.26<br />
| 15.82<br />
| Q3/2001<br />
| 9.21<br />
| 7.27<br />
| 8.97<br />
| 8.13<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2001<br />
| 87.61<br />
| 12.36<br />
| 156.75<br />
| 15.68<br />
| Q4/2001<br />
| 9.16<br />
| 7.44<br />
| 9.32<br />
| 8.40<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2002<br />
| 89.01<br />
| 12.55<br />
| 149.79<br />
| 14.98<br />
| Q1/2002<br />
| 9.17<br />
| 7.52<br />
| 9.41<br />
| 9.00<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2002<br />
| 81.98<br />
| 11.56<br />
| 151.85<br />
| 15.19<br />
| Q2/2002<br />
| 9.19<br />
| 7.52<br />
| 9.46<br />
| 9.08<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2002<br />
| 78.78<br />
| 11.11<br />
| 154.66<br />
| 15.47<br />
| Q3/2002<br />
| 9.05<br />
| 7.57<br />
| 9.11<br />
| 9.01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2002<br />
| 79.91<br />
| 11.27<br />
| 156.74<br />
| 15.67<br />
| Q4/2002<br />
| 9.17<br />
| 7.62<br />
| 9.57<br />
| 9.37<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2003<br />
| 81.42<br />
| 11.48<br />
| 162.54<br />
| 16.25<br />
| Q1/2003<br />
| 9.28<br />
| 7.73<br />
| 9.73<br />
| 9.85<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2003<br />
| 78.13<br />
| 11.02<br />
| 160.84<br />
| 16.08<br />
| Q2/2003<br />
| 9.27<br />
| 7.73<br />
| 9.75<br />
| 9.95<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2003<br />
| 81.37<br />
| 11.48<br />
| 157.64<br />
| 15.76<br />
| Q3/2003<br />
| 9.49<br />
| 8.03<br />
| 10.08<br />
| 10.12<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2003<br />
| 82.04<br />
| 11.57<br />
| 156.44<br />
| 15.64<br />
| Q4/2003<br />
| 9.35<br />
| 8.01<br />
| 9.97<br />
| 9.82<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2004<br />
| 84.88<br />
| 11.97<br />
| 151.64<br />
| 15.16<br />
| Q1/2004<br />
| 9.37<br />
| 8.04<br />
| 10.05<br />
| 9.73<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2004<br />
| 94.93<br />
| 13.39<br />
| 152.84<br />
| 15.28<br />
| Q2/2004<br />
| 9.37<br />
| 8.05<br />
| 10.00<br />
| 9.63<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2004<br />
| 95.98<br />
| 13.54<br />
| 158.04<br />
| 15.80<br />
| Q3/2004<br />
| 9.65<br />
| 8.50<br />
| 10.63<br />
| 9.63<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2004<br />
| 94.98<br />
| 13.40<br />
| 160.84<br />
| 16.08<br />
| Q4/2004<br />
| 9.70<br />
| 8.60<br />
| 10.93<br />
| 10.19<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2005<br />
| 97.72<br />
| 13.78<br />
| 162.24<br />
| 16.22<br />
| Q1/2005<br />
| 9.78<br />
| 8.69<br />
| 11.24<br />
| 10.64<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2005<br />
| 94.33<br />
| 13.30<br />
| 169.64<br />
| 16.96<br />
| Q2/2005<br />
| 9.81<br />
| 8.68<br />
| 11.23<br />
| 10.62<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2005<br />
| 94.63<br />
| 13.35<br />
| 181.64<br />
| 18.16<br />
| Q3/2005<br />
| 8.15<br />
| 7.05<br />
| 9.57<br />
| 10.56<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2005<br />
| 95.77<br />
| 13.51<br />
| 194.14<br />
| 19.41<br />
| Q4/2005<br />
| 8.05<br />
| 7.22<br />
| 10.21<br />
| 10.51<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2006<br />
| 95.25<br />
| 13.43<br />
| 226.94<br />
| 22.69<br />
| Q1/2006<br />
| 8.13<br />
| 7.36<br />
| 10.59<br />
| 11.41<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2006<br />
| 93.65<br />
| 13.21<br />
| 227.84<br />
| 22.78<br />
| Q2/2006<br />
| 8.13<br />
| 7.48<br />
| 10.95<br />
| 11.50<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2006<br />
| 98.80<br />
| 13.94<br />
| 226.94<br />
| 22.69<br />
| Q3/2006<br />
| 8.24<br />
| 7.49<br />
| 10.96<br />
| 11.53<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2006<br />
| 101.34<br />
| 14.29<br />
| 228.84<br />
| 22.88<br />
| Q4/2006<br />
| 8.13<br />
| 7.46<br />
| 10.85<br />
| 11.82<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2007<br />
| 97.92<br />
| 13.81<br />
| 216.54<br />
| 21.65<br />
| Q1/2007<br />
| 8.26<br />
| 7.79<br />
| 11.54<br />
| 12.22<br />
| 12.66<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2007<br />
| 96.81<br />
| 13.65<br />
| 218.54<br />
| 21.85<br />
| Q2/2007<br />
| 8.30<br />
| 7.82<br />
| 11.61<br />
| 12.32<br />
| 12.81<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2007<br />
| 98.90<br />
| 13.95<br />
| 226.44<br />
| 22.64<br />
| Q3/2007<br />
| 8.53<br />
| 7.92<br />
| 11.71<br />
| 12.43<br />
| 12.79<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2007<br />
| 109.76<br />
| 15.48<br />
| 243.04<br />
| 24.30<br />
| Q4/2007<br />
| 8.52<br />
| 7.95<br />
| 11.76<br />
| ..<br />
| 13.21<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2008<br />
| 128.52<br />
| 18.13<br />
| 264.80<br />
| 26.48<br />
| Q1/2008<br />
| 8.47<br />
| 8.72<br />
| 12.58<br />
| ..<br />
| 13.41<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2008<br />
| 139.48<br />
| 19.67<br />
| 284.40<br />
| 28.44<br />
| Q2/2008<br />
| 8.47<br />
| 8.72<br />
| 12.58<br />
| ..<br />
| 13.94<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2008<br />
| 152.95<br />
| 21.57<br />
| 318.40<br />
| 31.84<br />
| Q3/2008<br />
| 10.92<br />
| 8.72<br />
| 13.30<br />
| ..<br />
| 14.05<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2008<br />
| 163.64<br />
| 23.11<br />
| 319.60<br />
| 31.96<br />
| Q4/2008<br />
| 10.94<br />
| ..<br />
| 13.34<br />
| ..<br />
| 15.16<br />
| 4.81<br />
| 151.6<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2009<br />
| 126.21<br />
| 17.83<br />
| 281.50<br />
| 28.15<br />
| Q1/2009<br />
| 11.08<br />
| ..<br />
| 13.02<br />
| ..<br />
| 16.78<br />
| 4.89<br />
| 154.1<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2009<br />
| 110.96<br />
| 15.67<br />
| 253.60<br />
| 25.36<br />
| Q2/2009<br />
| 10.80<br />
| ..<br />
| 14.52<br />
| ..<br />
| 17.53<br />
| 5.25<br />
| 166.0<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2009<br />
| 106.10<br />
| 14.99<br />
| 267.10<br />
| 26.71<br />
| Q3/2009<br />
| 10.16<br />
| ..<br />
| 13.11<br />
| <br />
| 18.73<br />
| 5,20 **<br />
| 164,5 **<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2009<br />
| 103.63<br />
| 14.64<br />
| 280.40<br />
| 28.04<br />
| Q4/2009<br />
| 10.16<br />
| ..<br />
| 13.11<br />
| <br />
| 17.96<br />
| 5.32<br />
| 168.5<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<sup>1)</sup> Hard coal: the price is based on the average import price (customs tariff CN 2701 12 90) plus taxes and charges as well as handling and transportation costs. Price on the coast: unloaded on wharf at customer's own harbour. Thermal value: 7,08 MWh/t.<br />
<br />
<sup>2)</sup> Natural gas: until 12/2000, average contract price. Since 3/2001, type of consumer T8, see table 7. The prices include an excise tax and a precautionary stock fee.Thermal value: 10,0 MWh/1000 m3.<br />
<br />
<sup>3)</sup> Peat: The prices are averages weighted by the deliveries of certain member companies of the Confederation of Peat Industries and, therefore, vary according to consumer dependingon the transportation distance and/or contract terms. The price of delivered peat includes a transportation distance of 100 km for milled peat and 50 km for sod peat. Until the second quarter of 2005 the prices include an excise tax, which applies to plants with an annual minimum peat consumption of 25 GWh. Thermal values: milled peat 0,9 MWh/m3, sod peat 1,4 MWh/m3.The price of delivered sod peat in the second quarter of 2008 is an estimate as there was not a sufficient number of deliveries.<br />
<br />
<sup>4)</sup> Fuel chips: Sample includes both forest residue chips and industrial wood residue chips. Delivered, transportation distance not specified. The prices are not valid for the whole country. <br />
<br />
<sup>5)</sup> Forest Chips: Enquiry definitions: Delivered, transportation distance 50 kilometres. Crushed stumps not included.Chipped/crushed product, sold on real markets (shipments within a corporate group not included). Nevertheless, includes small amounts of crushed stumps and unchipped shipments.<br />
<br />
<sup>6)</sup> Wood pellet for households, I-class, 6-8 mm, batch size 5 tons.<br />
<br />
Source:Foreign Trade Statistics, Gasum Oy, Association of Finnish Peat Industries, Statistics Finland/ Environment and Energy<br />
<br />
====Prices of liquid fuels====<br />
<br />
Table 5. Consumer Prices of Liquid Fuels (includes VAT)<sup>1)</sup><br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| Month<br />
| Motor Gasoline<br />
| Diesel fuel<br />
| Light fuel oil<br />
| <br />
| Heavy fuel oil<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| c/l<br />
| c/l<br />
| c/l<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| c/kg<br />
| €/MWh<br />
|----<br />
| 3/1998<br />
| 95.0<br />
| 65.9<br />
| 26.9<br />
| 27.0<br />
| 18.0<br />
| 15.8<br />
|----<br />
| 6/1998<br />
| 95.2<br />
| 63.1<br />
| 25.2<br />
| 25.3<br />
| 18.0<br />
| 15.8<br />
|----<br />
| 9/1998<br />
| 94.9<br />
| 62.9<br />
| 25.9<br />
| 26.0<br />
| 18.1<br />
| 15.8<br />
|----<br />
| 12/1998<br />
| 86.8<br />
| 62.9<br />
| 22.9<br />
| 23.0<br />
| 16.8<br />
| 14.8<br />
|----<br />
| 3/1999<br />
| 92.2<br />
| 63.1<br />
| 25.9<br />
| 26.0<br />
| 17.7<br />
| 15.5<br />
|----<br />
| 6/1999<br />
| 99.6<br />
| 65.3<br />
| 26.6<br />
| 26.7<br />
| 20.2<br />
| 17.7<br />
|----<br />
| 9/1999<br />
| 104.9<br />
| 70.8<br />
| 32.1<br />
| 32.3<br />
| 24.8<br />
| 21.7<br />
|----<br />
| 12/1999<br />
| 108.3<br />
| 78.9<br />
| 35.8<br />
| 36.0<br />
| 25.8<br />
| 22.5<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2000<br />
| 114.0<br />
| 83.1<br />
| 38.7<br />
| 38.9<br />
| 30.4<br />
| 26.6<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2000<br />
| 123.6<br />
| 82.7<br />
| 39.4<br />
| 39.5<br />
| 31.2<br />
| 27.2<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2000<br />
| 117.4<br />
| 91.7<br />
| 54.2<br />
| 54.4<br />
| 34.3<br />
| 30.1<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2000<br />
| 104.9<br />
| 89.8<br />
| 47.3<br />
| 47.5<br />
| 32.6<br />
| 28.6<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2001<br />
| 111.2<br />
| 82.2<br />
| 40.4<br />
| 40.6<br />
| 27.9<br />
| 24.4<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2001<br />
| 117.6<br />
| 82.4<br />
| 44.1<br />
| 44.3<br />
| 28.5<br />
| 24.9<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2001<br />
| 112.5<br />
| 82.4<br />
| 42.9<br />
| 43.1<br />
| 28.6<br />
| 25.1<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2001<br />
| 98.4<br />
| 77.7<br />
| 32.3<br />
| 32.4<br />
| 24.9<br />
| 21.8<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2002<br />
| 103.3<br />
| 77.9<br />
| 37.3<br />
| 37.5<br />
| 27.3<br />
| 23.9<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2002<br />
| 107.4<br />
| 77.3<br />
| 34.8<br />
| 34.9<br />
| 27.8<br />
| 24.3<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2002<br />
| 111.2<br />
| 79.6<br />
| 39.2<br />
| 39.4<br />
| 30.8<br />
| 27.0<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2002<br />
| 103.6<br />
| 79.2<br />
| 38.8<br />
| 39.0<br />
| 29.1<br />
| 25.5<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2003<br />
| 114.0<br />
| 95.0<br />
| 49.1<br />
| 49.3<br />
| 33.1<br />
| 29.0<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2003<br />
| 110.4<br />
| 75.5<br />
| 36.1<br />
| 36.3<br />
| 27.4<br />
| 24.0<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2003<br />
| 109.2<br />
| 78.0<br />
| 36.1<br />
| 36.3<br />
| 28.6<br />
| 25.0<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2003<br />
| 103.8<br />
| 77.6<br />
| 37.0<br />
| 37.2<br />
| 26.6<br />
| 23.3<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2004<br />
| 110.6<br />
| 79.9<br />
| 39.5<br />
| 39.4<br />
| 27.1<br />
| 23.7<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2004<br />
| 113.6<br />
| 79.8<br />
| 42.7<br />
| 42.6<br />
| 29.9<br />
| 26.2<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2004<br />
| 116.5<br />
| 88.0<br />
| 48.3<br />
| 48.2<br />
| 29.3<br />
| 25.7<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2004<br />
| 111.2<br />
| 91.1<br />
| 44.9<br />
| 44.8<br />
| 28.0<br />
| 24.5<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2005<br />
| 112.7<br />
| 93.4<br />
| 54.3<br />
| 54.2<br />
| 33.7<br />
| 29.6<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2005<br />
| 120.6<br />
| 97.0<br />
| 60.7<br />
| 60.6<br />
| 38.3<br />
| 33.6<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2005<br />
| 135.1<br />
| 104.4<br />
| 66.0<br />
| 65.8<br />
| 45.5<br />
| 39.8<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2005<br />
| 123.0<br />
| 100.9<br />
| 60.7<br />
| 60.6<br />
| 43.4<br />
| 38.0<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2006<br />
| 124.4<br />
| 101.8<br />
| 63.7<br />
| 63.6<br />
| 45.4<br />
| 39.8<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2006<br />
| 133.3<br />
| 103.1<br />
| 67.8<br />
| 67.6<br />
| 44.2<br />
| 38.7<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2006<br />
| 126.3<br />
| 101.6<br />
| 62.3<br />
| 62.2<br />
| 40.5<br />
| 35.5<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2006<br />
| 121.4<br />
| 100.1<br />
| 58.3<br />
| 58.2<br />
| 37.6<br />
| 33.0<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2007<br />
| 126.4<br />
| 98.8<br />
| 58.1<br />
| 58.0<br />
| 38.1<br />
| 33.3<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2007<br />
| 135.4<br />
| 99.6<br />
| 62.5<br />
| 62.4<br />
| 43.7<br />
| 38.2<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2007<br />
| 131.4<br />
| 101.7<br />
| 67.1<br />
| 66.9<br />
| 45.4<br />
| 39.8<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2007<br />
| 132.5<br />
| 113.1<br />
| 72.2<br />
| 72.0<br />
| 53.1<br />
| 46.5<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2008<br />
| 141.9<br />
| 125.7<br />
| 84.4<br />
| 84.2<br />
| 53.9<br />
| 47.2<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2008<br />
| 157.4<br />
| 143.9<br />
| 102.5<br />
| 102.3<br />
| 65.2<br />
| 57.2<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2008<br />
| 149.9<br />
| 133.1<br />
| 88.7<br />
| 88.5<br />
| 61.8<br />
| 54.1<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2008<br />
| 114.4<br />
| 101.1<br />
| 55.1<br />
| 55.0<br />
| 37.4<br />
| 32.8<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2009<br />
| 119.6<br />
| 93.1<br />
| 52.2<br />
| 52.1<br />
| 36.1<br />
| 31.7<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2009<br />
| 137.4<br />
| 101.5<br />
| 62.9<br />
| 62.8<br />
| 48.4<br />
| 42.4<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2009<br />
| 131.9<br />
| 99.8<br />
| 61.3<br />
| 61.2<br />
| 50.3<br />
| 44.1<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2009<br />
| 132.2<br />
| 102.8<br />
| 63.0<br />
| 62.9<br />
| 51.5<br />
| 45.1<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<sup>1)</sup> Motor gasoline, diesel oil and light fuel oil: weighted average of the prices on the 15th of the month in six localities (Helsinki, Mikkeli, Oulu, Rovaniemi, Seinäjoki and Turku).Heavy fuel oil: national monthly average.<br />
Source: Finnish Oil and Gas Federation<br />
<br />
====Heat system maintenance costs====<br />
<br />
====Heat system investment costs====<br />
<br />
=== Causality ===<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Unit ===<br />
€/MWh<br />
<br />
=== Formula ===<br />
<br />
== Result ==<br />
All results are averages of year 2009<br />
<br />
'''Price of district heating by type of consumer (€/MWh)<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| <br />
! colspan="5" |Type of Consumer<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
!Detached house<br />
!Semidetached house (rivitalo)<br />
!Apartment building, small<br />
!Apartment building<br />
!Apartment building, large<br />
|----<br />
| Year 2009 av.<br />
| 65.58<br />
| 61.21<br />
| 60.28<br />
| 58.27<br />
| 55.85<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''' Price of electricity (c/kWh)<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
! colspan="2" | Household<br />
! colspan="2" | Electric Heating<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
|Flat<br />
|Detached House<br />
|Direct<br />
|Accumulating<br />
|----<br />
| Year 2009 av.<br />
| 14.81<br />
| 12.52<br />
| 10.25<br />
| 9.51<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Prices of domestic fuel<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| <br />
! colspan="2" |Hard Coal<br />
! colspan="2" |Natural Gas<br />
! Milled peat<br />
! Sod Peat<br />
! Forest Chips<br />
! colspan="2" |Wood pellet<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| colspan="2" | On the Coast<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Delivered<br />
| Delivered<br />
| Delivered<br />
|Consumer price (incl. VAT) <br />
| Index<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| €/t<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/1000 m3 (0° C)<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| c/kWh<br />
| 2005=100<br />
|----<br />
| Year 2009 av.<br />
| 111.73<br />
| 15.78<br />
| 270.65<br />
| 27.07<br />
| 10.55<br />
| 13.44<br />
| 17.75<br />
| 5.15<br />
| 162.87<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Price of liquid fuel<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
! colspan="2" |Light fuel oil<br />
! colspan="2" | Heavy fuel oil<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| c/l<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| c/kg<br />
| €/MWh<br />
|----<br />
| Year 2009 av.<br />
| 59.9<br />
| 59.7<br />
| 46.6<br />
| 40.8<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
*[[BIOHER assessment]]<br />
*[[CLAIH assessment]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Prices_of_fuels_in_heat_production&diff=22568
Prices of fuels in heat production
2011-09-27T06:13:29Z
<p>Pauliina: /* Prices of liquid fuels */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Pauliina}}<br />
[[Category: BIOHER]]<br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
What are prices of fuel used in heat production in own heating systems in apartments and in plants in Finland? This page includes prices for electricity, district heating, liquid fuels and consumer prices of hard coal, natural gas and domestic fuels in heat production in Finland. all data is based on knowledge of [http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/ehkh/2009/04/index.html Statistics Finland]<br />
<br />
== Definition ==<br />
<br />
=== Data ===<br />
<br />
====Price of district heating====<br />
<br />
Table 1. Price of District Heating by Type of Consumer<sup>1)</sup>, €/MWh<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|Date<br />
|Type of Consumer<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
|<br />
|Detached house<br />
|Semidetached house (rivitalo)<br />
|Apartment building, small<br />
|Apartment building<br />
|Apartment building, large<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.1996<br />
| 35.37<br />
| 32.31<br />
| 31.89<br />
| 30.80<br />
| 28.19<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.1996<br />
| 35.55<br />
| 32.71<br />
| 31.96<br />
| 31.13<br />
| 28.49<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.1997<br />
| 36.41<br />
| 33.62<br />
| 32.88<br />
| 31.99<br />
| 29.42<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.1997<br />
| 36.55<br />
| 33.82<br />
| 32.83<br />
| 32.09<br />
| 29.60<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.1998<br />
| 37.30<br />
| 34.63<br />
| 33.62<br />
| 32.71<br />
| 30.22<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.1998<br />
| 37.35<br />
| 34.38<br />
| 33.50<br />
| 33.07<br />
| 30.17<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.1999<br />
| 37.83<br />
| 34.81<br />
| 34.21<br />
| 32.91<br />
| 30.59<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.1999<br />
| 37.94<br />
| 34.95<br />
| 34.34<br />
| 32.98<br />
| 30.53<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2000<br />
| 38.18<br />
| 35.55<br />
| 35.08<br />
| 33.76<br />
| 30.95<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2000<br />
| 38.62<br />
| 36.35<br />
| 35.89<br />
| 34.55<br />
| 31.55<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2001<br />
| 40.42<br />
| 38.60<br />
| 38.08<br />
| 36.77<br />
| 33.49<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2001<br />
| 41.17<br />
| 39.39<br />
| 38.35<br />
| 37.24<br />
| 34.09<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2002<br />
| 42.11<br />
| 40.09<br />
| 39.30<br />
| 37.73<br />
| 34.66<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2002<br />
| 42.60<br />
| 40.54<br />
| 39.63<br />
| 38.11<br />
| 35.20<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2003<br />
| 43.75<br />
| 40.94<br />
| 40.11<br />
| 38.64<br />
| 35.33<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2003<br />
| 43.97<br />
| 41.05<br />
| 40.20<br />
| 38.62<br />
| 35.52<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2004<br />
| 44.68<br />
| 41.27<br />
| 40.49<br />
| 38.22<br />
| 35.59<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2004<br />
| 44.50<br />
| 41.93<br />
| 41.03<br />
| 38.85<br />
| 36.25<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2005<br />
| 46.59<br />
| 43.11<br />
| 42.29<br />
| 40.34<br />
| 37.99<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2005<br />
| 46.67<br />
| 43.40<br />
| 42.66<br />
| 40.68<br />
| 38.18<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2006<br />
| 49.33<br />
| 46.35<br />
| 45.52<br />
| 43.11<br />
| 40.51<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2006<br />
| 49.93<br />
| 47.42<br />
| 46.49<br />
| 44.20<br />
| 41.56<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2007<br />
| 51.59<br />
| 48.08<br />
| 47.43<br />
| 45.11<br />
| 42.49<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2007<br />
| 51.92<br />
| 48.95<br />
| 47.71<br />
| 45.44<br />
| 42.76<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2008<br />
| 54.89<br />
| 52.02<br />
| 50.68<br />
| 48.40<br />
| 45.51<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2008<br />
| 55.92<br />
| 53.45<br />
| 52.01<br />
| 49.85<br />
| 47.22<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2009<br />
| 61.91<br />
| 58.96<br />
| 57.87<br />
| 55.76<br />
| 53.22<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2009<br />
| 69.25<br />
| 63.45<br />
| 62.68<br />
| 60.77<br />
| 58.47<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2010<br />
| 71.62<br />
| 65.72<br />
| 64.96<br />
| 62.87<br />
| 60.28<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<sup>1)</sup> The above price data represent overall prices, including the various charges collected ('energy' charge, 'basic' charge, value added tax 22% etc.). The prices are averages for each type of consumer, weighted by the number of consumers served by the plants members of the Association of Finnish Energy Industries / District Heating.<br />
<br />
Table 2. Type of consumer. Source: Finnish Energy Industries<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| Type of consumer<br />
| Building volume, m3 <br />
| Energy consumption, MWh/a<br />
|----<br />
| Detached house<br />
| 500<br />
| 20<br />
|----<br />
| Semidetached house<br />
| 2 000<br />
| 100<br />
|----<br />
| Apartment building, small<br />
| 5 000<br />
| 225<br />
|----<br />
| Apartment building<br />
| 10 000<br />
| 450<br />
|----<br />
| Apartment building, big<br />
| 25 000<br />
| 1 125<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Price of electricity====<br />
<br />
Table 3. Price of Electricity by Type of Consumer<sup>1)</sup>, c/kWh (Prices include electrical energy, the distribution of electricity, and taxes.)<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|Date<br />
|Household<br />
| <br />
| Farm<br />
|Electric Heating<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Flat<br />
| Detached House<br />
| <br />
| Direct<br />
| Accumulating<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.1999<br />
| 9.67<br />
| 8.59<br />
| 8.09<br />
| 6.49<br />
| 5.57<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.1999<br />
| 9.57<br />
| 8.58<br />
| 8.04<br />
| 6.44<br />
| 5.52<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.1999<br />
| 9.52<br />
| 8.53<br />
| 7.99<br />
| 6.42<br />
| 5.50<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.1999<br />
| 9.50<br />
| 8.51<br />
| 7.97<br />
| 6.41<br />
| 5.48<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2000<br />
| 9.47<br />
| 8.48<br />
| 7.93<br />
| 6.37<br />
| 5.47<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2000<br />
| 9.45<br />
| 8.46<br />
| 7.90<br />
| 6.35<br />
| 5.45<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2000<br />
| 9.44<br />
| 8.44<br />
| 7.83<br />
| 6.33<br />
| 5.44<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2000<br />
| 9.44<br />
| 8.41<br />
| 7.79<br />
| 6.31<br />
| 5.43<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2000<br />
| 9.47<br />
| 8.41<br />
| 7.79<br />
| 6.30<br />
| 5.41<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2001<br />
| 9.48<br />
| 8.42<br />
| 7.78<br />
| 6.30<br />
| 5.42<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2001<br />
| 9.50<br />
| 8.43<br />
| 7.77<br />
| 6.31<br />
| 5.43<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2001<br />
| 9.77<br />
| 8.64<br />
| 7.97<br />
| 6.44<br />
| 5.57<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2001<br />
| 9.92<br />
| 8.75<br />
| 8.10<br />
| 6.58<br />
| 5.73<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2001<br />
| 10.04<br />
| 8.84<br />
| 8.18<br />
| 6.66<br />
| 5.81<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2002<br />
| 10.11<br />
| 8.90<br />
| 8.25<br />
| 6.75<br />
| 5.92<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2002<br />
| 10.14<br />
| 8.92<br />
| 8.26<br />
| 6.77<br />
| 5.94<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2002<br />
| 10.18<br />
| 8.94<br />
| 8.29<br />
| 6.78<br />
| 5.96<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2002<br />
| 10.34<br />
| 9.05<br />
| 8.38<br />
| 6.80<br />
| 5.98<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2002<br />
| 10.39<br />
| 9.08<br />
| 8.41<br />
| 6.82<br />
| 6.01<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2003<br />
| 10.77<br />
| 9.38<br />
| 8.65<br />
| 7.08<br />
| 6.25<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2003<br />
| 11.60<br />
| 9.98<br />
| 9.23<br />
| 7.75<br />
| 6.89<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2003<br />
| 11.63<br />
| 9.96<br />
| 9.28<br />
| 7.79<br />
| 6.94<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2003<br />
| 11.66<br />
| 9.99<br />
| 9.30<br />
| 7.80<br />
| 6.95<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2003<br />
| 11.71<br />
| 10.05<br />
| 9.36<br />
| 7.83<br />
| 6.98<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2004<br />
| 11.77<br />
| 10.10<br />
| 9.43<br />
| 7.88<br />
| 7.05<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2004<br />
| 11.60<br />
| 9.90<br />
| 9.28<br />
| 7.73<br />
| 6.94<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2004<br />
| 11.56<br />
| 9.85<br />
| 9.25<br />
| 7.69<br />
| 6.90<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2004<br />
| 11.56<br />
| 9.85<br />
| 9.24<br />
| 7.68<br />
| 6.90<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2004<br />
| 11.54<br />
| 9.82<br />
| 9.22<br />
| 7.65<br />
| 6.87<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2005<br />
| 11.52<br />
| 9.81<br />
| 9.22<br />
| 7.66<br />
| 6.89<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2005<br />
| 11.37<br />
| 9.69<br />
| 9.12<br />
| 7.57<br />
| 6.84<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2005<br />
| 11.28<br />
| 9.63<br />
| 9.08<br />
| 7.52<br />
| 6.80<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2005<br />
| 11.44<br />
| 9.74<br />
| 9.18<br />
| 7.66<br />
| 6.94<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2005<br />
| 11.57<br />
| 9.83<br />
| 9.26<br />
| 7.74<br />
| 7.01<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2006<br />
| 11.76<br />
| 9.97<br />
| 9.40<br />
| 7.90<br />
| 7.18<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2006<br />
| 11.79<br />
| 10.01<br />
| 9.44<br />
| 7.97<br />
| 7.24<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2006<br />
| 12.00<br />
| 10.17<br />
| 9.59<br />
| 8.13<br />
| 7.41<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2006<br />
| 12.25<br />
| 10.42<br />
| 9.82<br />
| 8.31<br />
| 7.55<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2006<br />
| 12.31<br />
| 10.47<br />
| 9.88<br />
| 8.36<br />
| 7.59<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2007<br />
| 12.53<br />
| 10.69<br />
| 10.10<br />
| 8.56<br />
| 7.78<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2007<br />
| 12.45<br />
| 10.59<br />
| 9.99<br />
| 8.47<br />
| 7.72<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2007<br />
| 12.35<br />
| 10.51<br />
| 9.92<br />
| 8.38<br />
| 7.64<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2007<br />
| 12.40<br />
| 10.57<br />
| 9.98<br />
| 8.45<br />
| 7.71<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2007<br />
| 12.56<br />
| 10.72<br />
| 10.11<br />
| 8.49<br />
| 7.75<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2008<br />
| 13.16<br />
| 11.29<br />
| 10.64<br />
| 9.10<br />
| 8.35<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2008<br />
| 13.30<br />
| 11.56<br />
| 10.94<br />
| 9.41<br />
| 8.68<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2008<br />
| 13.67<br />
| 11.78<br />
| 11.15<br />
| 9.58<br />
| 8.86<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2008<br />
| 13.96<br />
| 12.05<br />
| 11.41<br />
| 9.91<br />
| 9.19<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2008<br />
| 14.21<br />
| 12.29<br />
| 11.64<br />
| 10.15<br />
| 9.45<br />
|----<br />
| 1.1.2009<br />
| 14.61<br />
| 12.45<br />
| 11.77<br />
| 10.25<br />
| 9.52<br />
|----<br />
| 1.4.2009<br />
| 14.91<br />
| 12.51<br />
| 11.82<br />
| 10.30<br />
| 9.56<br />
|----<br />
| 1.7.2009<br />
| 15.04<br />
| 12.59<br />
| 11.91<br />
| 10.25<br />
| 9.49<br />
|----<br />
| 1.9.2009<br />
| 14.86<br />
| 12.43<br />
| 11.74<br />
| 10.12<br />
| 9.36<br />
|----<br />
| 1.11.2009<br />
| 14.65<br />
| 12.60<br />
| 11.92<br />
| 10.33<br />
| 9.60<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<sup>1)</sup> The prices are tax-inclusive averages weighted by the sales volumes of liable electricity retailers. On 1 January 1997, taxes on the energy sources of electricity generation were abandoned, while taxes and a precautionary stock fee on electricity consumption were taken into use.<br />
<br />
Types of consumer(Source: Energy Market Authority (Electricity Market Authority)):<br />
<br />
1. Apartment house, consumption 2 000 kWh/a, fuse 1 x 25 A<br />
<br />
2. Detached house 5 000 kWh/a, 3 x 25 A<br />
<br />
3. Agriculture 10 000 kWh/a, 3 x 35 A<br />
<br />
4. Detached house, direct electric heating, 18 000 kWh/a (whereof 8 000 kWh by night), 3 x 25 A<br />
<br />
5. Detached house, partly accumulating electric heating, 20 000 kWh/a (whereof 14 400 kWh by night), 3 x 25 A<br />
<br />
6. Small-scale industry, 1-shift enterprise, 150 MWh/a (whereof 35 MWh by night), charged capacity 75 kW, effective time of <br />
capacity use 2 000 h/a<br />
<br />
7. Medium-scale industry, 2-shift, 2 000 MWh/a (whereof 625 MWh by night),500 kW, 4 000 h<br />
<br />
8. Medium-scale industry, 2-shift, 10 000 MWh/a (whereof 3 130 MWh by night), 2 500 kW, 4 000 h<br />
<br />
==== Prices of domestic fuels ====<br />
Table 4. Consumer Prices of Hard Coal, Natural Gas and Domestic Fuels in Heat Production (VAT not included)<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
|Hard Coal<sup>1)</sup><br />
|<br />
|Natural Gas<sup>2)</sup><br />
|<br />
| <br />
|Milled peat<sup>3)</sup><br />
|Sod Peat<sup>3)</sup><br />
| <br />
| Fuel Chips<sup>4)</sup><br />
| Forest Chips<sup>5)</sup><br />
| Wood pellet<sup>6)</sup><br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Month<br />
| On the Coast<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Quarter<br />
|Delivered<br />
|At Production Site<br />
| Delivered<br />
| Delivered<br />
| Delivered<br />
| Consumer price (incl. VAT) <br />
| Index<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| €/t<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/1000 m3 (0° C)<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| <br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| c/kWh<br />
| 2005=100<br />
|----<br />
| 9/1999<br />
| 70.66<br />
| 9.97<br />
| 118.57<br />
| 11.85<br />
| Q3/1999<br />
| 8.98<br />
| 6.92<br />
| 8.96<br />
| 7.57<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/1999<br />
| 73.05<br />
| 10.30<br />
| 124.29<br />
| 12.44<br />
| Q4/1999<br />
| 8.93<br />
| 6.98<br />
| 9.05<br />
| 7.74<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2000<br />
| 73.66<br />
| 10.39<br />
| 128.50<br />
| 12.85<br />
| Q1/2000<br />
| 8.88<br />
| 7.07<br />
| 9.12<br />
| 7.74<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2000<br />
| 76.33<br />
| 10.77<br />
| 127.82<br />
| 12.78<br />
| Q2/2000<br />
| 8.87<br />
| 6.97<br />
| 9.08<br />
| 7.74<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2000<br />
| 79.18<br />
| 11.17<br />
| 133.04<br />
| 13.31<br />
| Q3/2000<br />
| 8.93<br />
| 6.99<br />
| 9.18<br />
| 7.74<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2000<br />
| 84.31<br />
| 11.89<br />
| 163.82<br />
| 16.38<br />
| Q4/2000<br />
| 9.01<br />
| 7.09<br />
| 9.28<br />
| 7.74<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2001<br />
| 83.08<br />
| 11.72<br />
| 163.98<br />
| 16.39<br />
| Q1/2001<br />
| 9.13<br />
| 7.16<br />
| 9.44<br />
| 8.07<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2001<br />
| 91.72<br />
| 12.94<br />
| 158.10<br />
| 15.82<br />
| Q2/2001<br />
| 9.21<br />
| 7.27<br />
| 9.54<br />
| 8.20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2001<br />
| 88.27<br />
| 12.45<br />
| 158.26<br />
| 15.82<br />
| Q3/2001<br />
| 9.21<br />
| 7.27<br />
| 8.97<br />
| 8.13<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2001<br />
| 87.61<br />
| 12.36<br />
| 156.75<br />
| 15.68<br />
| Q4/2001<br />
| 9.16<br />
| 7.44<br />
| 9.32<br />
| 8.40<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2002<br />
| 89.01<br />
| 12.55<br />
| 149.79<br />
| 14.98<br />
| Q1/2002<br />
| 9.17<br />
| 7.52<br />
| 9.41<br />
| 9.00<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2002<br />
| 81.98<br />
| 11.56<br />
| 151.85<br />
| 15.19<br />
| Q2/2002<br />
| 9.19<br />
| 7.52<br />
| 9.46<br />
| 9.08<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2002<br />
| 78.78<br />
| 11.11<br />
| 154.66<br />
| 15.47<br />
| Q3/2002<br />
| 9.05<br />
| 7.57<br />
| 9.11<br />
| 9.01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2002<br />
| 79.91<br />
| 11.27<br />
| 156.74<br />
| 15.67<br />
| Q4/2002<br />
| 9.17<br />
| 7.62<br />
| 9.57<br />
| 9.37<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2003<br />
| 81.42<br />
| 11.48<br />
| 162.54<br />
| 16.25<br />
| Q1/2003<br />
| 9.28<br />
| 7.73<br />
| 9.73<br />
| 9.85<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2003<br />
| 78.13<br />
| 11.02<br />
| 160.84<br />
| 16.08<br />
| Q2/2003<br />
| 9.27<br />
| 7.73<br />
| 9.75<br />
| 9.95<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2003<br />
| 81.37<br />
| 11.48<br />
| 157.64<br />
| 15.76<br />
| Q3/2003<br />
| 9.49<br />
| 8.03<br />
| 10.08<br />
| 10.12<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2003<br />
| 82.04<br />
| 11.57<br />
| 156.44<br />
| 15.64<br />
| Q4/2003<br />
| 9.35<br />
| 8.01<br />
| 9.97<br />
| 9.82<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2004<br />
| 84.88<br />
| 11.97<br />
| 151.64<br />
| 15.16<br />
| Q1/2004<br />
| 9.37<br />
| 8.04<br />
| 10.05<br />
| 9.73<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2004<br />
| 94.93<br />
| 13.39<br />
| 152.84<br />
| 15.28<br />
| Q2/2004<br />
| 9.37<br />
| 8.05<br />
| 10.00<br />
| 9.63<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2004<br />
| 95.98<br />
| 13.54<br />
| 158.04<br />
| 15.80<br />
| Q3/2004<br />
| 9.65<br />
| 8.50<br />
| 10.63<br />
| 9.63<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2004<br />
| 94.98<br />
| 13.40<br />
| 160.84<br />
| 16.08<br />
| Q4/2004<br />
| 9.70<br />
| 8.60<br />
| 10.93<br />
| 10.19<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2005<br />
| 97.72<br />
| 13.78<br />
| 162.24<br />
| 16.22<br />
| Q1/2005<br />
| 9.78<br />
| 8.69<br />
| 11.24<br />
| 10.64<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2005<br />
| 94.33<br />
| 13.30<br />
| 169.64<br />
| 16.96<br />
| Q2/2005<br />
| 9.81<br />
| 8.68<br />
| 11.23<br />
| 10.62<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2005<br />
| 94.63<br />
| 13.35<br />
| 181.64<br />
| 18.16<br />
| Q3/2005<br />
| 8.15<br />
| 7.05<br />
| 9.57<br />
| 10.56<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2005<br />
| 95.77<br />
| 13.51<br />
| 194.14<br />
| 19.41<br />
| Q4/2005<br />
| 8.05<br />
| 7.22<br />
| 10.21<br />
| 10.51<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2006<br />
| 95.25<br />
| 13.43<br />
| 226.94<br />
| 22.69<br />
| Q1/2006<br />
| 8.13<br />
| 7.36<br />
| 10.59<br />
| 11.41<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2006<br />
| 93.65<br />
| 13.21<br />
| 227.84<br />
| 22.78<br />
| Q2/2006<br />
| 8.13<br />
| 7.48<br />
| 10.95<br />
| 11.50<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2006<br />
| 98.80<br />
| 13.94<br />
| 226.94<br />
| 22.69<br />
| Q3/2006<br />
| 8.24<br />
| 7.49<br />
| 10.96<br />
| 11.53<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2006<br />
| 101.34<br />
| 14.29<br />
| 228.84<br />
| 22.88<br />
| Q4/2006<br />
| 8.13<br />
| 7.46<br />
| 10.85<br />
| 11.82<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2007<br />
| 97.92<br />
| 13.81<br />
| 216.54<br />
| 21.65<br />
| Q1/2007<br />
| 8.26<br />
| 7.79<br />
| 11.54<br />
| 12.22<br />
| 12.66<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2007<br />
| 96.81<br />
| 13.65<br />
| 218.54<br />
| 21.85<br />
| Q2/2007<br />
| 8.30<br />
| 7.82<br />
| 11.61<br />
| 12.32<br />
| 12.81<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2007<br />
| 98.90<br />
| 13.95<br />
| 226.44<br />
| 22.64<br />
| Q3/2007<br />
| 8.53<br />
| 7.92<br />
| 11.71<br />
| 12.43<br />
| 12.79<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2007<br />
| 109.76<br />
| 15.48<br />
| 243.04<br />
| 24.30<br />
| Q4/2007<br />
| 8.52<br />
| 7.95<br />
| 11.76<br />
| ..<br />
| 13.21<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3/2008<br />
| 128.52<br />
| 18.13<br />
| 264.80<br />
| 26.48<br />
| Q1/2008<br />
| 8.47<br />
| 8.72<br />
| 12.58<br />
| ..<br />
| 13.41<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 6/2008<br />
| 139.48<br />
| 19.67<br />
| 284.40<br />
| 28.44<br />
| Q2/2008<br />
| 8.47<br />
| 8.72<br />
| 12.58<br />
| ..<br />
| 13.94<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 9/2008<br />
| 152.95<br />
| 21.57<br />
| 318.40<br />
| 31.84<br />
| Q3/2008<br />
| 10.92<br />
| 8.72<br />
| 13.30<br />
| ..<br />
| 14.05<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12/2008<br />
| 163.64<br />
| 23.11<br />
| 319.60<br />
| 31.96<br />
| Q4/2008<br />
| 10.94<br />
| ..<br />
| 13.34<br />
| ..<br />
| 15.16<br />
| 4.81<br />
| 151.6<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2009<br />
| 126.21<br />
| 17.83<br />
| 281.50<br />
| 28.15<br />
| Q1/2009<br />
| 11.08<br />
| ..<br />
| 13.02<br />
| ..<br />
| 16.78<br />
| 4.89<br />
| 154.1<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2009<br />
| 110.96<br />
| 15.67<br />
| 253.60<br />
| 25.36<br />
| Q2/2009<br />
| 10.80<br />
| ..<br />
| 14.52<br />
| ..<br />
| 17.53<br />
| 5.25<br />
| 166.0<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2009<br />
| 106.10<br />
| 14.99<br />
| 267.10<br />
| 26.71<br />
| Q3/2009<br />
| 10.16<br />
| ..<br />
| 13.11<br />
| <br />
| 18.73<br />
| 5,20 **<br />
| 164,5 **<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2009<br />
| 103.63<br />
| 14.64<br />
| 280.40<br />
| 28.04<br />
| Q4/2009<br />
| 10.16<br />
| ..<br />
| 13.11<br />
| <br />
| 17.96<br />
| 5.32<br />
| 168.5<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<sup>1)</sup> Hard coal: the price is based on the average import price (customs tariff CN 2701 12 90) plus taxes and charges as well as handling and transportation costs. Price on the coast: unloaded on wharf at customer's own harbour. Thermal value: 7,08 MWh/t.<br />
<br />
<sup>2)</sup> Natural gas: until 12/2000, average contract price. Since 3/2001, type of consumer T8, see table 7. The prices include an excise tax and a precautionary stock fee.Thermal value: 10,0 MWh/1000 m3.<br />
<br />
<sup>3)</sup> Peat: The prices are averages weighted by the deliveries of certain member companies of the Confederation of Peat Industries and, therefore, vary according to consumer dependingon the transportation distance and/or contract terms. The price of delivered peat includes a transportation distance of 100 km for milled peat and 50 km for sod peat. Until the second quarter of 2005 the prices include an excise tax, which applies to plants with an annual minimum peat consumption of 25 GWh. Thermal values: milled peat 0,9 MWh/m3, sod peat 1,4 MWh/m3.The price of delivered sod peat in the second quarter of 2008 is an estimate as there was not a sufficient number of deliveries.<br />
<br />
<sup>4)</sup> Fuel chips: Sample includes both forest residue chips and industrial wood residue chips. Delivered, transportation distance not specified. The prices are not valid for the whole country. <br />
<br />
<sup>5)</sup> Forest Chips: Enquiry definitions: Delivered, transportation distance 50 kilometres. Crushed stumps not included.Chipped/crushed product, sold on real markets (shipments within a corporate group not included). Nevertheless, includes small amounts of crushed stumps and unchipped shipments.<br />
<br />
<sup>6)</sup> Wood pellet for households, I-class, 6-8 mm, batch size 5 tons.<br />
<br />
Source:Foreign Trade Statistics, Gasum Oy, Association of Finnish Peat Industries, Statistics Finland/ Environment and Energy<br />
<br />
====Prices of liquid fuels====<br />
<br />
Table 5. Consumer Prices of Liquid Fuels (includes VAT)<sup>1)</sup><br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| Month<br />
| Motor Gasoline<br />
| Diesel fuel<br />
| Light fuel oil<br />
| <br />
| Heavy fuel oil<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| c/l<br />
| c/l<br />
| c/l<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| c/kg<br />
| €/MWh<br />
|----<br />
| 3/1998<br />
| 95.0<br />
| 65.9<br />
| 26.9<br />
| 27.0<br />
| 18.0<br />
| 15.8<br />
|----<br />
| 6/1998<br />
| 95.2<br />
| 63.1<br />
| 25.2<br />
| 25.3<br />
| 18.0<br />
| 15.8<br />
|----<br />
| 9/1998<br />
| 94.9<br />
| 62.9<br />
| 25.9<br />
| 26.0<br />
| 18.1<br />
| 15.8<br />
|----<br />
| 12/1998<br />
| 86.8<br />
| 62.9<br />
| 22.9<br />
| 23.0<br />
| 16.8<br />
| 14.8<br />
|----<br />
| 3/1999<br />
| 92.2<br />
| 63.1<br />
| 25.9<br />
| 26.0<br />
| 17.7<br />
| 15.5<br />
|----<br />
| 6/1999<br />
| 99.6<br />
| 65.3<br />
| 26.6<br />
| 26.7<br />
| 20.2<br />
| 17.7<br />
|----<br />
| 9/1999<br />
| 104.9<br />
| 70.8<br />
| 32.1<br />
| 32.3<br />
| 24.8<br />
| 21.7<br />
|----<br />
| 12/1999<br />
| 108.3<br />
| 78.9<br />
| 35.8<br />
| 36.0<br />
| 25.8<br />
| 22.5<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2000<br />
| 114.0<br />
| 83.1<br />
| 38.7<br />
| 38.9<br />
| 30.4<br />
| 26.6<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2000<br />
| 123.6<br />
| 82.7<br />
| 39.4<br />
| 39.5<br />
| 31.2<br />
| 27.2<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2000<br />
| 117.4<br />
| 91.7<br />
| 54.2<br />
| 54.4<br />
| 34.3<br />
| 30.1<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2000<br />
| 104.9<br />
| 89.8<br />
| 47.3<br />
| 47.5<br />
| 32.6<br />
| 28.6<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2001<br />
| 111.2<br />
| 82.2<br />
| 40.4<br />
| 40.6<br />
| 27.9<br />
| 24.4<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2001<br />
| 117.6<br />
| 82.4<br />
| 44.1<br />
| 44.3<br />
| 28.5<br />
| 24.9<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2001<br />
| 112.5<br />
| 82.4<br />
| 42.9<br />
| 43.1<br />
| 28.6<br />
| 25.1<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2001<br />
| 98.4<br />
| 77.7<br />
| 32.3<br />
| 32.4<br />
| 24.9<br />
| 21.8<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2002<br />
| 103.3<br />
| 77.9<br />
| 37.3<br />
| 37.5<br />
| 27.3<br />
| 23.9<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2002<br />
| 107.4<br />
| 77.3<br />
| 34.8<br />
| 34.9<br />
| 27.8<br />
| 24.3<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2002<br />
| 111.2<br />
| 79.6<br />
| 39.2<br />
| 39.4<br />
| 30.8<br />
| 27.0<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2002<br />
| 103.6<br />
| 79.2<br />
| 38.8<br />
| 39.0<br />
| 29.1<br />
| 25.5<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2003<br />
| 114.0<br />
| 95.0<br />
| 49.1<br />
| 49.3<br />
| 33.1<br />
| 29.0<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2003<br />
| 110.4<br />
| 75.5<br />
| 36.1<br />
| 36.3<br />
| 27.4<br />
| 24.0<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2003<br />
| 109.2<br />
| 78.0<br />
| 36.1<br />
| 36.3<br />
| 28.6<br />
| 25.0<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2003<br />
| 103.8<br />
| 77.6<br />
| 37.0<br />
| 37.2<br />
| 26.6<br />
| 23.3<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2004<br />
| 110.6<br />
| 79.9<br />
| 39.5<br />
| 39.4<br />
| 27.1<br />
| 23.7<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2004<br />
| 113.6<br />
| 79.8<br />
| 42.7<br />
| 42.6<br />
| 29.9<br />
| 26.2<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2004<br />
| 116.5<br />
| 88.0<br />
| 48.3<br />
| 48.2<br />
| 29.3<br />
| 25.7<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2004<br />
| 111.2<br />
| 91.1<br />
| 44.9<br />
| 44.8<br />
| 28.0<br />
| 24.5<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2005<br />
| 112.7<br />
| 93.4<br />
| 54.3<br />
| 54.2<br />
| 33.7<br />
| 29.6<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2005<br />
| 120.6<br />
| 97.0<br />
| 60.7<br />
| 60.6<br />
| 38.3<br />
| 33.6<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2005<br />
| 135.1<br />
| 104.4<br />
| 66.0<br />
| 65.8<br />
| 45.5<br />
| 39.8<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2005<br />
| 123.0<br />
| 100.9<br />
| 60.7<br />
| 60.6<br />
| 43.4<br />
| 38.0<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2006<br />
| 124.4<br />
| 101.8<br />
| 63.7<br />
| 63.6<br />
| 45.4<br />
| 39.8<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2006<br />
| 133.3<br />
| 103.1<br />
| 67.8<br />
| 67.6<br />
| 44.2<br />
| 38.7<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2006<br />
| 126.3<br />
| 101.6<br />
| 62.3<br />
| 62.2<br />
| 40.5<br />
| 35.5<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2006<br />
| 121.4<br />
| 100.1<br />
| 58.3<br />
| 58.2<br />
| 37.6<br />
| 33.0<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2007<br />
| 126.4<br />
| 98.8<br />
| 58.1<br />
| 58.0<br />
| 38.1<br />
| 33.3<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2007<br />
| 135.4<br />
| 99.6<br />
| 62.5<br />
| 62.4<br />
| 43.7<br />
| 38.2<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2007<br />
| 131.4<br />
| 101.7<br />
| 67.1<br />
| 66.9<br />
| 45.4<br />
| 39.8<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2007<br />
| 132.5<br />
| 113.1<br />
| 72.2<br />
| 72.0<br />
| 53.1<br />
| 46.5<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2008<br />
| 141.9<br />
| 125.7<br />
| 84.4<br />
| 84.2<br />
| 53.9<br />
| 47.2<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2008<br />
| 157.4<br />
| 143.9<br />
| 102.5<br />
| 102.3<br />
| 65.2<br />
| 57.2<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2008<br />
| 149.9<br />
| 133.1<br />
| 88.7<br />
| 88.5<br />
| 61.8<br />
| 54.1<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2008<br />
| 114.4<br />
| 101.1<br />
| 55.1<br />
| 55.0<br />
| 37.4<br />
| 32.8<br />
|----<br />
| 3/2009<br />
| 119.6<br />
| 93.1<br />
| 52.2<br />
| 52.1<br />
| 36.1<br />
| 31.7<br />
|----<br />
| 6/2009<br />
| 137.4<br />
| 101.5<br />
| 62.9<br />
| 62.8<br />
| 48.4<br />
| 42.4<br />
|----<br />
| 9/2009<br />
| 131.9<br />
| 99.8<br />
| 61.3<br />
| 61.2<br />
| 50.3<br />
| 44.1<br />
|----<br />
| 12/2009<br />
| 132.2<br />
| 102.8<br />
| 63.0<br />
| 62.9<br />
| 51.5<br />
| 45.1<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<sup>1)</sup> Motor gasoline, diesel oil and light fuel oil: weighted average of the prices on the 15th of the month in six localities (Helsinki, Mikkeli, Oulu, Rovaniemi, Seinäjoki and Turku).Heavy fuel oil: national monthly average.<br />
Source: Finnish Oil and Gas Federation<br />
<br />
====Heat system maintenance costs====<br />
<br />
====Heat system investment costs====<br />
<br />
=== Causality ===<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Unit ===<br />
€/MWh<br />
<br />
=== Formula ===<br />
<br />
== Result ==<br />
All results are averages of year 2009<br />
<br />
'''Price of district heating by type of consumer (€/MWh)<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| <br />
! colspan="5" |Type of Consumer<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
!Detached house<br />
!Semidetached house (rivitalo)<br />
!Apartment building, small<br />
!Apartment building<br />
!Apartment building, large<br />
|----<br />
| Year 2009 av.<br />
| 65.58<br />
| 61.21<br />
| 60.28<br />
| 58.27<br />
| 55.85<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''' Price of electricity (c/kWh)<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
! colspan="2" | Household<br />
! colspan="2" | Electric Heating<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
|Flat<br />
|Detached House<br />
|Direct<br />
|Accumulating<br />
|----<br />
| Year 2009 av.<br />
| 14.81<br />
| 12.52<br />
| 10.25<br />
| 9.51<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Prices of domestic fuel<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| <br />
! colspan="2" |Hard Coal<br />
! colspan="2" |Natural Gas<br />
! Milled peat<br />
! Sod Peat<br />
! Forest Chips<br />
! colspan="2" |Wood pellet<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| colspan="2" | On the Coast<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Delivered<br />
| Delivered<br />
| Delivered<br />
|Consumer price (incl. VAT) <br />
| Index<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| €/t<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/1000 m3 (0° C)<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| c/kWh<br />
| 2005=100<br />
|----<br />
| Year 2009 av.<br />
| 111.73<br />
| 15.78<br />
| 270.65<br />
| 27.07<br />
| 10.55<br />
| 13.44<br />
| 17.75<br />
| 5.15<br />
| 162.87<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Price of liquid fuel<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
! colspan="2" |Light fuel oil<br />
! colspan="2" | Heavy fuel oil<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| c/l<br />
| €/MWh<br />
| c/kg<br />
| €/MWh<br />
|----<br />
| Year 2009 av.<br />
| 59.9<br />
| 59.7<br />
| 46.6<br />
| 40.8<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
*[[BIOHER assessment]]<br />
*[[CLAIH assessment]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=CLAIH_assessment&diff=22556
CLAIH assessment
2011-09-26T10:04:22Z
<p>Pauliina: /* See also */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{assessment|moderator = Virpi Kollanus}} <br />
[[Category:Climate change]]<br />
[[Category:Classical air pollutants]]<br />
<br />
'''Climate change, air quality and housing – future challenges to public health (CLAIH)''' <br />
<br />
[http://en.opasnet.org/w/Image:Claih_model.ANA &nbsp;CLAIH analytica model ] <br />
<br />
{{participants needed}}<br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
=== Purpose ===<br />
<br />
The purpose of the assessment is to evaluate cost-effectiveness of different measures aimed at reducing green house gas emissions from household heating in Finland when costs from indirect health impacts of these measures are also taken into consideration.<br />
<br />
More specifically: <br />
<br />
*What would be the costs from heat production and health impacts in Finland in 2010-2030 if different policies regarding residential building heating systems and energy efficiency and fuels and forms for district heat production are realised?<br />
<br />
*From the seciety's point of view, what would be the most cost-effective (combinations of) policies to reduce green house gas emissions from household heating?<br />
<br />
*What would be the amount of societal subsidies needed to ensure the transition to the preferred heating systems and energy efficiency in housing?<br />
<br />
Costs and, therefore, preferences for different decisions on residential building heating and energy efficiency solutions are assessed from the perspective of a citizen. Societal costs (heat production costs to citizens, costs from health impacts) from different decision options are assessed from the perspective of the whole Finnish society, and the optimal distribution of societal subsidies for different heating system and energy efficiency solutions are evaluated based on the total costs.<br />
<br />
=== Boundaries ===<br />
<br />
*Population: Finland <br />
*Assessment time frame: 2010-2030<br />
*Evaluated activity: heat production and consumption in residential building stock (detached houses, row houses, apartment buildings)<br />
*Evaluated exposures: <br />
**Fine particles (PM2.5) <br />
***Outdoor concentrations<br />
***Indoor concentrations from domestic wood combustion<br />
***Personal exposure<br />
**Indoor dampness and mold <br />
**Indoor Radon<br />
**Indoor air temperatures?<br />
*Evaluated health impacts: <br />
**Mortality and morbidity due to long term exposure to PM2.5 <br />
**Asthma incidence due to long term exposure to PM2.5<br />
**Asthma due to indoor mold and dampness<br />
**Lung cancer due to indoor radon <br />
*Other evaluated emissions: CO2<br />
*Evaluated costs:<br />
**Costs fron health impacts<br />
**Costs from building stock heat production and consumption<br />
**Costs from building stock heating system/energy efficiency renovations<br />
**Costs from energy infrastructure changes (District heat production development)<br />
**Costs from CO2 emissions<br />
*Decisions to be evaluated relate to: <br />
**Fuel options for district heating (for both large existing CHP plants and small scale district heat production)<br />
**Form of district heat production (should there be more small scale district heat production?)<br />
**Household heating system options<br />
**Building energy efficiency improvement options<br />
**Building air filtering<br />
<br />
=== Underlying scenarios ===<br />
<br />
*Climate change (temperature) scenarios based on IPCC <br />
**A2 (heterogeneous world, rising population, slow technological change) <br />
**A1B (rapid growth of world economy and population, advent new and more efficient technologies, balanced use of fossil and renewable energy sources) <br />
**B1 (rapid development towards environmentally friendly technologies)<br />
*Greenhouse gas emission reduction scenarios<br />
**[[Climate change mitigation in housing]]<br />
<br />
=== Intended users ===<br />
<br />
*Ministry of Employment and the Economy<br />
*Ministry of Social Affairs and Health<br />
*Ministry of the Environment<br />
*Any interested party<br />
<br />
=== Participants ===<br />
<br />
*FMI <br />
*University of Oulu <br />
*THL: [[User:Virpi Kollanus|Virpi Kollanus]], [[User:Pauliina|Pauliina]], [[User:Marko|Marko]], [[User:Mikko Pohjola|Mikko Pohjola]], [[User:Jouni|Jouni]]<br />
<br />
*Anyone interested<br />
<br />
== Result ==<br />
<br />
=== Results ===<br />
<br />
The objective of the preliminary assessment has been to find out the current level of health impacts related to residential heating and indoor air exposures. The future results (year 2030) have been calculated assuming that things in housing stay pretty much the same as they are now. However, population aging is taken into account.<br />
<br />
The preliminary results are based on the following assumptions:<br />
<br />
'''''Building stock:'''''<br />
*Annual building stock loss is 0.3%. Only buildings older than 50 years are pulled down.<br />
*Annual new building stock construction is determined based on the annual building stock loss (0.3%) and annual increase in the residential surface area per person (0.7%)<br />
*All new buildings are current standard in energy efficiency.<br />
*Fraction of heating systems in new buildings is the same as in the buildings constructed between 2000-2010.<br />
*No heating system/energy efficiency renovations are done in the current building stock.<br />
*Energy efficiency of buildings constructed at different decades is based on the building restrictions at the construction time.<br />
<br />
'''''Energy production/consumption:'''''<br />
*District heat production:<br />
**75% in large CHP plants, 25% in small scale heat production plants<br />
**Fraction of used fuels is based on the year 2008.<br />
**These are assumed to stay the same in the future.<br />
*Electricity production (fuel fractions) is based on the year 2008. This is assumed to stay the same in the future.<br />
*Only primary heating systems in the residential buildings are included in the assessment.<br />
*Fraction of the combustion techniques used in the domestic wood heating is based on fractions used for primary wood heating in KOPRA-project.<br />
*Temperature increase due to climate change is not taken into account.<br />
<br />
'''''PM2.5 exposure:'''''<br />
*Only emissions to outdoor air are included in the assessment.<br />
*PM2.5 emission intake fraction for domestic combustion is based on the PILTTI-project.<br />
*PM2.5 emission intake fraction for large and small power plants are based on KOPRA-project.<br />
*Exposure-response function (RR) for PM2.5 exposure and natural mortality is based on the Tuomisto et al. 2008 expert eliciation study (0.97% (90% Cl 0.02-4.54) per 1 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5.<br />
*Exposure-response function (AR) for PM2.5 exposure and new cases of chronic bronchitis (age group >27) is 0.0000533 (95% Cl 0.0000017-0.000113) per 1 µg/m3<br />
*Exposure-response function (AR) for PM2.5 exposure and restricted activity days (RADs) (age group 15-64) is 0.902 (95% Cl 0.792, 1.013) per 10 µg/m3<br />
<br />
'''''Mold and dampness exposure:'''''<br />
*Prevalence of mold and dampness exposure in Finnish residences is 15% This is assumed to stay the same in the future.<br />
*Exposure-response function for mold and dampness exposure and current asthma is all age groups is 1.56 (1.30–1.86) (Odds ratios for asthma in homes with vs. without visible dampness and/or mold or mold odor)<br />
*Asthma prevalence in Finnish population is 8% (assumed to be the same in all age groups)<br />
<br />
'''''Radon exposure:'''''<br />
*Average radon concentration in Finnish residences is 120 Bq/m3. This is assumed to stay the same in the future.<br />
*Exposure-response function (RR) for radon exposure in home and lung cancer mortality is 1.16 (95 % CI 1.05 - 1.31) per 100 Bq/m3.<br />
<br />
'''''Population:'''''<br />
*Assessment takes into account population aging<br />
*Baseline risk of natural mortality and lung cancer mortality is assumed to stay on the year 2008 level.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Results:'''<br />
<br />
'''''Total heat purchase of residential buildings by heating type, kWh/a'''''<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| '''Heating type<br />
| '''2010<br />
| '''2030<br />
|----<br />
| District<br />
| 1.84G<br />
| 1.99G<br />
|----<br />
| Light oil<br />
| 1.53G<br />
| 1.38G<br />
|----<br />
| Wood<br />
| 1.02G<br />
| 1.03G<br />
|----<br />
| Electricity<br />
| 1.83G<br />
| 1.98G<br />
|----<br />
| Geothermal<br />
| 0.35G<br />
| 0.54G<br />
|----<br />
| Other<br />
| 0.78G<br />
| 0.92G<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Total PM2.5 emission from residential building heat production, t/a<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| '''PM2.5 source<br />
| '''2010<br />
| '''2030<br />
|----<br />
| Domestic combustion<br />
| 6000<br />
| 5880<br />
|----<br />
| Small power plants (&lt;50 MW)<br />
| 290<br />
| 310<br />
|----<br />
| Large power plant<br />
| 820<br />
| 890<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Average population exposure to PM2.5 due to residential heat production, µg/m3<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| '''PM2.5 source<br />
| '''2010<br />
| '''2030<br />
|----<br />
| Domestic combustion<br />
| 0.53<br />
| 0.53<br />
|----<br />
| Small power plants (&lt;50 MW)<br />
| 0.005<br />
| 0.005<br />
|----<br />
| Large power plant<br />
| 0.01<br />
| 0.01<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Annual health impact of PM2.5 exposure from residential building heating. DALY: disability adjusted loss of life years.<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| '''Health endpoint<br />
| '''2010<br />
| '''2030<br />
|----<br />
| Attributable deaths (all natural)<br />
| 283<br />
| 373<br />
|----<br />
| DALY: mortality<br />
| 3177<br />
| 3583<br />
|----<br />
| Attributable new chronic bronchitis cases<br />
| 107<br />
| 101<br />
|----<br />
| DALY: new chronic bronchitis cases<br />
| 129<br />
| 121<br />
|----<br />
| Attributable restricted activity days (RAD)<br />
| 166100<br />
| 133500<br />
|----<br />
| DALY: RAD<br />
| 45<br />
| 36<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Annual health impact of exposure to indoor mold and dampness. DALY: disability adjusted loss of life years.<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| '''Health endpoint<br />
| '''2010<br />
| '''2030<br />
|----<br />
| Attributable cases: asthma<br />
| 28090<br />
| 27260<br />
|----<br />
| DALY: asthma<br />
| 1657<br />
| 1608<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Annual health impact of exposure to indoor radon. DALY: disability adjusted loss of life years.<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| '''Health endpoint<br />
| '''2010<br />
| '''2030<br />
|----<br />
| Attributable lung cancer deaths<br />
| 381<br />
| 440<br />
|----<br />
| DALY: lung cancer mortality<br />
| 5782<br />
| 5936<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Things to discuss in the meeting:'''<br />
<br />
'''''Mold and dampness'''''<br />
<br />
*Relevance of the asthma prevalence assumption<br />
*Relevance of the exposure-response function for mold and dampness exposure and asthma<br />
*Other possible health endpoints for mold and dampness exposure<br />
*Relevance of the used mold and dampness exposure indicator<br />
*Factors related to mold and dampness exposure and health effects<br />
*Important things to consider when modelling changes in building stock and the effect these changes have on the mold and dampness exposure and their health effects<br />
<br />
'''''PM'''''<br />
<br />
*Updates for PM emission factors?<br />
*Updates for fractions of domestic wood burning devices?<br />
*Health endpoints included. Options:<br />
**Natural mortality (PM2.5, long-term exposure)<br />
**Cardiovascular mortality (PM2.5, long-term exposure)<br />
**Lung cancer (PM2.5, long-term exposure)<br />
**New chronic bronchitis cases (PM2.5, long-term exposure)<br />
**Restricted activity days (PM2.5, short-term exposure)<br />
**Work loss days (PM2.5, short-term exposure)<br />
**Minor restricted activity days (PM2.5, short-term exposure)<br />
**Lower respiratory symptoms (PM10, short-term exposure)<br />
**Cardiovascular hospital admissions (PM10, short-term exposure)<br />
**Respiratory hospital admissions (PM10, short-term exposure)<br />
**Medication usage by people with asthma (PM10, short-term exposure)<br />
*Should secondary PM2.5 be included in the assessment?<br />
**Possibilities for exposure modelling (intake fractions are only for primary PM2.5)<br />
*Should PM10 be included in the assesment?<br />
**Possibilities for exposure modelling<br />
*PM exposure assessment: outdoor air concentrations vs. personal exposure approach<br />
<br />
'''''Heat'''''<br />
*Heat exposure impact assessment is a separate assessment.<br />
*Building stock development does affect heat exposure, but it would be very dificult to evaluate health impacts from this.<br />
*However, the effects of the building energy efficiency solutions on indoor temperatures can, perhaps, be analysed in some other qualitative or quantitative terms.<br />
<br />
'''''General issues'''''<br />
*Assessment focus, specific questions asked, issues included<br />
*As of now, possible decisions on the following issues are to be assessed:<br />
**Heating options for new residential buildings<br />
**Heating system renovations in old building stock<br />
**Energy efficiency in new building stock<br />
**Energy efficiency renovations as part of general renovations in old building stock<br />
***Improved wall insulation<br />
***Heat recovery from air exchange<br />
***Improved window insulation<br />
**Air filtering in residential buildings<br />
**Form of district heat production (more small scale production?)<br />
**Fuel options for district heat production<br />
<br />
Main objective is to answer: what would be to most cost-effective policy options for the society to reduce CO2 emissions from residential heating when the cost from indirect health impacts is taken into consideration?<br />
<br />
=== Conclusions ===<br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Claih model.PNG]]<br />
<br />
'''''Figure: CLAIH assessment overview'''''<br />
<br />
===Decisions to be evaluated===<br />
<br />
''Society:'' <br />
<br />
*Fuel for district heat production (natural gas, coal, wood, peat, oil, geothermal heat)<br />
*Form of district heat production (should there be more small scale district heat production?)<br />
*Subsidies for household heating system/energy efficiency renovations<br />
*Demands/subsidies for new building stock heating systems/energy efficiency<br />
*Demands/subsidies for building air filters<br />
<br />
''Citizen:'' <br />
<br />
*Household heating system renovations <br />
*Building energy efficiency renovations<br />
<br />
<br />
===Building stock development===<br />
<br />
[[Image:Claih model building stock.PNG]]<br />
<br />
'''''Figure: Building stock development modelling'''''<br />
<br />
*[[Heating systems in buildings in Finland|Heating systems in buildings in Finland]] <br />
*[[Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland|Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland]] <br />
*[[Heating system renovations in house stock in Finland|Heating system renovations in house stock in Finland]] <br />
*[[Energy efficiency renovations in house stock in Finland|Energy efficiency renovations in house stock in Finland]] <br />
*[[New house stock production in Finland|New house stock production in Finland]] <br />
<br />
<br />
===Building heat consumption===<br />
<br />
[[Image:Claih model heat consumption.PNG]]<br />
<br />
'''''Figure: Building heat consumption modelling'''''<br />
<br />
*[[Heating consumption of buildings|Energy used for heating per building]] <br />
*[[Energy needed for heating buildings in Finland|Energy needed for heating buildings in Finland]]<br />
<br />
<br />
===Emissions===<br />
<br />
*[[PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[Emission factors for burning processes]] <br />
*[[CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[CH4 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[N2O emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
<br />
<br />
===Exposure and exposure-response functions===<br />
<br />
'''PM2.5'''<br />
<br />
[[Image:Claih model indoor pm.PNG]]<br />
<br />
'''''Figure: Modelling of indoor air PM2.5 concentrations from domestic wood combustion'''''<br />
<br />
''Outdoor air concentration''<br />
*[[PM2.5 concentration in Finland|PM2.5 concentration in Finland]]<br />
<br />
''Indoor air concentration''<br />
*[[PM infiltration from outdoor air to indoor air]] <br />
*[[PM 2.5 concentration indoors from indoor sources in Finland|PM2.5 concentration indoors from indoor sources in Finland]]<br />
<br />
''Personal exposure''<br />
*[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Finland|Exposure to PM2.5 in Finland]]<br />
<br />
''ERFs''<br />
*[[ERF of PM2.5 on mortality in general population|ERF of PM2.5 on mortality in general population]] <br />
*[[ERF for short-term PM10 exposure and cardiovascular hospital admissions]] <br />
*[[ERF for short term PM10 exposure and respiratory hospital admissions]]<br />
*[[ERF for short term PM2.5 exposure and restricted activity days (RADs)]]<br />
*[[ERF for short term PM2.5 exposure and work loss days (WLDs)]]<br />
*[[ERF for short term PM2.5 exposure and minor restricted activity days (MRADs)]]<br />
*[[ERF for short term PM10 exposure and medication usage by people with asthma]]<br />
*[[ERF for short term PM10 exposure and lower respiratory symptoms (LRS)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Indoor dampness and mold'''<br />
*[[Exposure to dampness and mold contamination in homes in Finland]]<br />
*[[ERF for respiratory health effects of dampness and mold contamination in homes]]<br />
*[[Asthma prevalence|Asthma prevalence in Finland]]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Indoor radon'''<br />
*[[Radon concentrations in European residences|Radon indoor air concentration in Finland]]<br />
*[[ERF for long-term indoor exposure to radon and lung cancer]]<br />
<br />
'''Heat''' <br />
<br />
*[[Outdoor air temperature in Finland|Outdoor air temperature in Finland]]<br />
*[[ERF of ambient temperature on mortality]]<br />
*[[ERF for heat exposure and morbidity]]<br />
*[[ERF for cold exposure and mortality]]<br />
<br />
<br />
===Health impacts=== <br />
<br />
[[Image:ICT model.PNG]]<br />
<br />
'''''Figure: Health impact modelling'''''<br />
<br />
'''Health impact indicators'''<br />
<br />
Calculated for all exposures:<br />
<br />
*Attributable mortality and morbidity<br />
*Loss of disability adjusted life years (DALY)<br />
**Years of life lost due to mortality (YLL)<br />
**Years of life lost due to morbidity (YLD)<br />
*Loss of life-expectancy<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Background information needs''' <br />
<br />
*[[Population of Finland|Population of Finland]] <br />
*[[Mortality in Finland|Mortality in Finland]] <br />
*[[Morbidity in Finland|Morbidity in Finland]] <br />
*[[DALY weights|DALY weights]] <br />
*[[Duration of morbidity|Duration of morbidity]]<br />
<br />
<br />
===Costs===<br />
<br />
'''Citizen:'''<br />
<br />
*Heat system/energy efficiency renovation investment<br />
*Cost from household heating<br />
**[[Prices of fuels in heat production]]<br />
<br />
'''Society'''<br />
<br />
*Costs from healt impacts<br />
**[[Value of a statistical life (VSL)]]<br />
**[[Value of a life year (VOLY)]]<br />
**[[Discount rate for health effects]]<br />
**[[Unit value of hospital admissions]]<br />
**[[Unit value of restricted activity days (RADs)]]<br />
**[[Unit value of work loss days (WLDs)]]<br />
**[[Unit value of minor restricted activity days (MRADs)]]<br />
**[[Unit value of chronic bronchitis]]<br />
**[[Unit value of respiratory medication use]]<br />
**[[Unit value of respiratory symptoms in asthmatics]]<br />
**[[Unit value of cough days]]<br />
<br />
*Costs from CO2 emissions<br />
*Costs to citizens<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
=== Analyses ===<br />
<br />
*Cost-effictiveness analysis<br />
*Cost-benefit analysis<br />
*Value-of-information analysis<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Assessment of building policies' effect on dampness and asthma in Europe]]<br />
*[[Health impact of radon in Europe]]<br />
*[[Housing data sources]]<br />
*[http://heande.opasnet.org/wiki/HI:Policy_for_PM2.5_Exposure HI:Policy for PM2.5 Exposure]<br />
*[[Mega case study]]<br />
*[[Assessment on impacts of emission trading on city-level (ET-CL)|Assessment on impacts of emission trading on city-level (ET-CL)]] <br />
*[[Bioher|Bioher (project)]] and the [[Health and climate impacts of heat production in small municipalities (BIOHER)|Bioher assessment]] <br />
*[http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sres/emission/index.htm IPCC Special Report: Emission Scenarios] <br />
*[[ISAAC Finland|ISAAC cohort]] <br />
*[[FINRISK cohort|FINRISK cohort]]<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/default.asp?contentid=368492&lan=fi&clan=fi ERA17 – Energiaviisaan rakennetun ympäristön aika 2017 -toimintaohjelma]<br />
*[http://era17.fi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/sitran_selvityksia_39.pdf Vehviläinen et al. 2010. Rakennetun ympäristön energiankäyttö ja kasvihuonekaasupäästöt]<br />
*[http://www.ara.fi/download.asp?contentid=24443&lan=fi Pesola et al. 2011. Energiaskenaarioiden järjestelmävaikutukset rakennuskantaan]<br />
*[http://era17.fi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/sitran_selvityksia_30.pdf Vanhanen et al 2010. Energiaskenaarioiden järjestelmävaikutukset ja niiden taloudelliset, ympäristölliset ja yhteiskunnalliset seuraukset]<br />
[[Category:Housing]]<br />
*[http://www.motiva.fi/julkaisut/pientalon_lammitysjarjestelmat.2193.shtml Motiva 2009. Pientalon lämmitysjärjestelmät]<br />
*[http://www.teeparannus.fi/attachements/2010-12-21T11-54-1114846.pdf Kouhia et al. 2010. Rakennuksen ulkovaipan energiakorjaukset]<br />
*[http://www.oecd.org/document/62/0,3746,en_2649_34281_36144679_1_1_1_1,00.html#How_to_Obtain OECD 2006: Cost-Benefit Analysis and the Environment: Recent Developments]<br />
*[http://www.stakes.fi/verkkojulkaisut/tyopaperit/T3-2008-VERKKO.pdf Hujanen et al. 2008: Terveydenhuollon yksikkökustannukset Suomessa 2006.]<br />
*[http://www.who.int/choice/publications/p_2003_generalised_cea.pdf WHO 2003: WHO guide to cost-effectiveness analysis]<br />
*[http://www.ktl.fi/attachments/suomi/julkaisut/julkaisusarja_b/2002b5.pdf Husman 2002. Kosteusvauriotaloissa asuneiden perheiden pitkäaikaiset terveyshaitat ja asumisterveysongelmista aiheutuneet kustannukset]<br />
*[http://www.who.int/indoorair/publications/guideline_household_energy_health_intervention.pdf WHO 2006. Guidelines for conducting cost-benefit analysis of household energy and health interventions.]<br />
*[http://yosemite.epa.gov/ee/epa/eed.nsf/webpages/Guidelines.html/$file/Guidelines.pdf EPA 2010. Guidelines for preparing economic analyses]<br />
*[https://download.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12794 National Academy of Sciences 2010. Hidden costs of energy. Unpriced consequences of energy production and use]<br />
*[http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/69855/nbnfi-fe201106151772.pdf?sequence=3 Päätöksentekomenetelmien hyödyntäminenpienatalon lämmitysjärjestelmän valinnassa]<br />
*[http://www.motiva.fi/files/4248/Lampokeskuksesta_asiakkaalle_Turun_Asennus_ja_Luokkahitsarit_.pdf Kaukolämpö (katso viimeinen sivu)]<br />
*[http://www.motiva.fi/rakentaminen/lammitysjarjestelman_valinta/vertaile_lammitysjarjestelmia/lammitysjarjestelmien_kustannukset/ Motiva: Costs of heating systems]<br />
*[http://www.biohousing.eu.com/ BioHousing]<br />
*[http://webhotel2.tut.fi/ee/index.html Energia- ja elinkaariryhmä, Tamperee teknillinen yliopisto]<br />
*[http://www.vtt.fi/inf/julkaisut/muut/2005/asuinrakennukset_vuoteen_2025.pdf VTT 2005. Asuinrakennukset vuoteen 2025.]<br />
*[http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/tiedotteet/2007/T2377.pdf VTT 2007. SUomalaisten rakennusten energiakorjausmenetelmät ja säästöpotentiaalit]<br />
*Tampereen teknillinen yliopisto, rakennustekniikan laitos, 2008. Tutkimusselostus. Matalaenergiarakenteiden toimivuus. Tutkimustuloksia ja suosituksia uusiin lämmöneristys- ja energiakulutusmääräyksiin ja -ohjeisiin, loppuraportti.<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=96145&lan=FI VTT 2008. Lausunto rakenteiden energiatehokkuuden parantamisen vaikutuksista rakenteiden kosteustekniseen tomivuuteen.]<br />
*Lomake YM 33a/05: Omakotitalon perusparantaminen. Toimenpide- ja kustannusluettelo.<br />
*[https://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/17056/Nikkila_Ville.pdf?sequence=1 Nikkilä 2010. Pientalon lämmitysjärjestelmän saneeraus - Taloudellisia ja ympäristöllisiä näkökulmia]<br />
*[http://ffrc.utu.fi/julkaisut/e-julkaisuja/eTutu_2006-1.pdf ILMASTOLIIKETOIMINTA JA ENERGIA SUOMESSA 2050 (ILMES)<br />
– SKENAARIOT JA STRATEGIAT]</div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=BIOHER_assessment&diff=22518
BIOHER assessment
2011-09-19T07:46:19Z
<p>Pauliina: /* See also */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Assessment|moderator =Pauliina}} <br />
<br />
{{participants needed}}<br />
<br />
==Health and climate impacts of heat production in small municipalities (BIOHER)==<br />
This is assessment page of '''Bioher'''. Bioher is a research project coordinated by National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). The duration is 2008-2011. Project includes five subprojects with 1) measurement of PM and greenhouse gas emissions, 2) chemical characterization and assessment of atmospheric thermal impact of emitted PM, 3) toxicological characterization of emitted PM, 4) assessment of exposure to and health effects of current residential wood combustion, 5) assessment of health risks. <br />
<br />
Main study questions are:<br />
*How human risks differs between four heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are the costs of emissions and health effects due to different heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are climate change impacts of PM emissions and health effects due to CC?<br />
<br />
[http://en.opasnet.org/w/Image:Claih_model.ANA &nbsp;CLAIH/BIOHER analytica model ] <br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
=== Purpose ===<br />
<br />
The purpose is to evaluate PM<sub>2.5</sub> and green house gas (GHG) emissions of detached houses and small heating power plant, to assess exposure and health effects due to evaluated emissions and to define emission, heating and health effect costs. Assessment is going to compare four alternative ways to arrange decentralized energy production in communities with 2000 - 10000 inhabitants: light oil and pellets as fuel of detached houses and heavy oil and wood chips as fuel of small heating plants. In addition, environmental effects i.e. climate change (CC) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions is assessed with this model. <br />
<br />
Questions: <br />
<br />
*What would be the health effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of small power plant and individual houses in small living area (2000- 10000 inh.)? <br />
*What are GHG emissions of individual houses and small power plant and how emissions effect on CC? <br />
*What are the costs of different alternatives? <br />
*What is the optimal decision to produce energy and heat to houses?<br />
<br />
=== Boundaries ===<br />
<br />
*Energy production (single house and small energy plant level, 1-20MW) <br />
*Population (2000-10000 inh.) <br />
*Exposure for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*ER-functions for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions (-&gt;health effects) <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> climate effect (-&gt; health effects) <br />
*Household heating scenarios: <br />
**Light oil and pellets <br />
*Small heating plant scenarios:<br />
**Heavy oil and wood chips<br />
*Atmospheric thermal impact <br />
*DALY<br />
<br />
*Impacts: <br />
**Climate change<br />
**Premature mortality <br />
**Costs<br />
<br />
=== Scenarios ===<br />
<br />
Scenarios include two different fuel types of energy production in detached houses and small power plant: <br />
<br> '''Detached houses''' <br />
*light oil <br />
*Pellets<br />
<br> '''Small power plant''' <br />
*Heavy oil <br />
*Wood chips<br />
<br />
=== Intended users ===<br />
<br />
*City-level policy-makers in all sectors in Kuopio as well as everywhere else <br />
*International policy-makers related climate change <br />
*Policy-makers related health risks of fine particles and green house gases <br />
*General public <br />
*Scientists working on health risks of fine particles, green house gases and climate change <br />
*Other interested of topic<br />
<br />
=== Participants ===<br />
<br />
*Assessment and Modelling Unit of THL: [[User:Virpi Kollanus|Virpi Kollanus]], [[User:Pauliina|Pauliina]], [[User:Marko|Marko]], [[User:Mikko Pohjola|Mikko Pohjola]], [[User:Jouni|Jouni]]<br />
*Other researchers related Bioher -project<br />
<br />
==Variables==<br />
<br />
*[[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]]<br />
*[[Heating consumption of buildings]] <br />
*[[Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland]]<br />
*[[Emission factors for burning processes]]<br />
*[[ERF of PM2.5 on mortality in general population]]<br />
*[[Prices of fuels in heat production]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Other variables in the scale of Finland'''<br />
<br />
Emissions in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]] <br />
*[[CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[CH4 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[N2O emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[GHG emissions from land use change]]<br />
<br />
Exposure in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 concentration in Finland]]<br />
*[[Exposure of Finnish subpopulations to fine particles due domestic wood combustion]]<br />
*[[Intake fraction]] <br />
*[[Breathing rate]]<br />
*[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Finland]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Conclusions ==<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Analyses ===<br />
<br />
*Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses <br />
*value-of-information (VOI) analysis<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
<br />
* [http://intra.eracnet.fi/main/index.php/Bioher:Bioher Internal project website in ERACintra] <br />
*[[CLAIH assessment]]<br />
*[[Bioher stakeholder meeting 2009]]<br />
*[[Assessment on impacts of emission trading on city-level (ET-CL)]]<br />
<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/kaukolampo/kirjasto/tutkimusraportit/liitteet/pientaloalueiden%20kaukolampokriteerit_loppuraportti_20091111.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fkaukolampo%2Fkirjasto%2Ftutkimusraportit Pientaloalueiden ja -taajamien kaukolämpöön liittämisen kriteerit]<br />
*[http://era17.fi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/sitran_selvityksia_39.pdf Rakennetun ympäristön energiankäyttö ja kasvihuonekaasupäästöt]<br />
*[http://www.hsy.fi/seututieto/Documents/YTV_julkaisusarja/PJS_B_18_2003_pienpoltto_pks.pdf HSY2003:Pienpoltto pääkaupunkiseudulla]<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=82087 Parhaan käyttökelpoisen tekniikan huomioonottaminen ympäristölupamenettelyssä (esimerkkinä alle 50MWn polttolaitokset)]<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706 Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut1-7)] Tästä löytyy ominaispäästökertoimet ja hyötysuhteet polttoaineittain ja polttotekniikoittain pienissä polttolaitoksissa (esim. taulukko 4). Myös tieto kuinka paljon pieniä polttolaitoksia on Suomessa.<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3708&lan=fi Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut8-19)]Täältä löytyy tietoa mm. hiukkasten poistotavoista (taulukko 23).<br />
*[http://webhotel2.tut.fi/ee/Materiaali/Ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf Heljo et al. Rakennusten energian kulutus ja CO2-ekv päästöt Suomessa]<br />
*[http://webhotel2.tut.fi/ee/Materiaali/Ekorem/EKOREM_LP_ja_sahko_raportti_051128.pdf Heljo et al. Sähkölämmitys ja lämpöpumput sähkönkäyttäjinä ja päästöjen aiheuttajina Suomessa]<br />
<br />
costs and future:<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/sites/default/files/lammon_ja_sahkon_yhteistuotannon_potentiaali_seka_kaukolammityksen_ja_-jaahdytyksen_tulevaisuus_suomessa.pdf Vehviläinen etal. Lämmön ja sähkön yhteistuotannon potentiaali sekä kaukolämmityksen ja -jäähdytyksen tulevaisuus Suomessa]<br />
*[http://www.tbrc.fi/pubfilet/Scenarios%20and%20Business%20Models%20-%20Distributed%20energy.pdf Teknologiaohjelma DENSY – Hajautetun energiantuotannon tulevaisuusskenaariot ja vaikutukset liiketoimintamalleihin]<br />
*[https://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/26995/Svan.Janne.pdf.pdf?sequence=1 Pientaloalueen lämmityskärjestelmien vertailu]sis.mm. kustannuslaskentaa<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/julkaisut%20ja%20tutkimukset/liitteet%20tutkimukset%20ja%20selvitykset/kaukolammityksenasiakasrajapinnanteknis-taloudellisetreunaehdot.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fjulkaisut Kaukolämmityksen asiakasrajapinnan teknis-taloudelliset reunaehdot sis.mm.Kaukolämpöliittymien kustannusselvitys]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/sites/default/files/kl-asiakasrajapinnan_teknistaloudelliset_rajaehdot.pdf KAUKOLÄMMITYKSEN ASIAKASRAJAPINNAN TEKNIS‐TALOUDELLISET REUNAEHDOT TUTKIMUKSEN LOPPURAPORTTI]sis. mm. kaukolämpöliittymän kustannusselvityksen<br />
*[http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/39675/Pienet%20chp%20laitokset.pdf?sequence=1 Pienten (<4 MW) CHP-laitosten mahdollisuudet]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Health_effects]] [[Category:Classical_air_pollutants]]</div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=BIOHER_assessment&diff=22517
BIOHER assessment
2011-09-19T07:40:59Z
<p>Pauliina: /* See also */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Assessment|moderator =Pauliina}} <br />
<br />
{{participants needed}}<br />
<br />
==Health and climate impacts of heat production in small municipalities (BIOHER)==<br />
This is assessment page of '''Bioher'''. Bioher is a research project coordinated by National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). The duration is 2008-2011. Project includes five subprojects with 1) measurement of PM and greenhouse gas emissions, 2) chemical characterization and assessment of atmospheric thermal impact of emitted PM, 3) toxicological characterization of emitted PM, 4) assessment of exposure to and health effects of current residential wood combustion, 5) assessment of health risks. <br />
<br />
Main study questions are:<br />
*How human risks differs between four heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are the costs of emissions and health effects due to different heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are climate change impacts of PM emissions and health effects due to CC?<br />
<br />
[http://en.opasnet.org/w/Image:Claih_model.ANA &nbsp;CLAIH/BIOHER analytica model ] <br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
=== Purpose ===<br />
<br />
The purpose is to evaluate PM<sub>2.5</sub> and green house gas (GHG) emissions of detached houses and small heating power plant, to assess exposure and health effects due to evaluated emissions and to define emission, heating and health effect costs. Assessment is going to compare four alternative ways to arrange decentralized energy production in communities with 2000 - 10000 inhabitants: light oil and pellets as fuel of detached houses and heavy oil and wood chips as fuel of small heating plants. In addition, environmental effects i.e. climate change (CC) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions is assessed with this model. <br />
<br />
Questions: <br />
<br />
*What would be the health effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of small power plant and individual houses in small living area (2000- 10000 inh.)? <br />
*What are GHG emissions of individual houses and small power plant and how emissions effect on CC? <br />
*What are the costs of different alternatives? <br />
*What is the optimal decision to produce energy and heat to houses?<br />
<br />
=== Boundaries ===<br />
<br />
*Energy production (single house and small energy plant level, 1-20MW) <br />
*Population (2000-10000 inh.) <br />
*Exposure for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*ER-functions for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions (-&gt;health effects) <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> climate effect (-&gt; health effects) <br />
*Household heating scenarios: <br />
**Light oil and pellets <br />
*Small heating plant scenarios:<br />
**Heavy oil and wood chips<br />
*Atmospheric thermal impact <br />
*DALY<br />
<br />
*Impacts: <br />
**Climate change<br />
**Premature mortality <br />
**Costs<br />
<br />
=== Scenarios ===<br />
<br />
Scenarios include two different fuel types of energy production in detached houses and small power plant: <br />
<br> '''Detached houses''' <br />
*light oil <br />
*Pellets<br />
<br> '''Small power plant''' <br />
*Heavy oil <br />
*Wood chips<br />
<br />
=== Intended users ===<br />
<br />
*City-level policy-makers in all sectors in Kuopio as well as everywhere else <br />
*International policy-makers related climate change <br />
*Policy-makers related health risks of fine particles and green house gases <br />
*General public <br />
*Scientists working on health risks of fine particles, green house gases and climate change <br />
*Other interested of topic<br />
<br />
=== Participants ===<br />
<br />
*Assessment and Modelling Unit of THL: [[User:Virpi Kollanus|Virpi Kollanus]], [[User:Pauliina|Pauliina]], [[User:Marko|Marko]], [[User:Mikko Pohjola|Mikko Pohjola]], [[User:Jouni|Jouni]]<br />
*Other researchers related Bioher -project<br />
<br />
==Variables==<br />
<br />
*[[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]]<br />
*[[Heating consumption of buildings]] <br />
*[[Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland]]<br />
*[[Emission factors for burning processes]]<br />
*[[ERF of PM2.5 on mortality in general population]]<br />
*[[Prices of fuels in heat production]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Other variables in the scale of Finland'''<br />
<br />
Emissions in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]] <br />
*[[CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[CH4 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[N2O emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[GHG emissions from land use change]]<br />
<br />
Exposure in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 concentration in Finland]]<br />
*[[Exposure of Finnish subpopulations to fine particles due domestic wood combustion]]<br />
*[[Intake fraction]] <br />
*[[Breathing rate]]<br />
*[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Finland]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Conclusions ==<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Analyses ===<br />
<br />
*Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses <br />
*value-of-information (VOI) analysis<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
<br />
* [http://intra.eracnet.fi/main/index.php/Bioher:Bioher Internal project website in ERACintra] <br />
*[[CLAIH assessment]]<br />
*[[Bioher stakeholder meeting 2009]]<br />
*[[Assessment on impacts of emission trading on city-level (ET-CL)]]<br />
*[http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/39675/Pienet%20chp%20laitokset.pdf?sequence=1 Pienten (<4 MW) CHP-laitosten mahdollisuudet]<br />
*[https://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/26995/Svan.Janne.pdf.pdf?sequence=1 Pientaloalueen lämmityskärjestelmien vertailu]sis.mm. kustannuslaskentaa<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/kaukolampo/kirjasto/tutkimusraportit/liitteet/pientaloalueiden%20kaukolampokriteerit_loppuraportti_20091111.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fkaukolampo%2Fkirjasto%2Ftutkimusraportit Pientaloalueiden ja -taajamien kaukolämpöön liittämisen kriteerit]<br />
*[http://era17.fi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/sitran_selvityksia_39.pdf Rakennetun ympäristön energiankäyttö ja kasvihuonekaasupäästöt]<br />
*[http://www.hsy.fi/seututieto/Documents/YTV_julkaisusarja/PJS_B_18_2003_pienpoltto_pks.pdf HSY2003:Pienpoltto pääkaupunkiseudulla]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/julkaisut%20ja%20tutkimukset/liitteet%20tutkimukset%20ja%20selvitykset/kaukolammityksenasiakasrajapinnanteknis-taloudellisetreunaehdot.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fjulkaisut Kaukolämmityksen asiakasrajapinnan teknis-taloudelliset reunaehdot sis.mm.Kaukolämpöliittymien kustannusselvitys]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/sites/default/files/kl-asiakasrajapinnan_teknistaloudelliset_rajaehdot.pdf KAUKOLÄMMITYKSEN ASIAKASRAJAPINNAN TEKNIS‐TALOUDELLISET REUNAEHDOT TUTKIMUKSEN LOPPURAPORTTI]sis. mm. kaukolämpöliittymän kustannusselvityksen<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=82087 Parhaan käyttökelpoisen tekniikan huomioonottaminen ympäristölupamenettelyssä (esimerkkinä alle 50MWn polttolaitokset)]<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706 Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut1-7)] Tästä löytyy ominaispäästökertoimet ja hyötysuhteet polttoaineittain ja polttotekniikoittain pienissä polttolaitoksissa (esim. taulukko 4). Myös tieto kuinka paljon pieniä polttolaitoksia on Suomessa.<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3708&lan=fi Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut8-19)]Täältä löytyy tietoa mm. hiukkasten poistotavoista (taulukko 23).<br />
*[http://webhotel2.tut.fi/ee/Materiaali/Ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf Heljo et al. Rakennusten energian kulutus ja CO2-ekv päästöt Suomessa]<br />
*[http://webhotel2.tut.fi/ee/Materiaali/Ekorem/EKOREM_LP_ja_sahko_raportti_051128.pdf Heljo et al. Sähkölämmitys ja lämpöpumput sähkönkäyttäjinä ja päästöjen aiheuttajina Suomessa]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/sites/default/files/lammon_ja_sahkon_yhteistuotannon_potentiaali_seka_kaukolammityksen_ja_-jaahdytyksen_tulevaisuus_suomessa.pdf Vehviläinen etal. Lämmön ja sähkön yhteistuotannon potentiaali sekä kaukolämmityksen ja -jäähdytyksen tulevaisuus Suomessa]<br />
costs and future:<br />
*[http://www.tbrc.fi/pubfilet/Scenarios%20and%20Business%20Models%20-%20Distributed%20energy.pdf Teknologiaohjelma DENSY – Hajautetun energiantuotannon tulevaisuusskenaariot ja vaikutukset liiketoimintamalleihin]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Health_effects]] [[Category:Classical_air_pollutants]]</div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Emission_factors_for_burning_processes&diff=22516
Emission factors for burning processes
2011-09-19T07:17:05Z
<p>Pauliina: /* Emission factors for greenhousegases */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Pauliina}}<br />
[[Category: BIOHER]]<br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
What are the emission factors for burning processes in Finland?<br />
{{disclink|EF for burning processes or EF by fuel types}}<br />
<br />
== Definition ==<br />
<br />
Emission factors for burning processes is an impact assessment that take a wide perspective over environmental issues that can dealt with on a city level<br />
<br />
See discussions with the statements in the discussion page.{{disclink|Discussions of emission factors}}<br />
<br />
=== Data ===<br />
<br />
In Finland there are about 700 kettles that has under 5MW fuel power. Same amount is between 5 to 50 MW kettles and over 50 MW kettles there are 200 in Finland. One heating power plant can have several kettles. Many 5-50 MW power plants has also less than 5 MW kettle. <ref>http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706<br />
</ref> <br />
<br />
====Emission factors for PM====<br />
<br />
Next table includes emission factors for small power plants in Finland. <ref>http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706<br />
</ref> <br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| Type of plant or kettle<br />
| Fuel power (MW)<br />
| Fuel<br />
| PM separator<br />
| Emission factor (mg/MJ)<br />
| Number of plants<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| &lt;5<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| partly syklone<br />
| 20-90<br />
| 300<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 5-15<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| partly syklone<br />
| 10-70<br />
| 200<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 15-50<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| partly syklone<br />
| 5-40<br />
| 100<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| &lt;5<br />
| Light oil<br />
| - <br />
| &lt;10<br />
| 20<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 5-15<br />
| Light oil<br />
| - <br />
| &lt;10<br />
| 20<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 15-50<br />
| Light oil<br />
| - <br />
| &lt;10<br />
| 10<br />
|----<br />
| Diesel/kaasumoottori<br />
| 20-40<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| - <br />
| 30-60<br />
| 2<br />
|----<br />
| Kerrosleijukattila<br />
| 5-10<br />
| Wood<br />
| electric<br />
| 10-70<br />
| 8<br />
|----<br />
| Kerrosleijukattila<br />
| 10-50<br />
| Wood<br />
| electric<br />
| 5-30<br />
| 10<br />
|----<br />
| Kiertoleijukattila<br />
| 20-40<br />
| Wood<br />
| electric<br />
| 5-30<br />
| 4<br />
|----<br />
| Puuarinakattila<br />
| &lt;5<br />
| Wood<br />
| syklone/electric<br />
| 20-150<br />
| 120<br />
|----<br />
| Puuarinakattila<br />
| 5-10<br />
| Wood<br />
| syklone/electric<br />
| 20-150<br />
| 50<br />
|----<br />
| Puuarinakattila<br />
| 10-50<br />
| Wood<br />
| syklone/electric<br />
| 10-150<br />
| 35<br />
|----<br />
| Kaasutuskattila<br />
| 2-7<br />
| Wood<br />
| syklone<br />
| 50-150<br />
| 5<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
("Taulukoissa esitetyt ominaispäästökertoimet edustavat vaihteluväliä, joiden<br />
sisällä suurin osa yksittäisten laitosten arvoista on. Vaihteluvälit perustuvat käytettävissä<br />
olevien laitostietokantojen arvoihin (VAHTI-tiedot) ja pienten polttolaitosten<br />
päästömittaustuloksiin.")<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Emission factors for wood burning in small scale heating (e.g. secondary heating at houses) can be found from [http://wanda.uef.fi/pupo/index.html PUPO emission and toxicity database]<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+'''Table. Emissions of wood burning in different fireplaces.[http://wanda.uef.fi/pupo/index.html] <br />
| Fire place<br />
| Number of measurements<br />
| Mean (mg/MJ)<br />
| Min (mg/MJ)<br />
| Max (mg/MJ)<br />
|----<br />
| Panospoltto<br />
| 32<br />
| 76<br />
| 14.15<br />
| 224.27<br />
|----<br />
| Varaava tulisija<br />
| 22<br />
| 80<br />
| 27.97<br />
| 224.27<br />
|----<br />
| -Perinteinen<br />
| 18<br />
| 91<br />
| 30.75<br />
| 224.27<br />
|----<br />
| -Moderni<br />
| 3<br />
| 32<br />
| 27.97<br />
| 36.52<br />
|----<br />
| Kamiinat ja muut<br />
| 5<br />
| 54<br />
| 45.8<br />
| 74.2<br />
|----<br />
| Kiukaat<br />
| 1<br />
| 168<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
|----<br />
| Klapikattilat<br />
| 4<br />
| 59<br />
| 14.15<br />
| 106.14<br />
|----<br />
| -Perinteinen<br />
| 2<br />
| 102<br />
| 98.59<br />
| 106.14<br />
|----<br />
| -Moderni<br />
| 2<br />
| 16<br />
| 14.15<br />
| 17.58<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 49<br />
| 20<br />
| 5.21<br />
| 89.2<br />
|----<br />
| Pellettipoltin<br />
| 21<br />
| 21<br />
| 5.21<br />
| 89.2<br />
|----<br />
| Stokeripoltin<br />
| 5<br />
| 15<br />
| 12.21<br />
| 18.71<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Emission factors for greenhousegases==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''EFs by fuel based classification<br />
<br />
Heljo & Laineen selvityksessä on päädytty seuraaviin kasvihuonekaasupäästökertoimiin<br />
(kgCO2/MWh) laskettuna rakennuksen bruttotasolla (rakennukseen hankittu energia)[http://webhotel2.tut.fi/ee/Materiaali/Ekorem/EKOREM_LP_ja_sahko_raportti_051128.pdf]<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| kgCO2/MWh)<br />
|----<br />
| Puu<br />
| 18<br />
|----<br />
| Kevyt polttoöljy<br />
| 265<br />
|----<br />
| Raskas polttoöljy<br />
| 179<br />
|----<br />
| Kaukolämpö, erillistuotanto<br />
| 231<br />
|----<br />
| Kaukolämpö, yhteistuotanto<br />
| 224<br />
|----<br />
| Kaukolämpö keskimäärin (yhteistuotantoa 73 %)<br />
| 226<br />
|----<br />
| Sähkö keskimäärin<br />
| 204<br />
|----<br />
| Sähkön marginaalikulutus<br />
| 714<br />
|----<br />
| Sähkön perustehoalueen kulutus<br />
| 112<br />
|----<br />
| Sähkön välitehoalueen kulutus<br />
| 459<br />
|----<br />
| Sähkön huipputehoalueen kulutus<br />
| 867<br />
|----<br />
| Sähkölämmityksen lämmitysenergia (esimerkkiarvo)<br />
| 400<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 1. Fuel classification and emission factors in Finland 2010. <ref>[http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_polttoaineluokitus.html]</ref> <ref>http://tilastokeskus.fi/tup/khkinv/fi_nir_150110.pdf</ref>. Definitions for classification of fuels and energy sources can be found [http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_maaritykset_2010_en.html here].<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| Code Heading<br />
|<br />
| Fuel-specific unit <br />
| CO<sub>2</sub> default emission factor [t/TJ]<br />
| <br />
| Default net calorific value (as fired) [GJ/unit]<br />
| <br />
| NB<br />
|----<br />
| 1<br />
| Fossil fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 11<br />
| Petroleum products<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 111<br />
| Petroleum gases<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1111<br />
| Refinery gas<br />
| t<br />
| 54.2<br />
| *<br />
| 49.7<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1112<br />
| LPG (Liquefied petroleum gas)<br />
| t<br />
| 65.0<br />
| <br />
| 46.2<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 112<br />
| Light distillates<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1121<br />
| Naphtha<br />
| t<br />
| 72.7<br />
| <br />
| 44.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1122<br />
| Motor gasoline<br />
| t<br />
| 72.9<br />
| <br />
| 43.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1123<br />
| Aviation gasoline<br />
| t<br />
| 71.3<br />
| <br />
| 43.7<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 113<br />
| Medium distillates<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1131<br />
| Kerosene (jet fuel)<br />
| t<br />
| 73.2<br />
| <br />
| 43.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1132<br />
| Other kerosenes<br />
| t<br />
| 71.5<br />
| *<br />
| 43.1<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1133<br />
| Diesel oil<br />
| t<br />
| 73.6<br />
| <br />
| 42.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1134<br />
| Light fuel oil (heating fuel oil)<br />
| t<br />
| 74.1<br />
| <br />
| 42.7<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1135<br />
| Gasoil (for non-road use)<br />
| t<br />
| 73.6<br />
| *<br />
| 42.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1139<br />
| Other medium distillates<br />
| t<br />
| 74.1<br />
| <br />
| 42.7<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 114<br />
| Heavy distillates<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1141<br />
| Heavy fuel oil, sulphur content &lt; 1%<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 41.1<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1142<br />
| Heavy fuel oil, sulphur content ≥ 1%<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 40.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1143<br />
| Other heavy distillates<br />
| t<br />
| 79.2<br />
| *<br />
| 40.2<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 115<br />
| Petroleum coke<br />
| t<br />
| 97.0<br />
| <br />
| 33.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 116<br />
| Recycled and waste oils<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 41.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 119<br />
| Other petroleum products<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 30.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12<br />
| Coal<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|----<br />
| 121<br />
| Hard coal<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1211<br />
| Anthracite<br />
| t<br />
| 98.3<br />
| *<br />
| 33.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1212<br />
| Hard coal, bituminous <br />
| t<br />
| 94.6<br />
| <br />
| 24.6<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 122<br />
| Other coal<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1221<br />
| Semi-bituminous coal, brown coal, lignite<br />
| t<br />
| 108.0<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1222<br />
| Coal briquettes<br />
| t<br />
| 94.6<br />
| *<br />
| 30.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1228<br />
| Coal tar<br />
| t<br />
| 90.6<br />
| *<br />
| 37.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1229<br />
| Other non-specified coal<br />
| t<br />
| 108.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 123<br />
| Coke<br />
| t<br />
| 108.0<br />
| <br />
| 29.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 124<br />
| Coke oven gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 41.5<br />
| <br />
| 16.7<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 125<br />
| Blast furnace gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 263.7<br />
| <br />
| 3.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 13<br />
| Natural gas<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 131<br />
| Natural gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 55.04<br />
| <br />
| 36.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 2<br />
| Peat<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 21<br />
| Peat<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 211<br />
| Milled peat<br />
| t<br />
| 105.9<br />
| <br />
| 10.1<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 212<br />
| Sod peat<br />
| t<br />
| 102.0<br />
| <br />
| 12.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 213<br />
| Peat pellets and briquettes<br />
| t<br />
| 97.0<br />
| <br />
| 18.0<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3<br />
| Renewable and mixed fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 31<br />
| Biomass<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 311<br />
| Forest fuelwood<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3111<br />
| Firewood (stems and split firewood)<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 14.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3112<br />
| Chips from roundwood<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 9.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3113<br />
| Forest residue chips<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 9.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 312<br />
| Industrial wood residue<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3121<br />
| Bark<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 7.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3122<br />
| Sawdust, cutter shavings etc.<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 8.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3123<br />
| Wood residue chips<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 9.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3128<br />
| Unspecified industrial wood residue<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 7.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3129<br />
| Other industrial wood residue<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| *<br />
| 8.8<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 313<br />
| Black liquor and other concentrated liquors<br />
| tka<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 11.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 314<br />
| Other by-products from wood processing <br />
| TJ<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| industry<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 315<br />
| Recovered wood<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 12.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 316<br />
| Wood pellets and briquettes<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 16.0<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 317<br />
| Vegetable-based fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|----<br />
| 3171<br />
| NEW!!Reed canary grass<br />
| t<br />
| 100.0<br />
| <br />
| 14.6<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3172<br />
| NEW!!Cereal crops and straw parts<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 13.5<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3179<br />
| NEW!! Other vegetable-based fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 15.0<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 318<br />
| Animal-based fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 109.6<br />
| <br />
| 30.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 32<br />
| Other biofuels and mixed fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 321<br />
| Biogas<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3211<br />
| Landfill gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56,1<br />
| <br />
| 17.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3212<br />
| Biogas from wastewater treatment<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56.1<br />
| <br />
| 23.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3213<br />
| Industrial biogas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56.1<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3219<br />
| Other biogas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56.1<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 322<br />
| Liquid biofuels<br />
| t<br />
| 77.4<br />
| <br />
| 30..40<br />
|<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 323<br />
| Mixed fuels (fossil and non-fossil)<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3231<br />
| Recovered fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 31.8<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3232<br />
| Demolition wood<br />
| t<br />
| 17.0<br />
| <br />
| 15.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3233<br />
| Impregnated wood (chemically treated)<br />
| t<br />
| 11.4<br />
| <br />
| 12.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3234<br />
| NEW!! Deinking sludge <br />
| t<br />
| 60.0<br />
| <br />
| 4.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3238<br />
| NEW!!Municipal waste (unsorted)<br />
| t<br />
| 40.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3239<br />
| Other mixed fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 110.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 324<br />
| Gasified waste (Product gas)<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| ..<br />
| <br />
| ..<br />
| <br />
| 2)<br />
|----<br />
| 325<br />
| NEW!!Biosludge<br />
| t<br />
| 109.6<br />
| <br />
| 2.5<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 4<br />
| Other energy sources<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 41<br />
| Nuclear energy<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 411<br />
| Nuclear energy<br />
| TJ<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 49<br />
| Others<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 491<br />
| Other by-products and wastes used as fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4911<br />
| Plastics waste<br />
| t<br />
| 74.1<br />
| <br />
| 33.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4912<br />
| Rubber waste<br />
| t<br />
| 90.0<br />
| <br />
| 33.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4913<br />
| Hazardous waste<br />
| t<br />
| 117.0<br />
| *<br />
| 10.0<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4919<br />
| Other waste<br />
| t<br />
| 75.0<br />
| <br />
| 15.0<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 492<br />
| Exothermic heat from industry<br />
| TJ<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 493<br />
| Secondary heat from industry<br />
| TJ<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 494<br />
| Electricity<br />
| MWh<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 495<br />
| Steam<br />
| MWh<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 497<br />
| NEW!!Sulphur<br />
| t<br />
| 0.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 498<br />
| Hydrogen<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 0.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 499<br />
| Other non-specified energy sources<br />
| TJ<br />
| ..<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
NB<br />
<br />
BIO = biofuel, whose carbon dioxide emissions are not counted in the total emission amounts of Finland's greenhouse gases, nor are they taken into account in emissions trading.<br />
<br />
1) CO<sub>2</sub> factor of mixed fuels is an estimate taking into account only the share of fossil carbon.<br />
<br />
2) Gasified waste (Product gas) is reported in the fuel categories of the source materials of gasification.<br />
<br />
Calorific values and emission coefficients describe the properties of fuel as fired,<br />
inclusive of moisture content (except for 313, where the measurement unit is tonnes of dry matter).<br />
Calorific value of natural gas has been specified in normal conditions (0 °C and 1.013 bar).<br />
<br />
Emission factors are updated when necessary. <br />
<br />
(* Revised values.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Emission factors for district heating is calculated in [http://www.motiva.fi/en/ Motiva] CO<sub>2</sub> emission calculation introductions<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref>. <br />
For district heating joint production emission factor is 220 kg CO<sub>2</sub>/MWh. In this view other GHGs (CH<sub>4</sub> or N<sub>2</sub>O) are not taken account as CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv!<br />
Emission factors by fuel based on [http://www.motiva.fi/en/ Motiva] knowledge is in table 2. <br />
<br />
Table 2. Emission factors of CO<sub>2</sub> by fuel<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref>.<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| Fuels<br />
| kg CO<sub>2</sub>/MWh<br />
|----<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 279<br />
|----<br />
| Light oil<br />
| 267<br />
|----<br />
| Gas<br />
| 202<br />
|----<br />
| Fluid gas<br />
| 227<br />
|----<br />
| Peat<br />
| 382<br />
|----<br />
| Coal<br />
| 341<br />
|----<br />
| Coke<br />
| 389<br />
|----<br />
| Wood<br />
| 0<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
CO2 EF for electricity can be classified in two categories: purchase electricity and own production. EF for purchase electricity is the same as own electricity vendor has informed or average Finnish electricity procurement CO2 EF (= 200 kg CO2/MWh). EF for own electricity production can be used EF from table 2 (fuel based EFs). If electricity is produced in combined electricity, heating production EFs are calculated with “benefit division method”. Method is explained in Motiva introduction<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref> (attachment 2).<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 4. Average emission factors measured with differed gas analyzator (kk) and FTIR analyzator <ref>http://www.uku.fi/fine/src/raportit/PUPOloppuraportti2007.pdf</ref>.<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
| Ordinary combustion<br />
| Distribution (%)<br />
| Bad combustion<br />
| Distribution (%)<br />
| Unit<br />
|----<br />
| Temperature of gas<br />
| 253<br />
| 1<br />
| 159<br />
| 17<br />
| Celsius<br />
|----<br />
| CO2 (kk)<br />
| 7.3<br />
| 5<br />
| 11<br />
| 8<br />
| %, dry<br />
|----<br />
| O2 (kk)<br />
| 13.3<br />
| 3<br />
| 8.7<br />
| 14<br />
| %, dry<br />
|----<br />
| H2O (FTIR)<br />
| 6.5<br />
| 4<br />
| 7.7<br />
| - <br />
| %, wet<br />
|----<br />
| CO (kk)<br />
| 2300<br />
| 10<br />
| 8100<br />
| 29<br />
| mg/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| CO (FTIR)<br />
| 2000<br />
| 11<br />
| 5700<br />
| - <br />
| mg/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| OGC (kk)<br />
| 120<br />
| 17<br />
| 1700<br />
| 46<br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| OGC (FTIR)<br />
| 160<br />
| 24<br />
| 1500<br />
| - <br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| CH4 (FTIR)<br />
| 30<br />
| 22<br />
| 350<br />
| - <br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| C6H6 (FTIR)<br />
| 20<br />
| 27<br />
| 210<br />
| - <br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 5 and 6 are from Heljo et al 2005<ref>http://www.tut.fi/units/rak/rtt/tutkimus/ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf</ref>. Coefficient of CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv/CO<sub>2</sub> as 1.02 is used in transformation CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors to CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv. factors for electricity and district heating.<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 5. CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors of energy use of buildings (kg CO<sub>2</sub>/MWh)<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
| '''Gross of building level<br />
| '''Dispersion<br />
| '''Efficiency<br />
| '''Efficienfy energy level<br />
|----<br />
| Light oil<br />
| 267<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 314<br />
|----<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 279<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 328<br />
|----<br />
| Wood<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
|----<br />
| '''District heating<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Separate production<br />
| 226<br />
| 20-500<br />
| - <br />
| 226<br />
|----<br />
| Co-production<br />
| 220<br />
| dispersion<br />
| - <br />
| 220<br />
|----<br />
| '''Electricity production<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Average<br />
| 200<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 200<br />
|----<br />
| Marginal<br />
| 700<br />
| 700-900<br />
| - <br />
| 700<br />
|----<br />
| '''or<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Basic capacity<br />
| 110<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 110<br />
|----<br />
| Interval capacity<br />
| 450<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 450<br />
|----<br />
| Peak capacity<br />
| 850<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 850<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 6. CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv emission factors of energy use of buildings (kg CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv/MWh)<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
| '''Gross of building level<br />
| '''Dispersion<br />
| '''Efficiency<br />
| '''Efficienfy energy level<br />
|----<br />
| Light oil<br />
| 267<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 314<br />
|----<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 279<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 328<br />
|----<br />
| Wood<br />
| 18<br />
| - <br />
| 0.6<br />
| 30<br />
|----<br />
| '''District heating<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Separate production<br />
| 231<br />
| 20-500<br />
| - <br />
| 231<br />
|----<br />
| Co-production<br />
| 224<br />
| dispersion<br />
| - <br />
| 224<br />
|----<br />
| '''Electricity production<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Average<br />
| 204<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 204<br />
|----<br />
| Marginal<br />
| 714<br />
| 700-900<br />
| - <br />
| 714<br />
|----<br />
| '''or<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Basic capacity<br />
| 112<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 112<br />
|----<br />
| Interval capacity<br />
| 459<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 459<br />
|----<br />
| Peak capacity<br />
| 867<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 867<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Causality ===<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Unit ===<br />
<br />
mg/MJ<br />
<br />
=== Formula ===<br />
<br />
Data that have another unit than mg/MJ should be changed.<br />
<br />
e.g. t/TJ -> mg/MJ<br />
<br />
== Result ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* USEPA emission factor information web site [http://cfpub.epa.gov/oarweb/index.cfm?action=fire.main]<br />
<br />
*Tissari et al 2009 [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-4TVR26G-1&_user=953170&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000049246&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=953170&md5=0e3d0594c133bc8066aad60fc16ee88c]<br />
<br />
* PUPO loppuraportti [http://www.uku.fi/fine/src/raportit/PUPOloppuraportti2007.pdf]<br />
<br />
* Heljo et al. 2005 Rakennusten energiankulutus ja CO2-ekv päästöt Suomessa [http://www.tut.fi/units/rak/rtt/tutkimus/ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf]<br />
<br />
*Motiva 2004. Yksittäisen kohteen CO2-päästöjen laskentaohjeistus sekä käytettävät CO2-päästökertoimet [http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf]<br />
<br />
*Palosuo T. 09 [http://www.mm.helsinki.fi/mmtek/opiskelu/kurssit/y92/Taru_Palosuo_puuketjut_elinkaarianalyysi_230109.pdf]<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
*[http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_polttoaineluokitus.html]<br />
<br />
<references /></div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=BIOHER_assessment&diff=22515
BIOHER assessment
2011-09-19T06:58:31Z
<p>Pauliina: /* See also */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Assessment|moderator =Pauliina}} <br />
<br />
{{participants needed}}<br />
<br />
==Health and climate impacts of heat production in small municipalities (BIOHER)==<br />
This is assessment page of '''Bioher'''. Bioher is a research project coordinated by National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). The duration is 2008-2011. Project includes five subprojects with 1) measurement of PM and greenhouse gas emissions, 2) chemical characterization and assessment of atmospheric thermal impact of emitted PM, 3) toxicological characterization of emitted PM, 4) assessment of exposure to and health effects of current residential wood combustion, 5) assessment of health risks. <br />
<br />
Main study questions are:<br />
*How human risks differs between four heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are the costs of emissions and health effects due to different heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are climate change impacts of PM emissions and health effects due to CC?<br />
<br />
[http://en.opasnet.org/w/Image:Claih_model.ANA &nbsp;CLAIH/BIOHER analytica model ] <br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
=== Purpose ===<br />
<br />
The purpose is to evaluate PM<sub>2.5</sub> and green house gas (GHG) emissions of detached houses and small heating power plant, to assess exposure and health effects due to evaluated emissions and to define emission, heating and health effect costs. Assessment is going to compare four alternative ways to arrange decentralized energy production in communities with 2000 - 10000 inhabitants: light oil and pellets as fuel of detached houses and heavy oil and wood chips as fuel of small heating plants. In addition, environmental effects i.e. climate change (CC) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions is assessed with this model. <br />
<br />
Questions: <br />
<br />
*What would be the health effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of small power plant and individual houses in small living area (2000- 10000 inh.)? <br />
*What are GHG emissions of individual houses and small power plant and how emissions effect on CC? <br />
*What are the costs of different alternatives? <br />
*What is the optimal decision to produce energy and heat to houses?<br />
<br />
=== Boundaries ===<br />
<br />
*Energy production (single house and small energy plant level, 1-20MW) <br />
*Population (2000-10000 inh.) <br />
*Exposure for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*ER-functions for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions (-&gt;health effects) <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> climate effect (-&gt; health effects) <br />
*Household heating scenarios: <br />
**Light oil and pellets <br />
*Small heating plant scenarios:<br />
**Heavy oil and wood chips<br />
*Atmospheric thermal impact <br />
*DALY<br />
<br />
*Impacts: <br />
**Climate change<br />
**Premature mortality <br />
**Costs<br />
<br />
=== Scenarios ===<br />
<br />
Scenarios include two different fuel types of energy production in detached houses and small power plant: <br />
<br> '''Detached houses''' <br />
*light oil <br />
*Pellets<br />
<br> '''Small power plant''' <br />
*Heavy oil <br />
*Wood chips<br />
<br />
=== Intended users ===<br />
<br />
*City-level policy-makers in all sectors in Kuopio as well as everywhere else <br />
*International policy-makers related climate change <br />
*Policy-makers related health risks of fine particles and green house gases <br />
*General public <br />
*Scientists working on health risks of fine particles, green house gases and climate change <br />
*Other interested of topic<br />
<br />
=== Participants ===<br />
<br />
*Assessment and Modelling Unit of THL: [[User:Virpi Kollanus|Virpi Kollanus]], [[User:Pauliina|Pauliina]], [[User:Marko|Marko]], [[User:Mikko Pohjola|Mikko Pohjola]], [[User:Jouni|Jouni]]<br />
*Other researchers related Bioher -project<br />
<br />
==Variables==<br />
<br />
*[[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]]<br />
*[[Heating consumption of buildings]] <br />
*[[Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland]]<br />
*[[Emission factors for burning processes]]<br />
*[[ERF of PM2.5 on mortality in general population]]<br />
*[[Prices of fuels in heat production]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Other variables in the scale of Finland'''<br />
<br />
Emissions in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]] <br />
*[[CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[CH4 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[N2O emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[GHG emissions from land use change]]<br />
<br />
Exposure in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 concentration in Finland]]<br />
*[[Exposure of Finnish subpopulations to fine particles due domestic wood combustion]]<br />
*[[Intake fraction]] <br />
*[[Breathing rate]]<br />
*[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Finland]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Conclusions ==<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Analyses ===<br />
<br />
*Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses <br />
*value-of-information (VOI) analysis<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
<br />
* [http://intra.eracnet.fi/main/index.php/Bioher:Bioher Internal project website in ERACintra] <br />
*[[CLAIH assessment]]<br />
*[[Bioher stakeholder meeting 2009]]<br />
*[[Assessment on impacts of emission trading on city-level (ET-CL)]]<br />
*[http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/39675/Pienet%20chp%20laitokset.pdf?sequence=1 Pienten (<4 MW) CHP-laitosten mahdollisuudet]<br />
*[https://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/26995/Svan.Janne.pdf.pdf?sequence=1 Pientaloalueen lämmityskärjestelmien vertailu]sis.mm. kustannuslaskentaa<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/kaukolampo/kirjasto/tutkimusraportit/liitteet/pientaloalueiden%20kaukolampokriteerit_loppuraportti_20091111.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fkaukolampo%2Fkirjasto%2Ftutkimusraportit Pientaloalueiden ja -taajamien kaukolämpöön liittämisen kriteerit]<br />
*[http://era17.fi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/sitran_selvityksia_39.pdf Rakennetun ympäristön energiankäyttö ja kasvihuonekaasupäästöt]<br />
*[http://www.hsy.fi/seututieto/Documents/YTV_julkaisusarja/PJS_B_18_2003_pienpoltto_pks.pdf HSY2003:Pienpoltto pääkaupunkiseudulla]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/julkaisut%20ja%20tutkimukset/liitteet%20tutkimukset%20ja%20selvitykset/kaukolammityksenasiakasrajapinnanteknis-taloudellisetreunaehdot.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fjulkaisut Kaukolämmityksen asiakasrajapinnan teknis-taloudelliset reunaehdot sis.mm.Kaukolämpöliittymien kustannusselvitys]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/sites/default/files/kl-asiakasrajapinnan_teknistaloudelliset_rajaehdot.pdf KAUKOLÄMMITYKSEN ASIAKASRAJAPINNAN TEKNIS‐TALOUDELLISET REUNAEHDOT TUTKIMUKSEN LOPPURAPORTTI]sis. mm. kaukolämpöliittymän kustannusselvityksen<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=82087 Parhaan käyttökelpoisen tekniikan huomioonottaminen ympäristölupamenettelyssä (esimerkkinä alle 50MWn polttolaitokset)]<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706 Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut1-7)] Tästä löytyy ominaispäästökertoimet ja hyötysuhteet polttoaineittain ja polttotekniikoittain pienissä polttolaitoksissa (esim. taulukko 4). Myös tieto kuinka paljon pieniä polttolaitoksia on Suomessa.<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3708&lan=fi Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut8-19)]Täältä löytyy tietoa mm. hiukkasten poistotavoista (taulukko 23).<br />
*[http://webhotel2.tut.fi/ee/Materiaali/Ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf Heljo et al. Rakennusten energian kulutus ja CO2-ekv päästöt Suomessa]<br />
*[http://webhotel2.tut.fi/ee/Materiaali/Ekorem/EKOREM_LP_ja_sahko_raportti_051128.pdf Heljo et al. Sähkölämmitys ja lämpöpumput sähkönkäyttäjinä ja päästöjen aiheuttajina Suomessa]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/sites/default/files/lammon_ja_sahkon_yhteistuotannon_potentiaali_seka_kaukolammityksen_ja_-jaahdytyksen_tulevaisuus_suomessa.pdf Vehviläinen etal. Lämmön ja sähkön yhteistuotannon potentiaali sekä kaukolämmityksen ja -jäähdytyksen tulevaisuus Suomessa]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Health_effects]] [[Category:Classical_air_pollutants]]</div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=ERF_of_PM2.5_on_mortality_in_general_population&diff=22514
ERF of PM2.5 on mortality in general population
2011-09-19T06:48:08Z
<p>Pauliina: /* See also */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[heande:ERF of air pollution]]<br />
{{variable|moderator = Virpi Kollanus<br />
|respect = 3}}<br />
[[Category:Health effects]]<br />
[[Category:Classical air pollutants]]<br />
[[Category: CLAIH]]<br />
<br />
==Scope==<br />
<br />
'''[[ERF]] of PM<sub>2.5</sub> on mortality in general population''' describes the relationship between PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure and specific causes of mortality in general adult population. The variable focuses but is not limited to long-term (chronic) exposure.<br />
<br />
==Definition==<br />
<br />
===Data===<br />
<br />
'''PM<sub>2.5</sub>''' are fine particles less than 2.5 μm in diameter. Exposure-response function can be derived from exposure modelling, animal toxicology, small clinical or panel studies, and epidemiological studies. Exposed population can be divided into subpopulations (e.g. adults, children, infants, the elderly), and exposure is assessed per certain time period (e.g. daily or annual exposure). <br />
<br />
*Health effects related to '''short-term exposure'''<br />
**respiratory symptoms<br />
**adverse cardiovascular effects<br />
**increased medication usage<br />
**increased number of hospital admissions<br />
**increased mortality<br />
*Health effects related to '''long-term exposure''' (more relevance to public health)<br />
**increased incidence of respiratory symptoms<br />
**reduction in lung function<br />
**increased incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)<br />
**reduction in life expectancy <br />
***increased cardiopulmonary mortality<br />
***increased lung cancer mortality<br />
<br />
Sensitive subgroups: children, the elderly, individuals with heart and lung disease, individuals who are active outdoors.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Mortality effects of long-term (chronic) exposure to ambient air<br />
<br />
In principle the ERFs for long-term exposure (produced by cohort studies) should also capture the mortality effects of short-term exposure (ERFs produced by time-series studies). In practice it is likely that they do not do so fully. This is due to the so-called "harvesting" phenomenon, i.e. it is possible that acute exposure, at least to some extent, only brings forward deaths that would have happened shortly in any case. However, adding effects of acute exposure to effects of long-term exposure is problematic because the risk of double-counting. <ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/air/cafe/pdf/cba_methodology_vol2.pdf Service Contract for Carrying out Cost-Benefit Analysis of Air Quality Related Issues, in particular in the Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) Programme. Volume 2: Health Impact Assessment. AEA Technology Environment, 2005.]</ref><br />
<br />
'''''Pope et al. (2002) <ref>*Pope CA III, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Ito K & Thurston KD (2002). Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA 287(9), 1132-1141.</ref><br />
*6% increase in the risk of deaths from all causes (excluding violent death) (95% CI 2-11%) per 10 µg/m3 PM2.5 in age group 30+<br />
*12% increase in the risk of death from cardiovascular diseases and diabetes (95% CI 8-15%) per 10 µg/m3 PM2.5 in age group 30+<br />
*14% increase in the risk of death from lung cancer (95% CI 4-23%) per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>2.5</sub> in age group 30+ <br />
<br />
'''''Woodruff et al (1997) <ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1470072 Woodruff TJ, Grillo J & Schoendorf KC (1997). The relationship between selected causes of postneonatal infant mortality and particulate air pollution in the United States. Environmental Health Perspectives, 105: 608-612.]</ref><br />
*4% (95% Cl 2%-7%) increase in all-cause infant mortality per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>10</sub> (age 1 month to 1 year)<br />
<br />
<br />
''''Mortality effects of short-term (acute) exposure to ambient air PM<br />
<br />
'''''Anderson et al. 2004 <ref>[http://www.euro.who.int/document/E82792.pdf Anderson HR, Atkinson RW, Peacock JL, Marston L & Konstantinou K (2004). Meta-analysis of time-series studies and panel studies of paticulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3). Report of a WHO task group. World Health Organization.]</ref><br />
*0.6% (95% Cl 0.4%-0.8%) increase in all-cause mortality (excluding accidents) per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>10</sub> in all ages<br />
*1.3% (95% Cl 0.5%-2%) increase in respiratory mortality per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>10</sub> in all ages<br />
*0.9% (95% Cl 0.5%-1.3%) increase in cardiovascular mortality per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>10</sub> in all ages<br />
<br />
=== Unit ===<br />
<br />
Relative risk (RR) per 10 µg/m<sup>3</sup> increase in exposure<br />
<br />
== Result ==<br />
<br />
'''ERF for chronic PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure '''<br />
<br />
{|{{prettytable}}<br />
! Cause of death<br />
! RR<br />
! 95% Cl<br />
|-----<br />
| All-cause<br />
| 1.06<br />
| 1.02-1.11<br />
|-----<br />
| Cardiopulmonary<br />
| 1.09 <br />
| 1.03-1.16<br />
|-----<br />
| Lung cancer<br />
| 1.14<br />
| 1.04-1.23<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
*[http://heande.opasnet.org/wiki/Piltti:Relative_risks_of_mortality Relative risks of mortality -page in Heande]<br />
*[http://www.euro.who.int/document/E83080.pdf Health aspects of air pollution. Results from the WHO project "Systematic review of health aspects of air pollution in Europe". World Health Organization, 2004.]<br />
*Pope et al. 2004. Cardiovascular mortality and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution. Circulation (109), 71-77.<br />
*[http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/kwn232v1Robin C. Puett, Joel Schwartz, Jaime E. Hart, Jeff D. Yanosky, Frank E. Speizer, Helen Suh, Christopher J. Paciorek, Lucas M. Neas and Francine Laden: Chronic Particulate Exposure, Mortality, and Coronary Heart Disease in the Nurses’ Health Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, doi:10.1093/aje/kwn232]<br />
*[http://www.needs-project.org/docs/results/RS1b/NEEDS_Rs1b_D3.7.pdf NEEDS - New Energy Externalities Developments for Sustainability, Deliverable 3.7 "A set of concentration-response function", Integrated Project, Sixth Framework Programme, Project no. 502687.]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{mfiles}}<br />
[[Category:Exposure-response functions]]</div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Heating_systems_in_buildings_in_Finland&diff=22513
Heating systems in buildings in Finland
2011-09-19T06:46:02Z
<p>Pauliina: /* Data */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Pauliina}}<br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
Heatings systems in buildings in Finland<br />
<br />
'''Dimensions and boundaries'''<br />
<br />
*Year<br />
*Building year<br />
*Building type? e.g.<br />
**Detached house<br />
**Row house<br />
**Apartment building<br />
**Office building<br />
**Others (including traffic, health care, education, industry and storage buildings etc.)<br />
*Heating system<br />
**District heating<br />
**Oil<br />
**Wood pellet<br />
**Wood logs<br />
**Electricity<br />
**Geothermal<br />
<br />
== Definition ==<br />
<br />
=== Data ===<br />
<br />
Heat sources in buildings in Finland. based on Stat 31.12.2007 <ref>[http://pxweb2.stat.fi/Database/StatFin/Asu/rak/rak_fi.asp Tilastokeskus: rakennuskanta 31.12.2007]</ref>.<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| '''Building type<br />
| '''Heat source<br />
| '''No. of buildings<br />
| '''Floor area (m2)<br />
|----<br />
| Detached residential house<br />
| District heating<br />
| 50470<br />
| 9099770<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Oil, gas<br />
| 258329<br />
| 37807361<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Electricity<br />
| 446801<br />
| 63689441<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Coal<br />
| 6655<br />
| 755322<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Wood, peat<br />
| 262661<br />
| 29302174<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Geothermal heat<br />
| 12636<br />
| 2531745<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Other<br />
| 36507<br />
| 1936187<br />
|----<br />
| Attached residential house<br />
| District heating<br />
| 32064<br />
| 14769137<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Oil, gas<br />
| 17275<br />
| 7545957<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Electricity<br />
| 23539<br />
| 9018459<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Coal<br />
| 36<br />
| 11301<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Wood, peat<br />
| 657<br />
| 202905<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Geothermal heat<br />
| 72<br />
| 30644<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Other<br />
| 558<br />
| 133193<br />
|----<br />
| Apartment building<br />
| District heating<br />
| 41875<br />
| 75523817<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Oil, gas<br />
| 9600<br />
| 9633950<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Electricity<br />
| 2278<br />
| 1301344<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Coal<br />
| 95<br />
| 39742<br />
|----<br />
| <br />
| Wood, peat<br />
| 1119<br />
| 357568<br />
|----<br />
| <br />
| Geothermal heat<br />
| 13<br />
| 11178<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Muu, tuntematon<br />
| 409<br />
| 513657<br />
|----<br />
| Commercial<br />
| District heating<br />
| 6238<br />
| 14363006<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Oil, gas<br />
| 7526<br />
| 5353875<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Electricity<br />
| 18022<br />
| 3223063<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Coal<br />
| 59<br />
| 16580<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Wood, peat<br />
| 4153<br />
| 420794<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Geothermal heat<br />
| 81<br />
| 42316<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Other<br />
| 4690<br />
| 398743<br />
|----<br />
| Office<br />
| District heating<br />
| 4316<br />
| 14178706<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Oil, gas<br />
| 2765<br />
| 2152127<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Electricity<br />
| 2575<br />
| 883653<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Coal<br />
| 16<br />
| 4551<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Wood, peat<br />
| 199<br />
| 63219<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Geothermal heat<br />
| 7<br />
| 2937<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Other<br />
| 702<br />
| 275047<br />
|----<br />
| Transportation<br />
| District heating<br />
| 1889<br />
| 2756505<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Oil, gas<br />
| 5208<br />
| 2313672<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Electricity<br />
| 13869<br />
| 1664685<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Coal<br />
| 38<br />
| 9712<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Wood, peat<br />
| 1367<br />
| 219135<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Geothermal heat<br />
| 99<br />
| 12878<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Other<br />
| 30153<br />
| 4103841<br />
|----<br />
| Caring<br />
| District heating<br />
| 3875<br />
| 7180968<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Oil, gas<br />
| 2275<br />
| 2167474<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Electricity<br />
| 1127<br />
| 469038<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Coal<br />
| 8<br />
| 1527<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Wood, peat<br />
| 166<br />
| 77424<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Geothermal heat<br />
| 21<br />
| 11921<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Other<br />
| 262<br />
| 66628<br />
|----<br />
| Assembly<br />
| District heating<br />
| 2327<br />
| 4530082<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Oil, gas<br />
| 2619<br />
| 1771705<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Electricity<br />
| 4553<br />
| 1415724<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Coal<br />
| 16<br />
| 4434<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Wood, peat<br />
| 1102<br />
| 207127<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Geothermal heat<br />
| 20<br />
| 21303<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Other<br />
| 2697<br />
| 496903<br />
|----<br />
| Education<br />
| District heating<br />
| 3371<br />
| 12303898<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Oil, gas<br />
| 3407<br />
| 3882901<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Electricity<br />
| 1029<br />
| 419881<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Coal<br />
| 14<br />
| 20566<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Wood, peat<br />
| 782<br />
| 426369<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Geothermal heat<br />
| 11<br />
| 17746<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Other<br />
| 326<br />
| 128912<br />
|----<br />
| Industry<br />
| District heating<br />
| 5666<br />
| 18982184<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Oil, gas<br />
| 10602<br />
| 13741135<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Electricity<br />
| 10574<br />
| 5584590<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Coal<br />
| 125<br />
| 273096<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Wood, peat<br />
| 3183<br />
| 1941382<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Geothermal heat<br />
| 84<br />
| 53603<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Other<br />
| 8391<br />
| 2929981<br />
|----<br />
| Storage<br />
| District heating<br />
| 1714<br />
| 5073726<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Oil, gas<br />
| 2123<br />
| 2794808<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Electricity<br />
| 3713<br />
| 2028912<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Coal<br />
| 16<br />
| 12270<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Wood, peat<br />
| 506<br />
| 209636<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Geothermal heat<br />
| 30<br />
| 13073<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Other<br />
| 15960<br />
| 6005282<br />
|----<br />
| Other<br />
| District heating<br />
| 730<br />
| 782855<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Oil, gas<br />
| 865<br />
| 367637<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Electricity<br />
| 1240<br />
| 251162<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Coal<br />
| 18<br />
| 3758<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Wood, peat<br />
| 798<br />
| 141062<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Geothermal heat<br />
| 11<br />
| 2781<br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Other<br />
| 1766<br />
| 227560<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
Summer cottages and agricultural buildings are usually not included in these statistics.<br />
<br />
Building classification by purpose is usually based on what the main part of the floor area is used for. After year 2000, regularly inhabited recreational buildings are also classified as "detached residential houses".<br />
<br />
More information of concepts will be found from here: [http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/rak/index.html], see part "Käsitteet ja määritelmät".<br />
<br />
=== Causality ===<br />
<br />
=== Unit ===<br />
<br />
m2<br />
<br />
=== Formula ===<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>''<anacode></anacode>''</nowiki><br />
<br />
== Result ==<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[BIOHER assessment]]<br />
*[[CLAIH assessment]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
*[https://www.tut.fi/index.cfm?MainSel=11820&Sel=12849&Show=17313&siteid=129 Heljo et al. 2005: Rakennusten energiankulutus ja CO2-ekv päästöt Suomessa]<br />
[[Category:Housing]]</div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Emission_factors_for_burning_processes&diff=22508
Emission factors for burning processes
2011-09-16T10:03:42Z
<p>Pauliina: /* Emission factors for greenhousegases */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Pauliina}}<br />
[[Category: BIOHER]]<br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
What are the emission factors for burning processes in Finland?<br />
{{disclink|EF for burning processes or EF by fuel types}}<br />
<br />
== Definition ==<br />
<br />
Emission factors for burning processes is an impact assessment that take a wide perspective over environmental issues that can dealt with on a city level<br />
<br />
See discussions with the statements in the discussion page.{{disclink|Discussions of emission factors}}<br />
<br />
=== Data ===<br />
<br />
In Finland there are about 700 kettles that has under 5MW fuel power. Same amount is between 5 to 50 MW kettles and over 50 MW kettles there are 200 in Finland. One heating power plant can have several kettles. Many 5-50 MW power plants has also less than 5 MW kettle. <ref>http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706<br />
</ref> <br />
<br />
====Emission factors for PM====<br />
<br />
Next table includes emission factors for small power plants in Finland. <ref>http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706<br />
</ref> <br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| Type of plant or kettle<br />
| Fuel power (MW)<br />
| Fuel<br />
| PM separator<br />
| Emission factor (mg/MJ)<br />
| Number of plants<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| &lt;5<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| partly syklone<br />
| 20-90<br />
| 300<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 5-15<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| partly syklone<br />
| 10-70<br />
| 200<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 15-50<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| partly syklone<br />
| 5-40<br />
| 100<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| &lt;5<br />
| Light oil<br />
| - <br />
| &lt;10<br />
| 20<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 5-15<br />
| Light oil<br />
| - <br />
| &lt;10<br />
| 20<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 15-50<br />
| Light oil<br />
| - <br />
| &lt;10<br />
| 10<br />
|----<br />
| Diesel/kaasumoottori<br />
| 20-40<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| - <br />
| 30-60<br />
| 2<br />
|----<br />
| Kerrosleijukattila<br />
| 5-10<br />
| Wood<br />
| electric<br />
| 10-70<br />
| 8<br />
|----<br />
| Kerrosleijukattila<br />
| 10-50<br />
| Wood<br />
| electric<br />
| 5-30<br />
| 10<br />
|----<br />
| Kiertoleijukattila<br />
| 20-40<br />
| Wood<br />
| electric<br />
| 5-30<br />
| 4<br />
|----<br />
| Puuarinakattila<br />
| &lt;5<br />
| Wood<br />
| syklone/electric<br />
| 20-150<br />
| 120<br />
|----<br />
| Puuarinakattila<br />
| 5-10<br />
| Wood<br />
| syklone/electric<br />
| 20-150<br />
| 50<br />
|----<br />
| Puuarinakattila<br />
| 10-50<br />
| Wood<br />
| syklone/electric<br />
| 10-150<br />
| 35<br />
|----<br />
| Kaasutuskattila<br />
| 2-7<br />
| Wood<br />
| syklone<br />
| 50-150<br />
| 5<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
("Taulukoissa esitetyt ominaispäästökertoimet edustavat vaihteluväliä, joiden<br />
sisällä suurin osa yksittäisten laitosten arvoista on. Vaihteluvälit perustuvat käytettävissä<br />
olevien laitostietokantojen arvoihin (VAHTI-tiedot) ja pienten polttolaitosten<br />
päästömittaustuloksiin.")<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Emission factors for wood burning in small scale heating (e.g. secondary heating at houses) can be found from [http://wanda.uef.fi/pupo/index.html PUPO emission and toxicity database]<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+'''Table. Emissions of wood burning in different fireplaces.[http://wanda.uef.fi/pupo/index.html] <br />
| Fire place<br />
| Number of measurements<br />
| Mean (mg/MJ)<br />
| Min (mg/MJ)<br />
| Max (mg/MJ)<br />
|----<br />
| Panospoltto<br />
| 32<br />
| 76<br />
| 14.15<br />
| 224.27<br />
|----<br />
| Varaava tulisija<br />
| 22<br />
| 80<br />
| 27.97<br />
| 224.27<br />
|----<br />
| -Perinteinen<br />
| 18<br />
| 91<br />
| 30.75<br />
| 224.27<br />
|----<br />
| -Moderni<br />
| 3<br />
| 32<br />
| 27.97<br />
| 36.52<br />
|----<br />
| Kamiinat ja muut<br />
| 5<br />
| 54<br />
| 45.8<br />
| 74.2<br />
|----<br />
| Kiukaat<br />
| 1<br />
| 168<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
|----<br />
| Klapikattilat<br />
| 4<br />
| 59<br />
| 14.15<br />
| 106.14<br />
|----<br />
| -Perinteinen<br />
| 2<br />
| 102<br />
| 98.59<br />
| 106.14<br />
|----<br />
| -Moderni<br />
| 2<br />
| 16<br />
| 14.15<br />
| 17.58<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 49<br />
| 20<br />
| 5.21<br />
| 89.2<br />
|----<br />
| Pellettipoltin<br />
| 21<br />
| 21<br />
| 5.21<br />
| 89.2<br />
|----<br />
| Stokeripoltin<br />
| 5<br />
| 15<br />
| 12.21<br />
| 18.71<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Emission factors for greenhousegases==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''EFs by fuel based classification<br />
<br />
Table 1. Fuel classification and emission factors in Finland 2010. <ref>[http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_polttoaineluokitus.html]</ref> <ref>http://tilastokeskus.fi/tup/khkinv/fi_nir_150110.pdf</ref>. Definitions for classification of fuels and energy sources can be found [http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_maaritykset_2010_en.html here].<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| Code Heading<br />
|<br />
| Fuel-specific unit <br />
| CO<sub>2</sub> default emission factor [t/TJ]<br />
| <br />
| Default net calorific value (as fired) [GJ/unit]<br />
| <br />
| NB<br />
|----<br />
| 1<br />
| Fossil fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 11<br />
| Petroleum products<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 111<br />
| Petroleum gases<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1111<br />
| Refinery gas<br />
| t<br />
| 54.2<br />
| *<br />
| 49.7<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1112<br />
| LPG (Liquefied petroleum gas)<br />
| t<br />
| 65.0<br />
| <br />
| 46.2<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 112<br />
| Light distillates<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1121<br />
| Naphtha<br />
| t<br />
| 72.7<br />
| <br />
| 44.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1122<br />
| Motor gasoline<br />
| t<br />
| 72.9<br />
| <br />
| 43.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1123<br />
| Aviation gasoline<br />
| t<br />
| 71.3<br />
| <br />
| 43.7<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 113<br />
| Medium distillates<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1131<br />
| Kerosene (jet fuel)<br />
| t<br />
| 73.2<br />
| <br />
| 43.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1132<br />
| Other kerosenes<br />
| t<br />
| 71.5<br />
| *<br />
| 43.1<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1133<br />
| Diesel oil<br />
| t<br />
| 73.6<br />
| <br />
| 42.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1134<br />
| Light fuel oil (heating fuel oil)<br />
| t<br />
| 74.1<br />
| <br />
| 42.7<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1135<br />
| Gasoil (for non-road use)<br />
| t<br />
| 73.6<br />
| *<br />
| 42.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1139<br />
| Other medium distillates<br />
| t<br />
| 74.1<br />
| <br />
| 42.7<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 114<br />
| Heavy distillates<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1141<br />
| Heavy fuel oil, sulphur content &lt; 1%<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 41.1<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1142<br />
| Heavy fuel oil, sulphur content ≥ 1%<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 40.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1143<br />
| Other heavy distillates<br />
| t<br />
| 79.2<br />
| *<br />
| 40.2<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 115<br />
| Petroleum coke<br />
| t<br />
| 97.0<br />
| <br />
| 33.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 116<br />
| Recycled and waste oils<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 41.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 119<br />
| Other petroleum products<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 30.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12<br />
| Coal<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|----<br />
| 121<br />
| Hard coal<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1211<br />
| Anthracite<br />
| t<br />
| 98.3<br />
| *<br />
| 33.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1212<br />
| Hard coal, bituminous <br />
| t<br />
| 94.6<br />
| <br />
| 24.6<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 122<br />
| Other coal<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1221<br />
| Semi-bituminous coal, brown coal, lignite<br />
| t<br />
| 108.0<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1222<br />
| Coal briquettes<br />
| t<br />
| 94.6<br />
| *<br />
| 30.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1228<br />
| Coal tar<br />
| t<br />
| 90.6<br />
| *<br />
| 37.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1229<br />
| Other non-specified coal<br />
| t<br />
| 108.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 123<br />
| Coke<br />
| t<br />
| 108.0<br />
| <br />
| 29.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 124<br />
| Coke oven gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 41.5<br />
| <br />
| 16.7<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 125<br />
| Blast furnace gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 263.7<br />
| <br />
| 3.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 13<br />
| Natural gas<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 131<br />
| Natural gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 55.04<br />
| <br />
| 36.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 2<br />
| Peat<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 21<br />
| Peat<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 211<br />
| Milled peat<br />
| t<br />
| 105.9<br />
| <br />
| 10.1<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 212<br />
| Sod peat<br />
| t<br />
| 102.0<br />
| <br />
| 12.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 213<br />
| Peat pellets and briquettes<br />
| t<br />
| 97.0<br />
| <br />
| 18.0<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3<br />
| Renewable and mixed fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 31<br />
| Biomass<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 311<br />
| Forest fuelwood<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3111<br />
| Firewood (stems and split firewood)<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 14.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3112<br />
| Chips from roundwood<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 9.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3113<br />
| Forest residue chips<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 9.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 312<br />
| Industrial wood residue<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3121<br />
| Bark<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 7.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3122<br />
| Sawdust, cutter shavings etc.<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 8.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3123<br />
| Wood residue chips<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 9.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3128<br />
| Unspecified industrial wood residue<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 7.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3129<br />
| Other industrial wood residue<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| *<br />
| 8.8<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 313<br />
| Black liquor and other concentrated liquors<br />
| tka<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 11.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 314<br />
| Other by-products from wood processing <br />
| TJ<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| industry<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 315<br />
| Recovered wood<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 12.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 316<br />
| Wood pellets and briquettes<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 16.0<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 317<br />
| Vegetable-based fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|----<br />
| 3171<br />
| NEW!!Reed canary grass<br />
| t<br />
| 100.0<br />
| <br />
| 14.6<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3172<br />
| NEW!!Cereal crops and straw parts<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 13.5<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3179<br />
| NEW!! Other vegetable-based fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 15.0<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 318<br />
| Animal-based fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 109.6<br />
| <br />
| 30.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 32<br />
| Other biofuels and mixed fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 321<br />
| Biogas<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3211<br />
| Landfill gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56,1<br />
| <br />
| 17.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3212<br />
| Biogas from wastewater treatment<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56.1<br />
| <br />
| 23.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3213<br />
| Industrial biogas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56.1<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3219<br />
| Other biogas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56.1<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 322<br />
| Liquid biofuels<br />
| t<br />
| 77.4<br />
| <br />
| 30..40<br />
|<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 323<br />
| Mixed fuels (fossil and non-fossil)<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3231<br />
| Recovered fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 31.8<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3232<br />
| Demolition wood<br />
| t<br />
| 17.0<br />
| <br />
| 15.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3233<br />
| Impregnated wood (chemically treated)<br />
| t<br />
| 11.4<br />
| <br />
| 12.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3234<br />
| NEW!! Deinking sludge <br />
| t<br />
| 60.0<br />
| <br />
| 4.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3238<br />
| NEW!!Municipal waste (unsorted)<br />
| t<br />
| 40.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3239<br />
| Other mixed fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 110.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 324<br />
| Gasified waste (Product gas)<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| ..<br />
| <br />
| ..<br />
| <br />
| 2)<br />
|----<br />
| 325<br />
| NEW!!Biosludge<br />
| t<br />
| 109.6<br />
| <br />
| 2.5<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 4<br />
| Other energy sources<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 41<br />
| Nuclear energy<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 411<br />
| Nuclear energy<br />
| TJ<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 49<br />
| Others<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 491<br />
| Other by-products and wastes used as fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4911<br />
| Plastics waste<br />
| t<br />
| 74.1<br />
| <br />
| 33.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4912<br />
| Rubber waste<br />
| t<br />
| 90.0<br />
| <br />
| 33.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4913<br />
| Hazardous waste<br />
| t<br />
| 117.0<br />
| *<br />
| 10.0<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4919<br />
| Other waste<br />
| t<br />
| 75.0<br />
| <br />
| 15.0<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 492<br />
| Exothermic heat from industry<br />
| TJ<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 493<br />
| Secondary heat from industry<br />
| TJ<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 494<br />
| Electricity<br />
| MWh<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 495<br />
| Steam<br />
| MWh<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 497<br />
| NEW!!Sulphur<br />
| t<br />
| 0.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 498<br />
| Hydrogen<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 0.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 499<br />
| Other non-specified energy sources<br />
| TJ<br />
| ..<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
NB<br />
<br />
BIO = biofuel, whose carbon dioxide emissions are not counted in the total emission amounts of Finland's greenhouse gases, nor are they taken into account in emissions trading.<br />
<br />
1) CO<sub>2</sub> factor of mixed fuels is an estimate taking into account only the share of fossil carbon.<br />
<br />
2) Gasified waste (Product gas) is reported in the fuel categories of the source materials of gasification.<br />
<br />
Calorific values and emission coefficients describe the properties of fuel as fired,<br />
inclusive of moisture content (except for 313, where the measurement unit is tonnes of dry matter).<br />
Calorific value of natural gas has been specified in normal conditions (0 °C and 1.013 bar).<br />
<br />
Emission factors are updated when necessary. <br />
<br />
(* Revised values.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Emission factors for district heating is calculated in [http://www.motiva.fi/en/ Motiva] CO<sub>2</sub> emission calculation introductions<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref>. <br />
For district heating joint production emission factor is 220 kg CO<sub>2</sub>/MWh. In this view other GHGs (CH<sub>4</sub> or N<sub>2</sub>O) are not taken account as CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv!<br />
Emission factors by fuel based on [http://www.motiva.fi/en/ Motiva] knowledge is in table 2. <br />
<br />
Table 2. Emission factors of CO<sub>2</sub> by fuel<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref>.<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| Fuels<br />
| kg CO<sub>2</sub>/MWh<br />
|----<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 279<br />
|----<br />
| Light oil<br />
| 267<br />
|----<br />
| Gas<br />
| 202<br />
|----<br />
| Fluid gas<br />
| 227<br />
|----<br />
| Peat<br />
| 382<br />
|----<br />
| Coal<br />
| 341<br />
|----<br />
| Coke<br />
| 389<br />
|----<br />
| Wood<br />
| 0<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
CO2 EF for electricity can be classified in two categories: purchase electricity and own production. EF for purchase electricity is the same as own electricity vendor has informed or average Finnish electricity procurement CO2 EF (= 200 kg CO2/MWh). EF for own electricity production can be used EF from table 2 (fuel based EFs). If electricity is produced in combined electricity, heating production EFs are calculated with “benefit division method”. Method is explained in Motiva introduction<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref> (attachment 2).<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 4. Average emission factors measured with differed gas analyzator (kk) and FTIR analyzator <ref>http://www.uku.fi/fine/src/raportit/PUPOloppuraportti2007.pdf</ref>.<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
| Ordinary combustion<br />
| Distribution (%)<br />
| Bad combustion<br />
| Distribution (%)<br />
| Unit<br />
|----<br />
| Temperature of gas<br />
| 253<br />
| 1<br />
| 159<br />
| 17<br />
| Celsius<br />
|----<br />
| CO2 (kk)<br />
| 7.3<br />
| 5<br />
| 11<br />
| 8<br />
| %, dry<br />
|----<br />
| O2 (kk)<br />
| 13.3<br />
| 3<br />
| 8.7<br />
| 14<br />
| %, dry<br />
|----<br />
| H2O (FTIR)<br />
| 6.5<br />
| 4<br />
| 7.7<br />
| - <br />
| %, wet<br />
|----<br />
| CO (kk)<br />
| 2300<br />
| 10<br />
| 8100<br />
| 29<br />
| mg/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| CO (FTIR)<br />
| 2000<br />
| 11<br />
| 5700<br />
| - <br />
| mg/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| OGC (kk)<br />
| 120<br />
| 17<br />
| 1700<br />
| 46<br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| OGC (FTIR)<br />
| 160<br />
| 24<br />
| 1500<br />
| - <br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| CH4 (FTIR)<br />
| 30<br />
| 22<br />
| 350<br />
| - <br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| C6H6 (FTIR)<br />
| 20<br />
| 27<br />
| 210<br />
| - <br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 5 and 6 are from Heljo et al 2005<ref>http://www.tut.fi/units/rak/rtt/tutkimus/ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf</ref>. Coefficient of CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv/CO<sub>2</sub> as 1.02 is used in transformation CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors to CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv. factors for electricity and district heating.<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 5. CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors of energy use of buildings (kg CO<sub>2</sub>/MWh)<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
| '''Gross of building level<br />
| '''Dispersion<br />
| '''Efficiency<br />
| '''Efficienfy energy level<br />
|----<br />
| Light oil<br />
| 267<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 314<br />
|----<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 279<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 328<br />
|----<br />
| Wood<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
|----<br />
| '''District heating<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Separate production<br />
| 226<br />
| 20-500<br />
| - <br />
| 226<br />
|----<br />
| Co-production<br />
| 220<br />
| dispersion<br />
| - <br />
| 220<br />
|----<br />
| '''Electricity production<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Average<br />
| 200<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 200<br />
|----<br />
| Marginal<br />
| 700<br />
| 700-900<br />
| - <br />
| 700<br />
|----<br />
| '''or<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Basic capacity<br />
| 110<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 110<br />
|----<br />
| Interval capacity<br />
| 450<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 450<br />
|----<br />
| Peak capacity<br />
| 850<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 850<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 6. CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv emission factors of energy use of buildings (kg CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv/MWh)<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
| '''Gross of building level<br />
| '''Dispersion<br />
| '''Efficiency<br />
| '''Efficienfy energy level<br />
|----<br />
| Light oil<br />
| 267<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 314<br />
|----<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 279<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 328<br />
|----<br />
| Wood<br />
| 18<br />
| - <br />
| 0.6<br />
| 30<br />
|----<br />
| '''District heating<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Separate production<br />
| 231<br />
| 20-500<br />
| - <br />
| 231<br />
|----<br />
| Co-production<br />
| 224<br />
| dispersion<br />
| - <br />
| 224<br />
|----<br />
| '''Electricity production<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Average<br />
| 204<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 204<br />
|----<br />
| Marginal<br />
| 714<br />
| 700-900<br />
| - <br />
| 714<br />
|----<br />
| '''or<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Basic capacity<br />
| 112<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 112<br />
|----<br />
| Interval capacity<br />
| 459<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 459<br />
|----<br />
| Peak capacity<br />
| 867<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 867<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Causality ===<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Unit ===<br />
<br />
mg/MJ<br />
<br />
=== Formula ===<br />
<br />
Data that have another unit than mg/MJ should be changed.<br />
<br />
e.g. t/TJ -> mg/MJ<br />
<br />
== Result ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* USEPA emission factor information web site [http://cfpub.epa.gov/oarweb/index.cfm?action=fire.main]<br />
<br />
*Tissari et al 2009 [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-4TVR26G-1&_user=953170&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000049246&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=953170&md5=0e3d0594c133bc8066aad60fc16ee88c]<br />
<br />
* PUPO loppuraportti [http://www.uku.fi/fine/src/raportit/PUPOloppuraportti2007.pdf]<br />
<br />
* Heljo et al. 2005 Rakennusten energiankulutus ja CO2-ekv päästöt Suomessa [http://www.tut.fi/units/rak/rtt/tutkimus/ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf]<br />
<br />
*Motiva 2004. Yksittäisen kohteen CO2-päästöjen laskentaohjeistus sekä käytettävät CO2-päästökertoimet [http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf]<br />
<br />
*Palosuo T. 09 [http://www.mm.helsinki.fi/mmtek/opiskelu/kurssit/y92/Taru_Palosuo_puuketjut_elinkaarianalyysi_230109.pdf]<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
*[http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_polttoaineluokitus.html]<br />
<br />
<references /></div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Emission_factors_for_burning_processes&diff=22507
Emission factors for burning processes
2011-09-16T10:00:00Z
<p>Pauliina: /* Emission factors for PM */ Emissions from PUPO</p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Pauliina}}<br />
[[Category: BIOHER]]<br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
What are the emission factors for burning processes in Finland?<br />
{{disclink|EF for burning processes or EF by fuel types}}<br />
<br />
== Definition ==<br />
<br />
Emission factors for burning processes is an impact assessment that take a wide perspective over environmental issues that can dealt with on a city level<br />
<br />
See discussions with the statements in the discussion page.{{disclink|Discussions of emission factors}}<br />
<br />
=== Data ===<br />
<br />
In Finland there are about 700 kettles that has under 5MW fuel power. Same amount is between 5 to 50 MW kettles and over 50 MW kettles there are 200 in Finland. One heating power plant can have several kettles. Many 5-50 MW power plants has also less than 5 MW kettle. <ref>http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706<br />
</ref> <br />
<br />
====Emission factors for PM====<br />
<br />
Next table includes emission factors for small power plants in Finland. <ref>http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706<br />
</ref> <br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| Type of plant or kettle<br />
| Fuel power (MW)<br />
| Fuel<br />
| PM separator<br />
| Emission factor (mg/MJ)<br />
| Number of plants<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| &lt;5<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| partly syklone<br />
| 20-90<br />
| 300<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 5-15<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| partly syklone<br />
| 10-70<br />
| 200<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 15-50<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| partly syklone<br />
| 5-40<br />
| 100<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| &lt;5<br />
| Light oil<br />
| - <br />
| &lt;10<br />
| 20<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 5-15<br />
| Light oil<br />
| - <br />
| &lt;10<br />
| 20<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 15-50<br />
| Light oil<br />
| - <br />
| &lt;10<br />
| 10<br />
|----<br />
| Diesel/kaasumoottori<br />
| 20-40<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| - <br />
| 30-60<br />
| 2<br />
|----<br />
| Kerrosleijukattila<br />
| 5-10<br />
| Wood<br />
| electric<br />
| 10-70<br />
| 8<br />
|----<br />
| Kerrosleijukattila<br />
| 10-50<br />
| Wood<br />
| electric<br />
| 5-30<br />
| 10<br />
|----<br />
| Kiertoleijukattila<br />
| 20-40<br />
| Wood<br />
| electric<br />
| 5-30<br />
| 4<br />
|----<br />
| Puuarinakattila<br />
| &lt;5<br />
| Wood<br />
| syklone/electric<br />
| 20-150<br />
| 120<br />
|----<br />
| Puuarinakattila<br />
| 5-10<br />
| Wood<br />
| syklone/electric<br />
| 20-150<br />
| 50<br />
|----<br />
| Puuarinakattila<br />
| 10-50<br />
| Wood<br />
| syklone/electric<br />
| 10-150<br />
| 35<br />
|----<br />
| Kaasutuskattila<br />
| 2-7<br />
| Wood<br />
| syklone<br />
| 50-150<br />
| 5<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
("Taulukoissa esitetyt ominaispäästökertoimet edustavat vaihteluväliä, joiden<br />
sisällä suurin osa yksittäisten laitosten arvoista on. Vaihteluvälit perustuvat käytettävissä<br />
olevien laitostietokantojen arvoihin (VAHTI-tiedot) ja pienten polttolaitosten<br />
päästömittaustuloksiin.")<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Emission factors for wood burning in small scale heating (e.g. secondary heating at houses) can be found from [http://wanda.uef.fi/pupo/index.html PUPO emission and toxicity database]<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+'''Table. Emissions of wood burning in different fireplaces.[http://wanda.uef.fi/pupo/index.html] <br />
| Fire place<br />
| Number of measurements<br />
| Mean (mg/MJ)<br />
| Min (mg/MJ)<br />
| Max (mg/MJ)<br />
|----<br />
| Panospoltto<br />
| 32<br />
| 76<br />
| 14.15<br />
| 224.27<br />
|----<br />
| Varaava tulisija<br />
| 22<br />
| 80<br />
| 27.97<br />
| 224.27<br />
|----<br />
| -Perinteinen<br />
| 18<br />
| 91<br />
| 30.75<br />
| 224.27<br />
|----<br />
| -Moderni<br />
| 3<br />
| 32<br />
| 27.97<br />
| 36.52<br />
|----<br />
| Kamiinat ja muut<br />
| 5<br />
| 54<br />
| 45.8<br />
| 74.2<br />
|----<br />
| Kiukaat<br />
| 1<br />
| 168<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
|----<br />
| Klapikattilat<br />
| 4<br />
| 59<br />
| 14.15<br />
| 106.14<br />
|----<br />
| -Perinteinen<br />
| 2<br />
| 102<br />
| 98.59<br />
| 106.14<br />
|----<br />
| -Moderni<br />
| 2<br />
| 16<br />
| 14.15<br />
| 17.58<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 49<br />
| 20<br />
| 5.21<br />
| 89.2<br />
|----<br />
| Pellettipoltin<br />
| 21<br />
| 21<br />
| 5.21<br />
| 89.2<br />
|----<br />
| Stokeripoltin<br />
| 5<br />
| 15<br />
| 12.21<br />
| 18.71<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Emission factors for greenhousegases====<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''EFs by fuel based classification<br />
<br />
Table 1. Fuel classification and emission factors in Finland 2010. <ref>[http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_polttoaineluokitus.html]</ref> <ref>http://tilastokeskus.fi/tup/khkinv/fi_nir_150110.pdf</ref>. Definitions for classification of fuels and energy sources can be found [http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_maaritykset_2010_en.html here].<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| Code Heading<br />
|<br />
| Fuel-specific unit <br />
| CO<sub>2</sub> default emission factor [t/TJ]<br />
| <br />
| Default net calorific value (as fired) [GJ/unit]<br />
| <br />
| NB<br />
|----<br />
| 1<br />
| Fossil fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 11<br />
| Petroleum products<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 111<br />
| Petroleum gases<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1111<br />
| Refinery gas<br />
| t<br />
| 54.2<br />
| *<br />
| 49.7<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1112<br />
| LPG (Liquefied petroleum gas)<br />
| t<br />
| 65.0<br />
| <br />
| 46.2<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 112<br />
| Light distillates<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1121<br />
| Naphtha<br />
| t<br />
| 72.7<br />
| <br />
| 44.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1122<br />
| Motor gasoline<br />
| t<br />
| 72.9<br />
| <br />
| 43.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1123<br />
| Aviation gasoline<br />
| t<br />
| 71.3<br />
| <br />
| 43.7<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 113<br />
| Medium distillates<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1131<br />
| Kerosene (jet fuel)<br />
| t<br />
| 73.2<br />
| <br />
| 43.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1132<br />
| Other kerosenes<br />
| t<br />
| 71.5<br />
| *<br />
| 43.1<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1133<br />
| Diesel oil<br />
| t<br />
| 73.6<br />
| <br />
| 42.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1134<br />
| Light fuel oil (heating fuel oil)<br />
| t<br />
| 74.1<br />
| <br />
| 42.7<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1135<br />
| Gasoil (for non-road use)<br />
| t<br />
| 73.6<br />
| *<br />
| 42.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1139<br />
| Other medium distillates<br />
| t<br />
| 74.1<br />
| <br />
| 42.7<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 114<br />
| Heavy distillates<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1141<br />
| Heavy fuel oil, sulphur content &lt; 1%<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 41.1<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1142<br />
| Heavy fuel oil, sulphur content ≥ 1%<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 40.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1143<br />
| Other heavy distillates<br />
| t<br />
| 79.2<br />
| *<br />
| 40.2<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 115<br />
| Petroleum coke<br />
| t<br />
| 97.0<br />
| <br />
| 33.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 116<br />
| Recycled and waste oils<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 41.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 119<br />
| Other petroleum products<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 30.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12<br />
| Coal<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|----<br />
| 121<br />
| Hard coal<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1211<br />
| Anthracite<br />
| t<br />
| 98.3<br />
| *<br />
| 33.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1212<br />
| Hard coal, bituminous <br />
| t<br />
| 94.6<br />
| <br />
| 24.6<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 122<br />
| Other coal<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1221<br />
| Semi-bituminous coal, brown coal, lignite<br />
| t<br />
| 108.0<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1222<br />
| Coal briquettes<br />
| t<br />
| 94.6<br />
| *<br />
| 30.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1228<br />
| Coal tar<br />
| t<br />
| 90.6<br />
| *<br />
| 37.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1229<br />
| Other non-specified coal<br />
| t<br />
| 108.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 123<br />
| Coke<br />
| t<br />
| 108.0<br />
| <br />
| 29.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 124<br />
| Coke oven gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 41.5<br />
| <br />
| 16.7<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 125<br />
| Blast furnace gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 263.7<br />
| <br />
| 3.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 13<br />
| Natural gas<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 131<br />
| Natural gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 55.04<br />
| <br />
| 36.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 2<br />
| Peat<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 21<br />
| Peat<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 211<br />
| Milled peat<br />
| t<br />
| 105.9<br />
| <br />
| 10.1<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 212<br />
| Sod peat<br />
| t<br />
| 102.0<br />
| <br />
| 12.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 213<br />
| Peat pellets and briquettes<br />
| t<br />
| 97.0<br />
| <br />
| 18.0<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3<br />
| Renewable and mixed fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 31<br />
| Biomass<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 311<br />
| Forest fuelwood<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3111<br />
| Firewood (stems and split firewood)<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 14.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3112<br />
| Chips from roundwood<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 9.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3113<br />
| Forest residue chips<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 9.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 312<br />
| Industrial wood residue<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3121<br />
| Bark<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 7.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3122<br />
| Sawdust, cutter shavings etc.<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 8.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3123<br />
| Wood residue chips<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 9.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3128<br />
| Unspecified industrial wood residue<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 7.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3129<br />
| Other industrial wood residue<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| *<br />
| 8.8<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 313<br />
| Black liquor and other concentrated liquors<br />
| tka<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 11.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 314<br />
| Other by-products from wood processing <br />
| TJ<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| industry<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 315<br />
| Recovered wood<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 12.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 316<br />
| Wood pellets and briquettes<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 16.0<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 317<br />
| Vegetable-based fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|----<br />
| 3171<br />
| NEW!!Reed canary grass<br />
| t<br />
| 100.0<br />
| <br />
| 14.6<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3172<br />
| NEW!!Cereal crops and straw parts<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 13.5<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3179<br />
| NEW!! Other vegetable-based fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 15.0<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 318<br />
| Animal-based fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 109.6<br />
| <br />
| 30.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 32<br />
| Other biofuels and mixed fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 321<br />
| Biogas<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3211<br />
| Landfill gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56,1<br />
| <br />
| 17.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3212<br />
| Biogas from wastewater treatment<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56.1<br />
| <br />
| 23.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3213<br />
| Industrial biogas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56.1<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3219<br />
| Other biogas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56.1<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 322<br />
| Liquid biofuels<br />
| t<br />
| 77.4<br />
| <br />
| 30..40<br />
|<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 323<br />
| Mixed fuels (fossil and non-fossil)<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3231<br />
| Recovered fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 31.8<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3232<br />
| Demolition wood<br />
| t<br />
| 17.0<br />
| <br />
| 15.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3233<br />
| Impregnated wood (chemically treated)<br />
| t<br />
| 11.4<br />
| <br />
| 12.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3234<br />
| NEW!! Deinking sludge <br />
| t<br />
| 60.0<br />
| <br />
| 4.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3238<br />
| NEW!!Municipal waste (unsorted)<br />
| t<br />
| 40.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3239<br />
| Other mixed fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 110.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 324<br />
| Gasified waste (Product gas)<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| ..<br />
| <br />
| ..<br />
| <br />
| 2)<br />
|----<br />
| 325<br />
| NEW!!Biosludge<br />
| t<br />
| 109.6<br />
| <br />
| 2.5<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 4<br />
| Other energy sources<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 41<br />
| Nuclear energy<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 411<br />
| Nuclear energy<br />
| TJ<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 49<br />
| Others<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 491<br />
| Other by-products and wastes used as fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4911<br />
| Plastics waste<br />
| t<br />
| 74.1<br />
| <br />
| 33.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4912<br />
| Rubber waste<br />
| t<br />
| 90.0<br />
| <br />
| 33.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4913<br />
| Hazardous waste<br />
| t<br />
| 117.0<br />
| *<br />
| 10.0<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4919<br />
| Other waste<br />
| t<br />
| 75.0<br />
| <br />
| 15.0<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 492<br />
| Exothermic heat from industry<br />
| TJ<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 493<br />
| Secondary heat from industry<br />
| TJ<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 494<br />
| Electricity<br />
| MWh<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 495<br />
| Steam<br />
| MWh<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 497<br />
| NEW!!Sulphur<br />
| t<br />
| 0.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 498<br />
| Hydrogen<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 0.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 499<br />
| Other non-specified energy sources<br />
| TJ<br />
| ..<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
NB<br />
<br />
BIO = biofuel, whose carbon dioxide emissions are not counted in the total emission amounts of Finland's greenhouse gases, nor are they taken into account in emissions trading.<br />
<br />
1) CO<sub>2</sub> factor of mixed fuels is an estimate taking into account only the share of fossil carbon.<br />
<br />
2) Gasified waste (Product gas) is reported in the fuel categories of the source materials of gasification.<br />
<br />
Calorific values and emission coefficients describe the properties of fuel as fired,<br />
inclusive of moisture content (except for 313, where the measurement unit is tonnes of dry matter).<br />
Calorific value of natural gas has been specified in normal conditions (0 °C and 1.013 bar).<br />
<br />
Emission factors are updated when necessary. <br />
<br />
(* Revised values.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Emission factors for district heating is calculated in [http://www.motiva.fi/en/ Motiva] CO<sub>2</sub> emission calculation introductions<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref>. <br />
For district heating joint production emission factor is 220 kg CO<sub>2</sub>/MWh. In this view other GHGs (CH<sub>4</sub> or N<sub>2</sub>O) are not taken account as CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv!<br />
Emission factors by fuel based on [http://www.motiva.fi/en/ Motiva] knowledge is in table 2. <br />
<br />
Table 2. Emission factors of CO<sub>2</sub> by fuel<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref>.<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| Fuels<br />
| kg CO<sub>2</sub>/MWh<br />
|----<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 279<br />
|----<br />
| Light oil<br />
| 267<br />
|----<br />
| Gas<br />
| 202<br />
|----<br />
| Fluid gas<br />
| 227<br />
|----<br />
| Peat<br />
| 382<br />
|----<br />
| Coal<br />
| 341<br />
|----<br />
| Coke<br />
| 389<br />
|----<br />
| Wood<br />
| 0<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
CO2 EF for electricity can be classified in two categories: purchase electricity and own production. EF for purchase electricity is the same as own electricity vendor has informed or average Finnish electricity procurement CO2 EF (= 200 kg CO2/MWh). EF for own electricity production can be used EF from table 2 (fuel based EFs). If electricity is produced in combined electricity, heating production EFs are calculated with “benefit division method”. Method is explained in Motiva introduction<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref> (attachment 2).<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 4. Average emission factors measured with differed gas analyzator (kk) and FTIR analyzator <ref>http://www.uku.fi/fine/src/raportit/PUPOloppuraportti2007.pdf</ref>.<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
| Ordinary combustion<br />
| Distribution (%)<br />
| Bad combustion<br />
| Distribution (%)<br />
| Unit<br />
|----<br />
| Temperature of gas<br />
| 253<br />
| 1<br />
| 159<br />
| 17<br />
| Celsius<br />
|----<br />
| CO2 (kk)<br />
| 7.3<br />
| 5<br />
| 11<br />
| 8<br />
| %, dry<br />
|----<br />
| O2 (kk)<br />
| 13.3<br />
| 3<br />
| 8.7<br />
| 14<br />
| %, dry<br />
|----<br />
| H2O (FTIR)<br />
| 6.5<br />
| 4<br />
| 7.7<br />
| - <br />
| %, wet<br />
|----<br />
| CO (kk)<br />
| 2300<br />
| 10<br />
| 8100<br />
| 29<br />
| mg/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| CO (FTIR)<br />
| 2000<br />
| 11<br />
| 5700<br />
| - <br />
| mg/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| OGC (kk)<br />
| 120<br />
| 17<br />
| 1700<br />
| 46<br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| OGC (FTIR)<br />
| 160<br />
| 24<br />
| 1500<br />
| - <br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| CH4 (FTIR)<br />
| 30<br />
| 22<br />
| 350<br />
| - <br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| C6H6 (FTIR)<br />
| 20<br />
| 27<br />
| 210<br />
| - <br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 5 and 6 are from Heljo et al 2005<ref>http://www.tut.fi/units/rak/rtt/tutkimus/ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf</ref>. Coefficient of CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv/CO<sub>2</sub> as 1.02 is used in transformation CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors to CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv. factors for electricity and district heating.<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 5. CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors of energy use of buildings (kg CO<sub>2</sub>/MWh)<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
| '''Gross of building level<br />
| '''Dispersion<br />
| '''Efficiency<br />
| '''Efficienfy energy level<br />
|----<br />
| Light oil<br />
| 267<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 314<br />
|----<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 279<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 328<br />
|----<br />
| Wood<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
|----<br />
| '''District heating<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Separate production<br />
| 226<br />
| 20-500<br />
| - <br />
| 226<br />
|----<br />
| Co-production<br />
| 220<br />
| dispersion<br />
| - <br />
| 220<br />
|----<br />
| '''Electricity production<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Average<br />
| 200<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 200<br />
|----<br />
| Marginal<br />
| 700<br />
| 700-900<br />
| - <br />
| 700<br />
|----<br />
| '''or<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Basic capacity<br />
| 110<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 110<br />
|----<br />
| Interval capacity<br />
| 450<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 450<br />
|----<br />
| Peak capacity<br />
| 850<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 850<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 6. CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv emission factors of energy use of buildings (kg CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv/MWh)<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
| '''Gross of building level<br />
| '''Dispersion<br />
| '''Efficiency<br />
| '''Efficienfy energy level<br />
|----<br />
| Light oil<br />
| 267<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 314<br />
|----<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 279<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 328<br />
|----<br />
| Wood<br />
| 18<br />
| - <br />
| 0.6<br />
| 30<br />
|----<br />
| '''District heating<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Separate production<br />
| 231<br />
| 20-500<br />
| - <br />
| 231<br />
|----<br />
| Co-production<br />
| 224<br />
| dispersion<br />
| - <br />
| 224<br />
|----<br />
| '''Electricity production<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Average<br />
| 204<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 204<br />
|----<br />
| Marginal<br />
| 714<br />
| 700-900<br />
| - <br />
| 714<br />
|----<br />
| '''or<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Basic capacity<br />
| 112<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 112<br />
|----<br />
| Interval capacity<br />
| 459<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 459<br />
|----<br />
| Peak capacity<br />
| 867<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 867<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Causality ===<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Unit ===<br />
<br />
mg/MJ<br />
<br />
=== Formula ===<br />
<br />
Data that have another unit than mg/MJ should be changed.<br />
<br />
e.g. t/TJ -> mg/MJ<br />
<br />
== Result ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* USEPA emission factor information web site [http://cfpub.epa.gov/oarweb/index.cfm?action=fire.main]<br />
<br />
*Tissari et al 2009 [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-4TVR26G-1&_user=953170&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000049246&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=953170&md5=0e3d0594c133bc8066aad60fc16ee88c]<br />
<br />
* PUPO loppuraportti [http://www.uku.fi/fine/src/raportit/PUPOloppuraportti2007.pdf]<br />
<br />
* Heljo et al. 2005 Rakennusten energiankulutus ja CO2-ekv päästöt Suomessa [http://www.tut.fi/units/rak/rtt/tutkimus/ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf]<br />
<br />
*Motiva 2004. Yksittäisen kohteen CO2-päästöjen laskentaohjeistus sekä käytettävät CO2-päästökertoimet [http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf]<br />
<br />
*Palosuo T. 09 [http://www.mm.helsinki.fi/mmtek/opiskelu/kurssit/y92/Taru_Palosuo_puuketjut_elinkaarianalyysi_230109.pdf]<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
*[http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_polttoaineluokitus.html]<br />
<br />
<references /></div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Emission_factors_for_burning_processes&diff=22503
Emission factors for burning processes
2011-09-14T12:16:53Z
<p>Pauliina: /* Data */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Pauliina}}<br />
[[Category: BIOHER]]<br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
What are the emission factors for burning processes in Finland?<br />
{{disclink|EF for burning processes or EF by fuel types}}<br />
<br />
== Definition ==<br />
<br />
Emission factors for burning processes is an impact assessment that take a wide perspective over environmental issues that can dealt with on a city level<br />
<br />
See discussions with the statements in the discussion page.{{disclink|Discussions of emission factors}}<br />
<br />
=== Data ===<br />
<br />
In Finland there are about 700 kettles that has under 5MW fuel power. Same amount is between 5 to 50 MW kettles and over 50 MW kettles there are 200 in Finland. One heating power plant can have several kettles. Many 5-50 MW power plants has also less than 5 MW kettle. <ref>http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706<br />
</ref> <br />
<br />
====Emission factors for PM====<br />
<br />
Next table includes emission factors for small power plants in Finland. <ref>http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706<br />
</ref> <br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| Type of plant or kettle<br />
| Fuel power (MW)<br />
| Fuel<br />
| PM separator<br />
| Emission factor (mg/MJ)<br />
| Number of plants<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| &lt;5<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| partly syklone<br />
| 20-90<br />
| 300<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 5-15<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| partly syklone<br />
| 10-70<br />
| 200<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 15-50<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| partly syklone<br />
| 5-40<br />
| 100<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| &lt;5<br />
| Light oil<br />
| - <br />
| &lt;10<br />
| 20<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 5-15<br />
| Light oil<br />
| - <br />
| &lt;10<br />
| 20<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 15-50<br />
| Light oil<br />
| - <br />
| &lt;10<br />
| 10<br />
|----<br />
| Diesel/kaasumoottori<br />
| 20-40<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| - <br />
| 30-60<br />
| 2<br />
|----<br />
| Kerrosleijukattila<br />
| 5-10<br />
| Wood<br />
| electric<br />
| 10-70<br />
| 8<br />
|----<br />
| Kerrosleijukattila<br />
| 10-50<br />
| Wood<br />
| electric<br />
| 5-30<br />
| 10<br />
|----<br />
| Kiertoleijukattila<br />
| 20-40<br />
| Wood<br />
| electric<br />
| 5-30<br />
| 4<br />
|----<br />
| Puuarinakattila<br />
| &lt;5<br />
| Wood<br />
| syklone/electric<br />
| 20-150<br />
| 120<br />
|----<br />
| Puuarinakattila<br />
| 5-10<br />
| Wood<br />
| syklone/electric<br />
| 20-150<br />
| 50<br />
|----<br />
| Puuarinakattila<br />
| 10-50<br />
| Wood<br />
| syklone/electric<br />
| 10-150<br />
| 35<br />
|----<br />
| Kaasutuskattila<br />
| 2-7<br />
| Wood<br />
| syklone<br />
| 50-150<br />
| 5<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
("Taulukoissa esitetyt ominaispäästökertoimet edustavat vaihteluväliä, joiden<br />
sisällä suurin osa yksittäisten laitosten arvoista on. Vaihteluvälit perustuvat käytettävissä<br />
olevien laitostietokantojen arvoihin (VAHTI-tiedot) ja pienten polttolaitosten<br />
päästömittaustuloksiin.")<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Emission factors for wood burning in small scale heating (e.g. secondary heating at houses) can be found from [http://wanda.uef.fi/pupo/index.html PUPO emission and toxicity database]<br />
<br />
====Emission factors for greenhousegases====<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''EFs by fuel based classification<br />
<br />
Table 1. Fuel classification and emission factors in Finland 2010. <ref>[http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_polttoaineluokitus.html]</ref> <ref>http://tilastokeskus.fi/tup/khkinv/fi_nir_150110.pdf</ref>. Definitions for classification of fuels and energy sources can be found [http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_maaritykset_2010_en.html here].<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| Code Heading<br />
|<br />
| Fuel-specific unit <br />
| CO<sub>2</sub> default emission factor [t/TJ]<br />
| <br />
| Default net calorific value (as fired) [GJ/unit]<br />
| <br />
| NB<br />
|----<br />
| 1<br />
| Fossil fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 11<br />
| Petroleum products<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 111<br />
| Petroleum gases<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1111<br />
| Refinery gas<br />
| t<br />
| 54.2<br />
| *<br />
| 49.7<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1112<br />
| LPG (Liquefied petroleum gas)<br />
| t<br />
| 65.0<br />
| <br />
| 46.2<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 112<br />
| Light distillates<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1121<br />
| Naphtha<br />
| t<br />
| 72.7<br />
| <br />
| 44.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1122<br />
| Motor gasoline<br />
| t<br />
| 72.9<br />
| <br />
| 43.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1123<br />
| Aviation gasoline<br />
| t<br />
| 71.3<br />
| <br />
| 43.7<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 113<br />
| Medium distillates<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1131<br />
| Kerosene (jet fuel)<br />
| t<br />
| 73.2<br />
| <br />
| 43.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1132<br />
| Other kerosenes<br />
| t<br />
| 71.5<br />
| *<br />
| 43.1<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1133<br />
| Diesel oil<br />
| t<br />
| 73.6<br />
| <br />
| 42.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1134<br />
| Light fuel oil (heating fuel oil)<br />
| t<br />
| 74.1<br />
| <br />
| 42.7<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1135<br />
| Gasoil (for non-road use)<br />
| t<br />
| 73.6<br />
| *<br />
| 42.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1139<br />
| Other medium distillates<br />
| t<br />
| 74.1<br />
| <br />
| 42.7<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 114<br />
| Heavy distillates<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1141<br />
| Heavy fuel oil, sulphur content &lt; 1%<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 41.1<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1142<br />
| Heavy fuel oil, sulphur content ≥ 1%<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 40.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1143<br />
| Other heavy distillates<br />
| t<br />
| 79.2<br />
| *<br />
| 40.2<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 115<br />
| Petroleum coke<br />
| t<br />
| 97.0<br />
| <br />
| 33.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 116<br />
| Recycled and waste oils<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 41.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 119<br />
| Other petroleum products<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 30.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12<br />
| Coal<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|----<br />
| 121<br />
| Hard coal<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1211<br />
| Anthracite<br />
| t<br />
| 98.3<br />
| *<br />
| 33.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1212<br />
| Hard coal, bituminous <br />
| t<br />
| 94.6<br />
| <br />
| 24.6<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 122<br />
| Other coal<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1221<br />
| Semi-bituminous coal, brown coal, lignite<br />
| t<br />
| 108.0<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1222<br />
| Coal briquettes<br />
| t<br />
| 94.6<br />
| *<br />
| 30.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1228<br />
| Coal tar<br />
| t<br />
| 90.6<br />
| *<br />
| 37.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1229<br />
| Other non-specified coal<br />
| t<br />
| 108.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 123<br />
| Coke<br />
| t<br />
| 108.0<br />
| <br />
| 29.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 124<br />
| Coke oven gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 41.5<br />
| <br />
| 16.7<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 125<br />
| Blast furnace gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 263.7<br />
| <br />
| 3.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 13<br />
| Natural gas<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 131<br />
| Natural gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 55.04<br />
| <br />
| 36.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 2<br />
| Peat<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 21<br />
| Peat<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 211<br />
| Milled peat<br />
| t<br />
| 105.9<br />
| <br />
| 10.1<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 212<br />
| Sod peat<br />
| t<br />
| 102.0<br />
| <br />
| 12.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 213<br />
| Peat pellets and briquettes<br />
| t<br />
| 97.0<br />
| <br />
| 18.0<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3<br />
| Renewable and mixed fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 31<br />
| Biomass<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 311<br />
| Forest fuelwood<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3111<br />
| Firewood (stems and split firewood)<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 14.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3112<br />
| Chips from roundwood<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 9.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3113<br />
| Forest residue chips<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 9.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 312<br />
| Industrial wood residue<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3121<br />
| Bark<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 7.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3122<br />
| Sawdust, cutter shavings etc.<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 8.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3123<br />
| Wood residue chips<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 9.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3128<br />
| Unspecified industrial wood residue<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 7.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3129<br />
| Other industrial wood residue<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| *<br />
| 8.8<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 313<br />
| Black liquor and other concentrated liquors<br />
| tka<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 11.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 314<br />
| Other by-products from wood processing <br />
| TJ<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| industry<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 315<br />
| Recovered wood<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 12.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 316<br />
| Wood pellets and briquettes<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 16.0<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 317<br />
| Vegetable-based fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|----<br />
| 3171<br />
| NEW!!Reed canary grass<br />
| t<br />
| 100.0<br />
| <br />
| 14.6<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3172<br />
| NEW!!Cereal crops and straw parts<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 13.5<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3179<br />
| NEW!! Other vegetable-based fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 15.0<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 318<br />
| Animal-based fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 109.6<br />
| <br />
| 30.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 32<br />
| Other biofuels and mixed fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 321<br />
| Biogas<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3211<br />
| Landfill gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56,1<br />
| <br />
| 17.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3212<br />
| Biogas from wastewater treatment<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56.1<br />
| <br />
| 23.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3213<br />
| Industrial biogas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56.1<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3219<br />
| Other biogas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56.1<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 322<br />
| Liquid biofuels<br />
| t<br />
| 77.4<br />
| <br />
| 30..40<br />
|<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 323<br />
| Mixed fuels (fossil and non-fossil)<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3231<br />
| Recovered fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 31.8<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3232<br />
| Demolition wood<br />
| t<br />
| 17.0<br />
| <br />
| 15.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3233<br />
| Impregnated wood (chemically treated)<br />
| t<br />
| 11.4<br />
| <br />
| 12.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3234<br />
| NEW!! Deinking sludge <br />
| t<br />
| 60.0<br />
| <br />
| 4.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3238<br />
| NEW!!Municipal waste (unsorted)<br />
| t<br />
| 40.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3239<br />
| Other mixed fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 110.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 324<br />
| Gasified waste (Product gas)<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| ..<br />
| <br />
| ..<br />
| <br />
| 2)<br />
|----<br />
| 325<br />
| NEW!!Biosludge<br />
| t<br />
| 109.6<br />
| <br />
| 2.5<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 4<br />
| Other energy sources<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 41<br />
| Nuclear energy<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 411<br />
| Nuclear energy<br />
| TJ<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 49<br />
| Others<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 491<br />
| Other by-products and wastes used as fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4911<br />
| Plastics waste<br />
| t<br />
| 74.1<br />
| <br />
| 33.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4912<br />
| Rubber waste<br />
| t<br />
| 90.0<br />
| <br />
| 33.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4913<br />
| Hazardous waste<br />
| t<br />
| 117.0<br />
| *<br />
| 10.0<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4919<br />
| Other waste<br />
| t<br />
| 75.0<br />
| <br />
| 15.0<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 492<br />
| Exothermic heat from industry<br />
| TJ<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 493<br />
| Secondary heat from industry<br />
| TJ<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 494<br />
| Electricity<br />
| MWh<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 495<br />
| Steam<br />
| MWh<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 497<br />
| NEW!!Sulphur<br />
| t<br />
| 0.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 498<br />
| Hydrogen<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 0.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 499<br />
| Other non-specified energy sources<br />
| TJ<br />
| ..<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
NB<br />
<br />
BIO = biofuel, whose carbon dioxide emissions are not counted in the total emission amounts of Finland's greenhouse gases, nor are they taken into account in emissions trading.<br />
<br />
1) CO<sub>2</sub> factor of mixed fuels is an estimate taking into account only the share of fossil carbon.<br />
<br />
2) Gasified waste (Product gas) is reported in the fuel categories of the source materials of gasification.<br />
<br />
Calorific values and emission coefficients describe the properties of fuel as fired,<br />
inclusive of moisture content (except for 313, where the measurement unit is tonnes of dry matter).<br />
Calorific value of natural gas has been specified in normal conditions (0 °C and 1.013 bar).<br />
<br />
Emission factors are updated when necessary. <br />
<br />
(* Revised values.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Emission factors for district heating is calculated in [http://www.motiva.fi/en/ Motiva] CO<sub>2</sub> emission calculation introductions<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref>. <br />
For district heating joint production emission factor is 220 kg CO<sub>2</sub>/MWh. In this view other GHGs (CH<sub>4</sub> or N<sub>2</sub>O) are not taken account as CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv!<br />
Emission factors by fuel based on [http://www.motiva.fi/en/ Motiva] knowledge is in table 2. <br />
<br />
Table 2. Emission factors of CO<sub>2</sub> by fuel<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref>.<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| Fuels<br />
| kg CO<sub>2</sub>/MWh<br />
|----<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 279<br />
|----<br />
| Light oil<br />
| 267<br />
|----<br />
| Gas<br />
| 202<br />
|----<br />
| Fluid gas<br />
| 227<br />
|----<br />
| Peat<br />
| 382<br />
|----<br />
| Coal<br />
| 341<br />
|----<br />
| Coke<br />
| 389<br />
|----<br />
| Wood<br />
| 0<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
CO2 EF for electricity can be classified in two categories: purchase electricity and own production. EF for purchase electricity is the same as own electricity vendor has informed or average Finnish electricity procurement CO2 EF (= 200 kg CO2/MWh). EF for own electricity production can be used EF from table 2 (fuel based EFs). If electricity is produced in combined electricity, heating production EFs are calculated with “benefit division method”. Method is explained in Motiva introduction<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref> (attachment 2).<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 4. Average emission factors measured with differed gas analyzator (kk) and FTIR analyzator <ref>http://www.uku.fi/fine/src/raportit/PUPOloppuraportti2007.pdf</ref>.<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
| Ordinary combustion<br />
| Distribution (%)<br />
| Bad combustion<br />
| Distribution (%)<br />
| Unit<br />
|----<br />
| Temperature of gas<br />
| 253<br />
| 1<br />
| 159<br />
| 17<br />
| Celsius<br />
|----<br />
| CO2 (kk)<br />
| 7.3<br />
| 5<br />
| 11<br />
| 8<br />
| %, dry<br />
|----<br />
| O2 (kk)<br />
| 13.3<br />
| 3<br />
| 8.7<br />
| 14<br />
| %, dry<br />
|----<br />
| H2O (FTIR)<br />
| 6.5<br />
| 4<br />
| 7.7<br />
| - <br />
| %, wet<br />
|----<br />
| CO (kk)<br />
| 2300<br />
| 10<br />
| 8100<br />
| 29<br />
| mg/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| CO (FTIR)<br />
| 2000<br />
| 11<br />
| 5700<br />
| - <br />
| mg/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| OGC (kk)<br />
| 120<br />
| 17<br />
| 1700<br />
| 46<br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| OGC (FTIR)<br />
| 160<br />
| 24<br />
| 1500<br />
| - <br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| CH4 (FTIR)<br />
| 30<br />
| 22<br />
| 350<br />
| - <br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| C6H6 (FTIR)<br />
| 20<br />
| 27<br />
| 210<br />
| - <br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 5 and 6 are from Heljo et al 2005<ref>http://www.tut.fi/units/rak/rtt/tutkimus/ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf</ref>. Coefficient of CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv/CO<sub>2</sub> as 1.02 is used in transformation CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors to CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv. factors for electricity and district heating.<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 5. CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors of energy use of buildings (kg CO<sub>2</sub>/MWh)<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
| '''Gross of building level<br />
| '''Dispersion<br />
| '''Efficiency<br />
| '''Efficienfy energy level<br />
|----<br />
| Light oil<br />
| 267<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 314<br />
|----<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 279<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 328<br />
|----<br />
| Wood<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
|----<br />
| '''District heating<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Separate production<br />
| 226<br />
| 20-500<br />
| - <br />
| 226<br />
|----<br />
| Co-production<br />
| 220<br />
| dispersion<br />
| - <br />
| 220<br />
|----<br />
| '''Electricity production<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Average<br />
| 200<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 200<br />
|----<br />
| Marginal<br />
| 700<br />
| 700-900<br />
| - <br />
| 700<br />
|----<br />
| '''or<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Basic capacity<br />
| 110<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 110<br />
|----<br />
| Interval capacity<br />
| 450<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 450<br />
|----<br />
| Peak capacity<br />
| 850<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 850<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 6. CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv emission factors of energy use of buildings (kg CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv/MWh)<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
| '''Gross of building level<br />
| '''Dispersion<br />
| '''Efficiency<br />
| '''Efficienfy energy level<br />
|----<br />
| Light oil<br />
| 267<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 314<br />
|----<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 279<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 328<br />
|----<br />
| Wood<br />
| 18<br />
| - <br />
| 0.6<br />
| 30<br />
|----<br />
| '''District heating<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Separate production<br />
| 231<br />
| 20-500<br />
| - <br />
| 231<br />
|----<br />
| Co-production<br />
| 224<br />
| dispersion<br />
| - <br />
| 224<br />
|----<br />
| '''Electricity production<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Average<br />
| 204<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 204<br />
|----<br />
| Marginal<br />
| 714<br />
| 700-900<br />
| - <br />
| 714<br />
|----<br />
| '''or<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Basic capacity<br />
| 112<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 112<br />
|----<br />
| Interval capacity<br />
| 459<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 459<br />
|----<br />
| Peak capacity<br />
| 867<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 867<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Causality ===<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Unit ===<br />
<br />
mg/MJ<br />
<br />
=== Formula ===<br />
<br />
Data that have another unit than mg/MJ should be changed.<br />
<br />
e.g. t/TJ -> mg/MJ<br />
<br />
== Result ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* USEPA emission factor information web site [http://cfpub.epa.gov/oarweb/index.cfm?action=fire.main]<br />
<br />
*Tissari et al 2009 [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-4TVR26G-1&_user=953170&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000049246&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=953170&md5=0e3d0594c133bc8066aad60fc16ee88c]<br />
<br />
* PUPO loppuraportti [http://www.uku.fi/fine/src/raportit/PUPOloppuraportti2007.pdf]<br />
<br />
* Heljo et al. 2005 Rakennusten energiankulutus ja CO2-ekv päästöt Suomessa [http://www.tut.fi/units/rak/rtt/tutkimus/ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf]<br />
<br />
*Motiva 2004. Yksittäisen kohteen CO2-päästöjen laskentaohjeistus sekä käytettävät CO2-päästökertoimet [http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf]<br />
<br />
*Palosuo T. 09 [http://www.mm.helsinki.fi/mmtek/opiskelu/kurssit/y92/Taru_Palosuo_puuketjut_elinkaarianalyysi_230109.pdf]<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
*[http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_polttoaineluokitus.html]<br />
<br />
<references /></div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Emission_factors_for_burning_processes&diff=22501
Emission factors for burning processes
2011-09-14T11:38:48Z
<p>Pauliina: /* Emission factors for PM */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Pauliina}}<br />
[[Category: BIOHER]]<br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
What are the emission factors for burning processes in Finland?<br />
{{disclink|EF for burning processes or EF by fuel types}}<br />
<br />
== Definition ==<br />
<br />
Emission factors for burning processes is an impact assessment that take a wide perspective over environmental issues that can dealt with on a city level<br />
<br />
See discussions with the statements in the discussion page.{{disclink|Discussions of emission factors}}<br />
<br />
=== Data ===<br />
<br />
In Finland there are about 700 small heating power plants that has under 5MW fuel power. Same amount is between 5 to 50 MW power plants and over 50 MW power plants there are 200 in Finland.<ref>http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706<br />
</ref> <br />
<br />
====Emission factors for PM====<br />
<br />
Next table includes emission factors for small power plants in Finland. <ref>http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706<br />
</ref> <br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| Type of plant or kettle<br />
| Power of fuel (MW)<br />
| Fuel<br />
| Emission factor (mg/MJ)<br />
| Number of plants<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| &lt;5<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 20-90<br />
| 300<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 5-15<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 10-70<br />
| 200<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 15-50<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 5-40<br />
| 100<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| &lt;5<br />
| Light oil<br />
| &lt;10<br />
| 20<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 5-15<br />
| Light oil<br />
| &lt;10<br />
| 20<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 15-50<br />
| Light oil<br />
| &lt;10<br />
| 10<br />
|----<br />
| Diesel/kaasumoottori<br />
| 20-40<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 30-60<br />
| 2<br />
|----<br />
| Kerrosleijukattila<br />
| 5-10<br />
| Wood<br />
| 10-70<br />
| 8<br />
|----<br />
| Kerrosleijukattila<br />
| 10-50<br />
| Wood<br />
| 5-30<br />
| 10<br />
|----<br />
| Kiertoleijukattila<br />
| 20-40<br />
| Wood<br />
| 5-30<br />
| 4<br />
|----<br />
| Puuarinakattila<br />
| &lt;5<br />
| Wood<br />
| 20-150<br />
| 120<br />
|----<br />
| Puuarinakattila<br />
| 5-10<br />
| Wood<br />
| 20-150<br />
| 50<br />
|----<br />
| Puuarinakattila<br />
| 10-50<br />
| Wood<br />
| 10-150<br />
| 35<br />
|----<br />
| Kaasutuskattila<br />
| 2-7<br />
| Wood<br />
| 50-150<br />
| 5<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Emission factors for wood burning in small scale heating (e.g. secondary heating at houses) can be found from [http://wanda.uef.fi/pupo/index.html PUPO emission and toxicity database]<br />
<br />
====Emission factors for greenhousegases====<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''EFs by fuel based classification<br />
<br />
Table 1. Fuel classification and emission factors in Finland 2010. <ref>[http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_polttoaineluokitus.html]</ref> <ref>http://tilastokeskus.fi/tup/khkinv/fi_nir_150110.pdf</ref>. Definitions for classification of fuels and energy sources can be found [http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_maaritykset_2010_en.html here].<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| Code Heading<br />
|<br />
| Fuel-specific unit <br />
| CO<sub>2</sub> default emission factor [t/TJ]<br />
| <br />
| Default net calorific value (as fired) [GJ/unit]<br />
| <br />
| NB<br />
|----<br />
| 1<br />
| Fossil fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 11<br />
| Petroleum products<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 111<br />
| Petroleum gases<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1111<br />
| Refinery gas<br />
| t<br />
| 54.2<br />
| *<br />
| 49.7<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1112<br />
| LPG (Liquefied petroleum gas)<br />
| t<br />
| 65.0<br />
| <br />
| 46.2<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 112<br />
| Light distillates<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1121<br />
| Naphtha<br />
| t<br />
| 72.7<br />
| <br />
| 44.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1122<br />
| Motor gasoline<br />
| t<br />
| 72.9<br />
| <br />
| 43.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1123<br />
| Aviation gasoline<br />
| t<br />
| 71.3<br />
| <br />
| 43.7<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 113<br />
| Medium distillates<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1131<br />
| Kerosene (jet fuel)<br />
| t<br />
| 73.2<br />
| <br />
| 43.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1132<br />
| Other kerosenes<br />
| t<br />
| 71.5<br />
| *<br />
| 43.1<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1133<br />
| Diesel oil<br />
| t<br />
| 73.6<br />
| <br />
| 42.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1134<br />
| Light fuel oil (heating fuel oil)<br />
| t<br />
| 74.1<br />
| <br />
| 42.7<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1135<br />
| Gasoil (for non-road use)<br />
| t<br />
| 73.6<br />
| *<br />
| 42.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1139<br />
| Other medium distillates<br />
| t<br />
| 74.1<br />
| <br />
| 42.7<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 114<br />
| Heavy distillates<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1141<br />
| Heavy fuel oil, sulphur content &lt; 1%<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 41.1<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1142<br />
| Heavy fuel oil, sulphur content ≥ 1%<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 40.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1143<br />
| Other heavy distillates<br />
| t<br />
| 79.2<br />
| *<br />
| 40.2<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 115<br />
| Petroleum coke<br />
| t<br />
| 97.0<br />
| <br />
| 33.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 116<br />
| Recycled and waste oils<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 41.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 119<br />
| Other petroleum products<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 30.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12<br />
| Coal<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|----<br />
| 121<br />
| Hard coal<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1211<br />
| Anthracite<br />
| t<br />
| 98.3<br />
| *<br />
| 33.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1212<br />
| Hard coal, bituminous <br />
| t<br />
| 94.6<br />
| <br />
| 24.6<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 122<br />
| Other coal<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1221<br />
| Semi-bituminous coal, brown coal, lignite<br />
| t<br />
| 108.0<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1222<br />
| Coal briquettes<br />
| t<br />
| 94.6<br />
| *<br />
| 30.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1228<br />
| Coal tar<br />
| t<br />
| 90.6<br />
| *<br />
| 37.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1229<br />
| Other non-specified coal<br />
| t<br />
| 108.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 123<br />
| Coke<br />
| t<br />
| 108.0<br />
| <br />
| 29.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 124<br />
| Coke oven gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 41.5<br />
| <br />
| 16.7<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 125<br />
| Blast furnace gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 263.7<br />
| <br />
| 3.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 13<br />
| Natural gas<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 131<br />
| Natural gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 55.04<br />
| <br />
| 36.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 2<br />
| Peat<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 21<br />
| Peat<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 211<br />
| Milled peat<br />
| t<br />
| 105.9<br />
| <br />
| 10.1<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 212<br />
| Sod peat<br />
| t<br />
| 102.0<br />
| <br />
| 12.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 213<br />
| Peat pellets and briquettes<br />
| t<br />
| 97.0<br />
| <br />
| 18.0<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3<br />
| Renewable and mixed fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 31<br />
| Biomass<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 311<br />
| Forest fuelwood<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3111<br />
| Firewood (stems and split firewood)<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 14.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3112<br />
| Chips from roundwood<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 9.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3113<br />
| Forest residue chips<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 9.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 312<br />
| Industrial wood residue<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3121<br />
| Bark<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 7.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3122<br />
| Sawdust, cutter shavings etc.<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 8.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3123<br />
| Wood residue chips<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 9.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3128<br />
| Unspecified industrial wood residue<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 7.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3129<br />
| Other industrial wood residue<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| *<br />
| 8.8<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 313<br />
| Black liquor and other concentrated liquors<br />
| tka<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 11.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 314<br />
| Other by-products from wood processing <br />
| TJ<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| industry<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 315<br />
| Recovered wood<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 12.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 316<br />
| Wood pellets and briquettes<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 16.0<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 317<br />
| Vegetable-based fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|----<br />
| 3171<br />
| NEW!!Reed canary grass<br />
| t<br />
| 100.0<br />
| <br />
| 14.6<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3172<br />
| NEW!!Cereal crops and straw parts<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 13.5<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3179<br />
| NEW!! Other vegetable-based fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 15.0<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 318<br />
| Animal-based fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 109.6<br />
| <br />
| 30.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 32<br />
| Other biofuels and mixed fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 321<br />
| Biogas<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3211<br />
| Landfill gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56,1<br />
| <br />
| 17.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3212<br />
| Biogas from wastewater treatment<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56.1<br />
| <br />
| 23.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3213<br />
| Industrial biogas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56.1<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3219<br />
| Other biogas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56.1<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 322<br />
| Liquid biofuels<br />
| t<br />
| 77.4<br />
| <br />
| 30..40<br />
|<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 323<br />
| Mixed fuels (fossil and non-fossil)<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3231<br />
| Recovered fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 31.8<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3232<br />
| Demolition wood<br />
| t<br />
| 17.0<br />
| <br />
| 15.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3233<br />
| Impregnated wood (chemically treated)<br />
| t<br />
| 11.4<br />
| <br />
| 12.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3234<br />
| NEW!! Deinking sludge <br />
| t<br />
| 60.0<br />
| <br />
| 4.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3238<br />
| NEW!!Municipal waste (unsorted)<br />
| t<br />
| 40.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3239<br />
| Other mixed fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 110.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 324<br />
| Gasified waste (Product gas)<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| ..<br />
| <br />
| ..<br />
| <br />
| 2)<br />
|----<br />
| 325<br />
| NEW!!Biosludge<br />
| t<br />
| 109.6<br />
| <br />
| 2.5<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 4<br />
| Other energy sources<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 41<br />
| Nuclear energy<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 411<br />
| Nuclear energy<br />
| TJ<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 49<br />
| Others<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 491<br />
| Other by-products and wastes used as fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4911<br />
| Plastics waste<br />
| t<br />
| 74.1<br />
| <br />
| 33.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4912<br />
| Rubber waste<br />
| t<br />
| 90.0<br />
| <br />
| 33.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4913<br />
| Hazardous waste<br />
| t<br />
| 117.0<br />
| *<br />
| 10.0<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4919<br />
| Other waste<br />
| t<br />
| 75.0<br />
| <br />
| 15.0<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 492<br />
| Exothermic heat from industry<br />
| TJ<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 493<br />
| Secondary heat from industry<br />
| TJ<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 494<br />
| Electricity<br />
| MWh<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 495<br />
| Steam<br />
| MWh<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 497<br />
| NEW!!Sulphur<br />
| t<br />
| 0.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 498<br />
| Hydrogen<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 0.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 499<br />
| Other non-specified energy sources<br />
| TJ<br />
| ..<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
NB<br />
<br />
BIO = biofuel, whose carbon dioxide emissions are not counted in the total emission amounts of Finland's greenhouse gases, nor are they taken into account in emissions trading.<br />
<br />
1) CO<sub>2</sub> factor of mixed fuels is an estimate taking into account only the share of fossil carbon.<br />
<br />
2) Gasified waste (Product gas) is reported in the fuel categories of the source materials of gasification.<br />
<br />
Calorific values and emission coefficients describe the properties of fuel as fired,<br />
inclusive of moisture content (except for 313, where the measurement unit is tonnes of dry matter).<br />
Calorific value of natural gas has been specified in normal conditions (0 °C and 1.013 bar).<br />
<br />
Emission factors are updated when necessary. <br />
<br />
(* Revised values.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Emission factors for district heating is calculated in [http://www.motiva.fi/en/ Motiva] CO<sub>2</sub> emission calculation introductions<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref>. <br />
For district heating joint production emission factor is 220 kg CO<sub>2</sub>/MWh. In this view other GHGs (CH<sub>4</sub> or N<sub>2</sub>O) are not taken account as CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv!<br />
Emission factors by fuel based on [http://www.motiva.fi/en/ Motiva] knowledge is in table 2. <br />
<br />
Table 2. Emission factors of CO<sub>2</sub> by fuel<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref>.<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| Fuels<br />
| kg CO<sub>2</sub>/MWh<br />
|----<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 279<br />
|----<br />
| Light oil<br />
| 267<br />
|----<br />
| Gas<br />
| 202<br />
|----<br />
| Fluid gas<br />
| 227<br />
|----<br />
| Peat<br />
| 382<br />
|----<br />
| Coal<br />
| 341<br />
|----<br />
| Coke<br />
| 389<br />
|----<br />
| Wood<br />
| 0<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
CO2 EF for electricity can be classified in two categories: purchase electricity and own production. EF for purchase electricity is the same as own electricity vendor has informed or average Finnish electricity procurement CO2 EF (= 200 kg CO2/MWh). EF for own electricity production can be used EF from table 2 (fuel based EFs). If electricity is produced in combined electricity, heating production EFs are calculated with “benefit division method”. Method is explained in Motiva introduction<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref> (attachment 2).<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 4. Average emission factors measured with differed gas analyzator (kk) and FTIR analyzator <ref>http://www.uku.fi/fine/src/raportit/PUPOloppuraportti2007.pdf</ref>.<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
| Ordinary combustion<br />
| Distribution (%)<br />
| Bad combustion<br />
| Distribution (%)<br />
| Unit<br />
|----<br />
| Temperature of gas<br />
| 253<br />
| 1<br />
| 159<br />
| 17<br />
| Celsius<br />
|----<br />
| CO2 (kk)<br />
| 7.3<br />
| 5<br />
| 11<br />
| 8<br />
| %, dry<br />
|----<br />
| O2 (kk)<br />
| 13.3<br />
| 3<br />
| 8.7<br />
| 14<br />
| %, dry<br />
|----<br />
| H2O (FTIR)<br />
| 6.5<br />
| 4<br />
| 7.7<br />
| - <br />
| %, wet<br />
|----<br />
| CO (kk)<br />
| 2300<br />
| 10<br />
| 8100<br />
| 29<br />
| mg/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| CO (FTIR)<br />
| 2000<br />
| 11<br />
| 5700<br />
| - <br />
| mg/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| OGC (kk)<br />
| 120<br />
| 17<br />
| 1700<br />
| 46<br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| OGC (FTIR)<br />
| 160<br />
| 24<br />
| 1500<br />
| - <br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| CH4 (FTIR)<br />
| 30<br />
| 22<br />
| 350<br />
| - <br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| C6H6 (FTIR)<br />
| 20<br />
| 27<br />
| 210<br />
| - <br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 5 and 6 are from Heljo et al 2005<ref>http://www.tut.fi/units/rak/rtt/tutkimus/ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf</ref>. Coefficient of CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv/CO<sub>2</sub> as 1.02 is used in transformation CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors to CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv. factors for electricity and district heating.<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 5. CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors of energy use of buildings (kg CO<sub>2</sub>/MWh)<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
| '''Gross of building level<br />
| '''Dispersion<br />
| '''Efficiency<br />
| '''Efficienfy energy level<br />
|----<br />
| Light oil<br />
| 267<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 314<br />
|----<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 279<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 328<br />
|----<br />
| Wood<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
|----<br />
| '''District heating<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Separate production<br />
| 226<br />
| 20-500<br />
| - <br />
| 226<br />
|----<br />
| Co-production<br />
| 220<br />
| dispersion<br />
| - <br />
| 220<br />
|----<br />
| '''Electricity production<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Average<br />
| 200<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 200<br />
|----<br />
| Marginal<br />
| 700<br />
| 700-900<br />
| - <br />
| 700<br />
|----<br />
| '''or<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Basic capacity<br />
| 110<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 110<br />
|----<br />
| Interval capacity<br />
| 450<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 450<br />
|----<br />
| Peak capacity<br />
| 850<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 850<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 6. CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv emission factors of energy use of buildings (kg CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv/MWh)<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
| '''Gross of building level<br />
| '''Dispersion<br />
| '''Efficiency<br />
| '''Efficienfy energy level<br />
|----<br />
| Light oil<br />
| 267<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 314<br />
|----<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 279<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 328<br />
|----<br />
| Wood<br />
| 18<br />
| - <br />
| 0.6<br />
| 30<br />
|----<br />
| '''District heating<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Separate production<br />
| 231<br />
| 20-500<br />
| - <br />
| 231<br />
|----<br />
| Co-production<br />
| 224<br />
| dispersion<br />
| - <br />
| 224<br />
|----<br />
| '''Electricity production<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Average<br />
| 204<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 204<br />
|----<br />
| Marginal<br />
| 714<br />
| 700-900<br />
| - <br />
| 714<br />
|----<br />
| '''or<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Basic capacity<br />
| 112<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 112<br />
|----<br />
| Interval capacity<br />
| 459<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 459<br />
|----<br />
| Peak capacity<br />
| 867<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 867<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Causality ===<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Unit ===<br />
<br />
mg/MJ<br />
<br />
=== Formula ===<br />
<br />
Data that have another unit than mg/MJ should be changed.<br />
<br />
e.g. t/TJ -> mg/MJ<br />
<br />
== Result ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* USEPA emission factor information web site [http://cfpub.epa.gov/oarweb/index.cfm?action=fire.main]<br />
<br />
*Tissari et al 2009 [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-4TVR26G-1&_user=953170&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000049246&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=953170&md5=0e3d0594c133bc8066aad60fc16ee88c]<br />
<br />
* PUPO loppuraportti [http://www.uku.fi/fine/src/raportit/PUPOloppuraportti2007.pdf]<br />
<br />
* Heljo et al. 2005 Rakennusten energiankulutus ja CO2-ekv päästöt Suomessa [http://www.tut.fi/units/rak/rtt/tutkimus/ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf]<br />
<br />
*Motiva 2004. Yksittäisen kohteen CO2-päästöjen laskentaohjeistus sekä käytettävät CO2-päästökertoimet [http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf]<br />
<br />
*Palosuo T. 09 [http://www.mm.helsinki.fi/mmtek/opiskelu/kurssit/y92/Taru_Palosuo_puuketjut_elinkaarianalyysi_230109.pdf]<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
*[http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_polttoaineluokitus.html]<br />
<br />
<references /></div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Emission_factors_for_burning_processes&diff=22497
Emission factors for burning processes
2011-09-14T09:34:44Z
<p>Pauliina: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Pauliina}}<br />
[[Category: BIOHER]]<br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
What are the emission factors for burning processes in Finland?<br />
{{disclink|EF for burning processes or EF by fuel types}}<br />
<br />
== Definition ==<br />
<br />
Emission factors for burning processes is an impact assessment that take a wide perspective over environmental issues that can dealt with on a city level<br />
<br />
See discussions with the statements in the discussion page.{{disclink|Discussions of emission factors}}<br />
<br />
=== Data ===<br />
<br />
In Finland there are about 700 small heating power plants that has under 5MW fuel power. Same amount is between 5 to 50 MW power plants and over 50 MW power plants there are 200 in Finland.<ref>http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706<br />
</ref> <br />
<br />
====Emission factors for PM====<br />
<br />
Next table includes emission factors for small power plants in Finland. <ref>http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706<br />
</ref> <br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| Laitos-/kattilatyyppi<br />
| Fuel power (MW)<br />
| Fuel<br />
| Emission factor (mg/MJ)<br />
| Laitosten lkm<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| &lt;5<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 20-90<br />
| 300<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 5-15<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 10-70<br />
| 200<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 15-50<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 5-40<br />
| 100<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| &lt;5<br />
| Light oil<br />
| &lt;10<br />
| 20<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 5-15<br />
| Light oil<br />
| &lt;10<br />
| 20<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 15-50<br />
| Light oil<br />
| &lt;10<br />
| 10<br />
|----<br />
| Diesel/kaasumoottori<br />
| 20-40<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 30-60<br />
| 2<br />
|----<br />
| Kerrosleijukattila<br />
| 5-10<br />
| Puu<br />
| 10-70<br />
| 8<br />
|----<br />
| Kerrosleijukattila<br />
| 10-50<br />
| Puu<br />
| 5-30<br />
| 10<br />
|----<br />
| Kiertoleijukattila<br />
| 20-40<br />
| Puu<br />
| 5-30<br />
| 4<br />
|----<br />
| Puuarinakattila<br />
| &lt;5<br />
| Puu<br />
| 20-150<br />
| 120<br />
|----<br />
| Puuarinakattila<br />
| 5-10<br />
| Puu<br />
| 20-150<br />
| 50<br />
|----<br />
| Puuarinakattila<br />
| 10-50<br />
| Puu<br />
| 10-150<br />
| 35<br />
|----<br />
| Kaasutuskattila<br />
| 2-7<br />
| Puu<br />
| 50-150<br />
| 5<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Emission factors for wood burning in small scale heating (e.g. secondary heating at houses) can be found from [http://wanda.uef.fi/pupo/index.html PUPO emission and toxicity database]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
====Emission factors for greenhousegases====<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''EFs by fuel based classification<br />
<br />
Table 1. Fuel classification and emission factors in Finland 2010. <ref>[http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_polttoaineluokitus.html]</ref> <ref>http://tilastokeskus.fi/tup/khkinv/fi_nir_150110.pdf</ref>. Definitions for classification of fuels and energy sources can be found [http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_maaritykset_2010_en.html here].<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| Code Heading<br />
|<br />
| Fuel-specific unit <br />
| CO<sub>2</sub> default emission factor [t/TJ]<br />
| <br />
| Default net calorific value (as fired) [GJ/unit]<br />
| <br />
| NB<br />
|----<br />
| 1<br />
| Fossil fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 11<br />
| Petroleum products<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 111<br />
| Petroleum gases<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1111<br />
| Refinery gas<br />
| t<br />
| 54.2<br />
| *<br />
| 49.7<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1112<br />
| LPG (Liquefied petroleum gas)<br />
| t<br />
| 65.0<br />
| <br />
| 46.2<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 112<br />
| Light distillates<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1121<br />
| Naphtha<br />
| t<br />
| 72.7<br />
| <br />
| 44.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1122<br />
| Motor gasoline<br />
| t<br />
| 72.9<br />
| <br />
| 43.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1123<br />
| Aviation gasoline<br />
| t<br />
| 71.3<br />
| <br />
| 43.7<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 113<br />
| Medium distillates<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1131<br />
| Kerosene (jet fuel)<br />
| t<br />
| 73.2<br />
| <br />
| 43.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1132<br />
| Other kerosenes<br />
| t<br />
| 71.5<br />
| *<br />
| 43.1<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1133<br />
| Diesel oil<br />
| t<br />
| 73.6<br />
| <br />
| 42.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1134<br />
| Light fuel oil (heating fuel oil)<br />
| t<br />
| 74.1<br />
| <br />
| 42.7<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1135<br />
| Gasoil (for non-road use)<br />
| t<br />
| 73.6<br />
| *<br />
| 42.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1139<br />
| Other medium distillates<br />
| t<br />
| 74.1<br />
| <br />
| 42.7<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 114<br />
| Heavy distillates<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1141<br />
| Heavy fuel oil, sulphur content &lt; 1%<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 41.1<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1142<br />
| Heavy fuel oil, sulphur content ≥ 1%<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 40.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1143<br />
| Other heavy distillates<br />
| t<br />
| 79.2<br />
| *<br />
| 40.2<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 115<br />
| Petroleum coke<br />
| t<br />
| 97.0<br />
| <br />
| 33.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 116<br />
| Recycled and waste oils<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 41.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 119<br />
| Other petroleum products<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 30.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12<br />
| Coal<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|----<br />
| 121<br />
| Hard coal<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1211<br />
| Anthracite<br />
| t<br />
| 98.3<br />
| *<br />
| 33.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1212<br />
| Hard coal, bituminous <br />
| t<br />
| 94.6<br />
| <br />
| 24.6<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 122<br />
| Other coal<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1221<br />
| Semi-bituminous coal, brown coal, lignite<br />
| t<br />
| 108.0<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1222<br />
| Coal briquettes<br />
| t<br />
| 94.6<br />
| *<br />
| 30.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1228<br />
| Coal tar<br />
| t<br />
| 90.6<br />
| *<br />
| 37.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1229<br />
| Other non-specified coal<br />
| t<br />
| 108.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 123<br />
| Coke<br />
| t<br />
| 108.0<br />
| <br />
| 29.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 124<br />
| Coke oven gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 41.5<br />
| <br />
| 16.7<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 125<br />
| Blast furnace gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 263.7<br />
| <br />
| 3.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 13<br />
| Natural gas<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 131<br />
| Natural gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 55.04<br />
| <br />
| 36.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 2<br />
| Peat<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 21<br />
| Peat<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 211<br />
| Milled peat<br />
| t<br />
| 105.9<br />
| <br />
| 10.1<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 212<br />
| Sod peat<br />
| t<br />
| 102.0<br />
| <br />
| 12.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 213<br />
| Peat pellets and briquettes<br />
| t<br />
| 97.0<br />
| <br />
| 18.0<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3<br />
| Renewable and mixed fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 31<br />
| Biomass<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 311<br />
| Forest fuelwood<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3111<br />
| Firewood (stems and split firewood)<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 14.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3112<br />
| Chips from roundwood<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 9.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3113<br />
| Forest residue chips<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 9.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 312<br />
| Industrial wood residue<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3121<br />
| Bark<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 7.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3122<br />
| Sawdust, cutter shavings etc.<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 8.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3123<br />
| Wood residue chips<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 9.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3128<br />
| Unspecified industrial wood residue<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 7.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3129<br />
| Other industrial wood residue<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| *<br />
| 8.8<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 313<br />
| Black liquor and other concentrated liquors<br />
| tka<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 11.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 314<br />
| Other by-products from wood processing <br />
| TJ<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| industry<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 315<br />
| Recovered wood<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 12.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 316<br />
| Wood pellets and briquettes<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 16.0<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 317<br />
| Vegetable-based fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|----<br />
| 3171<br />
| NEW!!Reed canary grass<br />
| t<br />
| 100.0<br />
| <br />
| 14.6<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3172<br />
| NEW!!Cereal crops and straw parts<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 13.5<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3179<br />
| NEW!! Other vegetable-based fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 15.0<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 318<br />
| Animal-based fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 109.6<br />
| <br />
| 30.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 32<br />
| Other biofuels and mixed fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 321<br />
| Biogas<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3211<br />
| Landfill gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56,1<br />
| <br />
| 17.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3212<br />
| Biogas from wastewater treatment<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56.1<br />
| <br />
| 23.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3213<br />
| Industrial biogas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56.1<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3219<br />
| Other biogas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56.1<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 322<br />
| Liquid biofuels<br />
| t<br />
| 77.4<br />
| <br />
| 30..40<br />
|<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 323<br />
| Mixed fuels (fossil and non-fossil)<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3231<br />
| Recovered fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 31.8<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3232<br />
| Demolition wood<br />
| t<br />
| 17.0<br />
| <br />
| 15.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3233<br />
| Impregnated wood (chemically treated)<br />
| t<br />
| 11.4<br />
| <br />
| 12.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3234<br />
| NEW!! Deinking sludge <br />
| t<br />
| 60.0<br />
| <br />
| 4.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3238<br />
| NEW!!Municipal waste (unsorted)<br />
| t<br />
| 40.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3239<br />
| Other mixed fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 110.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 324<br />
| Gasified waste (Product gas)<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| ..<br />
| <br />
| ..<br />
| <br />
| 2)<br />
|----<br />
| 325<br />
| NEW!!Biosludge<br />
| t<br />
| 109.6<br />
| <br />
| 2.5<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 4<br />
| Other energy sources<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 41<br />
| Nuclear energy<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 411<br />
| Nuclear energy<br />
| TJ<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 49<br />
| Others<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 491<br />
| Other by-products and wastes used as fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4911<br />
| Plastics waste<br />
| t<br />
| 74.1<br />
| <br />
| 33.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4912<br />
| Rubber waste<br />
| t<br />
| 90.0<br />
| <br />
| 33.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4913<br />
| Hazardous waste<br />
| t<br />
| 117.0<br />
| *<br />
| 10.0<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4919<br />
| Other waste<br />
| t<br />
| 75.0<br />
| <br />
| 15.0<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 492<br />
| Exothermic heat from industry<br />
| TJ<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 493<br />
| Secondary heat from industry<br />
| TJ<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 494<br />
| Electricity<br />
| MWh<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 495<br />
| Steam<br />
| MWh<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 497<br />
| NEW!!Sulphur<br />
| t<br />
| 0.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 498<br />
| Hydrogen<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 0.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 499<br />
| Other non-specified energy sources<br />
| TJ<br />
| ..<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
NB<br />
<br />
BIO = biofuel, whose carbon dioxide emissions are not counted in the total emission amounts of Finland's greenhouse gases, nor are they taken into account in emissions trading.<br />
<br />
1) CO<sub>2</sub> factor of mixed fuels is an estimate taking into account only the share of fossil carbon.<br />
<br />
2) Gasified waste (Product gas) is reported in the fuel categories of the source materials of gasification.<br />
<br />
Calorific values and emission coefficients describe the properties of fuel as fired,<br />
inclusive of moisture content (except for 313, where the measurement unit is tonnes of dry matter).<br />
Calorific value of natural gas has been specified in normal conditions (0 °C and 1.013 bar).<br />
<br />
Emission factors are updated when necessary. <br />
<br />
(* Revised values.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Emission factors for district heating is calculated in [http://www.motiva.fi/en/ Motiva] CO<sub>2</sub> emission calculation introductions<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref>. <br />
For district heating joint production emission factor is 220 kg CO<sub>2</sub>/MWh. In this view other GHGs (CH<sub>4</sub> or N<sub>2</sub>O) are not taken account as CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv!<br />
Emission factors by fuel based on [http://www.motiva.fi/en/ Motiva] knowledge is in table 2. <br />
<br />
Table 2. Emission factors of CO<sub>2</sub> by fuel<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref>.<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| Fuels<br />
| kg CO<sub>2</sub>/MWh<br />
|----<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 279<br />
|----<br />
| Light oil<br />
| 267<br />
|----<br />
| Gas<br />
| 202<br />
|----<br />
| Fluid gas<br />
| 227<br />
|----<br />
| Peat<br />
| 382<br />
|----<br />
| Coal<br />
| 341<br />
|----<br />
| Coke<br />
| 389<br />
|----<br />
| Wood<br />
| 0<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
CO2 EF for electricity can be classified in two categories: purchase electricity and own production. EF for purchase electricity is the same as own electricity vendor has informed or average Finnish electricity procurement CO2 EF (= 200 kg CO2/MWh). EF for own electricity production can be used EF from table 2 (fuel based EFs). If electricity is produced in combined electricity, heating production EFs are calculated with “benefit division method”. Method is explained in Motiva introduction<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref> (attachment 2).<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 4. Average emission factors measured with differed gas analyzator (kk) and FTIR analyzator <ref>http://www.uku.fi/fine/src/raportit/PUPOloppuraportti2007.pdf</ref>.<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
| Ordinary combustion<br />
| Distribution (%)<br />
| Bad combustion<br />
| Distribution (%)<br />
| Unit<br />
|----<br />
| Temperature of gas<br />
| 253<br />
| 1<br />
| 159<br />
| 17<br />
| Celsius<br />
|----<br />
| CO2 (kk)<br />
| 7.3<br />
| 5<br />
| 11<br />
| 8<br />
| %, dry<br />
|----<br />
| O2 (kk)<br />
| 13.3<br />
| 3<br />
| 8.7<br />
| 14<br />
| %, dry<br />
|----<br />
| H2O (FTIR)<br />
| 6.5<br />
| 4<br />
| 7.7<br />
| - <br />
| %, wet<br />
|----<br />
| CO (kk)<br />
| 2300<br />
| 10<br />
| 8100<br />
| 29<br />
| mg/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| CO (FTIR)<br />
| 2000<br />
| 11<br />
| 5700<br />
| - <br />
| mg/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| OGC (kk)<br />
| 120<br />
| 17<br />
| 1700<br />
| 46<br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| OGC (FTIR)<br />
| 160<br />
| 24<br />
| 1500<br />
| - <br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| CH4 (FTIR)<br />
| 30<br />
| 22<br />
| 350<br />
| - <br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| C6H6 (FTIR)<br />
| 20<br />
| 27<br />
| 210<br />
| - <br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 5 and 6 are from Heljo et al 2005<ref>http://www.tut.fi/units/rak/rtt/tutkimus/ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf</ref>. Coefficient of CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv/CO<sub>2</sub> as 1.02 is used in transformation CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors to CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv. factors for electricity and district heating.<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 5. CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors of energy use of buildings (kg CO<sub>2</sub>/MWh)<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
| '''Gross of building level<br />
| '''Dispersion<br />
| '''Efficiency<br />
| '''Efficienfy energy level<br />
|----<br />
| Light oil<br />
| 267<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 314<br />
|----<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 279<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 328<br />
|----<br />
| Wood<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
|----<br />
| '''District heating<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Separate production<br />
| 226<br />
| 20-500<br />
| - <br />
| 226<br />
|----<br />
| Co-production<br />
| 220<br />
| dispersion<br />
| - <br />
| 220<br />
|----<br />
| '''Electricity production<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Average<br />
| 200<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 200<br />
|----<br />
| Marginal<br />
| 700<br />
| 700-900<br />
| - <br />
| 700<br />
|----<br />
| '''or<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Basic capacity<br />
| 110<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 110<br />
|----<br />
| Interval capacity<br />
| 450<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 450<br />
|----<br />
| Peak capacity<br />
| 850<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 850<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 6. CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv emission factors of energy use of buildings (kg CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv/MWh)<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
| '''Gross of building level<br />
| '''Dispersion<br />
| '''Efficiency<br />
| '''Efficienfy energy level<br />
|----<br />
| Light oil<br />
| 267<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 314<br />
|----<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 279<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 328<br />
|----<br />
| Wood<br />
| 18<br />
| - <br />
| 0.6<br />
| 30<br />
|----<br />
| '''District heating<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Separate production<br />
| 231<br />
| 20-500<br />
| - <br />
| 231<br />
|----<br />
| Co-production<br />
| 224<br />
| dispersion<br />
| - <br />
| 224<br />
|----<br />
| '''Electricity production<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Average<br />
| 204<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 204<br />
|----<br />
| Marginal<br />
| 714<br />
| 700-900<br />
| - <br />
| 714<br />
|----<br />
| '''or<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Basic capacity<br />
| 112<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 112<br />
|----<br />
| Interval capacity<br />
| 459<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 459<br />
|----<br />
| Peak capacity<br />
| 867<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 867<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Causality ===<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Unit ===<br />
<br />
mg/MJ<br />
<br />
=== Formula ===<br />
<br />
Data that have another unit than mg/MJ should be changed.<br />
<br />
e.g. t/TJ -> mg/MJ<br />
<br />
== Result ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* USEPA emission factor information web site [http://cfpub.epa.gov/oarweb/index.cfm?action=fire.main]<br />
<br />
*Tissari et al 2009 [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-4TVR26G-1&_user=953170&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000049246&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=953170&md5=0e3d0594c133bc8066aad60fc16ee88c]<br />
<br />
* PUPO loppuraportti [http://www.uku.fi/fine/src/raportit/PUPOloppuraportti2007.pdf]<br />
<br />
* Heljo et al. 2005 Rakennusten energiankulutus ja CO2-ekv päästöt Suomessa [http://www.tut.fi/units/rak/rtt/tutkimus/ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf]<br />
<br />
*Motiva 2004. Yksittäisen kohteen CO2-päästöjen laskentaohjeistus sekä käytettävät CO2-päästökertoimet [http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf]<br />
<br />
*Palosuo T. 09 [http://www.mm.helsinki.fi/mmtek/opiskelu/kurssit/y92/Taru_Palosuo_puuketjut_elinkaarianalyysi_230109.pdf]<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
*[http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_polttoaineluokitus.html]<br />
<br />
<references /></div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Emission_factors_for_burning_processes&diff=22496
Emission factors for burning processes
2011-09-14T07:36:00Z
<p>Pauliina: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Pauliina}}<br />
[[Category: BIOHER]]<br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
What are the emission factors for burning processes in Finland?<br />
{{disclink|EF for burning processes or EF by fuel types}}<br />
<br />
== Definition ==<br />
<br />
Emission factors for burning processes is an impact assessment that take a wide perspective over environmental issues that can dealt with on a city level<br />
<br />
See discussions with the statements in the discussion page.{{disclink|Discussions of emission factors}}<br />
<br />
=== Data ===<br />
<br />
In Finland there are about 700 small heating power plants that has under 5MW fuel power. Same amount is between 5 to 50 MW power plants and over 50 MW power plants there are 200 in Finland.<ref>http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706<br />
</ref> <br />
<br />
====Emission factors for greenhousegases====<br />
<br />
Next table includes emission factors for small power plants in Finland. <ref>http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706<br />
</ref> <br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| Laitos-/kattilatyyppi<br />
| Fuel power (MW)<br />
| Fuel<br />
| Emission factor (mg/MJ)<br />
| Laitosten lkm<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| &lt;5<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 20-90<br />
| 300<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 5-15<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 10-70<br />
| 200<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 15-50<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 5-40<br />
| 100<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| &lt;5<br />
| Light oil<br />
| &lt;10<br />
| 20<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 5-15<br />
| Light oil<br />
| &lt;10<br />
| 20<br />
|----<br />
| Poltinpoltto<br />
| 15-50<br />
| Light oil<br />
| &lt;10<br />
| 10<br />
|----<br />
| Diesel/kaasumoottori<br />
| 20-40<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 30-60<br />
| 2<br />
|----<br />
| Kerrosleijukattila<br />
| 5-10<br />
| Puu<br />
| 10-70<br />
| 8<br />
|----<br />
| Kerrosleijukattila<br />
| 10-50<br />
| Puu<br />
| 5-30<br />
| 10<br />
|----<br />
| Kiertoleijukattila<br />
| 20-40<br />
| Puu<br />
| 5-30<br />
| 4<br />
|----<br />
| Puuarinakattila<br />
| &lt;5<br />
| Puu<br />
| 20-150<br />
| 120<br />
|----<br />
| Puuarinakattila<br />
| 5-10<br />
| Puu<br />
| 20-150<br />
| 50<br />
|----<br />
| Puuarinakattila<br />
| 10-50<br />
| Puu<br />
| 10-150<br />
| 35<br />
|----<br />
| Kaasutuskattila<br />
| 2-7<br />
| Puu<br />
| 50-150<br />
| 5<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''EFs by fuel based classification<br />
<br />
Table 1. Fuel classification and emission factors in Finland 2010. <ref>[http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_polttoaineluokitus.html]</ref> <ref>http://tilastokeskus.fi/tup/khkinv/fi_nir_150110.pdf</ref>. Definitions for classification of fuels and energy sources can be found [http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_maaritykset_2010_en.html here].<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| Code Heading<br />
|<br />
| Fuel-specific unit <br />
| CO<sub>2</sub> default emission factor [t/TJ]<br />
| <br />
| Default net calorific value (as fired) [GJ/unit]<br />
| <br />
| NB<br />
|----<br />
| 1<br />
| Fossil fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 11<br />
| Petroleum products<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 111<br />
| Petroleum gases<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1111<br />
| Refinery gas<br />
| t<br />
| 54.2<br />
| *<br />
| 49.7<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1112<br />
| LPG (Liquefied petroleum gas)<br />
| t<br />
| 65.0<br />
| <br />
| 46.2<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 112<br />
| Light distillates<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1121<br />
| Naphtha<br />
| t<br />
| 72.7<br />
| <br />
| 44.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1122<br />
| Motor gasoline<br />
| t<br />
| 72.9<br />
| <br />
| 43.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1123<br />
| Aviation gasoline<br />
| t<br />
| 71.3<br />
| <br />
| 43.7<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 113<br />
| Medium distillates<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1131<br />
| Kerosene (jet fuel)<br />
| t<br />
| 73.2<br />
| <br />
| 43.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1132<br />
| Other kerosenes<br />
| t<br />
| 71.5<br />
| *<br />
| 43.1<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1133<br />
| Diesel oil<br />
| t<br />
| 73.6<br />
| <br />
| 42.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1134<br />
| Light fuel oil (heating fuel oil)<br />
| t<br />
| 74.1<br />
| <br />
| 42.7<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1135<br />
| Gasoil (for non-road use)<br />
| t<br />
| 73.6<br />
| *<br />
| 42.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1139<br />
| Other medium distillates<br />
| t<br />
| 74.1<br />
| <br />
| 42.7<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 114<br />
| Heavy distillates<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1141<br />
| Heavy fuel oil, sulphur content &lt; 1%<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 41.1<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1142<br />
| Heavy fuel oil, sulphur content ≥ 1%<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 40.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1143<br />
| Other heavy distillates<br />
| t<br />
| 79.2<br />
| *<br />
| 40.2<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 115<br />
| Petroleum coke<br />
| t<br />
| 97.0<br />
| <br />
| 33.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 116<br />
| Recycled and waste oils<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 41.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 119<br />
| Other petroleum products<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 30.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12<br />
| Coal<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|----<br />
| 121<br />
| Hard coal<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1211<br />
| Anthracite<br />
| t<br />
| 98.3<br />
| *<br />
| 33.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1212<br />
| Hard coal, bituminous <br />
| t<br />
| 94.6<br />
| <br />
| 24.6<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 122<br />
| Other coal<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1221<br />
| Semi-bituminous coal, brown coal, lignite<br />
| t<br />
| 108.0<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1222<br />
| Coal briquettes<br />
| t<br />
| 94.6<br />
| *<br />
| 30.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1228<br />
| Coal tar<br />
| t<br />
| 90.6<br />
| *<br />
| 37.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1229<br />
| Other non-specified coal<br />
| t<br />
| 108.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 123<br />
| Coke<br />
| t<br />
| 108.0<br />
| <br />
| 29.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 124<br />
| Coke oven gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 41.5<br />
| <br />
| 16.7<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 125<br />
| Blast furnace gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 263.7<br />
| <br />
| 3.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 13<br />
| Natural gas<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 131<br />
| Natural gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 55.04<br />
| <br />
| 36.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 2<br />
| Peat<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 21<br />
| Peat<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 211<br />
| Milled peat<br />
| t<br />
| 105.9<br />
| <br />
| 10.1<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 212<br />
| Sod peat<br />
| t<br />
| 102.0<br />
| <br />
| 12.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 213<br />
| Peat pellets and briquettes<br />
| t<br />
| 97.0<br />
| <br />
| 18.0<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3<br />
| Renewable and mixed fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 31<br />
| Biomass<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 311<br />
| Forest fuelwood<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3111<br />
| Firewood (stems and split firewood)<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 14.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3112<br />
| Chips from roundwood<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 9.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3113<br />
| Forest residue chips<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 9.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 312<br />
| Industrial wood residue<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3121<br />
| Bark<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 7.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3122<br />
| Sawdust, cutter shavings etc.<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 8.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3123<br />
| Wood residue chips<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 9.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3128<br />
| Unspecified industrial wood residue<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 7.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3129<br />
| Other industrial wood residue<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| *<br />
| 8.8<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 313<br />
| Black liquor and other concentrated liquors<br />
| tka<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 11.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 314<br />
| Other by-products from wood processing <br />
| TJ<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| industry<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 315<br />
| Recovered wood<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 12.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 316<br />
| Wood pellets and briquettes<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 16.0<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 317<br />
| Vegetable-based fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|----<br />
| 3171<br />
| NEW!!Reed canary grass<br />
| t<br />
| 100.0<br />
| <br />
| 14.6<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3172<br />
| NEW!!Cereal crops and straw parts<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 13.5<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3179<br />
| NEW!! Other vegetable-based fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 15.0<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 318<br />
| Animal-based fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 109.6<br />
| <br />
| 30.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 32<br />
| Other biofuels and mixed fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 321<br />
| Biogas<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3211<br />
| Landfill gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56,1<br />
| <br />
| 17.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3212<br />
| Biogas from wastewater treatment<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56.1<br />
| <br />
| 23.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3213<br />
| Industrial biogas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56.1<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3219<br />
| Other biogas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56.1<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 322<br />
| Liquid biofuels<br />
| t<br />
| 77.4<br />
| <br />
| 30..40<br />
|<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 323<br />
| Mixed fuels (fossil and non-fossil)<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3231<br />
| Recovered fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 31.8<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3232<br />
| Demolition wood<br />
| t<br />
| 17.0<br />
| <br />
| 15.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3233<br />
| Impregnated wood (chemically treated)<br />
| t<br />
| 11.4<br />
| <br />
| 12.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3234<br />
| NEW!! Deinking sludge <br />
| t<br />
| 60.0<br />
| <br />
| 4.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3238<br />
| NEW!!Municipal waste (unsorted)<br />
| t<br />
| 40.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3239<br />
| Other mixed fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 110.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 324<br />
| Gasified waste (Product gas)<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| ..<br />
| <br />
| ..<br />
| <br />
| 2)<br />
|----<br />
| 325<br />
| NEW!!Biosludge<br />
| t<br />
| 109.6<br />
| <br />
| 2.5<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 4<br />
| Other energy sources<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 41<br />
| Nuclear energy<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 411<br />
| Nuclear energy<br />
| TJ<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 49<br />
| Others<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 491<br />
| Other by-products and wastes used as fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4911<br />
| Plastics waste<br />
| t<br />
| 74.1<br />
| <br />
| 33.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4912<br />
| Rubber waste<br />
| t<br />
| 90.0<br />
| <br />
| 33.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4913<br />
| Hazardous waste<br />
| t<br />
| 117.0<br />
| *<br />
| 10.0<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4919<br />
| Other waste<br />
| t<br />
| 75.0<br />
| <br />
| 15.0<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 492<br />
| Exothermic heat from industry<br />
| TJ<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 493<br />
| Secondary heat from industry<br />
| TJ<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 494<br />
| Electricity<br />
| MWh<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 495<br />
| Steam<br />
| MWh<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 497<br />
| NEW!!Sulphur<br />
| t<br />
| 0.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 498<br />
| Hydrogen<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 0.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 499<br />
| Other non-specified energy sources<br />
| TJ<br />
| ..<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
NB<br />
<br />
BIO = biofuel, whose carbon dioxide emissions are not counted in the total emission amounts of Finland's greenhouse gases, nor are they taken into account in emissions trading.<br />
<br />
1) CO<sub>2</sub> factor of mixed fuels is an estimate taking into account only the share of fossil carbon.<br />
<br />
2) Gasified waste (Product gas) is reported in the fuel categories of the source materials of gasification.<br />
<br />
Calorific values and emission coefficients describe the properties of fuel as fired,<br />
inclusive of moisture content (except for 313, where the measurement unit is tonnes of dry matter).<br />
Calorific value of natural gas has been specified in normal conditions (0 °C and 1.013 bar).<br />
<br />
Emission factors are updated when necessary. <br />
<br />
(* Revised values.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Emission factors for district heating is calculated in [http://www.motiva.fi/en/ Motiva] CO<sub>2</sub> emission calculation introductions<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref>. <br />
For district heating joint production emission factor is 220 kg CO<sub>2</sub>/MWh. In this view other GHGs (CH<sub>4</sub> or N<sub>2</sub>O) are not taken account as CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv!<br />
Emission factors by fuel based on [http://www.motiva.fi/en/ Motiva] knowledge is in table 2. <br />
<br />
Table 2. Emission factors of CO<sub>2</sub> by fuel<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref>.<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| Fuels<br />
| kg CO<sub>2</sub>/MWh<br />
|----<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 279<br />
|----<br />
| Light oil<br />
| 267<br />
|----<br />
| Gas<br />
| 202<br />
|----<br />
| Fluid gas<br />
| 227<br />
|----<br />
| Peat<br />
| 382<br />
|----<br />
| Coal<br />
| 341<br />
|----<br />
| Coke<br />
| 389<br />
|----<br />
| Wood<br />
| 0<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
CO2 EF for electricity can be classified in two categories: purchase electricity and own production. EF for purchase electricity is the same as own electricity vendor has informed or average Finnish electricity procurement CO2 EF (= 200 kg CO2/MWh). EF for own electricity production can be used EF from table 2 (fuel based EFs). If electricity is produced in combined electricity, heating production EFs are calculated with “benefit division method”. Method is explained in Motiva introduction<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref> (attachment 2).<br />
<br />
Tissari et al 2009<ref>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-4TVR26G-1&_user=953170&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000049246&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=953170&md5=0e3d0594c133bc8066aad60fc16ee88c#tblfn3</ref> have studied emissions from masonry heaters and sauna stoves and have emission factors that are presented in table 3.<br />
<br />
Table 3. Average wood combustion gas emission factorsa for carbon dioxide, oxygen, carbon monoxide and total hydrocarbons (OGC); particle emission factors (in numerical terms for particles <10 μm) and particulate mass (particles <1 μm); and particle geometric mean diameter (GMD) measured by ELPI.<ref>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-4TVR26G-1&_user=953170&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000049246&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=953170&md5=0e3d0594c133bc8066aad60fc16ee88c#tblfn3</ref><br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
| CO2 (%, dry)<br />
| O2 (%, dry)<br />
| CO (g kg−1)<br />
| <br />
| OGC (gC kg−1)<br />
| <br />
| Number (# kg−1)<br />
| <br />
| PM1 (g kg−1)<br />
| <br />
| GMD (μm)<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Avg.<br />
| Avg.<br />
| Avg.<br />
| P (%)<br />
| Avg.<br />
| P (%)<br />
| Avg.<br />
| P (%)<br />
| Avg.<br />
| P (%)<br />
| Avg.<br />
| P (%)<br />
|----<br />
| MMHa<br />
| 7.2<br />
| 13<br />
| 14<br />
| 6<br />
| 0.4<br />
| 18<br />
| 5.9 × 1014<br />
| 64<br />
| 0.7<br />
| 75<br />
| 0.13<br />
| 9<br />
|----<br />
| CMHa<br />
| 7<br />
| 13.3<br />
| 22<br />
| 7<br />
| 2.7<br />
| 84<br />
| 3.1 × 1014<br />
| 41<br />
| 0.7<br />
| 59<br />
| 0.15<br />
| 5<br />
|----<br />
| SSa<br />
| 7.5<br />
| 12.4<br />
| 55<br />
| 63<br />
| 10<br />
| 127<br />
| 1.8 × 1015<br />
| 42<br />
| 5<br />
| 71<br />
| 0.11<br />
| 70<br />
|----<br />
| ABb<br />
| 7.5<br />
| 12.6<br />
| 23<br />
| 7<br />
| 3.5<br />
| 72<br />
| 4.0 × 1014<br />
| NA<br />
| 1<br />
| NA<br />
| 0.14<br />
| NA<br />
|----<br />
| BBb<br />
| 8.9<br />
| 11.5<br />
| 50<br />
| 3<br />
| 14<br />
| 44<br />
| 2.0 × 1014<br />
| 81<br />
| 1.9<br />
| NA<br />
| 0.16<br />
| 17<br />
|----<br />
| SLc<br />
| 8.8<br />
| 11.6<br />
| 49<br />
| 20<br />
| 10<br />
| 25<br />
| 3.1 × 1014<br />
| 20<br />
| 1.9<br />
| 30<br />
| 0.18<br />
| 10<br />
|----<br />
| BLc<br />
| 6.2<br />
| 14.6<br />
| 21<br />
| 20<br />
| 1.1<br />
| 25<br />
| 2.2 × 1014<br />
| 20<br />
| 0.4<br />
| 30<br />
| 0.15<br />
| 10<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
a Appliance type: modern masonry heater (MMH), conventional masonry heater (CMH), sauna stove (SS).<br />
<br />
b Batch sizes: applicable batch (AB) and big batch (BB).<br />
<br />
c Log sizes: small logs (SL) and big logs (BL), the general precision of a single measurement, defined according to the unpublished data from the 8 run-to-run replicates, using the masonry heater.<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 4. Average emission factors measured with differed gas analyzator (kk) and FTIR analyzator <ref>http://www.uku.fi/fine/src/raportit/PUPOloppuraportti2007.pdf</ref>.<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
| Ordinary combustion<br />
| Distribution (%)<br />
| Bad combustion<br />
| Distribution (%)<br />
| Unit<br />
|----<br />
| Temperature of gas<br />
| 253<br />
| 1<br />
| 159<br />
| 17<br />
| Celsius<br />
|----<br />
| CO2 (kk)<br />
| 7.3<br />
| 5<br />
| 11<br />
| 8<br />
| %, dry<br />
|----<br />
| O2 (kk)<br />
| 13.3<br />
| 3<br />
| 8.7<br />
| 14<br />
| %, dry<br />
|----<br />
| H2O (FTIR)<br />
| 6.5<br />
| 4<br />
| 7.7<br />
| - <br />
| %, wet<br />
|----<br />
| CO (kk)<br />
| 2300<br />
| 10<br />
| 8100<br />
| 29<br />
| mg/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| CO (FTIR)<br />
| 2000<br />
| 11<br />
| 5700<br />
| - <br />
| mg/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| OGC (kk)<br />
| 120<br />
| 17<br />
| 1700<br />
| 46<br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| OGC (FTIR)<br />
| 160<br />
| 24<br />
| 1500<br />
| - <br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| CH4 (FTIR)<br />
| 30<br />
| 22<br />
| 350<br />
| - <br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| C6H6 (FTIR)<br />
| 20<br />
| 27<br />
| 210<br />
| - <br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 5 and 6 are from Heljo et al 2005<ref>http://www.tut.fi/units/rak/rtt/tutkimus/ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf</ref>. Coefficient of CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv/CO<sub>2</sub> as 1.02 is used in transformation CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors to CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv. factors for electricity and district heating.<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 5. CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors of energy use of buildings (kg CO<sub>2</sub>/MWh)<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
| '''Gross of building level<br />
| '''Dispersion<br />
| '''Efficiency<br />
| '''Efficienfy energy level<br />
|----<br />
| Light oil<br />
| 267<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 314<br />
|----<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 279<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 328<br />
|----<br />
| Wood<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
|----<br />
| '''District heating<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Separate production<br />
| 226<br />
| 20-500<br />
| - <br />
| 226<br />
|----<br />
| Co-production<br />
| 220<br />
| dispersion<br />
| - <br />
| 220<br />
|----<br />
| '''Electricity production<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Average<br />
| 200<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 200<br />
|----<br />
| Marginal<br />
| 700<br />
| 700-900<br />
| - <br />
| 700<br />
|----<br />
| '''or<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Basic capacity<br />
| 110<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 110<br />
|----<br />
| Interval capacity<br />
| 450<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 450<br />
|----<br />
| Peak capacity<br />
| 850<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 850<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 6. CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv emission factors of energy use of buildings (kg CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv/MWh)<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
| '''Gross of building level<br />
| '''Dispersion<br />
| '''Efficiency<br />
| '''Efficienfy energy level<br />
|----<br />
| Light oil<br />
| 267<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 314<br />
|----<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 279<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 328<br />
|----<br />
| Wood<br />
| 18<br />
| - <br />
| 0.6<br />
| 30<br />
|----<br />
| '''District heating<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Separate production<br />
| 231<br />
| 20-500<br />
| - <br />
| 231<br />
|----<br />
| Co-production<br />
| 224<br />
| dispersion<br />
| - <br />
| 224<br />
|----<br />
| '''Electricity production<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Average<br />
| 204<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 204<br />
|----<br />
| Marginal<br />
| 714<br />
| 700-900<br />
| - <br />
| 714<br />
|----<br />
| '''or<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Basic capacity<br />
| 112<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 112<br />
|----<br />
| Interval capacity<br />
| 459<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 459<br />
|----<br />
| Peak capacity<br />
| 867<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 867<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Emission factors for PM<sub>2.5</sub>====<br />
<br />
See table 3 and PM<sub>1</sub>.<br />
<br />
Table 5. Average emission factors for fine particultae matter<ref>http://www.uku.fi/fine/src/raportit/PUPOloppuraportti2007.pdf</ref>.<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
| Ordinary combustion<br />
| Distribution (%)<br />
| Bad combustion<br />
| Distribution (%)<br />
| Unit<br />
|----<br />
| PM1<br />
| 100<br />
| 27<br />
| 600<br />
| 35<br />
| mg/MJ<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Table 6. PM2.5 emission factors of domestic wood combustion in Finland (Piltti report<ref>http://www.thl.fi/thl-client/pdfs/821ba678-1430-4016-bfc8-77a40c49eb1f</ref>).<br />
<br />
30-800 mg/MJ depends on different boilers, stoves and ovens.<br />
<br />
=== Causality ===<br />
<br />
'''Downstream:<br />
<br />
[[Emissions in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
=== Unit ===<br />
<br />
mg/MJ<br />
<br />
=== Formula ===<br />
<br />
Data that have another unit than mg/MJ should be changed.<br />
<br />
e.g. t/TJ -> mg/MJ<br />
<br />
== Result ==<br />
<br />
'''CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors of houses by own heating and by plant.<br />
<br />
<br />
Table . CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors (mg CO<sub>2</sub>/MJ) of houses by fuel used in own heating.<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
| mg CO<sub>2</sub>/MJ<br />
|kg/MWh<br />
|----<br />
| District<br />
| ?<br />
|220<br />
|----<br />
| Light oil<br />
| ?<br />
|267<br />
|----<br />
| Pellet<br />
| ?<br />
|382<br />
|----<br />
| Electricity<br />
| ?<br />
|200<br />
|----<br />
| Geothermal<br />
| ?<br />
|0<br />
|----<br />
| Other<br />
| ?<br />
|0<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
Table . CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors (mg CO<sub>2</sub>/MJ) by fuel used in plant.<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
| mg CO<sub>2</sub>/MJ<br />
|kg/MWh<br />
|----<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| ?<br />
|279<br />
|----<br />
| Wood chips<br />
| 109.6M<br />
| 394.6<br />
|----<br />
| Geothermal<br />
| ?<br />
|0<br />
|----<br />
| Other<br />
| ?<br />
|0<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''PM emission factor<br />
<br />
100 mg/MJ<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* USEPA emission factor information web site [http://cfpub.epa.gov/oarweb/index.cfm?action=fire.main]<br />
<br />
*Tissari et al 2009 [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-4TVR26G-1&_user=953170&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000049246&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=953170&md5=0e3d0594c133bc8066aad60fc16ee88c]<br />
<br />
* PUPO loppuraportti [http://www.uku.fi/fine/src/raportit/PUPOloppuraportti2007.pdf]<br />
<br />
* Heljo et al. 2005 Rakennusten energiankulutus ja CO2-ekv päästöt Suomessa [http://www.tut.fi/units/rak/rtt/tutkimus/ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf]<br />
<br />
*Motiva 2004. Yksittäisen kohteen CO2-päästöjen laskentaohjeistus sekä käytettävät CO2-päästökertoimet [http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf]<br />
<br />
*Palosuo T. 09 [http://www.mm.helsinki.fi/mmtek/opiskelu/kurssit/y92/Taru_Palosuo_puuketjut_elinkaarianalyysi_230109.pdf]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
*[http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_polttoaineluokitus.html]<br />
<br />
<references /></div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Emission_factors_for_burning_processes&diff=22495
Emission factors for burning processes
2011-09-14T06:44:55Z
<p>Pauliina: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Pauliina}}<br />
[[Category: BIOHER]]<br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
What are the emission factors for burning processes in Finland?<br />
{{disclink|EF for burning processes or EF by fuel types}}<br />
<br />
== Definition ==<br />
<br />
Emission factors for burning processes is an impact assessment that take a wide perspective over environmental issues that can dealt with on a city level<br />
<br />
See discussions with the statements in the discussion page.{{disclink|Discussions of emission factors}}<br />
<br />
=== Data ===<br />
====Emission factors for PM<sub>2.5</sub>====<br />
<br />
See table 3 and PM<sub>1</sub>.<br />
<br />
Table 5. Average emission factors for fine particultae matter<ref>http://www.uku.fi/fine/src/raportit/PUPOloppuraportti2007.pdf</ref>.<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
| Ordinary combustion<br />
| Distribution (%)<br />
| Bad combustion<br />
| Distribution (%)<br />
| Unit<br />
|----<br />
| PM1<br />
| 100<br />
| 27<br />
| 600<br />
| 35<br />
| mg/MJ<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Table 6. PM2.5 emission factors of domestic wood combustion in Finland (Piltti report<ref>http://www.thl.fi/thl-client/pdfs/821ba678-1430-4016-bfc8-77a40c49eb1f</ref>).<br />
<br />
30-800 mg/MJ depends on different boilers, stoves and ovens.<br />
<br />
====Emission factors for greenhousegases====<br />
<br />
'''EFs by fuel based classification<br />
<br />
Table 1. Fuel classification and emission factors in Finland 2010. <ref>[http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_polttoaineluokitus.html]</ref> <ref>http://tilastokeskus.fi/tup/khkinv/fi_nir_150110.pdf</ref>. Definitions for classification of fuels and energy sources can be found [http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_maaritykset_2010_en.html here].<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| Code Heading<br />
|<br />
| Fuel-specific unit <br />
| CO<sub>2</sub> default emission factor [t/TJ]<br />
| <br />
| Default net calorific value (as fired) [GJ/unit]<br />
| <br />
| NB<br />
|----<br />
| 1<br />
| Fossil fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 11<br />
| Petroleum products<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 111<br />
| Petroleum gases<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1111<br />
| Refinery gas<br />
| t<br />
| 54.2<br />
| *<br />
| 49.7<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1112<br />
| LPG (Liquefied petroleum gas)<br />
| t<br />
| 65.0<br />
| <br />
| 46.2<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 112<br />
| Light distillates<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1121<br />
| Naphtha<br />
| t<br />
| 72.7<br />
| <br />
| 44.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1122<br />
| Motor gasoline<br />
| t<br />
| 72.9<br />
| <br />
| 43.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1123<br />
| Aviation gasoline<br />
| t<br />
| 71.3<br />
| <br />
| 43.7<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 113<br />
| Medium distillates<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1131<br />
| Kerosene (jet fuel)<br />
| t<br />
| 73.2<br />
| <br />
| 43.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1132<br />
| Other kerosenes<br />
| t<br />
| 71.5<br />
| *<br />
| 43.1<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1133<br />
| Diesel oil<br />
| t<br />
| 73.6<br />
| <br />
| 42.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1134<br />
| Light fuel oil (heating fuel oil)<br />
| t<br />
| 74.1<br />
| <br />
| 42.7<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1135<br />
| Gasoil (for non-road use)<br />
| t<br />
| 73.6<br />
| *<br />
| 42.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1139<br />
| Other medium distillates<br />
| t<br />
| 74.1<br />
| <br />
| 42.7<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 114<br />
| Heavy distillates<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1141<br />
| Heavy fuel oil, sulphur content &lt; 1%<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 41.1<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1142<br />
| Heavy fuel oil, sulphur content ≥ 1%<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 40.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1143<br />
| Other heavy distillates<br />
| t<br />
| 79.2<br />
| *<br />
| 40.2<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 115<br />
| Petroleum coke<br />
| t<br />
| 97.0<br />
| <br />
| 33.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 116<br />
| Recycled and waste oils<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 41.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 119<br />
| Other petroleum products<br />
| t<br />
| 78.8<br />
| <br />
| 30.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 12<br />
| Coal<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|----<br />
| 121<br />
| Hard coal<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1211<br />
| Anthracite<br />
| t<br />
| 98.3<br />
| *<br />
| 33.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1212<br />
| Hard coal, bituminous <br />
| t<br />
| 94.6<br />
| <br />
| 24.6<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 122<br />
| Other coal<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1221<br />
| Semi-bituminous coal, brown coal, lignite<br />
| t<br />
| 108.0<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1222<br />
| Coal briquettes<br />
| t<br />
| 94.6<br />
| *<br />
| 30.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1228<br />
| Coal tar<br />
| t<br />
| 90.6<br />
| *<br />
| 37.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 1229<br />
| Other non-specified coal<br />
| t<br />
| 108.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 123<br />
| Coke<br />
| t<br />
| 108.0<br />
| <br />
| 29.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 124<br />
| Coke oven gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 41.5<br />
| <br />
| 16.7<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 125<br />
| Blast furnace gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 263.7<br />
| <br />
| 3.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 13<br />
| Natural gas<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 131<br />
| Natural gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 55.04<br />
| <br />
| 36.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 2<br />
| Peat<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 21<br />
| Peat<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 211<br />
| Milled peat<br />
| t<br />
| 105.9<br />
| <br />
| 10.1<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 212<br />
| Sod peat<br />
| t<br />
| 102.0<br />
| <br />
| 12.3<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 213<br />
| Peat pellets and briquettes<br />
| t<br />
| 97.0<br />
| <br />
| 18.0<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3<br />
| Renewable and mixed fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 31<br />
| Biomass<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 311<br />
| Forest fuelwood<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3111<br />
| Firewood (stems and split firewood)<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 14.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3112<br />
| Chips from roundwood<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 9.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3113<br />
| Forest residue chips<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 9.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 312<br />
| Industrial wood residue<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3121<br />
| Bark<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 7.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3122<br />
| Sawdust, cutter shavings etc.<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 8.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3123<br />
| Wood residue chips<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 9.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3128<br />
| Unspecified industrial wood residue<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 7.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3129<br />
| Other industrial wood residue<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| *<br />
| 8.8<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 313<br />
| Black liquor and other concentrated liquors<br />
| tka<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 11.5<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 314<br />
| Other by-products from wood processing <br />
| TJ<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| industry<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 315<br />
| Recovered wood<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 12.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 316<br />
| Wood pellets and briquettes<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 16.0<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 317<br />
| Vegetable-based fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|----<br />
| 3171<br />
| NEW!!Reed canary grass<br />
| t<br />
| 100.0<br />
| <br />
| 14.6<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3172<br />
| NEW!!Cereal crops and straw parts<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 13.5<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3179<br />
| NEW!! Other vegetable-based fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 109,6<br />
| <br />
| 15.0<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 318<br />
| Animal-based fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 109.6<br />
| <br />
| 30.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 32<br />
| Other biofuels and mixed fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 321<br />
| Biogas<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3211<br />
| Landfill gas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56,1<br />
| <br />
| 17.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3212<br />
| Biogas from wastewater treatment<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56.1<br />
| <br />
| 23.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3213<br />
| Industrial biogas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56.1<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 3219<br />
| Other biogas<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 56.1<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| *<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 322<br />
| Liquid biofuels<br />
| t<br />
| 77.4<br />
| <br />
| 30..40<br />
|<br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 323<br />
| Mixed fuels (fossil and non-fossil)<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 3231<br />
| Recovered fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 31.8<br />
| <br />
| 20.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3232<br />
| Demolition wood<br />
| t<br />
| 17.0<br />
| <br />
| 15.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3233<br />
| Impregnated wood (chemically treated)<br />
| t<br />
| 11.4<br />
| <br />
| 12.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3234<br />
| NEW!! Deinking sludge <br />
| t<br />
| 60.0<br />
| <br />
| 4.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3238<br />
| NEW!!Municipal waste (unsorted)<br />
| t<br />
| 40.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.0<br />
| <br />
| 1)<br />
|----<br />
| 3239<br />
| Other mixed fuels<br />
| t<br />
| 110.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 324<br />
| Gasified waste (Product gas)<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| ..<br />
| <br />
| ..<br />
| <br />
| 2)<br />
|----<br />
| 325<br />
| NEW!!Biosludge<br />
| t<br />
| 109.6<br />
| <br />
| 2.5<br />
| <br />
| BIO<br />
|----<br />
| 4<br />
| Other energy sources<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 41<br />
| Nuclear energy<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 411<br />
| Nuclear energy<br />
| TJ<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 49<br />
| Others<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 491<br />
| Other by-products and wastes used as fuels<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4911<br />
| Plastics waste<br />
| t<br />
| 74.1<br />
| <br />
| 33.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4912<br />
| Rubber waste<br />
| t<br />
| 90.0<br />
| <br />
| 33.0<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4913<br />
| Hazardous waste<br />
| t<br />
| 117.0<br />
| *<br />
| 10.0<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 4919<br />
| Other waste<br />
| t<br />
| 75.0<br />
| <br />
| 15.0<br />
| *<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 492<br />
| Exothermic heat from industry<br />
| TJ<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 493<br />
| Secondary heat from industry<br />
| TJ<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 494<br />
| Electricity<br />
| MWh<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 495<br />
| Steam<br />
| MWh<br />
| –<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 497<br />
| NEW!!Sulphur<br />
| t<br />
| 0.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.5<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 498<br />
| Hydrogen<br />
| 1000 m3<br />
| 0.0<br />
| <br />
| 10.8<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| 499<br />
| Other non-specified energy sources<br />
| TJ<br />
| ..<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
NB<br />
<br />
BIO = biofuel, whose carbon dioxide emissions are not counted in the total emission amounts of Finland's greenhouse gases, nor are they taken into account in emissions trading.<br />
<br />
1) CO<sub>2</sub> factor of mixed fuels is an estimate taking into account only the share of fossil carbon.<br />
<br />
2) Gasified waste (Product gas) is reported in the fuel categories of the source materials of gasification.<br />
<br />
Calorific values and emission coefficients describe the properties of fuel as fired,<br />
inclusive of moisture content (except for 313, where the measurement unit is tonnes of dry matter).<br />
Calorific value of natural gas has been specified in normal conditions (0 °C and 1.013 bar).<br />
<br />
Emission factors are updated when necessary. <br />
<br />
(* Revised values.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Emission factors for district heating is calculated in [http://www.motiva.fi/en/ Motiva] CO<sub>2</sub> emission calculation introductions<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref>. <br />
For district heating joint production emission factor is 220 kg CO<sub>2</sub>/MWh. In this view other GHGs (CH<sub>4</sub> or N<sub>2</sub>O) are not taken account as CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv!<br />
Emission factors by fuel based on [http://www.motiva.fi/en/ Motiva] knowledge is in table 2. <br />
<br />
Table 2. Emission factors of CO<sub>2</sub> by fuel<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref>.<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| Fuels<br />
| kg CO<sub>2</sub>/MWh<br />
|----<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 279<br />
|----<br />
| Light oil<br />
| 267<br />
|----<br />
| Gas<br />
| 202<br />
|----<br />
| Fluid gas<br />
| 227<br />
|----<br />
| Peat<br />
| 382<br />
|----<br />
| Coal<br />
| 341<br />
|----<br />
| Coke<br />
| 389<br />
|----<br />
| Wood<br />
| 0<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
CO2 EF for electricity can be classified in two categories: purchase electricity and own production. EF for purchase electricity is the same as own electricity vendor has informed or average Finnish electricity procurement CO2 EF (= 200 kg CO2/MWh). EF for own electricity production can be used EF from table 2 (fuel based EFs). If electricity is produced in combined electricity, heating production EFs are calculated with “benefit division method”. Method is explained in Motiva introduction<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref> (attachment 2).<br />
<br />
Tissari et al 2009<ref>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-4TVR26G-1&_user=953170&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000049246&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=953170&md5=0e3d0594c133bc8066aad60fc16ee88c#tblfn3</ref> have studied emissions from masonry heaters and sauna stoves and have emission factors that are presented in table 3.<br />
<br />
Table 3. Average wood combustion gas emission factorsa for carbon dioxide, oxygen, carbon monoxide and total hydrocarbons (OGC); particle emission factors (in numerical terms for particles <10 μm) and particulate mass (particles <1 μm); and particle geometric mean diameter (GMD) measured by ELPI.<ref>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-4TVR26G-1&_user=953170&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000049246&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=953170&md5=0e3d0594c133bc8066aad60fc16ee88c#tblfn3</ref><br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
| CO2 (%, dry)<br />
| O2 (%, dry)<br />
| CO (g kg−1)<br />
| <br />
| OGC (gC kg−1)<br />
| <br />
| Number (# kg−1)<br />
| <br />
| PM1 (g kg−1)<br />
| <br />
| GMD (μm)<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
|<br />
| Avg.<br />
| Avg.<br />
| Avg.<br />
| P (%)<br />
| Avg.<br />
| P (%)<br />
| Avg.<br />
| P (%)<br />
| Avg.<br />
| P (%)<br />
| Avg.<br />
| P (%)<br />
|----<br />
| MMHa<br />
| 7.2<br />
| 13<br />
| 14<br />
| 6<br />
| 0.4<br />
| 18<br />
| 5.9 × 1014<br />
| 64<br />
| 0.7<br />
| 75<br />
| 0.13<br />
| 9<br />
|----<br />
| CMHa<br />
| 7<br />
| 13.3<br />
| 22<br />
| 7<br />
| 2.7<br />
| 84<br />
| 3.1 × 1014<br />
| 41<br />
| 0.7<br />
| 59<br />
| 0.15<br />
| 5<br />
|----<br />
| SSa<br />
| 7.5<br />
| 12.4<br />
| 55<br />
| 63<br />
| 10<br />
| 127<br />
| 1.8 × 1015<br />
| 42<br />
| 5<br />
| 71<br />
| 0.11<br />
| 70<br />
|----<br />
| ABb<br />
| 7.5<br />
| 12.6<br />
| 23<br />
| 7<br />
| 3.5<br />
| 72<br />
| 4.0 × 1014<br />
| NA<br />
| 1<br />
| NA<br />
| 0.14<br />
| NA<br />
|----<br />
| BBb<br />
| 8.9<br />
| 11.5<br />
| 50<br />
| 3<br />
| 14<br />
| 44<br />
| 2.0 × 1014<br />
| 81<br />
| 1.9<br />
| NA<br />
| 0.16<br />
| 17<br />
|----<br />
| SLc<br />
| 8.8<br />
| 11.6<br />
| 49<br />
| 20<br />
| 10<br />
| 25<br />
| 3.1 × 1014<br />
| 20<br />
| 1.9<br />
| 30<br />
| 0.18<br />
| 10<br />
|----<br />
| BLc<br />
| 6.2<br />
| 14.6<br />
| 21<br />
| 20<br />
| 1.1<br />
| 25<br />
| 2.2 × 1014<br />
| 20<br />
| 0.4<br />
| 30<br />
| 0.15<br />
| 10<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
a Appliance type: modern masonry heater (MMH), conventional masonry heater (CMH), sauna stove (SS).<br />
<br />
b Batch sizes: applicable batch (AB) and big batch (BB).<br />
<br />
c Log sizes: small logs (SL) and big logs (BL), the general precision of a single measurement, defined according to the unpublished data from the 8 run-to-run replicates, using the masonry heater.<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 4. Average emission factors measured with differed gas analyzator (kk) and FTIR analyzator <ref>http://www.uku.fi/fine/src/raportit/PUPOloppuraportti2007.pdf</ref>.<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
| Ordinary combustion<br />
| Distribution (%)<br />
| Bad combustion<br />
| Distribution (%)<br />
| Unit<br />
|----<br />
| Temperature of gas<br />
| 253<br />
| 1<br />
| 159<br />
| 17<br />
| Celsius<br />
|----<br />
| CO2 (kk)<br />
| 7.3<br />
| 5<br />
| 11<br />
| 8<br />
| %, dry<br />
|----<br />
| O2 (kk)<br />
| 13.3<br />
| 3<br />
| 8.7<br />
| 14<br />
| %, dry<br />
|----<br />
| H2O (FTIR)<br />
| 6.5<br />
| 4<br />
| 7.7<br />
| - <br />
| %, wet<br />
|----<br />
| CO (kk)<br />
| 2300<br />
| 10<br />
| 8100<br />
| 29<br />
| mg/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| CO (FTIR)<br />
| 2000<br />
| 11<br />
| 5700<br />
| - <br />
| mg/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| OGC (kk)<br />
| 120<br />
| 17<br />
| 1700<br />
| 46<br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| OGC (FTIR)<br />
| 160<br />
| 24<br />
| 1500<br />
| - <br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| CH4 (FTIR)<br />
| 30<br />
| 22<br />
| 350<br />
| - <br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
| C6H6 (FTIR)<br />
| 20<br />
| 27<br />
| 210<br />
| - <br />
| mg C/MJ<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 5 and 6 are from Heljo et al 2005<ref>http://www.tut.fi/units/rak/rtt/tutkimus/ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf</ref>. Coefficient of CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv/CO<sub>2</sub> as 1.02 is used in transformation CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors to CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv. factors for electricity and district heating.<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 5. CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors of energy use of buildings (kg CO<sub>2</sub>/MWh)<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
| '''Gross of building level<br />
| '''Dispersion<br />
| '''Efficiency<br />
| '''Efficienfy energy level<br />
|----<br />
| Light oil<br />
| 267<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 314<br />
|----<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 279<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 328<br />
|----<br />
| Wood<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
|----<br />
| '''District heating<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Separate production<br />
| 226<br />
| 20-500<br />
| - <br />
| 226<br />
|----<br />
| Co-production<br />
| 220<br />
| dispersion<br />
| - <br />
| 220<br />
|----<br />
| '''Electricity production<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Average<br />
| 200<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 200<br />
|----<br />
| Marginal<br />
| 700<br />
| 700-900<br />
| - <br />
| 700<br />
|----<br />
| '''or<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Basic capacity<br />
| 110<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 110<br />
|----<br />
| Interval capacity<br />
| 450<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 450<br />
|----<br />
| Peak capacity<br />
| 850<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 850<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
Table 6. CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv emission factors of energy use of buildings (kg CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv/MWh)<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
| '''Gross of building level<br />
| '''Dispersion<br />
| '''Efficiency<br />
| '''Efficienfy energy level<br />
|----<br />
| Light oil<br />
| 267<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 314<br />
|----<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| 279<br />
| - <br />
| 0.85<br />
| 328<br />
|----<br />
| Wood<br />
| 18<br />
| - <br />
| 0.6<br />
| 30<br />
|----<br />
| '''District heating<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Separate production<br />
| 231<br />
| 20-500<br />
| - <br />
| 231<br />
|----<br />
| Co-production<br />
| 224<br />
| dispersion<br />
| - <br />
| 224<br />
|----<br />
| '''Electricity production<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Average<br />
| 204<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 204<br />
|----<br />
| Marginal<br />
| 714<br />
| 700-900<br />
| - <br />
| 714<br />
|----<br />
| '''or<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Basic capacity<br />
| 112<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 112<br />
|----<br />
| Interval capacity<br />
| 459<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 459<br />
|----<br />
| Peak capacity<br />
| 867<br />
| - <br />
| - <br />
| 867<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Causality ===<br />
<br />
'''Downstream:<br />
<br />
[[Emissions in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
=== Unit ===<br />
<br />
mg/MJ<br />
<br />
=== Formula ===<br />
<br />
Data that have another unit than mg/MJ should be changed.<br />
<br />
e.g. t/TJ -> mg/MJ<br />
<br />
== Result ==<br />
<br />
'''CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors of houses by own heating and by plant.<br />
<br />
<br />
Table . CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors (mg CO<sub>2</sub>/MJ) of houses by fuel used in own heating.<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
| mg CO<sub>2</sub>/MJ<br />
|kg/MWh<br />
|----<br />
| District<br />
| ?<br />
|220<br />
|----<br />
| Light oil<br />
| ?<br />
|267<br />
|----<br />
| Pellet<br />
| ?<br />
|382<br />
|----<br />
| Electricity<br />
| ?<br />
|200<br />
|----<br />
| Geothermal<br />
| ?<br />
|0<br />
|----<br />
| Other<br />
| ?<br />
|0<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
Table . CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors (mg CO<sub>2</sub>/MJ) by fuel used in plant.<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|<br />
| mg CO<sub>2</sub>/MJ<br />
|kg/MWh<br />
|----<br />
| Heavy oil<br />
| ?<br />
|279<br />
|----<br />
| Wood chips<br />
| 109.6M<br />
| 394.6<br />
|----<br />
| Geothermal<br />
| ?<br />
|0<br />
|----<br />
| Other<br />
| ?<br />
|0<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''PM emission factor<br />
<br />
100 mg/MJ<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* USEPA emission factor information web site [http://cfpub.epa.gov/oarweb/index.cfm?action=fire.main]<br />
<br />
*Tissari et al 2009 [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-4TVR26G-1&_user=953170&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000049246&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=953170&md5=0e3d0594c133bc8066aad60fc16ee88c]<br />
<br />
* PUPO loppuraportti [http://www.uku.fi/fine/src/raportit/PUPOloppuraportti2007.pdf]<br />
<br />
* Heljo et al. 2005 Rakennusten energiankulutus ja CO2-ekv päästöt Suomessa [http://www.tut.fi/units/rak/rtt/tutkimus/ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf]<br />
<br />
*Motiva 2004. Yksittäisen kohteen CO2-päästöjen laskentaohjeistus sekä käytettävät CO2-päästökertoimet [http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf]<br />
<br />
*Palosuo T. 09 [http://www.mm.helsinki.fi/mmtek/opiskelu/kurssit/y92/Taru_Palosuo_puuketjut_elinkaarianalyysi_230109.pdf]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
*[http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_polttoaineluokitus.html]<br />
<br />
<references /></div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=BIOHER_assessment&diff=22494
BIOHER assessment
2011-09-14T06:27:50Z
<p>Pauliina: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Assessment|moderator =Pauliina}} <br />
<br />
{{participants needed}}<br />
<br />
==Health and climate impacts of heat production in small municipalities (BIOHER)==<br />
This is assessment page of '''Bioher'''. Bioher is a research project coordinated by National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). The duration is 2008-2011. Project includes five subprojects with 1) measurement of PM and greenhouse gas emissions, 2) chemical characterization and assessment of atmospheric thermal impact of emitted PM, 3) toxicological characterization of emitted PM, 4) assessment of exposure to and health effects of current residential wood combustion, 5) assessment of health risks. <br />
<br />
Main study questions are:<br />
*How human risks differs between four heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are the costs of emissions and health effects due to different heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are climate change impacts of PM emissions and health effects due to CC?<br />
<br />
[http://en.opasnet.org/w/Image:Claih_model.ANA &nbsp;CLAIH/BIOHER analytica model ] <br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
=== Purpose ===<br />
<br />
The purpose is to evaluate PM<sub>2.5</sub> and green house gas (GHG) emissions of detached houses and small heating power plant, to assess exposure and health effects due to evaluated emissions and to define emission, heating and health effect costs. Assessment is going to compare four alternative ways to arrange decentralized energy production in communities with 2000 - 10000 inhabitants: light oil and pellets as fuel of detached houses and heavy oil and wood chips as fuel of small heating plants. In addition, environmental effects i.e. climate change (CC) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions is assessed with this model. <br />
<br />
Questions: <br />
<br />
*What would be the health effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of small power plant and individual houses in small living area (2000- 10000 inh.)? <br />
*What are GHG emissions of individual houses and small power plant and how emissions effect on CC? <br />
*What are the costs of different alternatives? <br />
*What is the optimal decision to produce energy and heat to houses?<br />
<br />
=== Boundaries ===<br />
<br />
*Energy production (single house and small energy plant level, 1-20MW) <br />
*Population (2000-10000 inh.) <br />
*Exposure for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*ER-functions for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions (-&gt;health effects) <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> climate effect (-&gt; health effects) <br />
*Household heating scenarios: <br />
**Light oil and pellets <br />
*Small heating plant scenarios:<br />
**Heavy oil and wood chips<br />
*Atmospheric thermal impact <br />
*DALY<br />
<br />
*Impacts: <br />
**Climate change<br />
**Premature mortality <br />
**Costs<br />
<br />
=== Scenarios ===<br />
<br />
Scenarios include two different fuel types of energy production in detached houses and small power plant: <br />
<br> '''Detached houses''' <br />
*light oil <br />
*Pellets<br />
<br> '''Small power plant''' <br />
*Heavy oil <br />
*Wood chips<br />
<br />
=== Intended users ===<br />
<br />
*City-level policy-makers in all sectors in Kuopio as well as everywhere else <br />
*International policy-makers related climate change <br />
*Policy-makers related health risks of fine particles and green house gases <br />
*General public <br />
*Scientists working on health risks of fine particles, green house gases and climate change <br />
*Other interested of topic<br />
<br />
=== Participants ===<br />
<br />
*Assessment and Modelling Unit of THL: [[User:Virpi Kollanus|Virpi Kollanus]], [[User:Pauliina|Pauliina]], [[User:Marko|Marko]], [[User:Mikko Pohjola|Mikko Pohjola]], [[User:Jouni|Jouni]]<br />
*Other researchers related Bioher -project<br />
<br />
==Variables==<br />
<br />
*[[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]]<br />
*[[Heating consumption of buildings]] <br />
*[[Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland]]<br />
*[[Emission factors for burning processes]]<br />
*[[ERF of PM2.5 on mortality in general population]]<br />
*[[Prices of fuels in heat production]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Other variables in the scale of Finland'''<br />
<br />
Emissions in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]] <br />
*[[CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[CH4 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[N2O emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[GHG emissions from land use change]]<br />
<br />
Exposure in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 concentration in Finland]]<br />
*[[Exposure of Finnish subpopulations to fine particles due domestic wood combustion]]<br />
*[[Intake fraction]] <br />
*[[Breathing rate]]<br />
*[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Finland]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Conclusions ==<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Analyses ===<br />
<br />
*Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses <br />
*value-of-information (VOI) analysis<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
<br />
* [http://intra.eracnet.fi/main/index.php/Bioher:Bioher Internal project website in ERACintra] <br />
*[[CLAIH assessment]]<br />
*[[Bioher stakeholder meeting 2009]]<br />
*[[Assessment on impacts of emission trading on city-level (ET-CL)]]<br />
*[http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/39675/Pienet%20chp%20laitokset.pdf?sequence=1 Pienten (<4 MW) CHP-laitosten mahdollisuudet]<br />
*[https://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/26995/Svan.Janne.pdf.pdf?sequence=1 Pientaloalueen lämmityskärjestelmien vertailu]sis.mm. kustannuslaskentaa<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/kaukolampo/kirjasto/tutkimusraportit/liitteet/pientaloalueiden%20kaukolampokriteerit_loppuraportti_20091111.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fkaukolampo%2Fkirjasto%2Ftutkimusraportit Pientaloalueiden ja -taajamien kaukolämpöön liittämisen kriteerit]<br />
*[http://era17.fi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/sitran_selvityksia_39.pdf Rakennetun ympäristön energiankäyttö ja kasvihuonekaasupäästöt]<br />
*[http://www.hsy.fi/seututieto/Documents/YTV_julkaisusarja/PJS_B_18_2003_pienpoltto_pks.pdf HSY2003:Pienpoltto pääkaupunkiseudulla]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/julkaisut%20ja%20tutkimukset/liitteet%20tutkimukset%20ja%20selvitykset/kaukolammityksenasiakasrajapinnanteknis-taloudellisetreunaehdot.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fjulkaisut Kaukolämmityksen asiakasrajapinnan teknis-taloudelliset reunaehdot sis.mm.Kaukolämpöliittymien kustannusselvitys]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/sites/default/files/kl-asiakasrajapinnan_teknistaloudelliset_rajaehdot.pdf KAUKOLÄMMITYKSEN ASIAKASRAJAPINNAN TEKNIS‐TALOUDELLISET REUNAEHDOT TUTKIMUKSEN LOPPURAPORTTI]sis. mm. kaukolämpöliittymän kustannusselvityksen<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=82087 Parhaan käyttökelpoisen tekniikan huomioonottaminen ympäristölupamenettelyssä (esimerkkinä alle 50MWn polttolaitokset)]<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706 Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut1-7)] Tästä löytyy ominaispäästökertoimet ja hyötysuhteet polttoaineittain ja polttotekniikoittain pienissä polttolaitoksissa (esim. taulukko 4). Myös tieto kuinka paljon pieniä polttolaitoksia on Suomessa.<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3708&lan=fi Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut8-19)]Täältä löytyy tietoa mm. hiukkasten poistotavoista (taulukko 23).<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Health_effects]] [[Category:Classical_air_pollutants]]</div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=BIOHER_assessment&diff=22493
BIOHER assessment
2011-09-14T06:27:00Z
<p>Pauliina: Old model deleted!!! :C</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Assessment|moderator =Pauliina}} <br />
<br />
{{participants needed}}<br />
<br />
==Health and climate impacts of heat production in small municipalities (BIOHER)==<br />
This is assessment page of '''Bioher'''. Bioher is a research project coordinated by National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). The duration is 2008-2011. Project includes five subprojects with 1) measurement of PM and greenhouse gas emissions, 2) chemical characterization and assessment of atmospheric thermal impact of emitted PM, 3) toxicological characterization of emitted PM, 4) assessment of exposure to and health effects of current residential wood combustion, 5) assessment of health risks. <br />
<br />
Main study questions are:<br />
*How human risks differs between four heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are the costs of emissions and health effects due to different heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are climate change impacts of PM emissions and health effects due to CC?<br />
<br />
[http://en.opasnet.org/w/Image:Claih_model.ANA &nbsp;CLAIH/BIOHER analytica model ] <br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
=== Purpose ===<br />
<br />
The purpose is to evaluate PM<sub>2.5</sub> and green house gas (GHG) emissions of detached houses and small heating power plant, to assess exposure and health effects due to evaluated emissions and to define emission, heating and health effect costs. Assessment is going to compare four alternative ways to arrange decentralized energy production in communities with 2000 - 10000 inhabitants: light oil and pellets as fuel of detached houses and heavy oil and wood chips as fuel of small heating plants. In addition, environmental effects i.e. climate change (CC) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions is assessed with this model. <br />
<br />
Questions: <br />
<br />
*What would be the health effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of small power plant and individual houses in small living area (2000- 10000 inh.)? <br />
*What are GHG emissions of individual houses and small power plant and how emissions effect on CC? <br />
*What are the costs of different alternatives? <br />
*What is the optimal decision to produce energy and heat to houses?<br />
<br />
=== Boundaries ===<br />
<br />
*Energy production (single house and small energy plant level, 1-20MW) <br />
*Population (2000-10000 inh.) <br />
*Exposure for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*ER-functions for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions (-&gt;health effects) <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> climate effect (-&gt; health effects) <br />
*Household heating scenarios: <br />
**Light oil and pellets <br />
*Small heating plant scenarios:<br />
**Heavy oil and wood chips<br />
*Atmospheric thermal impact <br />
*DALY<br />
<br />
*Impacts: <br />
**Climate change<br />
**Premature mortality <br />
**Costs<br />
<br />
=== Scenarios ===<br />
<br />
Scenarios include two different fuel types of energy production in detached houses and small power plant: <br />
<br> '''Detached houses''' <br />
*light oil <br />
*Pellets<br />
<br> '''Small power plant''' <br />
*Heavy oil <br />
*Wood chips<br />
<br />
=== Intended users ===<br />
<br />
*City-level policy-makers in all sectors in Kuopio as well as everywhere else <br />
*International policy-makers related climate change <br />
*Policy-makers related health risks of fine particles and green house gases <br />
*General public <br />
*Scientists working on health risks of fine particles, green house gases and climate change <br />
*Other interested of topic<br />
<br />
=== Participants ===<br />
<br />
*Assessment and Modelling Unit of THL: [[User:Virpi Kollanus|Virpi Kollanus]], [[User:Pauliina|Pauliina]], [[User:Marko|Marko]], [[User:Mikko Pohjola|Mikko Pohjola]], [[User:Jouni|Jouni]]<br />
*Other researchers related Bioher -project<br />
<br />
==Variables==<br />
<br />
*[[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]]<br />
*[[Heating consumption of buildings]] <br />
*[[Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland]]<br />
*[[Emission factors for burning processes]]<br />
*[[ERF of PM2.5 on mortality in general population]]<br />
*[[Prices of fuels in heat production]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Conclusions ==<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Analyses ===<br />
<br />
*Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses <br />
*value-of-information (VOI) analysis<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
<br />
* [http://intra.eracnet.fi/main/index.php/Bioher:Bioher Internal project website in ERACintra] <br />
*[[CLAIH assessment]]<br />
*[[Bioher stakeholder meeting 2009]]<br />
*[[Assessment on impacts of emission trading on city-level (ET-CL)]]<br />
*[http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/39675/Pienet%20chp%20laitokset.pdf?sequence=1 Pienten (<4 MW) CHP-laitosten mahdollisuudet]<br />
*[https://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/26995/Svan.Janne.pdf.pdf?sequence=1 Pientaloalueen lämmityskärjestelmien vertailu]sis.mm. kustannuslaskentaa<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/kaukolampo/kirjasto/tutkimusraportit/liitteet/pientaloalueiden%20kaukolampokriteerit_loppuraportti_20091111.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fkaukolampo%2Fkirjasto%2Ftutkimusraportit Pientaloalueiden ja -taajamien kaukolämpöön liittämisen kriteerit]<br />
*[http://era17.fi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/sitran_selvityksia_39.pdf Rakennetun ympäristön energiankäyttö ja kasvihuonekaasupäästöt]<br />
*[http://www.hsy.fi/seututieto/Documents/YTV_julkaisusarja/PJS_B_18_2003_pienpoltto_pks.pdf HSY2003:Pienpoltto pääkaupunkiseudulla]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/julkaisut%20ja%20tutkimukset/liitteet%20tutkimukset%20ja%20selvitykset/kaukolammityksenasiakasrajapinnanteknis-taloudellisetreunaehdot.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fjulkaisut Kaukolämmityksen asiakasrajapinnan teknis-taloudelliset reunaehdot sis.mm.Kaukolämpöliittymien kustannusselvitys]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/sites/default/files/kl-asiakasrajapinnan_teknistaloudelliset_rajaehdot.pdf KAUKOLÄMMITYKSEN ASIAKASRAJAPINNAN TEKNIS‐TALOUDELLISET REUNAEHDOT TUTKIMUKSEN LOPPURAPORTTI]sis. mm. kaukolämpöliittymän kustannusselvityksen<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=82087 Parhaan käyttökelpoisen tekniikan huomioonottaminen ympäristölupamenettelyssä (esimerkkinä alle 50MWn polttolaitokset)]<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706 Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut1-7)] Tästä löytyy ominaispäästökertoimet ja hyötysuhteet polttoaineittain ja polttotekniikoittain pienissä polttolaitoksissa (esim. taulukko 4). Myös tieto kuinka paljon pieniä polttolaitoksia on Suomessa.<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3708&lan=fi Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut8-19)]Täältä löytyy tietoa mm. hiukkasten poistotavoista (taulukko 23).<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Other variables in the scale of Finland'''<br />
<br />
Emissions in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]] <br />
*[[CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[CH4 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[N2O emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[GHG emissions from land use change]]<br />
<br />
Exposure in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 concentration in Finland]]<br />
*[[Exposure of Finnish subpopulations to fine particles due domestic wood combustion]]<br />
*[[Intake fraction]] <br />
*[[Breathing rate]]<br />
*[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Finland]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Health_effects]] [[Category:Classical_air_pollutants]]</div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=BIOHER_assessment&diff=22488
BIOHER assessment
2011-09-13T06:46:23Z
<p>Pauliina: Bioher assessment sivun päivittäminen</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Assessment|moderator =Pauliina}} <br />
<br />
{{participants needed}}<br />
<br />
==Health and climate impacts of heat production in small municipalities (BIOHER)==<br />
This is assessment page of '''Bioher'''. Bioher is a research project coordinated by National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). The duration is 2008-2011. Project includes five subprojects with 1) measurement of PM and greenhouse gas emissions, 2) chemical characterization and assessment of atmospheric thermal impact of emitted PM, 3) toxicological characterization of emitted PM, 4) assessment of exposure to and health effects of current residential wood combustion, 5) assessment of health risks. <br />
<br />
This assessment page includes scope, definition, and result of health risk assessment of fine particles of four residential heating scenarios/decisions. Main study questions are:<br />
<br />
*How human risks differs between four heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are the costs of emissions and health effects due to different heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are climate change impacts of PM emissions and health effects due to CC?<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[http://en.opasnet.org/w/Image:Claih_model.ANA &nbsp;CLAIH/BIOHER analytica model ] <br />
<br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
=== Purpose ===<br />
<br />
The purpose is to evaluate PM<sub>2.5</sub> and green house gas (GHG) emissions of detached houses and small heating power plant, to assess exposure and health effects due to evaluated emissions and to define emission, heating and health effect costs. Assessment is going to compare four alternative ways to arrange decentralized energy production in communities with 2000 - 10000 inhabitants: light oil and pellets as fuel of detached houses and heavy oil and wood chips as fuel of small heating plants. In addition, environmental effects i.e. climate change (CC) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions is assessed with this model. <br />
<br />
Questions: <br />
<br />
*What would be the health effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of small power plant and individual houses in small living area (2000- 10000 inh.)? <br />
*What are GHG emissions of individual houses and small power plant and how emissions effect on CC? <br />
*What are the costs of different alternatives? <br />
*What is the optimal decision to produce energy and heat to houses?<br />
<br />
=== Boundaries ===<br />
<br />
*Energy production (single house and small energy plant level, 1-20MW) <br />
*Population (2000-10000 inh.) <br />
*Exposure for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*ER-functions for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions (-&gt;health effects) <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> climate effect (-&gt; health effects) <br />
*Household heating scenarios: <br />
**Light oil and pellets <br />
*Small heating plant scenarios:<br />
**Heavy oil and wood chips<br />
*Atmospheric thermal impact <br />
*DALY<br />
<br />
*Impacts: <br />
**Climate change<br />
**Premature mortality <br />
**Costs<br />
<br />
=== Scenarios ===<br />
<br />
Scenarios include two different fuel types of energy production in detached houses and small power plant: <br />
<br> '''Detached houses''' <br />
*light oil <br />
*Pellets<br />
<br> '''Small power plant''' <br />
*Heavy oil <br />
*Wood chips<br />
<br />
=== Intended users ===<br />
<br />
*City-level policy-makers in all sectors in Kuopio as well as everywhere else <br />
*International policy-makers related climate change <br />
*Policy-makers related health risks of fine particles and green house gases <br />
*General public <br />
*Scientists working on health risks of fine particles, green house gases and climate change <br />
*Other interested of topic<br />
<br />
=== Participants ===<br />
<br />
*Assessment and Modelling Unit of THL: [[User:Virpi Kollanus|Virpi Kollanus]], [[User:Pauliina|Pauliina]], [[User:Marko|Marko]], [[User:Mikko Pohjola|Mikko Pohjola]], [[User:Jouni|Jouni]]<br />
*Other researchers related Bioher -project<br />
<br />
== Conclusions ==<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Analyses ===<br />
<br />
*Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses <br />
*value-of-information (VOI) analysis<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
<br />
* [http://intra.eracnet.fi/main/index.php/Bioher:Bioher Internal project website in ERACintra] <br />
*[[CLAIH assessment]]<br />
*[[Bioher stakeholder meeting 2009]]<br />
*[[Assessment on impacts of emission trading on city-level (ET-CL)]]<br />
*[http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/39675/Pienet%20chp%20laitokset.pdf?sequence=1 Pienten (<4 MW) CHP-laitosten mahdollisuudet]<br />
*[https://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/26995/Svan.Janne.pdf.pdf?sequence=1 Pientaloalueen lämmityskärjestelmien vertailu]sis.mm. kustannuslaskentaa<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/kaukolampo/kirjasto/tutkimusraportit/liitteet/pientaloalueiden%20kaukolampokriteerit_loppuraportti_20091111.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fkaukolampo%2Fkirjasto%2Ftutkimusraportit Pientaloalueiden ja -taajamien kaukolämpöön liittämisen kriteerit]<br />
*[http://era17.fi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/sitran_selvityksia_39.pdf Rakennetun ympäristön energiankäyttö ja kasvihuonekaasupäästöt]<br />
*[http://www.hsy.fi/seututieto/Documents/YTV_julkaisusarja/PJS_B_18_2003_pienpoltto_pks.pdf HSY2003:Pienpoltto pääkaupunkiseudulla]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/julkaisut%20ja%20tutkimukset/liitteet%20tutkimukset%20ja%20selvitykset/kaukolammityksenasiakasrajapinnanteknis-taloudellisetreunaehdot.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fjulkaisut Kaukolämmityksen asiakasrajapinnan teknis-taloudelliset reunaehdot sis.mm.Kaukolämpöliittymien kustannusselvitys]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/sites/default/files/kl-asiakasrajapinnan_teknistaloudelliset_rajaehdot.pdf KAUKOLÄMMITYKSEN ASIAKASRAJAPINNAN TEKNIS‐TALOUDELLISET REUNAEHDOT TUTKIMUKSEN LOPPURAPORTTI]sis. mm. kaukolämpöliittymän kustannusselvityksen<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=82087 Parhaan käyttökelpoisen tekniikan huomioonottaminen ympäristölupamenettelyssä (esimerkkinä alle 50MWn polttolaitokset)]<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706 Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut1-7)] Tästä löytyy ominaispäästökertoimet ja hyötysuhteet polttoaineittain ja polttotekniikoittain pienissä polttolaitoksissa (esim. taulukko 4). Myös tieto kuinka paljon pieniä polttolaitoksia on Suomessa.<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3708&lan=fi Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut8-19)]Täältä löytyy tietoa mm. hiukkasten poistotavoista (taulukko 23).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Old model==<br />
*Older version of Analytica model: [[:Image:Bioher model.ANA|BIOHER analytica model]]<br />
<br />
== Results ==<br />
*Floor area in Bioher is approximately 50 m<sup>2</sup> per inhabitant that is 500 000 m<sup>2</sup> in total area. <br />
**[[Floor area in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*For total heating consumption by own heating, total electricity heating and plant heating in Bioher are 18.6 GWh/year, 15.7 GWh/ year and 14.0 GWh/year respectively. Total heating consumption in Bioher (10 000 inh.) is 48.3 GWh/ year. <br />
**[[Total heating consumption by own heating in Bioher]]<br />
**[[Electricity heating in Bioher]]<br />
**[[Energy consumption of Bioher plant]] <br />
<br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions are approximately 372 mg/s and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions are 4.4 t/s in Bioher.<br />
**[[Emissions in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*Exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub> (µg/m<sup>3</sup>) of Bioher population is 0.31 for heating production part and 0.23 for district heating part. Total exposure is 0.54 µg/m<sup>3</sup> for Bioher population. Exposure due electricity emissions has not taken account yet.<br />
**[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of own heating of houses and small municipality plant heating production (=district heating) causes approximately 1.4 premature deaths in ten years in Bioher case.<br />
**[[Health effects in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*Total fuel costs of heating consumption is 3.1 million euros per year. That means costs of over 300 euros per inhabitant in year.<br />
**[[Costs of heat production in Bioher]]<br />
== Definition ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Biohermalli.png|thumb|450px|center|Figure 1. Main model of health effect assessment in Bioher. ]] <br />
<br />
=== Variables ===<br />
<br />
'''Decision''' <br />
<br />
''This variable is not clear yet!!<br />
<br />
*Decisions of citizen level between different heating systems <br />
**Is there district heating system available (emissions from small power plant -&gt; decisions of society level) <br />
** Own heating system: fuel types (pellets/light oil)<br />
**Building stock (energy efficiency of buildings)<br />
<br />
*Decisions of society level <br />
**Extent of district heating system <br />
**Fuel type of energy production (heavy oil/wood chips) <br />
**Building stock (energy efficiency of buildings)<br />
<br />
'''Population<br />
<br />
Population in Bioher is '''10 000 inhabitants'''<br />
(For the comparison, the page of [[Population of Finland]] describes population of Finland.)<br />
<br />
'''House stock''' <br />
<br />
House stock as [[floor area in Bioher]] is indexed with house types (detached, row and block houses) and fuel types and all data is based on Finnish statistics. Building statistics in Finland have been described more intensively in the page of [[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]].<br />
<br />
'''Heating consumption'''<br />
<br />
Heating consumption is merged in three different energy consumption calculations/variables:<br />
<br />
*[[Total heating consumption by own heating in Bioher]]<br />
*[[Electricity heating in Bioher]]<br />
*[[Energy consumption of Bioher plant]] <br />
<br />
These three variables based on method of calculation of [[Heating consumption of buildings]] with<br />
heating of tap water in buildings, heating consumption with monthly temperature variation and [[Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland|Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland]]. <br />
<br />
Heating consumption by own heating means own heating systems in houses. In Bioher 34 % of total heating was produced with own heating system, 28% of total heating was electricity and 38% of heat was produced as district heating in small heating plant. Fraction of each variable is calculated in the page of [[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]]. <br />
<br />
'''Emission ''' <br />
<br />
PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions in Bioher is described in the variable of [[Emissions in Bioher]]. In emission calculation knowledge of [[Emission factors for burning processes]] have been used. <br />
<br />
'''Exposure ''' <br />
<br />
[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Bioher]] is based on rough estimate due emissions, [[intake fraction]] of population and [[breathing rate]]. Because emission estimates based direct emissions of source, dispersion is not taken account. Also exposure indoors is not taken account YET. <br />
<br />
'''Health effect ''' <br />
<br />
In Bioher premature mortality are considered firstly as health effects due emissions ([[Health effects in Bioher]]). Exposure response factors (ERF) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> for all causes, cardiopulmonary and lung cancer are described in [[ERF of PM2.5 on mortality in general population]]. Used ERF for premature mortality was 0.6. Background mortality of Bioher populaiton is 86 deaths in one year. <br />
<br />
'''Expenses ''' <br />
<br />
Costs can be devided in two part: costs of heat production and costs of health effects. [[Costs of heat production in Bioher]] includes fuel, investment and service prices. For now all costs includes only fuel prices ([[Prices of fuels in heat production]]). Costs of health effects are defined more in [[CLAIH assessment]].<br />
<br />
'''Climate change''' <br />
<br />
'''???<br />
<br />
*Positive effect (warming) <br />
**CO<sub>2</sub> <br />
**BC (black carbon)<br />
**CH<sub>4</sub> <br />
**N<sub>2</sub>O <br />
**CFC <br />
**NO<sub>x</sub>? <br />
**H<sub>2</sub>O? <br />
*Negative effect (cool down) <br />
**PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
**Albedo (soil surface, snow, clouds)<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Other variables in the scale of Finland'''<br />
<br />
Emissions in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]] <br />
*[[CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[CH4 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[N2O emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[GHG emissions from land use change]]<br />
<br />
Exposure in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 concentration in Finland]]<br />
*[[Exposure of Finnish subpopulations to fine particles due domestic wood combustion]]<br />
*[[Intake fraction]] <br />
*[[Breathing rate]]<br />
*[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Finland]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Health_effects]] [[Category:Classical_air_pollutants]]</div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=BIOHER_assessment&diff=22487
BIOHER assessment
2011-09-13T06:14:05Z
<p>Pauliina: /* See also */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Assessment|moderator =Pauliina}} <br />
<br />
{{participants needed}}<br />
<br />
==Health and climate impacts of heat production in small municipalities (BIOHER)==<br />
This is assessment page of '''Bioher'''. Bioher is a research project coordinated by National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). The duration is 2008-2011. Project includes five subprojects with 1) measurement of PM and greenhouse gas emissions, 2) chemical characterization and assessment of atmospheric thermal impact of emitted PM, 3) toxicological characterization of emitted PM, 4) assessment of exposure to and health effects of current residential wood combustion, 5) assessment of health risks. <br />
<br />
This assessment page includes scope, definition, and result of health risk assessment of fine particles of four residential heating scenarios/decisions. Main study questions are:<br />
<br />
*How human risks differs between four heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are the costs of emissions and health effects due to different heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are climate change impacts of PM emissions and health effects due to CC?<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[http://en.opasnet.org/w/Image:Claih_model.ANA &nbsp;CLAIH/BIOHER analytica model ] <br />
<br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
=== Purpose ===<br />
<br />
The purpose is to evaluate PM<sub>2.5</sub> and green house gas (GHG) emissions of detached houses and small heating power plant, to assess exposure and health effects due to evaluated emissions and to define emission, heating and health effect costs. Assessment is going to compare four alternative ways to arrange decentralized energy production in communities with 2000 - 10000 inhabitants: light oil and pellets as fuel of detached houses and heavy oil and wood chips as fuel of small heating plants. In addition, environmental effects i.e. climate change (CC) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions is assessed with this model. <br />
<br />
Questions: <br />
<br />
*What would be the health effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of small power plant and individual houses in small living area (2000- 10000 inh.)? <br />
*What are GHG emissions of individual houses and small power plant and how emissions effect on CC? <br />
*What are the costs of different alternatives? <br />
*What is the optimal decision to produce energy and heat to houses?<br />
<br />
=== Boundaries ===<br />
<br />
*Energy production (single house and small energy plant level, 1-20MW) <br />
*Population (2000-10000 inh.) <br />
*Exposure for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*ER-functions for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions (-&gt;health effects) <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> climate effect (-&gt; health effects) <br />
*Household heating scenarios: <br />
**Light oil and pellets <br />
*Small heating plant scenarios:<br />
**Heavy oil and wood chips<br />
*Atmospheric thermal impact <br />
*DALY<br />
<br />
*Impacts: <br />
**Climate change<br />
**Premature mortality <br />
**Costs<br />
<br />
=== Scenarios ===<br />
<br />
Scenarios include two different fuel types of energy production in detached houses and small power plant: <br />
<br> '''Detached houses''' <br />
*light oil <br />
*Pellets<br />
<br> '''Small power plant''' <br />
*Heavy oil <br />
*Wood chips<br />
<br />
=== Intended users ===<br />
<br />
*City-level policy-makers in all sectors in Kuopio as well as everywhere else <br />
*International policy-makers related climate change <br />
*Policy-makers related health risks of fine particles and green house gases <br />
*General public <br />
*Scientists working on health risks of fine particles, green house gases and climate change <br />
*Other interested of topic<br />
<br />
=== Participants ===<br />
<br />
*Assessment and Modelling Unit of THL: [[User:Virpi Kollanus|Virpi Kollanus]], [[User:Pauliina|Pauliina]], [[User:Marko|Marko]], [[User:Mikko Pohjola|Mikko Pohjola]], [[User:Jouni|Jouni]]<br />
*Other researchers related Bioher -project<br />
<br />
== Results ==<br />
*Floor area in Bioher is approximately 50 m<sup>2</sup> per inhabitant that is 500 000 m<sup>2</sup> in total area. <br />
**[[Floor area in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*For total heating consumption by own heating, total electricity heating and plant heating in Bioher are 18.6 GWh/year, 15.7 GWh/ year and 14.0 GWh/year respectively. Total heating consumption in Bioher (10 000 inh.) is 48.3 GWh/ year. <br />
**[[Total heating consumption by own heating in Bioher]]<br />
**[[Electricity heating in Bioher]]<br />
**[[Energy consumption of Bioher plant]] <br />
<br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions are approximately 372 mg/s and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions are 4.4 t/s in Bioher.<br />
**[[Emissions in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*Exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub> (µg/m<sup>3</sup>) of Bioher population is 0.31 for heating production part and 0.23 for district heating part. Total exposure is 0.54 µg/m<sup>3</sup> for Bioher population. Exposure due electricity emissions has not taken account yet.<br />
**[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of own heating of houses and small municipality plant heating production (=district heating) causes approximately 1.4 premature deaths in ten years in Bioher case.<br />
**[[Health effects in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*Total fuel costs of heating consumption is 3.1 million euros per year. That means costs of over 300 euros per inhabitant in year.<br />
**[[Costs of heat production in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
== Conclusions ==<br />
<br />
== Definition ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Biohermalli.png|thumb|450px|center|Figure 1. Main model of health effect assessment in Bioher. ]] <br />
<br />
=== Variables ===<br />
<br />
'''Decision''' <br />
<br />
''This variable is not clear yet!!<br />
<br />
*Decisions of citizen level between different heating systems <br />
**Is there district heating system available (emissions from small power plant -&gt; decisions of society level) <br />
** Own heating system: fuel types (pellets/light oil)<br />
**Building stock (energy efficiency of buildings)<br />
<br />
*Decisions of society level <br />
**Extent of district heating system <br />
**Fuel type of energy production (heavy oil/wood chips) <br />
**Building stock (energy efficiency of buildings)<br />
<br />
'''Population<br />
<br />
Population in Bioher is '''10 000 inhabitants'''<br />
(For the comparison, the page of [[Population of Finland]] describes population of Finland.)<br />
<br />
'''House stock''' <br />
<br />
House stock as [[floor area in Bioher]] is indexed with house types (detached, row and block houses) and fuel types and all data is based on Finnish statistics. Building statistics in Finland have been described more intensively in the page of [[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]].<br />
<br />
'''Heating consumption'''<br />
<br />
Heating consumption is merged in three different energy consumption calculations/variables:<br />
<br />
*[[Total heating consumption by own heating in Bioher]]<br />
*[[Electricity heating in Bioher]]<br />
*[[Energy consumption of Bioher plant]] <br />
<br />
These three variables based on method of calculation of [[Heating consumption of buildings]] with<br />
heating of tap water in buildings, heating consumption with monthly temperature variation and [[Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland|Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland]]. <br />
<br />
Heating consumption by own heating means own heating systems in houses. In Bioher 34 % of total heating was produced with own heating system, 28% of total heating was electricity and 38% of heat was produced as district heating in small heating plant. Fraction of each variable is calculated in the page of [[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]]. <br />
<br />
'''Emission ''' <br />
<br />
PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions in Bioher is described in the variable of [[Emissions in Bioher]]. In emission calculation knowledge of [[Emission factors for burning processes]] have been used. <br />
<br />
'''Exposure ''' <br />
<br />
[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Bioher]] is based on rough estimate due emissions, [[intake fraction]] of population and [[breathing rate]]. Because emission estimates based direct emissions of source, dispersion is not taken account. Also exposure indoors is not taken account YET. <br />
<br />
'''Health effect ''' <br />
<br />
In Bioher premature mortality are considered firstly as health effects due emissions ([[Health effects in Bioher]]). Exposure response factors (ERF) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> for all causes, cardiopulmonary and lung cancer are described in [[ERF of PM2.5 on mortality in general population]]. Used ERF for premature mortality was 0.6. Background mortality of Bioher populaiton is 86 deaths in one year. <br />
<br />
'''Expenses ''' <br />
<br />
Costs can be devided in two part: costs of heat production and costs of health effects. [[Costs of heat production in Bioher]] includes fuel, investment and service prices. For now all costs includes only fuel prices ([[Prices of fuels in heat production]]). Costs of health effects are defined more in [[CLAIH assessment]].<br />
<br />
'''Climate change''' <br />
<br />
'''???<br />
<br />
*Positive effect (warming) <br />
**CO<sub>2</sub> <br />
**BC (black carbon)<br />
**CH<sub>4</sub> <br />
**N<sub>2</sub>O <br />
**CFC <br />
**NO<sub>x</sub>? <br />
**H<sub>2</sub>O? <br />
*Negative effect (cool down) <br />
**PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
**Albedo (soil surface, snow, clouds)<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Other variables in the scale of Finland'''<br />
<br />
Emissions in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]] <br />
*[[CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[CH4 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[N2O emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[GHG emissions from land use change]]<br />
<br />
Exposure in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 concentration in Finland]]<br />
*[[Exposure of Finnish subpopulations to fine particles due domestic wood combustion]]<br />
*[[Intake fraction]] <br />
*[[Breathing rate]]<br />
*[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Finland]]<br />
<br />
=== Analyses ===<br />
<br />
*Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses <br />
*value-of-information (VOI) analysis<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
<br />
* [http://intra.eracnet.fi/main/index.php/Bioher:Bioher Internal project website in ERACintra] <br />
*[[CLAIH assessment]]<br />
*[[Bioher stakeholder meeting 2009]]<br />
*[[Assessment on impacts of emission trading on city-level (ET-CL)]]<br />
*[http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/39675/Pienet%20chp%20laitokset.pdf?sequence=1 Pienten (<4 MW) CHP-laitosten mahdollisuudet]<br />
*[https://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/26995/Svan.Janne.pdf.pdf?sequence=1 Pientaloalueen lämmityskärjestelmien vertailu]sis.mm. kustannuslaskentaa<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/kaukolampo/kirjasto/tutkimusraportit/liitteet/pientaloalueiden%20kaukolampokriteerit_loppuraportti_20091111.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fkaukolampo%2Fkirjasto%2Ftutkimusraportit Pientaloalueiden ja -taajamien kaukolämpöön liittämisen kriteerit]<br />
*[http://era17.fi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/sitran_selvityksia_39.pdf Rakennetun ympäristön energiankäyttö ja kasvihuonekaasupäästöt]<br />
*[http://www.hsy.fi/seututieto/Documents/YTV_julkaisusarja/PJS_B_18_2003_pienpoltto_pks.pdf HSY2003:Pienpoltto pääkaupunkiseudulla]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/julkaisut%20ja%20tutkimukset/liitteet%20tutkimukset%20ja%20selvitykset/kaukolammityksenasiakasrajapinnanteknis-taloudellisetreunaehdot.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fjulkaisut Kaukolämmityksen asiakasrajapinnan teknis-taloudelliset reunaehdot sis.mm.Kaukolämpöliittymien kustannusselvitys]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/sites/default/files/kl-asiakasrajapinnan_teknistaloudelliset_rajaehdot.pdf KAUKOLÄMMITYKSEN ASIAKASRAJAPINNAN TEKNIS‐TALOUDELLISET REUNAEHDOT TUTKIMUKSEN LOPPURAPORTTI]sis. mm. kaukolämpöliittymän kustannusselvityksen<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=82087 Parhaan käyttökelpoisen tekniikan huomioonottaminen ympäristölupamenettelyssä (esimerkkinä alle 50MWn polttolaitokset)]<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706 Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut1-7)] Tästä löytyy ominaispäästökertoimet ja hyötysuhteet polttoaineittain ja polttotekniikoittain pienissä polttolaitoksissa (esim. taulukko 4). Myös tieto kuinka paljon pieniä polttolaitoksia on Suomessa.<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3708&lan=fi Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut8-19)]Täältä löytyy tietoa mm. hiukkasten poistotavoista (taulukko 23).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Old model==<br />
*Older version of Analytica model: [[:Image:Bioher model.ANA|BIOHER analytica model]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Health_effects]] [[Category:Classical_air_pollutants]]</div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=BIOHER_assessment&diff=22485
BIOHER assessment
2011-09-13T05:58:36Z
<p>Pauliina: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Assessment|moderator =Pauliina}} <br />
<br />
{{participants needed}}<br />
<br />
==Health and climate impacts of heat production in small municipalities (BIOHER)==<br />
This is assessment page of '''Bioher'''. Bioher is a research project coordinated by National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). The duration is 2008-2011. Project includes five subprojects with 1) measurement of PM and greenhouse gas emissions, 2) chemical characterization and assessment of atmospheric thermal impact of emitted PM, 3) toxicological characterization of emitted PM, 4) assessment of exposure to and health effects of current residential wood combustion, 5) assessment of health risks. <br />
<br />
This assessment page includes scope, definition, and result of health risk assessment of fine particles of four residential heating scenarios/decisions. Main study questions are:<br />
<br />
*How human risks differs between four heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are the costs of emissions and health effects due to different heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are climate change impacts of PM emissions and health effects due to CC?<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[http://en.opasnet.org/w/Image:Claih_model.ANA &nbsp;CLAIH/BIOHER analytica model ] <br />
<br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
=== Purpose ===<br />
<br />
The purpose is to evaluate PM<sub>2.5</sub> and green house gas (GHG) emissions of detached houses and small heating power plant, to assess exposure and health effects due to evaluated emissions and to define emission, heating and health effect costs. Assessment is going to compare four alternative ways to arrange decentralized energy production in communities with 2000 - 10000 inhabitants: light oil and pellets as fuel of detached houses and heavy oil and wood chips as fuel of small heating plants. In addition, environmental effects i.e. climate change (CC) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions is assessed with this model. <br />
<br />
Questions: <br />
<br />
*What would be the health effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of small power plant and individual houses in small living area (2000- 10000 inh.)? <br />
*What are GHG emissions of individual houses and small power plant and how emissions effect on CC? <br />
*What are the costs of different alternatives? <br />
*What is the optimal decision to produce energy and heat to houses?<br />
<br />
=== Boundaries ===<br />
<br />
*Energy production (single house and small energy plant level, 1-20MW) <br />
*Population (2000-10000 inh.) <br />
*Exposure for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*ER-functions for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions (-&gt;health effects) <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> climate effect (-&gt; health effects) <br />
*Household heating scenarios: <br />
**Light oil and pellets <br />
*Small heating plant scenarios:<br />
**Heavy oil and wood chips<br />
*Atmospheric thermal impact <br />
*DALY<br />
<br />
*Impacts: <br />
**Climate change<br />
**Premature mortality <br />
**Costs<br />
<br />
=== Scenarios ===<br />
<br />
Scenarios include two different fuel types of energy production in detached houses and small power plant: <br />
<br> '''Detached houses''' <br />
*light oil <br />
*Pellets<br />
<br> '''Small power plant''' <br />
*Heavy oil <br />
*Wood chips<br />
<br />
=== Intended users ===<br />
<br />
*City-level policy-makers in all sectors in Kuopio as well as everywhere else <br />
*International policy-makers related climate change <br />
*Policy-makers related health risks of fine particles and green house gases <br />
*General public <br />
*Scientists working on health risks of fine particles, green house gases and climate change <br />
*Other interested of topic<br />
<br />
=== Participants ===<br />
<br />
*Assessment and Modelling Unit of THL: [[User:Virpi Kollanus|Virpi Kollanus]], [[User:Pauliina|Pauliina]], [[User:Marko|Marko]], [[User:Mikko Pohjola|Mikko Pohjola]], [[User:Jouni|Jouni]]<br />
*Other researchers related Bioher -project<br />
<br />
== Results ==<br />
*Floor area in Bioher is approximately 50 m<sup>2</sup> per inhabitant that is 500 000 m<sup>2</sup> in total area. <br />
**[[Floor area in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*For total heating consumption by own heating, total electricity heating and plant heating in Bioher are 18.6 GWh/year, 15.7 GWh/ year and 14.0 GWh/year respectively. Total heating consumption in Bioher (10 000 inh.) is 48.3 GWh/ year. <br />
**[[Total heating consumption by own heating in Bioher]]<br />
**[[Electricity heating in Bioher]]<br />
**[[Energy consumption of Bioher plant]] <br />
<br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions are approximately 372 mg/s and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions are 4.4 t/s in Bioher.<br />
**[[Emissions in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*Exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub> (µg/m<sup>3</sup>) of Bioher population is 0.31 for heating production part and 0.23 for district heating part. Total exposure is 0.54 µg/m<sup>3</sup> for Bioher population. Exposure due electricity emissions has not taken account yet.<br />
**[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of own heating of houses and small municipality plant heating production (=district heating) causes approximately 1.4 premature deaths in ten years in Bioher case.<br />
**[[Health effects in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*Total fuel costs of heating consumption is 3.1 million euros per year. That means costs of over 300 euros per inhabitant in year.<br />
**[[Costs of heat production in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
== Conclusions ==<br />
<br />
== Definition ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Biohermalli.png|thumb|450px|center|Figure 1. Main model of health effect assessment in Bioher. ]] <br />
<br />
=== Variables ===<br />
<br />
'''Decision''' <br />
<br />
''This variable is not clear yet!!<br />
<br />
*Decisions of citizen level between different heating systems <br />
**Is there district heating system available (emissions from small power plant -&gt; decisions of society level) <br />
** Own heating system: fuel types (pellets/light oil)<br />
**Building stock (energy efficiency of buildings)<br />
<br />
*Decisions of society level <br />
**Extent of district heating system <br />
**Fuel type of energy production (heavy oil/wood chips) <br />
**Building stock (energy efficiency of buildings)<br />
<br />
'''Population<br />
<br />
Population in Bioher is '''10 000 inhabitants'''<br />
(For the comparison, the page of [[Population of Finland]] describes population of Finland.)<br />
<br />
'''House stock''' <br />
<br />
House stock as [[floor area in Bioher]] is indexed with house types (detached, row and block houses) and fuel types and all data is based on Finnish statistics. Building statistics in Finland have been described more intensively in the page of [[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]].<br />
<br />
'''Heating consumption'''<br />
<br />
Heating consumption is merged in three different energy consumption calculations/variables:<br />
<br />
*[[Total heating consumption by own heating in Bioher]]<br />
*[[Electricity heating in Bioher]]<br />
*[[Energy consumption of Bioher plant]] <br />
<br />
These three variables based on method of calculation of [[Heating consumption of buildings]] with<br />
heating of tap water in buildings, heating consumption with monthly temperature variation and [[Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland|Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland]]. <br />
<br />
Heating consumption by own heating means own heating systems in houses. In Bioher 34 % of total heating was produced with own heating system, 28% of total heating was electricity and 38% of heat was produced as district heating in small heating plant. Fraction of each variable is calculated in the page of [[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]]. <br />
<br />
'''Emission ''' <br />
<br />
PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions in Bioher is described in the variable of [[Emissions in Bioher]]. In emission calculation knowledge of [[Emission factors for burning processes]] have been used. <br />
<br />
'''Exposure ''' <br />
<br />
[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Bioher]] is based on rough estimate due emissions, [[intake fraction]] of population and [[breathing rate]]. Because emission estimates based direct emissions of source, dispersion is not taken account. Also exposure indoors is not taken account YET. <br />
<br />
'''Health effect ''' <br />
<br />
In Bioher premature mortality are considered firstly as health effects due emissions ([[Health effects in Bioher]]). Exposure response factors (ERF) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> for all causes, cardiopulmonary and lung cancer are described in [[ERF of PM2.5 on mortality in general population]]. Used ERF for premature mortality was 0.6. Background mortality of Bioher populaiton is 86 deaths in one year. <br />
<br />
'''Expenses ''' <br />
<br />
Costs can be devided in two part: costs of heat production and costs of health effects. [[Costs of heat production in Bioher]] includes fuel, investment and service prices. For now all costs includes only fuel prices ([[Prices of fuels in heat production]]). Costs of health effects are defined more in [[CLAIH assessment]].<br />
<br />
'''Climate change''' <br />
<br />
'''???<br />
<br />
*Positive effect (warming) <br />
**CO<sub>2</sub> <br />
**BC (black carbon)<br />
**CH<sub>4</sub> <br />
**N<sub>2</sub>O <br />
**CFC <br />
**NO<sub>x</sub>? <br />
**H<sub>2</sub>O? <br />
*Negative effect (cool down) <br />
**PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
**Albedo (soil surface, snow, clouds)<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Other variables in the scale of Finland'''<br />
<br />
Emissions in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]] <br />
*[[CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[CH4 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[N2O emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[GHG emissions from land use change]]<br />
<br />
Exposure in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 concentration in Finland]]<br />
*[[Exposure of Finnish subpopulations to fine particles due domestic wood combustion]]<br />
*[[Intake fraction]] <br />
*[[Breathing rate]]<br />
*[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Finland]]<br />
<br />
=== Analyses ===<br />
<br />
*Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses <br />
*value-of-information (VOI) analysis<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*Older version of Analytica model: [[:Image:Bioher model.ANA|BIOHER analytica model]]<br />
<br />
* [http://intra.eracnet.fi/main/index.php/Bioher:Bioher Internal project website in ERACintra] <br />
*[[CLAIH assessment]]<br />
*[[Bioher stakeholder meeting 2009]]<br />
*[[Assessment on impacts of emission trading on city-level (ET-CL)]]<br />
*[http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/39675/Pienet%20chp%20laitokset.pdf?sequence=1 Pienten (<4 MW) CHP-laitosten mahdollisuudet]<br />
*[https://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/26995/Svan.Janne.pdf.pdf?sequence=1 Pientaloalueen lämmityskärjestelmien vertailu]sis.mm. kustannuslaskentaa<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/kaukolampo/kirjasto/tutkimusraportit/liitteet/pientaloalueiden%20kaukolampokriteerit_loppuraportti_20091111.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fkaukolampo%2Fkirjasto%2Ftutkimusraportit Pientaloalueiden ja -taajamien kaukolämpöön liittämisen kriteerit]<br />
*[http://era17.fi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/sitran_selvityksia_39.pdf Rakennetun ympäristön energiankäyttö ja kasvihuonekaasupäästöt]<br />
*[http://www.hsy.fi/seututieto/Documents/YTV_julkaisusarja/PJS_B_18_2003_pienpoltto_pks.pdf HSY2003:Pienpoltto pääkaupunkiseudulla]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/julkaisut%20ja%20tutkimukset/liitteet%20tutkimukset%20ja%20selvitykset/kaukolammityksenasiakasrajapinnanteknis-taloudellisetreunaehdot.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fjulkaisut Kaukolämmityksen asiakasrajapinnan teknis-taloudelliset reunaehdot sis.mm.Kaukolämpöliittymien kustannusselvitys]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/sites/default/files/kl-asiakasrajapinnan_teknistaloudelliset_rajaehdot.pdf KAUKOLÄMMITYKSEN ASIAKASRAJAPINNAN TEKNIS‐TALOUDELLISET REUNAEHDOT TUTKIMUKSEN LOPPURAPORTTI]sis. mm. kaukolämpöliittymän kustannusselvityksen<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=82087 Parhaan käyttökelpoisen tekniikan huomioonottaminen ympäristölupamenettelyssä (esimerkkinä alle 50MWn polttolaitokset)]<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706 Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut1-7)] Tästä löytyy ominaispäästökertoimet ja hyötysuhteet polttoaineittain ja polttotekniikoittain pienissä polttolaitoksissa (esim. taulukko 4). Myös tieto kuinka paljon pieniä polttolaitoksia on Suomessa.<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3708&lan=fi Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut8-19)]Täältä löytyy tietoa mm. hiukkasten poistotavoista (taulukko 23).<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Health_effects]] [[Category:Classical_air_pollutants]]</div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=List_of_R_functions&diff=22471
List of R functions
2011-09-09T08:22:40Z
<p>Pauliina: /* Matrices */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:R tool]]<br />
{{encyclopedia|moderator=Teemu R|stub=Yes}}<br />
<br />
This page contains listings of some [[R]] functions and commands by category. The format is pretty stupid but can't do much better with wiki formatting, sorry. <br />
<br />
== Workspace and help ==<br />
<br />
{|{{prettytable}}<br />
|+ '''Workspace and help'''<br />
! function name<br />
! functionality<br />
|-----<br />
| getwd()<br />
| get working directory<br />
|-----<br />
| setwd(dir)<br />
| set working directory to ''dir''<br />
|-----<br />
| help(topic), ?topic<br />
| get help on ''topic'', usually function name<br />
|-----<br />
| help.search("keyword")<br />
| search for help<br />
|-----<br />
| help.start()<br />
| HTML help start page<br />
|-----<br />
| demo()<br />
| list available demonstrations<br />
|-----<br />
| save(..., file), load(file)<br />
| save and load objects<br />
|-----<br />
| savehistory(file), loadhistory(file)<br />
| save and load command history<br />
|-----<br />
| source(file)<br />
| execute commands from ''file''<br />
|-----<br />
| list.files(dir), dir(dir)<br />
| list files in directory ''dir''<br />
|-----<br />
| q()<br />
| quit R<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Objects ==<br />
<br />
{|{{prettytable}}<br />
|+ '''Objects'''<br />
! function name<br />
! functionality<br />
|-----<br />
| mode(x)<br />
| mode of ''x''<br />
|-----<br />
| ls(), objects()<br />
| list objects in memory<br />
|-----<br />
| rm(x), rm(list = ls())<br />
| remove ''x'' or all objects<br />
|-----<br />
| exists(x)<br />
| test if object ''x'' exists in memory<br />
|-----<br />
| as.numeric(x), as.list(x), as.character(x), as.factor(x), as.data.frame(x),...<br />
| coerce mode of object ''x''<br />
|-----<br />
| is.numeric(x), is.na(x), ...<br />
| test mode of object ''x''<br />
|-----<br />
| identical(x, y)<br />
| test if objects are identical<br />
|-----<br />
| return(invisible(x))<br />
| return invisible copy (doesn't print)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Packages ==<br />
<br />
{|{{prettytable}}<br />
|+ '''Packages'''<br />
! function name<br />
! functionality<br />
|-----<br />
| install.packages(name)<br />
| download and install package ''name''<br />
|-----<br />
| download.packages(name, dir)<br />
| download package ''name'' into ''dir''<br />
|-----<br />
| library(name), require(name)<br />
| load package ''name''<br />
|-----<br />
| data(name)<br />
| load dataset ''name''<br />
|-----<br />
| .libPaths(dir)<br />
| add directory ''dir'' to library paths<br />
|-----<br />
| sessionInfo()<br />
| list loaded packages<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Flow and control and function definition ==<br />
<br />
{|{{prettytable}}<br />
|+ '''Flow and control and function definition'''<br />
! function name<br />
! functionality<br />
|-----<br />
| if(logical_expression) {expression_1} else {expression_2}<br />
| if then else<br />
|-----<br />
| for (x in vector) {expression}<br />
| loop through elements of ''vector'' as ''x''<br />
|-----<br />
| while (logical_expression) {expression}<br />
| while loop<br />
|-----<br />
| name <- function(input1, ...) {expression_1; ...; return(output)}<br />
| function definition<br />
|-----<br />
| stop(message)<br />
| cease processing and print ''message''<br />
|-----<br />
| browser()<br />
| stop to inspect objects for debugging<br />
|-----<br />
| system.time(expression)<br />
| report runtime for ''expression''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Mathematical and logical operators and functions ==<br />
<br />
{|{{prettytable}}<br />
|+ '''Mathematical and logical operators and functions'''<br />
! function name<br />
! functionality<br />
|-----<br />
| +, -, *, /, ^, %%, %/%<br />
| algebraic operators, %% for remainder of integer division, %/% for integer division i.e. rounded down to 0 decimal places<br />
|-----<br />
| <, >, <=, >=, ==, !=<br />
| comparison operators (less than, greater than, less or equal, greater or equal, equal, not)<br />
|-----<br />
| &, <nowiki>|</nowiki>, !<br />
| logical operators (and, or, not)<br />
|-----<br />
| &&, <nowiki>||</nowiki><br />
| and/or evaluated progressively from left<br />
|-----<br />
| xor(A, B)<br />
| exclusive or (''A'' or ''B'' but not both)<br />
|-----<br />
| ifelse(condition, x, y)<br />
| choose ''x'' or ''y'' elementwise<br />
|-----<br />
| sin(x), cos(x), tan(x)<br />
| sine, cosine and tangent<br />
|-----<br />
| asin(x), acos(x), atan(x)<br />
| inverse sine, cosine and tangent<br />
|-----<br />
| exp(x), log(x)<br />
| exponential and logarithm base e<br />
|-----<br />
| sqrt(x)<br />
| square root<br />
|-----<br />
| abs(x)<br />
| absolute value<br />
|-----<br />
| pi<br />
| 3.1415926...<br />
|-----<br />
| ceiling(x)<br />
| smallest integer >= x<br />
|-----<br />
| floor(x)<br />
| largest integer <= x<br />
|-----<br />
| all.equal(x, y)<br />
| almost equal<br />
|-----<br />
| round(x, k)<br />
| round ''x'' to ''k'' digits<br />
|-----<br />
| deriv(expression, vars)<br />
| symbolic differentiation<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Vectors ==<br />
<br />
{|{{prettytable}}<br />
|+ '''Vectors'''<br />
! function name<br />
! functionality<br />
|-----<br />
| x[i]<br />
| select subvector from x using index vector i<br />
|-----<br />
| x[logical], subset(x, subset)<br />
| select subvector using logical vector<br />
|-----<br />
| c(x, y,...)<br />
| combine vectors x, y, ...<br />
|-----<br />
| seq(from, to, by), from:to<br />
| generate an arithmetic sequence<br />
|-----<br />
| rep(x, times)<br />
| generate repeated values<br />
|-----<br />
| length(x)<br />
| length of ''x''<br />
|-----<br />
| which(x)<br />
| indices of TRUE elements of ''x''<br />
|-----<br />
| sum(...)<br />
| sum over vector(s)<br />
|-----<br />
| prod(...)<br />
| product over vector(s)<br />
|-----<br />
| cumsum(x), cumprod(x)<br />
| cumulative sum and product<br />
|-----<br />
| min(...), max(...)<br />
| minimum and maximum<br />
|-----<br />
| sort(x)<br />
| sort a vector<br />
|-----<br />
| mean(x)<br />
| sample mean<br />
|-----<br />
| var(x), sd(x)<br />
| sample variance and standard deviation<br />
|-----<br />
| order(x)<br />
| rank order of elements of ''x''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Matrices ==<br />
<br />
{|{{prettytable}}<br />
|+ '''Matrices'''<br />
! function name<br />
! functionality<br />
|-----<br />
| matrix(data, nrow, ncol, byrow)<br />
| create a matrix<br />
|-----<br />
| rbind(...), cbind(...)<br />
| combine rows or columns<br />
|-----<br />
| diag(x)<br />
| create a diagonal matrix<br />
|-----<br />
| %*%<br />
| matrix multiplication<br />
|-----<br />
| nrow(A), ncol(A)<br />
| number of rows and columns<br />
|-----<br />
| colMeans(A), colSums(A)<br />
| column means or sums<br />
|-----<br />
| dim(A)<br />
| dimensions of ''x''<br />
|-----<br />
| det(A)<br />
| determinant<br />
|-----<br />
| t(A)<br />
| transpose<br />
|-----<br />
| solve(A, b)<br />
| solution of ''A x == b''<br />
|-----<br />
| solve(A)<br />
| matrix inverse<br />
|-----<br />
| array(data, dim)<br />
| create a multidimensional array<br />
|-----<br />
|reshape(data, idvar="id", timevar="a", v.names="b", direction="wide")<br />
|reshape long data to wide (b=the values you want to show up under your new columns, id=the id that you want to group your data record by; a=the values that you want to make up the new columns; however many distinct values are in this column determines the number of new columns; wide= the destination or resulting format we want)<br />
|-----<br />
|melt(data, id.vars = c("a"), variable_name = "b"<br />
|reshape data wide to long; you need library(reshape); a=the values you want be indices; b the name of result column <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Dataframes, factors and lists ==<br />
<br />
{|{{prettytable}}<br />
|+ '''Dataframes, factors and lists'''<br />
! function name<br />
! functionality<br />
|-----<br />
| data.frame(...)<br />
| create a dataframe<br />
|-----<br />
| str(x)<br />
| summarise structure of ''x''<br />
|-----<br />
| names(x)<br />
| names of ''x''<br />
|-----<br />
| dim(x)<br />
| number of rows and columns of ''x''<br />
|-----<br />
| attach(x)<br />
| copy dataframe objects into workspace<br />
|-----<br />
| detach(x)<br />
| delete dataframe objects from workspace<br />
|-----<br />
| factor(x)<br />
| create a factor<br />
|-----<br />
| levels(x)<br />
| select levels of factor ''x''<br />
|-----<br />
| list(...)<br />
| create a list<br />
|-----<br />
| unlist(x)<br />
| flatten list ''x'' into a vector<br />
|-----<br />
| apply(x, i, f, ...)<br />
| apply function ''f'' over index ''i'' of array ''x''<br />
|-----<br />
| sapply(x, f, ...)<br />
| apply function ''f'' to ''x'' and return a vector<br />
|-----<br />
| lapply(x, f, ...)<br />
| apply function ''f'' to ''x'' and return a list<br />
|-----<br />
| tapply(x, i, f, ...)<br />
| apply function ''f'' to subvectors of ''x'' given by levels of factor ''i''<br />
|-----<br />
| mapply(f, ...)<br />
| apply function ''f'' to multiple arguments<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Input and output ==<br />
<br />
{|{{prettytable}}<br />
|+ '''Input and output'''<br />
! function name<br />
! functionality<br />
|-----<br />
| scan(file, what, n, sep, skip)<br />
| read from a file (or keyboard)<br />
|-----<br />
| read.table(file)<br />
| read file in table format into dataframe<br />
|-----<br />
| read.csv(file)<br />
| read comma separated data (read.table is recommended instead)<br />
|-----<br />
| read.delim(file)<br />
| read tab-delimited data (read.table is recommended instead)<br />
|-----<br />
| readline(prompt)<br />
| read a line of text from the console i.e. user input<br />
|-----<br />
| show(object)<br />
| display ''object'' on screen<br />
|-----<br />
| head(object)<br />
| first few lines of ''object''<br />
|-----<br />
| tail(object)<br />
| last few lines of ''object''<br />
|-----<br />
| print(object), object<br />
| print ''object''<br />
|-----<br />
| options(digits = x)<br />
| display ''x'' digits in output<br />
|-----<br />
| cat(..., file)<br />
| concatenate and write<br />
|-----<br />
| format(x, digits, nsmall, width)<br />
| format ''x'' for output<br />
|-----<br />
| paste(..., sep = " ")<br />
| paste strings together with separator ''sep''<br />
|-----<br />
| write(x, file, append = FALSE)<br />
| write to a file (or screen)<br />
|-----<br />
| sink(file)<br />
| redirect output to a file<br />
|-----<br />
| dump("x", file)<br />
| write text representation of ''x''<br />
|-----<br />
| write.table(x, file)<br />
| write dataframe ''x'' to a file<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Plotting ==<br />
<br />
{|{{prettytable}}<br />
|+ '''Plotting'''<br />
! function name<br />
! functionality<br />
|-----<br />
| plot(x, y)<br />
| plot ''y'' against ''x''<br />
|-----<br />
| :type = "?"<br />
| determine the type:<br />
|-----<br />
| ::"p", "l", "b"<br />
| for points, lines or both<br />
|-----<br />
| ::"c"<br />
| for the lines part alone of "b"<br />
|-----<br />
| ::"o"<br />
| for both lines and points overplotted<br />
|-----<br />
| ::"h"<br />
| for vertical lines (histogram like plot)<br />
|-----<br />
| ::"s", "S"<br />
| for step function, across/op or reverse<br />
|-----<br />
| ::"n"<br />
| no data plotted, only axes<br />
|-----<br />
| :main = "title"<br />
| provides plot title<br />
|-----<br />
| :xlim = c(a,b)<br />
| set lower and upper limits of x-axis<br />
|-----<br />
| :ylim = c(a,b)<br />
| set lower and upper limits of y-axis<br />
|-----<br />
| :xlab = "?", ylab = "?"<br />
| provide label for x-axis and y-axis<br />
|-----<br />
| :pch = k<br />
| set shape of points (''k'' from 1 to 25)<br />
|-----<br />
| :lwd = ?<br />
| set line width, default 1<br />
|-----<br />
| :col = "?"<br />
| set line and point colour<br />
|-----<br />
| colour(), color()<br />
| list R colours<br />
|-----<br />
| lines(x, y)<br />
| add lines to plot<br />
|-----<br />
| abline(h), abline(v)<br />
| draw horizontal and vertical lines<br />
|-----<br />
| points(x, y)<br />
| add points to plot<br />
|-----<br />
| text(x, y, labels)<br />
| place text on plot<br />
|-----<br />
| curve(f, from, to)<br />
| plot ''f''<br />
|-----<br />
| par(?)<br />
| set graphical parameters:<br />
|-----<br />
| :mfrow = c(nr, nc)<br />
| create grid of plots with ''nr'' rows and ''nc'' columns filled by row (''mfcol'' fills by col)<br />
|-----<br />
| :oma = c(b, l, t, r)<br />
| create outer margin around each plot<br />
|-----<br />
| :mar = c(b, l, t, r)<br />
| create margin around each plot<br />
|-----<br />
| :las = 1<br />
| make y-axis labels horizontal<br />
|-----<br />
| :pty = "s"<br />
| force the plot shape to be square<br />
|-----<br />
| :cex = x<br />
| magnify symbols and text by a factor ''x''<br />
|-----<br />
| :bty = "?"<br />
| determine box type drawn around plot<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Random numbers and probability distributions ==<br />
<br />
{|{{prettytable}}<br />
|+ '''Random numbers and probability distributions'''<br />
! function name<br />
! functionality<br />
|-----<br />
| ddist(x, p1, ...)<br />
| P(X=x) or f(x)<br />
|-----<br />
| pdist(q, p1, ...)<br />
| P(X<=q)<br />
|-----<br />
| qdist(p, p1, ...)<br />
| ''p''-th quantile, equivalently 100%-point<br />
|-----<br />
| rdist(n, p1, ...)<br />
| pseudu-random numbers<br />
|-----<br />
| dist p1, ...<br />
| distribution and parameters<br />
|-----<br />
| :unif min = 0, max = 1<br />
| uniform<br />
|-----<br />
| :binom size, prob<br />
| binomial<br />
|-----<br />
| :geom prob<br />
| geometric<br />
|-----<br />
| :hyper m, n, k<br />
| hypergeometric<br />
|-----<br />
| :nbinom size, prob<br />
| negative binomial<br />
|-----<br />
| :poist lambda<br />
| Poisson<br />
|-----<br />
| :exp rate<br />
| exponential<br />
|-----<br />
| :chisq df<br />
| chi square<br />
|-----<br />
| :gamma shape, rate<br />
| gamma<br />
|-----<br />
| :norm mean, sd<br />
| normal<br />
|-----<br />
| :t df<br />
| t distribution<br />
|-----<br />
| :weibull shape, scale<br />
| Weibull<br />
|-----<br />
| set.seed(seed)<br />
| set position in pseudo-random sequence<br />
|-----<br />
| .Random.seed<br />
| state if the random number generator<br />
|-----<br />
| RNGkind()<br />
| which random number generator?<br />
|-----<br />
| sample(x, n, replace = TRUE)<br />
| sample size ''n'' from ''x''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Statistical tests ==<br />
<br />
{|{{prettytable}}<br />
|+ '''Statistical tests'''<br />
! function name<br />
! functionality<br />
|-----<br />
| t.test<br />
| [[:en:Student's t-test]]<br />
|-----<br />
| aov<br />
| [[:en:Analysis of variance]]<br />
|-----<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
Most of the listings are a pretty straight rip-off from the last pages of the book "Introduction to Scientific Programming and Simulation Using R" by Owen Jones, Robert Maillardet and Andrew Robinson, an excellent book by the way. Added some specifics and will edit the format later, so this is only a quick template, maybe.</div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Uploading_to_Opasnet_Base&diff=22453
Uploading to Opasnet Base
2011-09-07T11:39:16Z
<p>Pauliina: /* Example loading */ uploading example</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Opasnet]]<br />
[[Category:Opasnet Base]]<br />
{{method|moderator=Jouni}}<br />
'''Uploading to [[Opasnet Base]]''' helps you understand what data could and should be updated to [[Opasnet Base]] and what the recommended data structures and formats are. For technical instructions how to use the current upload software, see [[Opasnet Base connection]]. For a general description about the database, see [[Opasnet Base]] and for technical details about the database, see [[Opasnet Base structure]]. For details about downloading data, see [[Opasnet Base UI]].<br />
<br />
==Scope==<br />
<br />
What data could and should be updated to [[Opasnet Base]] and what are the recommended data structures and formats?<br />
<br />
==Definition==<br />
<br />
This section describes what the inputs are and the different ways they can be formatted for a successful upload.<br />
<br />
What are the topics about which data can be uploaded into the Base? Well, basically any topic that provides useful information for any decision-making situation that has societal relevance. This sounds like a very wide definition, and it is. The data may be about which car models are environmentally friendly. It may be about pollutants in food. It may be new ideas about a societally just value-added tax. <br />
<br />
What are, then, the data structures that are allowed? Although not all structures are allowed, almost any data can be easily transformed into the structure that is used in [[Opasnet Base]]. The data must be formatted as a two-dimensional table with one observation at each row. Cells of the table may contain either text or numerical values. Columns contain either explanations (or ''independent variables'' in statistics) or the actual observations (or ''dependent variables'' in statistics). This difference is important. Explanations are things that are fixed before the actual observation, while observations are those that are actually measured or observed. See the following table as example.<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+An example of a data table.<br />
! City<br />
! Year<br />
! Sex<br />
! Body mass index BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)<br />
! Blood cholesterol (mM)<br />
|----<br />
|| London|| 2010|| Male|| 20|| 3.31<br />
|----<br />
|| London|| 2010|| Male|| 25|| 6.83<br />
|----<br />
|| London|| 2010|| Female|| 20|| 5.55<br />
|----<br />
|| London|| 2010|| Female|| 30|| 5.42<br />
|----<br />
|| London|| 2010|| Female|| 25|| 4.19<br />
|----<br />
|| New York|| 2010|| Male|| 22|| 3.33<br />
|----<br />
|| New York|| 2010|| Male|| 26|| 5.84<br />
|----<br />
|| New York|| 2010|| Female|| 28|| 5.67<br />
|----<br />
|| New York|| 2010|| Female|| 26|| 4.52<br />
|----<br />
|| New York|| 2010|| Female|| 24|| 5.67<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The table seems unambiguous at the first glance, but it is impossible to interpret it correctly without knowing, which columns are explanations and which are observations. This may be a study performed in London and New York in 2010, where random people were asked for a blood test. In this case, city and year are explanations, and other columns are observations. However, the data may as well be summary statistics from a larger study, where the studied individuals were grouped in these cities based on their sex and body mass index (BMI), and the mean cholesterol in each group is the only observation column. (The data implies that London used BMI groups 5 kg/m<sup>2</sup> wide, while New York used BMI groups kg/m<sup>2</sup> wide, but you cannot know based on the data only.)<br />
<br />
However, if you know which columns are explanations and which are observations, you can actually deduce many important aspects of the design of the study from which the data came. Of course many things must be explained elsewhere like how people were selected and what the base population studied was.<br />
<br />
Another important feature of the data is, whether it is deterministic or probabilistic. With deterministic data, it is assumed that each row is an independent piece of information. With probabilistic data, it is assumed that there are random draws from a pool of potential observations (like an urn full of balls with different colours, each having the same probability of being picked). However, all observations are not picked from the same pool, but from several pools uniquely defined by the explanation columns.<br />
<br />
Let's assume that we look at the table above and learn that it is a probabilistic data with two explanation columns. We then know that people were randomly picked from either London or New York in 2010 (explanation columns are always the first ones on the left side). In London, two happened to be males and three females, with measured BMIs and cholesterol levels. Thus, there are five observations from the pool defined by "London 2010", and also five observations from "New York 2010." These are numbered 1..5. If the data is deterministic, the observation number is 0 for all rows.<br />
<br />
==Result==<br />
<br />
There are several different tools to upload data to [[Opasnet Base]]. These are first listed and described here, and then more details are given either here or on a separate page.<br />
# [[Table2Base]] is a functionality that uploads a table from an [[Opasnet]] page to [[Opasnet Base]]. <nowiki><t2b></nowiki> tag is used to make the table. By default, the table content replaces any previous content in [[Opasnet Base]] every time when the table is changed and the page saved. Currently, there can be any number of explanation columns but only one observation column in a t2b table. It will be made possible to have a freely chosen number of also observation columns.<br />
# [[Opasnet Base Connection for R]] is a group of [[R]] functions that can easily upload data from models run in the [[R]] environment.<br />
# Opasnet Base Import is a tool for uploading data in CSV or XLS files to the Opasnet Base. Registered Opasnet users can use this tool by following the "Upload data" link in the top right corner box on any variable (or other data storing) page. <br />
# Table2Base functionality can also be extended to upload data from a questionnaire form on an [[Opasnet]] page. This way, the data itself does not stay on the page and can therefore only be seen from the base. Currently, this functionality uses Google forms to store data (see [[Widget:Google Form]]), and therefore the data is not stored in [[Opasnet Base]] but as a Google document instead. A version that would store data into the base are under construction.<br />
# [[Opasnet base connection]] was the original, [[Analytica]]-based tool to upload data. It is very good for whole Analytica models but not practical for data that is not already in [[Analytica]]. Also, there are currently some bugs in the code and it might not work properly. This tool is described on this page.<br />
# [[Analytica Web Publisher]] (AWP) was a web-based version of [[Opasnet base connection]]. However, it was outside [[Opasnet]] environment, heavily dependent on technical support by Lumina, and not open source. Therefore, it is no longer in use.<br />
<br />
{{todo|Tiedoksi yleiskuva. Kehityskohteita ovat siis CSV, monen havaintosarakkeen t2b ja Google-riippumaton kyselylomake, tässä järjestyksessä. Kyselylomakkeen kanssahan voi tehdä aluksi niin, että joku uploadaa käsin Google-formista CSV-toimintoa käyttäen eli karvalakkiversio lomakkeesta on.|Juha Villman, Einari Happonen, Teemu Rintala|project=Opasnet}}<br />
<br />
===Inputs===<br />
<br />
[[image:User interface of Opasnet Base for uploading.png|thumb|600px|center|Figure. User interface for uploading data to Opasnet Base.]]<br />
<br />
'''Overview<br />
<br />
This method is used to save original data or model results (a study or a variable, respectively) into the [[Opasnet Base]].<br />
<br />
If an object with the same Ident already exists in the Opasnet Base, the information will be added to that object.<br />
Before you start, make sure that you have created an object page in the Opasnet wiki for each object (study or variable) you want to upload.<br />
<br />
You must give your '''Opasnet username''' to upload data. The username will be stored together with the upload information. You must also know the '''writer password for the Opasnet Base''' if you are not using the AWP web interface.<br />
<br />
<br />
''Object info'' contains the most important metadata about your data. All information should be between 'quotation marks' so that they are not mistakenly interpreted as Analytica node identifiers.<br />
* '''Analytica identifier''' (only needed for type 2, i.e. when Analytica nodes are uploaded): the identifier(s) of the node(s).<br />
* '''Ident''' is the page identifier in Opasnet. If your study or variable does not already have a page, you must create one before uploading the data. The identifier is found in the metadata box in the top right corner of the [[Opasnet]] page. Note that if an entry with the identical Ident already exists in the Opasnet Base, the metadata will NOT be updated but the existing metadata will be used instead.<br />
* '''Name''': a description that may be longer than an identifier. This is typically identical to the respective page in Opasnet. <br />
* '''Unit''': unit of measurement. This is the same for the whole object. However, if different observation columns have different units, this must be clearly explained in the respective [[Opasnet]] page.<br />
* '''# Explanation cols''' (only needed for type ''1 Data table''): the number of columns that contain explanatory information (see below).<br />
* '''Observation name''': a common name for all observation columns. If omitted, 'Observation' is used. See below for more details.<br />
* "'''Probabilistic?'''" affects only the upload format ''2 Analytica model''. If ''Probabilistic?'' is Yes or 1, then the Analytica node is treated probabilistically; otherwise Mid values are used. Data tables are always treated deterministically, i.e. each row is one cell. {{reslink|How to upload probabilistic data?}}<br />
* '''Append to upload''': Typically, a data upload happens in a situation where corrected or improved data is entered, and the already existing data (if any) is replaced by the new data. (The old data is not deleted, and it can be retrieved if needed.) In this case, the answer to the question "Replace data?" should be ''Yes''. On the other hand, sometimes the data is entered as smaller parts, and the whole data consists of several uploads. Then you should answer ''No'', and the data will be shown as one piece of data with the previous upload(s) for the user. <br />
<br />
<br />
The data can be entered with two different ways. <br />
# '''Data table''': Give the number of rows and columns, and a table with the right size will be created. Then, you can copy-paste your data into this table. NOTE! The first row must contain column names.<br />
# '''Analytica model''': Give identifier(s) of Analytica model node(s), and the node results will be uploaded. You can upload a whole model at one time.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Advanced options:<br />
<br />
Advanced methods for uploading data have been developed, but these are rarely used and therefore they are not kept up to date. If need be, they can be updated.<br />
<br />
Platform: You must choose THL computer, because the AWP web interface is no longer in use.<br />
<br />
===Outputs===<br />
<br />
For learning how to access the data in [[Opasnet Base]], read [[Opasnet Base]] and for technical details [[Opasnet Base UI]].<br />
<br />
===Procedure===<br />
<br />
When you know what to put to the input fields, rest is very straightforward. You just check that you have entered the data correctly by pressing ''Check that your data looks sensible: Data table'' button. You may correct any errors at this point. Then, you just press ''Upload to Opasnet Base''. It may take several minutes especially with large data.<br />
<br />
Note! Currently you can only upload data if you have [[Analytica]] Enterprise in your machine and your computer is located in the THL network. You need the file [[:image:Opasnet base connection.ANA|Opasnet base connection.ANA]]. You can even upload a whole Analytica model at one time. You have to contact [[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] or [[User:Jouni|Jouni]] to get the password for uploading data. <br />
<br />
If you don't have Analytica Enterprise, you can still provide data to [[Opasnet Base]]. Just create a [[study]] or [[variable]] page that contains your information about your data, upload a data file to [[Opasnet]] (or just copy it to the page if the data is small), make a link on the page to the file on the page you created, and contact [[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] or [[User:Jouni|Jouni]] so that they can upload the data for you.<br />
<br />
==Loading example==<br />
<br />
===Data ===<br />
*At the first data was modified from text file to excel file. At the same time the first ID column was removed (see figures 1 and 2), <br />
[[File:Example text data.JPG|thumb|500px|center| Fig 1. Example raw data in text format.]]<br />
[[File:Excel data.JPG|thumb|500px|center|Fig 2. Text data is transformed to excel format. First id column has been removed.]]<br />
<br />
*Secondly we went to the opasnet page where the table should be uploaded and take "Upload data". (The page should be variable or method page!!)<br />
*In the Opasnet Base Import page all the inputs depends on the data. <br />
**Define Unit (If you have several units write e.g. "misc"<br />
**If data has only one column with results, take mark into "First row contains the indices"<br />
**If data has many columns with results, you have to define Indices and Locations (see Fig 3) Indices are all indices of data (last one is indice for Locations) in the table and Locations are name of result columns. All names must be separated with comma. <br />
**If data is in csv format define CSV inputs.<br />
**Browse data from files<br />
**Upload<br />
[[File:Opasnetbase import example.JPG|thumb|500px|center|Fig 3. Inputs of example data.]]<br />
<br />
*Confirm uploading (Fig 4.)<br />
[[File:Opbase import.JPG|thumb|500px|center|Fig 4. Preview of data rows and confirming of uploading.]]<br />
<br />
*Browse uploaded data with Opasnet Base UI (See Fig 5.).<br />
[[File:Data uploaded.JPG|thumb|500px|center|Fig 5. Data uploaded successfully.]]<br />
<br />
*In the data page "Show the result" shows the data from OpasnetBase (Fig 6)<br />
[[File:Data page.JPG|thumb|500px|center|Fig 6. Data page is ready.]]<br />
<br />
*</div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=File:Opbase_import.JPG&diff=22452
File:Opbase import.JPG
2011-09-07T11:33:48Z
<p>Pauliina: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=File:Data_page.JPG&diff=22450
File:Data page.JPG
2011-09-07T11:31:03Z
<p>Pauliina: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=File:Data_uploaded.JPG&diff=22449
File:Data uploaded.JPG
2011-09-07T11:28:42Z
<p>Pauliina: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Uploading_to_Opasnet_Base&diff=22448
Uploading to Opasnet Base
2011-09-07T11:05:31Z
<p>Pauliina: /* Result */ example uploading data</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Opasnet]]<br />
[[Category:Opasnet Base]]<br />
{{method|moderator=Jouni}}<br />
'''Uploading to [[Opasnet Base]]''' helps you understand what data could and should be updated to [[Opasnet Base]] and what the recommended data structures and formats are. For technical instructions how to use the current upload software, see [[Opasnet Base connection]]. For a general description about the database, see [[Opasnet Base]] and for technical details about the database, see [[Opasnet Base structure]]. For details about downloading data, see [[Opasnet Base UI]].<br />
<br />
==Scope==<br />
<br />
What data could and should be updated to [[Opasnet Base]] and what are the recommended data structures and formats?<br />
<br />
==Definition==<br />
<br />
This section describes what the inputs are and the different ways they can be formatted for a successful upload.<br />
<br />
What are the topics about which data can be uploaded into the Base? Well, basically any topic that provides useful information for any decision-making situation that has societal relevance. This sounds like a very wide definition, and it is. The data may be about which car models are environmentally friendly. It may be about pollutants in food. It may be new ideas about a societally just value-added tax. <br />
<br />
What are, then, the data structures that are allowed? Although not all structures are allowed, almost any data can be easily transformed into the structure that is used in [[Opasnet Base]]. The data must be formatted as a two-dimensional table with one observation at each row. Cells of the table may contain either text or numerical values. Columns contain either explanations (or ''independent variables'' in statistics) or the actual observations (or ''dependent variables'' in statistics). This difference is important. Explanations are things that are fixed before the actual observation, while observations are those that are actually measured or observed. See the following table as example.<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+An example of a data table.<br />
! City<br />
! Year<br />
! Sex<br />
! Body mass index BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)<br />
! Blood cholesterol (mM)<br />
|----<br />
|| London|| 2010|| Male|| 20|| 3.31<br />
|----<br />
|| London|| 2010|| Male|| 25|| 6.83<br />
|----<br />
|| London|| 2010|| Female|| 20|| 5.55<br />
|----<br />
|| London|| 2010|| Female|| 30|| 5.42<br />
|----<br />
|| London|| 2010|| Female|| 25|| 4.19<br />
|----<br />
|| New York|| 2010|| Male|| 22|| 3.33<br />
|----<br />
|| New York|| 2010|| Male|| 26|| 5.84<br />
|----<br />
|| New York|| 2010|| Female|| 28|| 5.67<br />
|----<br />
|| New York|| 2010|| Female|| 26|| 4.52<br />
|----<br />
|| New York|| 2010|| Female|| 24|| 5.67<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The table seems unambiguous at the first glance, but it is impossible to interpret it correctly without knowing, which columns are explanations and which are observations. This may be a study performed in London and New York in 2010, where random people were asked for a blood test. In this case, city and year are explanations, and other columns are observations. However, the data may as well be summary statistics from a larger study, where the studied individuals were grouped in these cities based on their sex and body mass index (BMI), and the mean cholesterol in each group is the only observation column. (The data implies that London used BMI groups 5 kg/m<sup>2</sup> wide, while New York used BMI groups kg/m<sup>2</sup> wide, but you cannot know based on the data only.)<br />
<br />
However, if you know which columns are explanations and which are observations, you can actually deduce many important aspects of the design of the study from which the data came. Of course many things must be explained elsewhere like how people were selected and what the base population studied was.<br />
<br />
Another important feature of the data is, whether it is deterministic or probabilistic. With deterministic data, it is assumed that each row is an independent piece of information. With probabilistic data, it is assumed that there are random draws from a pool of potential observations (like an urn full of balls with different colours, each having the same probability of being picked). However, all observations are not picked from the same pool, but from several pools uniquely defined by the explanation columns.<br />
<br />
Let's assume that we look at the table above and learn that it is a probabilistic data with two explanation columns. We then know that people were randomly picked from either London or New York in 2010 (explanation columns are always the first ones on the left side). In London, two happened to be males and three females, with measured BMIs and cholesterol levels. Thus, there are five observations from the pool defined by "London 2010", and also five observations from "New York 2010." These are numbered 1..5. If the data is deterministic, the observation number is 0 for all rows.<br />
<br />
==Result==<br />
<br />
There are several different tools to upload data to [[Opasnet Base]]. These are first listed and described here, and then more details are given either here or on a separate page.<br />
# [[Table2Base]] is a functionality that uploads a table from an [[Opasnet]] page to [[Opasnet Base]]. <nowiki><t2b></nowiki> tag is used to make the table. By default, the table content replaces any previous content in [[Opasnet Base]] every time when the table is changed and the page saved. Currently, there can be any number of explanation columns but only one observation column in a t2b table. It will be made possible to have a freely chosen number of also observation columns.<br />
# [[Opasnet Base Connection for R]] is a group of [[R]] functions that can easily upload data from models run in the [[R]] environment.<br />
# Opasnet Base Import is a tool for uploading data in CSV or XLS files to the Opasnet Base. Registered Opasnet users can use this tool by following the "Upload data" link in the top right corner box on any variable (or other data storing) page. <br />
# Table2Base functionality can also be extended to upload data from a questionnaire form on an [[Opasnet]] page. This way, the data itself does not stay on the page and can therefore only be seen from the base. Currently, this functionality uses Google forms to store data (see [[Widget:Google Form]]), and therefore the data is not stored in [[Opasnet Base]] but as a Google document instead. A version that would store data into the base are under construction.<br />
# [[Opasnet base connection]] was the original, [[Analytica]]-based tool to upload data. It is very good for whole Analytica models but not practical for data that is not already in [[Analytica]]. Also, there are currently some bugs in the code and it might not work properly. This tool is described on this page.<br />
# [[Analytica Web Publisher]] (AWP) was a web-based version of [[Opasnet base connection]]. However, it was outside [[Opasnet]] environment, heavily dependent on technical support by Lumina, and not open source. Therefore, it is no longer in use.<br />
<br />
{{todo|Tiedoksi yleiskuva. Kehityskohteita ovat siis CSV, monen havaintosarakkeen t2b ja Google-riippumaton kyselylomake, tässä järjestyksessä. Kyselylomakkeen kanssahan voi tehdä aluksi niin, että joku uploadaa käsin Google-formista CSV-toimintoa käyttäen eli karvalakkiversio lomakkeesta on.|Juha Villman, Einari Happonen, Teemu Rintala|project=Opasnet}}<br />
<br />
===Inputs===<br />
<br />
[[image:User interface of Opasnet Base for uploading.png|thumb|600px|center|Figure. User interface for uploading data to Opasnet Base.]]<br />
<br />
'''Overview<br />
<br />
This method is used to save original data or model results (a study or a variable, respectively) into the [[Opasnet Base]].<br />
<br />
If an object with the same Ident already exists in the Opasnet Base, the information will be added to that object.<br />
Before you start, make sure that you have created an object page in the Opasnet wiki for each object (study or variable) you want to upload.<br />
<br />
You must give your '''Opasnet username''' to upload data. The username will be stored together with the upload information. You must also know the '''writer password for the Opasnet Base''' if you are not using the AWP web interface.<br />
<br />
<br />
''Object info'' contains the most important metadata about your data. All information should be between 'quotation marks' so that they are not mistakenly interpreted as Analytica node identifiers.<br />
* '''Analytica identifier''' (only needed for type 2, i.e. when Analytica nodes are uploaded): the identifier(s) of the node(s).<br />
* '''Ident''' is the page identifier in Opasnet. If your study or variable does not already have a page, you must create one before uploading the data. The identifier is found in the metadata box in the top right corner of the [[Opasnet]] page. Note that if an entry with the identical Ident already exists in the Opasnet Base, the metadata will NOT be updated but the existing metadata will be used instead.<br />
* '''Name''': a description that may be longer than an identifier. This is typically identical to the respective page in Opasnet. <br />
* '''Unit''': unit of measurement. This is the same for the whole object. However, if different observation columns have different units, this must be clearly explained in the respective [[Opasnet]] page.<br />
* '''# Explanation cols''' (only needed for type ''1 Data table''): the number of columns that contain explanatory information (see below).<br />
* '''Observation name''': a common name for all observation columns. If omitted, 'Observation' is used. See below for more details.<br />
* "'''Probabilistic?'''" affects only the upload format ''2 Analytica model''. If ''Probabilistic?'' is Yes or 1, then the Analytica node is treated probabilistically; otherwise Mid values are used. Data tables are always treated deterministically, i.e. each row is one cell. {{reslink|How to upload probabilistic data?}}<br />
* '''Append to upload''': Typically, a data upload happens in a situation where corrected or improved data is entered, and the already existing data (if any) is replaced by the new data. (The old data is not deleted, and it can be retrieved if needed.) In this case, the answer to the question "Replace data?" should be ''Yes''. On the other hand, sometimes the data is entered as smaller parts, and the whole data consists of several uploads. Then you should answer ''No'', and the data will be shown as one piece of data with the previous upload(s) for the user. <br />
<br />
<br />
The data can be entered with two different ways. <br />
# '''Data table''': Give the number of rows and columns, and a table with the right size will be created. Then, you can copy-paste your data into this table. NOTE! The first row must contain column names.<br />
# '''Analytica model''': Give identifier(s) of Analytica model node(s), and the node results will be uploaded. You can upload a whole model at one time.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Advanced options:<br />
<br />
Advanced methods for uploading data have been developed, but these are rarely used and therefore they are not kept up to date. If need be, they can be updated.<br />
<br />
Platform: You must choose THL computer, because the AWP web interface is no longer in use.<br />
<br />
===Outputs===<br />
<br />
For learning how to access the data in [[Opasnet Base]], read [[Opasnet Base]] and for technical details [[Opasnet Base UI]].<br />
<br />
===Procedure===<br />
<br />
When you know what to put to the input fields, rest is very straightforward. You just check that you have entered the data correctly by pressing ''Check that your data looks sensible: Data table'' button. You may correct any errors at this point. Then, you just press ''Upload to Opasnet Base''. It may take several minutes especially with large data.<br />
<br />
Note! Currently you can only upload data if you have [[Analytica]] Enterprise in your machine and your computer is located in the THL network. You need the file [[:image:Opasnet base connection.ANA|Opasnet base connection.ANA]]. You can even upload a whole Analytica model at one time. You have to contact [[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] or [[User:Jouni|Jouni]] to get the password for uploading data. <br />
<br />
If you don't have Analytica Enterprise, you can still provide data to [[Opasnet Base]]. Just create a [[study]] or [[variable]] page that contains your information about your data, upload a data file to [[Opasnet]] (or just copy it to the page if the data is small), make a link on the page to the file on the page you created, and contact [[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] or [[User:Jouni|Jouni]] so that they can upload the data for you.<br />
<br />
==Example loading==<br />
<br />
===Data ===<br />
*At the first data was modified from text file to excel file. At the same time the first ID column was removed (see figures 1 and 2), <br />
[[File:Example text data.JPG|thumb|500px|center| Fig 1. Example raw data in text format.]]<br />
[[File:Excel data.JPG|thumb|500px|center|Fig 2. Text data is transformed to excel format. First id column has been removed.]]<br />
<br />
*Secondly we went to the opasnet page where the table should be uploaded and take "Upload data". (The page should be variable or method page!!)<br />
*In the Opasnet Base Import page all the inputs depends on the data. <br />
**Define Unit (If you have several units write "misc"<br />
**If data has onluy one column wioth results, but mark in to "First row contains the indices"<br />
**If data has many columns with results, you have to define Indices and Locations (see Fig 3) Indices are all indices of data (last one is indice for Locations) in the table and Locations are name of result columns. All names must be separated with comma. <br />
<br />
[[File:Opasnetbase import example.JPG|thumb|500px|center|Fig 3. Inputs of example data]]<br />
<br />
jatkuu..</div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=File:Opasnetbase_import_example.JPG&diff=22447
File:Opasnetbase import example.JPG
2011-09-07T10:58:10Z
<p>Pauliina: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=File:Excel_data.JPG&diff=22446
File:Excel data.JPG
2011-09-07T10:52:46Z
<p>Pauliina: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=File:Example_text_data.JPG&diff=22445
File:Example text data.JPG
2011-09-07T10:48:53Z
<p>Pauliina: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=BIOHER_assessment&diff=22427
BIOHER assessment
2011-09-02T11:11:10Z
<p>Pauliina: /* See also */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Assessment|moderator =Pauliina}} <br />
<br />
{{participants needed}}<br />
<br />
==Health and climate impacts of heat production in small municipalities (BIOHER)==<br />
This is assessment page of '''Bioher'''. Bioher is a research project coordinated by National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). The duration is 2008-2011. Project includes five subprojects with 1) measurement of PM and greenhouse gas emissions, 2) chemical characterization and assessment of atmospheric thermal impact of emitted PM, 3) toxicological characterization of emitted PM, 4) assessment of exposure to and health effects of current residential wood combustion, 5) assessment of health risks. <br />
<br />
This assessment page includes scope, definition, and result of health risk assessment of fine particles of four residential heating scenarios/decisions. Main study questions are:<br />
<br />
*How human risks differs between four heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are the costs of emissions and health effects due to different heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are climate change impacts of PM emissions and health effects due to CC?<br />
<br />
[[:Image:Bioher model.ANA|The Analytica model can be accessed here]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
=== Purpose ===<br />
<br />
The purpose is to evaluate PM<sub>2.5</sub> and green house gas (GHG) emissions of detached houses and small heating power plant, to assess exposure and health effects due to evaluated emissions and to define emission, heating and health effect costs. Assessment is going to compare four alternative ways to arrange decentralized energy production in communities with 2000 - 10000 inhabitants: light oil and pellets as fuel of detached houses and heavy oil and wood chips as fuel of small heating plants. In addition, environmental effects i.e. climate change (CC) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions is assessed with this model. <br />
<br />
Questions: <br />
<br />
*What would be the health effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of small power plant and individual houses in small living area (2000- 10000 inh.)? <br />
*What are GHG emissions of individual houses and small power plant and how emissions effect on CC? <br />
*What are the costs of different alternatives? <br />
*What is the optimal decision to produce energy and heat to houses?<br />
<br />
=== Boundaries ===<br />
<br />
*Energy production (single house and small energy plant level, 1-20MW) <br />
*Population (2000-10000 inh.) <br />
*Exposure for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*ER-functions for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions (-&gt;health effects) <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> climate effect (-&gt; health effects) <br />
*Household heating scenarios: <br />
**Light oil and pellets <br />
*Small heating plant scenarios:<br />
**Heavy oil and wood chips<br />
*Atmospheric thermal impact <br />
*DALY<br />
<br />
*Impacts: <br />
**Climate change<br />
**Premature mortality <br />
**Costs<br />
<br />
=== Scenarios ===<br />
<br />
Scenarios include two different fuel types of energy production in detached houses and small power plant: <br />
<br> '''Detached houses''' <br />
*light oil <br />
*Pellets<br />
<br> '''Small power plant''' <br />
*Heavy oil <br />
*Wood chips<br />
<br />
=== Intended users ===<br />
<br />
*City-level policy-makers in all sectors in Kuopio as well as everywhere else <br />
*International policy-makers related climate change <br />
*Policy-makers related health risks of fine particles and green house gases <br />
*General public <br />
*Scientists working on health risks of fine particles, green house gases and climate change <br />
*Other interested of topic<br />
<br />
=== Participants ===<br />
<br />
*Assessment and Modelling Unit of THL: [[User:Virpi Kollanus|Virpi Kollanus]], [[User:Pauliina|Pauliina]], [[User:Marko|Marko]], [[User:Mikko Pohjola|Mikko Pohjola]], [[User:Jouni|Jouni]]<br />
*Other researchers related Bioher -project<br />
<br />
== Results ==<br />
*Floor area in Bioher is approximately 50 m<sup>2</sup> per inhabitant that is 500 000 m<sup>2</sup> in total area. <br />
**[[Floor area in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*For total heating consumption by own heating, total electricity heating and plant heating in Bioher are 18.6 GWh/year, 15.7 GWh/ year and 14.0 GWh/year respectively. Total heating consumption in Bioher (10 000 inh.) is 48.3 GWh/ year. <br />
**[[Total heating consumption by own heating in Bioher]]<br />
**[[Electricity heating in Bioher]]<br />
**[[Energy consumption of Bioher plant]] <br />
<br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions are approximately 372 mg/s and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions are 4.4 t/s in Bioher.<br />
**[[Emissions in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*Exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub> (µg/m<sup>3</sup>) of Bioher population is 0.31 for heating production part and 0.23 for district heating part. Total exposure is 0.54 µg/m<sup>3</sup> for Bioher population. Exposure due electricity emissions has not taken account yet.<br />
**[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of own heating of houses and small municipality plant heating production (=district heating) causes approximately 1.4 premature deaths in ten years in Bioher case.<br />
**[[Health effects in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*Total fuel costs of heating consumption is 3.1 million euros per year. That means costs of over 300 euros per inhabitant in year.<br />
**[[Costs of heat production in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
== Conclusions ==<br />
<br />
== Definition ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Biohermalli.png|thumb|450px|center|Figure 1. Main model of health effect assessment in Bioher. ]] <br />
<br />
=== Variables ===<br />
<br />
'''Decision''' <br />
<br />
''This variable is not clear yet!!<br />
<br />
*Decisions of citizen level between different heating systems <br />
**Is there district heating system available (emissions from small power plant -&gt; decisions of society level) <br />
** Own heating system: fuel types (pellets/light oil)<br />
**Building stock (energy efficiency of buildings)<br />
<br />
*Decisions of society level <br />
**Extent of district heating system <br />
**Fuel type of energy production (heavy oil/wood chips) <br />
**Building stock (energy efficiency of buildings)<br />
<br />
'''Population<br />
<br />
Population in Bioher is '''10 000 inhabitants'''<br />
(For the comparison, the page of [[Population of Finland]] describes population of Finland.)<br />
<br />
'''House stock''' <br />
<br />
House stock as [[floor area in Bioher]] is indexed with house types (detached, row and block houses) and fuel types and all data is based on Finnish statistics. Building statistics in Finland have been described more intensively in the page of [[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]].<br />
<br />
'''Heating consumption'''<br />
<br />
Heating consumption is merged in three different energy consumption calculations/variables:<br />
<br />
*[[Total heating consumption by own heating in Bioher]]<br />
*[[Electricity heating in Bioher]]<br />
*[[Energy consumption of Bioher plant]] <br />
<br />
These three variables based on method of calculation of [[Heating consumption of buildings]] with<br />
heating of tap water in buildings, heating consumption with monthly temperature variation and [[Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland|Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland]]. <br />
<br />
Heating consumption by own heating means own heating systems in houses. In Bioher 34 % of total heating was produced with own heating system, 28% of total heating was electricity and 38% of heat was produced as district heating in small heating plant. Fraction of each variable is calculated in the page of [[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]]. <br />
<br />
'''Emission ''' <br />
<br />
PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions in Bioher is described in the variable of [[Emissions in Bioher]]. In emission calculation knowledge of [[Emission factors for burning processes]] have been used. <br />
<br />
'''Exposure ''' <br />
<br />
[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Bioher]] is based on rough estimate due emissions, [[intake fraction]] of population and [[breathing rate]]. Because emission estimates based direct emissions of source, dispersion is not taken account. Also exposure indoors is not taken account YET. <br />
<br />
'''Health effect ''' <br />
<br />
In Bioher premature mortality are considered firstly as health effects due emissions ([[Health effects in Bioher]]). Exposure response factors (ERF) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> for all causes, cardiopulmonary and lung cancer are described in [[ERF of PM2.5 on mortality in general population]]. Used ERF for premature mortality was 0.6. Background mortality of Bioher populaiton is 86 deaths in one year. <br />
<br />
'''Expenses ''' <br />
<br />
Costs can be devided in two part: costs of heat production and costs of health effects. [[Costs of heat production in Bioher]] includes fuel, investment and service prices. For now all costs includes only fuel prices ([[Prices of fuels in heat production]]). Costs of health effects are defined more in [[CLAIH assessment]].<br />
<br />
'''Climate change''' <br />
<br />
'''???<br />
<br />
*Positive effect (warming) <br />
**CO<sub>2</sub> <br />
**BC (black carbon)<br />
**CH<sub>4</sub> <br />
**N<sub>2</sub>O <br />
**CFC <br />
**NO<sub>x</sub>? <br />
**H<sub>2</sub>O? <br />
*Negative effect (cool down) <br />
**PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
**Albedo (soil surface, snow, clouds)<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Other variables in the scale of Finland'''<br />
<br />
Emissions in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]] <br />
*[[CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[CH4 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[N2O emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[GHG emissions from land use change]]<br />
<br />
Exposure in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 concentration in Finland]]<br />
*[[Exposure of Finnish subpopulations to fine particles due domestic wood combustion]]<br />
*[[Intake fraction]] <br />
*[[Breathing rate]]<br />
*[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Finland]]<br />
<br />
=== Analyses ===<br />
<br />
*Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses <br />
*value-of-information (VOI) analysis<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [http://intra.eracnet.fi/main/index.php/Bioher:Bioher Internal project website in ERACintra] <br />
*[[CLAIH assessment]]<br />
*[[Bioher stakeholder meeting 2009]]<br />
*[[Assessment on impacts of emission trading on city-level (ET-CL)]]<br />
*[http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/39675/Pienet%20chp%20laitokset.pdf?sequence=1 Pienten (<4 MW) CHP-laitosten mahdollisuudet]<br />
*[https://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/26995/Svan.Janne.pdf.pdf?sequence=1 Pientaloalueen lämmityskärjestelmien vertailu]sis.mm. kustannuslaskentaa<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/kaukolampo/kirjasto/tutkimusraportit/liitteet/pientaloalueiden%20kaukolampokriteerit_loppuraportti_20091111.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fkaukolampo%2Fkirjasto%2Ftutkimusraportit Pientaloalueiden ja -taajamien kaukolämpöön liittämisen kriteerit]<br />
*[http://era17.fi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/sitran_selvityksia_39.pdf Rakennetun ympäristön energiankäyttö ja kasvihuonekaasupäästöt]<br />
*[http://www.hsy.fi/seututieto/Documents/YTV_julkaisusarja/PJS_B_18_2003_pienpoltto_pks.pdf HSY2003:Pienpoltto pääkaupunkiseudulla]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/julkaisut%20ja%20tutkimukset/liitteet%20tutkimukset%20ja%20selvitykset/kaukolammityksenasiakasrajapinnanteknis-taloudellisetreunaehdot.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fjulkaisut Kaukolämmityksen asiakasrajapinnan teknis-taloudelliset reunaehdot sis.mm.Kaukolämpöliittymien kustannusselvitys]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/sites/default/files/kl-asiakasrajapinnan_teknistaloudelliset_rajaehdot.pdf KAUKOLÄMMITYKSEN ASIAKASRAJAPINNAN TEKNIS‐TALOUDELLISET REUNAEHDOT TUTKIMUKSEN LOPPURAPORTTI]sis. mm. kaukolämpöliittymän kustannusselvityksen<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=82087 Parhaan käyttökelpoisen tekniikan huomioonottaminen ympäristölupamenettelyssä (esimerkkinä alle 50MWn polttolaitokset)]<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706 Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut1-7)] Tästä löytyy ominaispäästökertoimet ja hyötysuhteet polttoaineittain ja polttotekniikoittain pienissä polttolaitoksissa (esim. taulukko 4). Myös tieto kuinka paljon pieniä polttolaitoksia on Suomessa.<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3708&lan=fi Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut8-19)]Täältä löytyy tietoa mm. hiukkasten poistotavoista (taulukko 23).<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Health_effects]] [[Category:Classical_air_pollutants]]</div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=BIOHER_assessment&diff=22426
BIOHER assessment
2011-09-02T11:08:56Z
<p>Pauliina: /* See also */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Assessment|moderator =Pauliina}} <br />
<br />
{{participants needed}}<br />
<br />
==Health and climate impacts of heat production in small municipalities (BIOHER)==<br />
This is assessment page of '''Bioher'''. Bioher is a research project coordinated by National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). The duration is 2008-2011. Project includes five subprojects with 1) measurement of PM and greenhouse gas emissions, 2) chemical characterization and assessment of atmospheric thermal impact of emitted PM, 3) toxicological characterization of emitted PM, 4) assessment of exposure to and health effects of current residential wood combustion, 5) assessment of health risks. <br />
<br />
This assessment page includes scope, definition, and result of health risk assessment of fine particles of four residential heating scenarios/decisions. Main study questions are:<br />
<br />
*How human risks differs between four heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are the costs of emissions and health effects due to different heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are climate change impacts of PM emissions and health effects due to CC?<br />
<br />
[[:Image:Bioher model.ANA|The Analytica model can be accessed here]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
=== Purpose ===<br />
<br />
The purpose is to evaluate PM<sub>2.5</sub> and green house gas (GHG) emissions of detached houses and small heating power plant, to assess exposure and health effects due to evaluated emissions and to define emission, heating and health effect costs. Assessment is going to compare four alternative ways to arrange decentralized energy production in communities with 2000 - 10000 inhabitants: light oil and pellets as fuel of detached houses and heavy oil and wood chips as fuel of small heating plants. In addition, environmental effects i.e. climate change (CC) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions is assessed with this model. <br />
<br />
Questions: <br />
<br />
*What would be the health effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of small power plant and individual houses in small living area (2000- 10000 inh.)? <br />
*What are GHG emissions of individual houses and small power plant and how emissions effect on CC? <br />
*What are the costs of different alternatives? <br />
*What is the optimal decision to produce energy and heat to houses?<br />
<br />
=== Boundaries ===<br />
<br />
*Energy production (single house and small energy plant level, 1-20MW) <br />
*Population (2000-10000 inh.) <br />
*Exposure for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*ER-functions for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions (-&gt;health effects) <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> climate effect (-&gt; health effects) <br />
*Household heating scenarios: <br />
**Light oil and pellets <br />
*Small heating plant scenarios:<br />
**Heavy oil and wood chips<br />
*Atmospheric thermal impact <br />
*DALY<br />
<br />
*Impacts: <br />
**Climate change<br />
**Premature mortality <br />
**Costs<br />
<br />
=== Scenarios ===<br />
<br />
Scenarios include two different fuel types of energy production in detached houses and small power plant: <br />
<br> '''Detached houses''' <br />
*light oil <br />
*Pellets<br />
<br> '''Small power plant''' <br />
*Heavy oil <br />
*Wood chips<br />
<br />
=== Intended users ===<br />
<br />
*City-level policy-makers in all sectors in Kuopio as well as everywhere else <br />
*International policy-makers related climate change <br />
*Policy-makers related health risks of fine particles and green house gases <br />
*General public <br />
*Scientists working on health risks of fine particles, green house gases and climate change <br />
*Other interested of topic<br />
<br />
=== Participants ===<br />
<br />
*Assessment and Modelling Unit of THL: [[User:Virpi Kollanus|Virpi Kollanus]], [[User:Pauliina|Pauliina]], [[User:Marko|Marko]], [[User:Mikko Pohjola|Mikko Pohjola]], [[User:Jouni|Jouni]]<br />
*Other researchers related Bioher -project<br />
<br />
== Results ==<br />
*Floor area in Bioher is approximately 50 m<sup>2</sup> per inhabitant that is 500 000 m<sup>2</sup> in total area. <br />
**[[Floor area in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*For total heating consumption by own heating, total electricity heating and plant heating in Bioher are 18.6 GWh/year, 15.7 GWh/ year and 14.0 GWh/year respectively. Total heating consumption in Bioher (10 000 inh.) is 48.3 GWh/ year. <br />
**[[Total heating consumption by own heating in Bioher]]<br />
**[[Electricity heating in Bioher]]<br />
**[[Energy consumption of Bioher plant]] <br />
<br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions are approximately 372 mg/s and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions are 4.4 t/s in Bioher.<br />
**[[Emissions in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*Exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub> (µg/m<sup>3</sup>) of Bioher population is 0.31 for heating production part and 0.23 for district heating part. Total exposure is 0.54 µg/m<sup>3</sup> for Bioher population. Exposure due electricity emissions has not taken account yet.<br />
**[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of own heating of houses and small municipality plant heating production (=district heating) causes approximately 1.4 premature deaths in ten years in Bioher case.<br />
**[[Health effects in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*Total fuel costs of heating consumption is 3.1 million euros per year. That means costs of over 300 euros per inhabitant in year.<br />
**[[Costs of heat production in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
== Conclusions ==<br />
<br />
== Definition ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Biohermalli.png|thumb|450px|center|Figure 1. Main model of health effect assessment in Bioher. ]] <br />
<br />
=== Variables ===<br />
<br />
'''Decision''' <br />
<br />
''This variable is not clear yet!!<br />
<br />
*Decisions of citizen level between different heating systems <br />
**Is there district heating system available (emissions from small power plant -&gt; decisions of society level) <br />
** Own heating system: fuel types (pellets/light oil)<br />
**Building stock (energy efficiency of buildings)<br />
<br />
*Decisions of society level <br />
**Extent of district heating system <br />
**Fuel type of energy production (heavy oil/wood chips) <br />
**Building stock (energy efficiency of buildings)<br />
<br />
'''Population<br />
<br />
Population in Bioher is '''10 000 inhabitants'''<br />
(For the comparison, the page of [[Population of Finland]] describes population of Finland.)<br />
<br />
'''House stock''' <br />
<br />
House stock as [[floor area in Bioher]] is indexed with house types (detached, row and block houses) and fuel types and all data is based on Finnish statistics. Building statistics in Finland have been described more intensively in the page of [[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]].<br />
<br />
'''Heating consumption'''<br />
<br />
Heating consumption is merged in three different energy consumption calculations/variables:<br />
<br />
*[[Total heating consumption by own heating in Bioher]]<br />
*[[Electricity heating in Bioher]]<br />
*[[Energy consumption of Bioher plant]] <br />
<br />
These three variables based on method of calculation of [[Heating consumption of buildings]] with<br />
heating of tap water in buildings, heating consumption with monthly temperature variation and [[Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland|Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland]]. <br />
<br />
Heating consumption by own heating means own heating systems in houses. In Bioher 34 % of total heating was produced with own heating system, 28% of total heating was electricity and 38% of heat was produced as district heating in small heating plant. Fraction of each variable is calculated in the page of [[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]]. <br />
<br />
'''Emission ''' <br />
<br />
PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions in Bioher is described in the variable of [[Emissions in Bioher]]. In emission calculation knowledge of [[Emission factors for burning processes]] have been used. <br />
<br />
'''Exposure ''' <br />
<br />
[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Bioher]] is based on rough estimate due emissions, [[intake fraction]] of population and [[breathing rate]]. Because emission estimates based direct emissions of source, dispersion is not taken account. Also exposure indoors is not taken account YET. <br />
<br />
'''Health effect ''' <br />
<br />
In Bioher premature mortality are considered firstly as health effects due emissions ([[Health effects in Bioher]]). Exposure response factors (ERF) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> for all causes, cardiopulmonary and lung cancer are described in [[ERF of PM2.5 on mortality in general population]]. Used ERF for premature mortality was 0.6. Background mortality of Bioher populaiton is 86 deaths in one year. <br />
<br />
'''Expenses ''' <br />
<br />
Costs can be devided in two part: costs of heat production and costs of health effects. [[Costs of heat production in Bioher]] includes fuel, investment and service prices. For now all costs includes only fuel prices ([[Prices of fuels in heat production]]). Costs of health effects are defined more in [[CLAIH assessment]].<br />
<br />
'''Climate change''' <br />
<br />
'''???<br />
<br />
*Positive effect (warming) <br />
**CO<sub>2</sub> <br />
**BC (black carbon)<br />
**CH<sub>4</sub> <br />
**N<sub>2</sub>O <br />
**CFC <br />
**NO<sub>x</sub>? <br />
**H<sub>2</sub>O? <br />
*Negative effect (cool down) <br />
**PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
**Albedo (soil surface, snow, clouds)<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Other variables in the scale of Finland'''<br />
<br />
Emissions in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]] <br />
*[[CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[CH4 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[N2O emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[GHG emissions from land use change]]<br />
<br />
Exposure in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 concentration in Finland]]<br />
*[[Exposure of Finnish subpopulations to fine particles due domestic wood combustion]]<br />
*[[Intake fraction]] <br />
*[[Breathing rate]]<br />
*[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Finland]]<br />
<br />
=== Analyses ===<br />
<br />
*Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses <br />
*value-of-information (VOI) analysis<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [http://intra.eracnet.fi/main/index.php/Bioher:Bioher Internal project website in ERACintra] <br />
*[[CLAIH assessment]]<br />
*[[Bioher stakeholder meeting 2009]]<br />
*[[Assessment on impacts of emission trading on city-level (ET-CL)]]<br />
*[http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/39675/Pienet%20chp%20laitokset.pdf?sequence=1 Pienten (<4 MW) CHP-laitosten mahdollisuudet]<br />
*[https://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/26995/Svan.Janne.pdf.pdf?sequence=1 Pientaloalueen lämmityskärjestelmien vertailu]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/kaukolampo/kirjasto/tutkimusraportit/liitteet/pientaloalueiden%20kaukolampokriteerit_loppuraportti_20091111.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fkaukolampo%2Fkirjasto%2Ftutkimusraportit Pientaloalueiden ja -taajamien kaukolämpöön liittämisen kriteerit]<br />
*[http://era17.fi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/sitran_selvityksia_39.pdf Rakennetun ympäristön energiankäyttö ja kasvihuonekaasupäästöt]<br />
*[http://www.hsy.fi/seututieto/Documents/YTV_julkaisusarja/PJS_B_18_2003_pienpoltto_pks.pdf HSY2003:Pienpoltto pääkaupunkiseudulla]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/julkaisut%20ja%20tutkimukset/liitteet%20tutkimukset%20ja%20selvitykset/kaukolammityksenasiakasrajapinnanteknis-taloudellisetreunaehdot.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fjulkaisut Kaukolämmityksen asiakasrajapinnan teknis-taloudelliset reunaehdot sis.mm.Kaukolämpöliittymien kustannusselvitys]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/sites/default/files/kl-asiakasrajapinnan_teknistaloudelliset_rajaehdot.pdf KAUKOLÄMMITYKSEN ASIAKASRAJAPINNAN TEKNIS‐TALOUDELLISET REUNAEHDOT TUTKIMUKSEN LOPPURAPORTTI]sis. mm. kaukolämpöliittymän kustannusselvityksen<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=82087 Parhaan käyttökelpoisen tekniikan huomioonottaminen ympäristölupamenettelyssä (esimerkkinä alle 50MWn polttolaitokset)]<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706 Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut1-7)] Tästä löytyy ominaispäästökertoimet ja hyötysuhteet polttoaineittain ja polttotekniikoittain pienissä polttolaitoksissa (esim. taulukko 4). Myös tieto kuinka paljon pieniä polttolaitoksia on Suomessa.<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3708&lan=fi Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut8-19)]Täältä löytyy tietoa mm. hiukkasten poistotavoista (taulukko 23).<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Health_effects]] [[Category:Classical_air_pollutants]]</div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=BIOHER_assessment&diff=22425
BIOHER assessment
2011-09-02T11:07:44Z
<p>Pauliina: /* See also */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Assessment|moderator =Pauliina}} <br />
<br />
{{participants needed}}<br />
<br />
==Health and climate impacts of heat production in small municipalities (BIOHER)==<br />
This is assessment page of '''Bioher'''. Bioher is a research project coordinated by National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). The duration is 2008-2011. Project includes five subprojects with 1) measurement of PM and greenhouse gas emissions, 2) chemical characterization and assessment of atmospheric thermal impact of emitted PM, 3) toxicological characterization of emitted PM, 4) assessment of exposure to and health effects of current residential wood combustion, 5) assessment of health risks. <br />
<br />
This assessment page includes scope, definition, and result of health risk assessment of fine particles of four residential heating scenarios/decisions. Main study questions are:<br />
<br />
*How human risks differs between four heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are the costs of emissions and health effects due to different heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are climate change impacts of PM emissions and health effects due to CC?<br />
<br />
[[:Image:Bioher model.ANA|The Analytica model can be accessed here]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
=== Purpose ===<br />
<br />
The purpose is to evaluate PM<sub>2.5</sub> and green house gas (GHG) emissions of detached houses and small heating power plant, to assess exposure and health effects due to evaluated emissions and to define emission, heating and health effect costs. Assessment is going to compare four alternative ways to arrange decentralized energy production in communities with 2000 - 10000 inhabitants: light oil and pellets as fuel of detached houses and heavy oil and wood chips as fuel of small heating plants. In addition, environmental effects i.e. climate change (CC) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions is assessed with this model. <br />
<br />
Questions: <br />
<br />
*What would be the health effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of small power plant and individual houses in small living area (2000- 10000 inh.)? <br />
*What are GHG emissions of individual houses and small power plant and how emissions effect on CC? <br />
*What are the costs of different alternatives? <br />
*What is the optimal decision to produce energy and heat to houses?<br />
<br />
=== Boundaries ===<br />
<br />
*Energy production (single house and small energy plant level, 1-20MW) <br />
*Population (2000-10000 inh.) <br />
*Exposure for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*ER-functions for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions (-&gt;health effects) <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> climate effect (-&gt; health effects) <br />
*Household heating scenarios: <br />
**Light oil and pellets <br />
*Small heating plant scenarios:<br />
**Heavy oil and wood chips<br />
*Atmospheric thermal impact <br />
*DALY<br />
<br />
*Impacts: <br />
**Climate change<br />
**Premature mortality <br />
**Costs<br />
<br />
=== Scenarios ===<br />
<br />
Scenarios include two different fuel types of energy production in detached houses and small power plant: <br />
<br> '''Detached houses''' <br />
*light oil <br />
*Pellets<br />
<br> '''Small power plant''' <br />
*Heavy oil <br />
*Wood chips<br />
<br />
=== Intended users ===<br />
<br />
*City-level policy-makers in all sectors in Kuopio as well as everywhere else <br />
*International policy-makers related climate change <br />
*Policy-makers related health risks of fine particles and green house gases <br />
*General public <br />
*Scientists working on health risks of fine particles, green house gases and climate change <br />
*Other interested of topic<br />
<br />
=== Participants ===<br />
<br />
*Assessment and Modelling Unit of THL: [[User:Virpi Kollanus|Virpi Kollanus]], [[User:Pauliina|Pauliina]], [[User:Marko|Marko]], [[User:Mikko Pohjola|Mikko Pohjola]], [[User:Jouni|Jouni]]<br />
*Other researchers related Bioher -project<br />
<br />
== Results ==<br />
*Floor area in Bioher is approximately 50 m<sup>2</sup> per inhabitant that is 500 000 m<sup>2</sup> in total area. <br />
**[[Floor area in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*For total heating consumption by own heating, total electricity heating and plant heating in Bioher are 18.6 GWh/year, 15.7 GWh/ year and 14.0 GWh/year respectively. Total heating consumption in Bioher (10 000 inh.) is 48.3 GWh/ year. <br />
**[[Total heating consumption by own heating in Bioher]]<br />
**[[Electricity heating in Bioher]]<br />
**[[Energy consumption of Bioher plant]] <br />
<br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions are approximately 372 mg/s and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions are 4.4 t/s in Bioher.<br />
**[[Emissions in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*Exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub> (µg/m<sup>3</sup>) of Bioher population is 0.31 for heating production part and 0.23 for district heating part. Total exposure is 0.54 µg/m<sup>3</sup> for Bioher population. Exposure due electricity emissions has not taken account yet.<br />
**[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of own heating of houses and small municipality plant heating production (=district heating) causes approximately 1.4 premature deaths in ten years in Bioher case.<br />
**[[Health effects in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*Total fuel costs of heating consumption is 3.1 million euros per year. That means costs of over 300 euros per inhabitant in year.<br />
**[[Costs of heat production in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
== Conclusions ==<br />
<br />
== Definition ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Biohermalli.png|thumb|450px|center|Figure 1. Main model of health effect assessment in Bioher. ]] <br />
<br />
=== Variables ===<br />
<br />
'''Decision''' <br />
<br />
''This variable is not clear yet!!<br />
<br />
*Decisions of citizen level between different heating systems <br />
**Is there district heating system available (emissions from small power plant -&gt; decisions of society level) <br />
** Own heating system: fuel types (pellets/light oil)<br />
**Building stock (energy efficiency of buildings)<br />
<br />
*Decisions of society level <br />
**Extent of district heating system <br />
**Fuel type of energy production (heavy oil/wood chips) <br />
**Building stock (energy efficiency of buildings)<br />
<br />
'''Population<br />
<br />
Population in Bioher is '''10 000 inhabitants'''<br />
(For the comparison, the page of [[Population of Finland]] describes population of Finland.)<br />
<br />
'''House stock''' <br />
<br />
House stock as [[floor area in Bioher]] is indexed with house types (detached, row and block houses) and fuel types and all data is based on Finnish statistics. Building statistics in Finland have been described more intensively in the page of [[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]].<br />
<br />
'''Heating consumption'''<br />
<br />
Heating consumption is merged in three different energy consumption calculations/variables:<br />
<br />
*[[Total heating consumption by own heating in Bioher]]<br />
*[[Electricity heating in Bioher]]<br />
*[[Energy consumption of Bioher plant]] <br />
<br />
These three variables based on method of calculation of [[Heating consumption of buildings]] with<br />
heating of tap water in buildings, heating consumption with monthly temperature variation and [[Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland|Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland]]. <br />
<br />
Heating consumption by own heating means own heating systems in houses. In Bioher 34 % of total heating was produced with own heating system, 28% of total heating was electricity and 38% of heat was produced as district heating in small heating plant. Fraction of each variable is calculated in the page of [[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]]. <br />
<br />
'''Emission ''' <br />
<br />
PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions in Bioher is described in the variable of [[Emissions in Bioher]]. In emission calculation knowledge of [[Emission factors for burning processes]] have been used. <br />
<br />
'''Exposure ''' <br />
<br />
[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Bioher]] is based on rough estimate due emissions, [[intake fraction]] of population and [[breathing rate]]. Because emission estimates based direct emissions of source, dispersion is not taken account. Also exposure indoors is not taken account YET. <br />
<br />
'''Health effect ''' <br />
<br />
In Bioher premature mortality are considered firstly as health effects due emissions ([[Health effects in Bioher]]). Exposure response factors (ERF) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> for all causes, cardiopulmonary and lung cancer are described in [[ERF of PM2.5 on mortality in general population]]. Used ERF for premature mortality was 0.6. Background mortality of Bioher populaiton is 86 deaths in one year. <br />
<br />
'''Expenses ''' <br />
<br />
Costs can be devided in two part: costs of heat production and costs of health effects. [[Costs of heat production in Bioher]] includes fuel, investment and service prices. For now all costs includes only fuel prices ([[Prices of fuels in heat production]]). Costs of health effects are defined more in [[CLAIH assessment]].<br />
<br />
'''Climate change''' <br />
<br />
'''???<br />
<br />
*Positive effect (warming) <br />
**CO<sub>2</sub> <br />
**BC (black carbon)<br />
**CH<sub>4</sub> <br />
**N<sub>2</sub>O <br />
**CFC <br />
**NO<sub>x</sub>? <br />
**H<sub>2</sub>O? <br />
*Negative effect (cool down) <br />
**PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
**Albedo (soil surface, snow, clouds)<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Other variables in the scale of Finland'''<br />
<br />
Emissions in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]] <br />
*[[CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[CH4 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[N2O emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[GHG emissions from land use change]]<br />
<br />
Exposure in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 concentration in Finland]]<br />
*[[Exposure of Finnish subpopulations to fine particles due domestic wood combustion]]<br />
*[[Intake fraction]] <br />
*[[Breathing rate]]<br />
*[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Finland]]<br />
<br />
=== Analyses ===<br />
<br />
*Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses <br />
*value-of-information (VOI) analysis<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [http://intra.eracnet.fi/main/index.php/Bioher:Bioher Internal project website in ERACintra] <br />
*[[CLAIH assessment]]<br />
*[[Bioher stakeholder meeting 2009]]<br />
*[[Assessment on impacts of emission trading on city-level (ET-CL)]]<br />
*[http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/39675/Pienet%20chp%20laitokset.pdf?sequence=1 Pienten (<4 MW) CHP-laitosten mahdollisuudet]<br />
*[https://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/26995/Svan.Janne.pdf.pdf?sequence=1 Pientaloalueen lämmityskärjestelmien vertailu]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/kaukolampo/kirjasto/tutkimusraportit/liitteet/pientaloalueiden%20kaukolampokriteerit_loppuraportti_20091111.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fkaukolampo%2Fkirjasto%2Ftutkimusraportit Pientaloalueiden ja -taajamien kaukolämpöön liittämisen kriteerit]<br />
*[http://era17.fi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/sitran_selvityksia_39.pdf Rakennetun ympäristön energiankäyttö ja kasvihuonekaasupäästöt]<br />
*[http://www.hsy.fi/seututieto/Documents/YTV_julkaisusarja/PJS_B_18_2003_pienpoltto_pks.pdf HSY2003:Pienpoltto pääkaupunkiseudulla]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/julkaisut%20ja%20tutkimukset/liitteet%20tutkimukset%20ja%20selvitykset/kaukolammityksenasiakasrajapinnanteknis-taloudellisetreunaehdot.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fjulkaisut Kaukolämmityksen asiakasrajapinnan teknis-taloudelliset reunaehdot sis.mm.Kaukolämpöliittymien kustannusselvitys]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/sites/default/files/kl-asiakasrajapinnan_teknistaloudelliset_rajaehdot.pdf KAUKOLÄMMITYKSEN ASIAKASRAJAPINNAN TEKNIS‐TALOUDELLISET REUNAEHDOT TUTKIMUKSEN LOPPURAPORTTI]<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=82087 Parhaan käyttökelpoisen tekniikan huomioonottaminen ympäristölupamenettelyssä (esimerkkinä alle 50MWn polttolaitokset)]<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706 Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut1-7)] Tästä löytyy ominaispäästökertoimet ja hyötysuhteet polttoaineittain ja polttotekniikoittain pienissä polttolaitoksissa (esim. taulukko 4). Myös tieto kuinka paljon pieniä polttolaitoksia on Suomessa.<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3708&lan=fi Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut8-19)]Täältä löytyy tietoa mm. hiukkasten poistotavoista (taulukko 23).<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Health_effects]] [[Category:Classical_air_pollutants]]</div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=BIOHER_assessment&diff=22424
BIOHER assessment
2011-09-01T07:53:48Z
<p>Pauliina: /* See also */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Assessment|moderator =Pauliina}} <br />
<br />
{{participants needed}}<br />
<br />
==Health and climate impacts of heat production in small municipalities (BIOHER)==<br />
This is assessment page of '''Bioher'''. Bioher is a research project coordinated by National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). The duration is 2008-2011. Project includes five subprojects with 1) measurement of PM and greenhouse gas emissions, 2) chemical characterization and assessment of atmospheric thermal impact of emitted PM, 3) toxicological characterization of emitted PM, 4) assessment of exposure to and health effects of current residential wood combustion, 5) assessment of health risks. <br />
<br />
This assessment page includes scope, definition, and result of health risk assessment of fine particles of four residential heating scenarios/decisions. Main study questions are:<br />
<br />
*How human risks differs between four heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are the costs of emissions and health effects due to different heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are climate change impacts of PM emissions and health effects due to CC?<br />
<br />
[[:Image:Bioher model.ANA|The Analytica model can be accessed here]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
=== Purpose ===<br />
<br />
The purpose is to evaluate PM<sub>2.5</sub> and green house gas (GHG) emissions of detached houses and small heating power plant, to assess exposure and health effects due to evaluated emissions and to define emission, heating and health effect costs. Assessment is going to compare four alternative ways to arrange decentralized energy production in communities with 2000 - 10000 inhabitants: light oil and pellets as fuel of detached houses and heavy oil and wood chips as fuel of small heating plants. In addition, environmental effects i.e. climate change (CC) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions is assessed with this model. <br />
<br />
Questions: <br />
<br />
*What would be the health effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of small power plant and individual houses in small living area (2000- 10000 inh.)? <br />
*What are GHG emissions of individual houses and small power plant and how emissions effect on CC? <br />
*What are the costs of different alternatives? <br />
*What is the optimal decision to produce energy and heat to houses?<br />
<br />
=== Boundaries ===<br />
<br />
*Energy production (single house and small energy plant level, 1-20MW) <br />
*Population (2000-10000 inh.) <br />
*Exposure for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*ER-functions for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions (-&gt;health effects) <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> climate effect (-&gt; health effects) <br />
*Household heating scenarios: <br />
**Light oil and pellets <br />
*Small heating plant scenarios:<br />
**Heavy oil and wood chips<br />
*Atmospheric thermal impact <br />
*DALY<br />
<br />
*Impacts: <br />
**Climate change<br />
**Premature mortality <br />
**Costs<br />
<br />
=== Scenarios ===<br />
<br />
Scenarios include two different fuel types of energy production in detached houses and small power plant: <br />
<br> '''Detached houses''' <br />
*light oil <br />
*Pellets<br />
<br> '''Small power plant''' <br />
*Heavy oil <br />
*Wood chips<br />
<br />
=== Intended users ===<br />
<br />
*City-level policy-makers in all sectors in Kuopio as well as everywhere else <br />
*International policy-makers related climate change <br />
*Policy-makers related health risks of fine particles and green house gases <br />
*General public <br />
*Scientists working on health risks of fine particles, green house gases and climate change <br />
*Other interested of topic<br />
<br />
=== Participants ===<br />
<br />
*Assessment and Modelling Unit of THL: [[User:Virpi Kollanus|Virpi Kollanus]], [[User:Pauliina|Pauliina]], [[User:Marko|Marko]], [[User:Mikko Pohjola|Mikko Pohjola]], [[User:Jouni|Jouni]]<br />
*Other researchers related Bioher -project<br />
<br />
== Results ==<br />
*Floor area in Bioher is approximately 50 m<sup>2</sup> per inhabitant that is 500 000 m<sup>2</sup> in total area. <br />
**[[Floor area in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*For total heating consumption by own heating, total electricity heating and plant heating in Bioher are 18.6 GWh/year, 15.7 GWh/ year and 14.0 GWh/year respectively. Total heating consumption in Bioher (10 000 inh.) is 48.3 GWh/ year. <br />
**[[Total heating consumption by own heating in Bioher]]<br />
**[[Electricity heating in Bioher]]<br />
**[[Energy consumption of Bioher plant]] <br />
<br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions are approximately 372 mg/s and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions are 4.4 t/s in Bioher.<br />
**[[Emissions in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*Exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub> (µg/m<sup>3</sup>) of Bioher population is 0.31 for heating production part and 0.23 for district heating part. Total exposure is 0.54 µg/m<sup>3</sup> for Bioher population. Exposure due electricity emissions has not taken account yet.<br />
**[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of own heating of houses and small municipality plant heating production (=district heating) causes approximately 1.4 premature deaths in ten years in Bioher case.<br />
**[[Health effects in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*Total fuel costs of heating consumption is 3.1 million euros per year. That means costs of over 300 euros per inhabitant in year.<br />
**[[Costs of heat production in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
== Conclusions ==<br />
<br />
== Definition ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Biohermalli.png|thumb|450px|center|Figure 1. Main model of health effect assessment in Bioher. ]] <br />
<br />
=== Variables ===<br />
<br />
'''Decision''' <br />
<br />
''This variable is not clear yet!!<br />
<br />
*Decisions of citizen level between different heating systems <br />
**Is there district heating system available (emissions from small power plant -&gt; decisions of society level) <br />
** Own heating system: fuel types (pellets/light oil)<br />
**Building stock (energy efficiency of buildings)<br />
<br />
*Decisions of society level <br />
**Extent of district heating system <br />
**Fuel type of energy production (heavy oil/wood chips) <br />
**Building stock (energy efficiency of buildings)<br />
<br />
'''Population<br />
<br />
Population in Bioher is '''10 000 inhabitants'''<br />
(For the comparison, the page of [[Population of Finland]] describes population of Finland.)<br />
<br />
'''House stock''' <br />
<br />
House stock as [[floor area in Bioher]] is indexed with house types (detached, row and block houses) and fuel types and all data is based on Finnish statistics. Building statistics in Finland have been described more intensively in the page of [[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]].<br />
<br />
'''Heating consumption'''<br />
<br />
Heating consumption is merged in three different energy consumption calculations/variables:<br />
<br />
*[[Total heating consumption by own heating in Bioher]]<br />
*[[Electricity heating in Bioher]]<br />
*[[Energy consumption of Bioher plant]] <br />
<br />
These three variables based on method of calculation of [[Heating consumption of buildings]] with<br />
heating of tap water in buildings, heating consumption with monthly temperature variation and [[Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland|Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland]]. <br />
<br />
Heating consumption by own heating means own heating systems in houses. In Bioher 34 % of total heating was produced with own heating system, 28% of total heating was electricity and 38% of heat was produced as district heating in small heating plant. Fraction of each variable is calculated in the page of [[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]]. <br />
<br />
'''Emission ''' <br />
<br />
PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions in Bioher is described in the variable of [[Emissions in Bioher]]. In emission calculation knowledge of [[Emission factors for burning processes]] have been used. <br />
<br />
'''Exposure ''' <br />
<br />
[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Bioher]] is based on rough estimate due emissions, [[intake fraction]] of population and [[breathing rate]]. Because emission estimates based direct emissions of source, dispersion is not taken account. Also exposure indoors is not taken account YET. <br />
<br />
'''Health effect ''' <br />
<br />
In Bioher premature mortality are considered firstly as health effects due emissions ([[Health effects in Bioher]]). Exposure response factors (ERF) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> for all causes, cardiopulmonary and lung cancer are described in [[ERF of PM2.5 on mortality in general population]]. Used ERF for premature mortality was 0.6. Background mortality of Bioher populaiton is 86 deaths in one year. <br />
<br />
'''Expenses ''' <br />
<br />
Costs can be devided in two part: costs of heat production and costs of health effects. [[Costs of heat production in Bioher]] includes fuel, investment and service prices. For now all costs includes only fuel prices ([[Prices of fuels in heat production]]). Costs of health effects are defined more in [[CLAIH assessment]].<br />
<br />
'''Climate change''' <br />
<br />
'''???<br />
<br />
*Positive effect (warming) <br />
**CO<sub>2</sub> <br />
**BC (black carbon)<br />
**CH<sub>4</sub> <br />
**N<sub>2</sub>O <br />
**CFC <br />
**NO<sub>x</sub>? <br />
**H<sub>2</sub>O? <br />
*Negative effect (cool down) <br />
**PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
**Albedo (soil surface, snow, clouds)<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Other variables in the scale of Finland'''<br />
<br />
Emissions in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]] <br />
*[[CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[CH4 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[N2O emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[GHG emissions from land use change]]<br />
<br />
Exposure in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 concentration in Finland]]<br />
*[[Exposure of Finnish subpopulations to fine particles due domestic wood combustion]]<br />
*[[Intake fraction]] <br />
*[[Breathing rate]]<br />
*[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Finland]]<br />
<br />
=== Analyses ===<br />
<br />
*Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses <br />
*value-of-information (VOI) analysis<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [http://intra.eracnet.fi/main/index.php/Bioher:Bioher Internal project website in ERACintra] <br />
*[[CLAIH assessment]]<br />
*[[Bioher stakeholder meeting 2009]]<br />
*[[Assessment on impacts of emission trading on city-level (ET-CL)]]<br />
*[http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/39675/Pienet%20chp%20laitokset.pdf?sequence=1 Pienten (<4 MW) CHP-laitosten mahdollisuudet]<br />
*[https://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/26995/Svan.Janne.pdf.pdf?sequence=1 Pientaloalueen lämmityskärjestelmien vertailu]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/kaukolampo/kirjasto/tutkimusraportit/liitteet/pientaloalueiden%20kaukolampokriteerit_loppuraportti_20091111.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fkaukolampo%2Fkirjasto%2Ftutkimusraportit Pientaloalueiden ja -taajamien kaukolämpöön liittämisen kriteerit]<br />
*[http://era17.fi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/sitran_selvityksia_39.pdf Rakennetun ympäristön energiankäyttö ja kasvihuonekaasupäästöt]<br />
*[http://www.hsy.fi/seututieto/Documents/YTV_julkaisusarja/PJS_B_18_2003_pienpoltto_pks.pdf HSY2003:Pienpoltto pääkaupunkiseudulla]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/julkaisut%20ja%20tutkimukset/liitteet%20tutkimukset%20ja%20selvitykset/kaukolammityksenasiakasrajapinnanteknis-taloudellisetreunaehdot.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fjulkaisut Kaukolämmityksen asiakasrajapinnan teknis-taloudelliset reunaehdot sis.mm.Kaukolämpöliittymien kustannusselvitys]<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=82087 Parhaan käyttökelpoisen tekniikan huomioonottaminen ympäristölupamenettelyssä (esimerkkinä alle 50MWn polttolaitokset)]<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706 Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut1-7)] Tästä löytyy ominaispäästökertoimet ja hyötysuhteet polttoaineittain ja polttotekniikoittain pienissä polttolaitoksissa (esim. taulukko 4). Myös tieto kuinka paljon pieniä polttolaitoksia on Suomessa.<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3708&lan=fi Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa (luvut8-19)]Täältä löytyy tietoa mm. hiukkasten poistotavoista (taulukko 23).<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Health_effects]] [[Category:Classical_air_pollutants]]</div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=BIOHER_assessment&diff=22423
BIOHER assessment
2011-09-01T07:09:06Z
<p>Pauliina: /* See also */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Assessment|moderator =Pauliina}} <br />
<br />
{{participants needed}}<br />
<br />
==Health and climate impacts of heat production in small municipalities (BIOHER)==<br />
This is assessment page of '''Bioher'''. Bioher is a research project coordinated by National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). The duration is 2008-2011. Project includes five subprojects with 1) measurement of PM and greenhouse gas emissions, 2) chemical characterization and assessment of atmospheric thermal impact of emitted PM, 3) toxicological characterization of emitted PM, 4) assessment of exposure to and health effects of current residential wood combustion, 5) assessment of health risks. <br />
<br />
This assessment page includes scope, definition, and result of health risk assessment of fine particles of four residential heating scenarios/decisions. Main study questions are:<br />
<br />
*How human risks differs between four heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are the costs of emissions and health effects due to different heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are climate change impacts of PM emissions and health effects due to CC?<br />
<br />
[[:Image:Bioher model.ANA|The Analytica model can be accessed here]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
=== Purpose ===<br />
<br />
The purpose is to evaluate PM<sub>2.5</sub> and green house gas (GHG) emissions of detached houses and small heating power plant, to assess exposure and health effects due to evaluated emissions and to define emission, heating and health effect costs. Assessment is going to compare four alternative ways to arrange decentralized energy production in communities with 2000 - 10000 inhabitants: light oil and pellets as fuel of detached houses and heavy oil and wood chips as fuel of small heating plants. In addition, environmental effects i.e. climate change (CC) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions is assessed with this model. <br />
<br />
Questions: <br />
<br />
*What would be the health effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of small power plant and individual houses in small living area (2000- 10000 inh.)? <br />
*What are GHG emissions of individual houses and small power plant and how emissions effect on CC? <br />
*What are the costs of different alternatives? <br />
*What is the optimal decision to produce energy and heat to houses?<br />
<br />
=== Boundaries ===<br />
<br />
*Energy production (single house and small energy plant level, 1-20MW) <br />
*Population (2000-10000 inh.) <br />
*Exposure for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*ER-functions for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions (-&gt;health effects) <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> climate effect (-&gt; health effects) <br />
*Household heating scenarios: <br />
**Light oil and pellets <br />
*Small heating plant scenarios:<br />
**Heavy oil and wood chips<br />
*Atmospheric thermal impact <br />
*DALY<br />
<br />
*Impacts: <br />
**Climate change<br />
**Premature mortality <br />
**Costs<br />
<br />
=== Scenarios ===<br />
<br />
Scenarios include two different fuel types of energy production in detached houses and small power plant: <br />
<br> '''Detached houses''' <br />
*light oil <br />
*Pellets<br />
<br> '''Small power plant''' <br />
*Heavy oil <br />
*Wood chips<br />
<br />
=== Intended users ===<br />
<br />
*City-level policy-makers in all sectors in Kuopio as well as everywhere else <br />
*International policy-makers related climate change <br />
*Policy-makers related health risks of fine particles and green house gases <br />
*General public <br />
*Scientists working on health risks of fine particles, green house gases and climate change <br />
*Other interested of topic<br />
<br />
=== Participants ===<br />
<br />
*Assessment and Modelling Unit of THL: [[User:Virpi Kollanus|Virpi Kollanus]], [[User:Pauliina|Pauliina]], [[User:Marko|Marko]], [[User:Mikko Pohjola|Mikko Pohjola]], [[User:Jouni|Jouni]]<br />
*Other researchers related Bioher -project<br />
<br />
== Results ==<br />
*Floor area in Bioher is approximately 50 m<sup>2</sup> per inhabitant that is 500 000 m<sup>2</sup> in total area. <br />
**[[Floor area in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*For total heating consumption by own heating, total electricity heating and plant heating in Bioher are 18.6 GWh/year, 15.7 GWh/ year and 14.0 GWh/year respectively. Total heating consumption in Bioher (10 000 inh.) is 48.3 GWh/ year. <br />
**[[Total heating consumption by own heating in Bioher]]<br />
**[[Electricity heating in Bioher]]<br />
**[[Energy consumption of Bioher plant]] <br />
<br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions are approximately 372 mg/s and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions are 4.4 t/s in Bioher.<br />
**[[Emissions in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*Exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub> (µg/m<sup>3</sup>) of Bioher population is 0.31 for heating production part and 0.23 for district heating part. Total exposure is 0.54 µg/m<sup>3</sup> for Bioher population. Exposure due electricity emissions has not taken account yet.<br />
**[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of own heating of houses and small municipality plant heating production (=district heating) causes approximately 1.4 premature deaths in ten years in Bioher case.<br />
**[[Health effects in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*Total fuel costs of heating consumption is 3.1 million euros per year. That means costs of over 300 euros per inhabitant in year.<br />
**[[Costs of heat production in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
== Conclusions ==<br />
<br />
== Definition ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Biohermalli.png|thumb|450px|center|Figure 1. Main model of health effect assessment in Bioher. ]] <br />
<br />
=== Variables ===<br />
<br />
'''Decision''' <br />
<br />
''This variable is not clear yet!!<br />
<br />
*Decisions of citizen level between different heating systems <br />
**Is there district heating system available (emissions from small power plant -&gt; decisions of society level) <br />
** Own heating system: fuel types (pellets/light oil)<br />
**Building stock (energy efficiency of buildings)<br />
<br />
*Decisions of society level <br />
**Extent of district heating system <br />
**Fuel type of energy production (heavy oil/wood chips) <br />
**Building stock (energy efficiency of buildings)<br />
<br />
'''Population<br />
<br />
Population in Bioher is '''10 000 inhabitants'''<br />
(For the comparison, the page of [[Population of Finland]] describes population of Finland.)<br />
<br />
'''House stock''' <br />
<br />
House stock as [[floor area in Bioher]] is indexed with house types (detached, row and block houses) and fuel types and all data is based on Finnish statistics. Building statistics in Finland have been described more intensively in the page of [[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]].<br />
<br />
'''Heating consumption'''<br />
<br />
Heating consumption is merged in three different energy consumption calculations/variables:<br />
<br />
*[[Total heating consumption by own heating in Bioher]]<br />
*[[Electricity heating in Bioher]]<br />
*[[Energy consumption of Bioher plant]] <br />
<br />
These three variables based on method of calculation of [[Heating consumption of buildings]] with<br />
heating of tap water in buildings, heating consumption with monthly temperature variation and [[Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland|Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland]]. <br />
<br />
Heating consumption by own heating means own heating systems in houses. In Bioher 34 % of total heating was produced with own heating system, 28% of total heating was electricity and 38% of heat was produced as district heating in small heating plant. Fraction of each variable is calculated in the page of [[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]]. <br />
<br />
'''Emission ''' <br />
<br />
PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions in Bioher is described in the variable of [[Emissions in Bioher]]. In emission calculation knowledge of [[Emission factors for burning processes]] have been used. <br />
<br />
'''Exposure ''' <br />
<br />
[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Bioher]] is based on rough estimate due emissions, [[intake fraction]] of population and [[breathing rate]]. Because emission estimates based direct emissions of source, dispersion is not taken account. Also exposure indoors is not taken account YET. <br />
<br />
'''Health effect ''' <br />
<br />
In Bioher premature mortality are considered firstly as health effects due emissions ([[Health effects in Bioher]]). Exposure response factors (ERF) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> for all causes, cardiopulmonary and lung cancer are described in [[ERF of PM2.5 on mortality in general population]]. Used ERF for premature mortality was 0.6. Background mortality of Bioher populaiton is 86 deaths in one year. <br />
<br />
'''Expenses ''' <br />
<br />
Costs can be devided in two part: costs of heat production and costs of health effects. [[Costs of heat production in Bioher]] includes fuel, investment and service prices. For now all costs includes only fuel prices ([[Prices of fuels in heat production]]). Costs of health effects are defined more in [[CLAIH assessment]].<br />
<br />
'''Climate change''' <br />
<br />
'''???<br />
<br />
*Positive effect (warming) <br />
**CO<sub>2</sub> <br />
**BC (black carbon)<br />
**CH<sub>4</sub> <br />
**N<sub>2</sub>O <br />
**CFC <br />
**NO<sub>x</sub>? <br />
**H<sub>2</sub>O? <br />
*Negative effect (cool down) <br />
**PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
**Albedo (soil surface, snow, clouds)<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Other variables in the scale of Finland'''<br />
<br />
Emissions in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]] <br />
*[[CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[CH4 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[N2O emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[GHG emissions from land use change]]<br />
<br />
Exposure in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 concentration in Finland]]<br />
*[[Exposure of Finnish subpopulations to fine particles due domestic wood combustion]]<br />
*[[Intake fraction]] <br />
*[[Breathing rate]]<br />
*[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Finland]]<br />
<br />
=== Analyses ===<br />
<br />
*Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses <br />
*value-of-information (VOI) analysis<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [http://intra.eracnet.fi/main/index.php/Bioher:Bioher Internal project website in ERACintra] <br />
*[[CLAIH assessment]]<br />
*[[Bioher stakeholder meeting 2009]]<br />
*[[Assessment on impacts of emission trading on city-level (ET-CL)]]<br />
*[http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/39675/Pienet%20chp%20laitokset.pdf?sequence=1 Pienten (<4 MW) CHP-laitosten mahdollisuudet]<br />
*[https://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/26995/Svan.Janne.pdf.pdf?sequence=1 Pientaloalueen lämmityskärjestelmien vertailu]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/kaukolampo/kirjasto/tutkimusraportit/liitteet/pientaloalueiden%20kaukolampokriteerit_loppuraportti_20091111.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fkaukolampo%2Fkirjasto%2Ftutkimusraportit Pientaloalueiden ja -taajamien kaukolämpöön liittämisen kriteerit]<br />
*[http://era17.fi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/sitran_selvityksia_39.pdf Rakennetun ympäristön energiankäyttö ja kasvihuonekaasupäästöt]<br />
*[http://www.hsy.fi/seututieto/Documents/YTV_julkaisusarja/PJS_B_18_2003_pienpoltto_pks.pdf HSY2003:Pienpoltto pääkaupunkiseudulla]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/julkaisut%20ja%20tutkimukset/liitteet%20tutkimukset%20ja%20selvitykset/kaukolammityksenasiakasrajapinnanteknis-taloudellisetreunaehdot.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fjulkaisut Kaukolämmityksen asiakasrajapinnan teknis-taloudelliset reunaehdot sis.mm.Kaukolämpöliittymien kustannusselvitys]<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=82087 Parhaan käyttökelpoisen tekniikan huomioonottaminen ympäristölupamenettelyssä (esimerkkinä alle 50MWn polttolaitokset)]<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706 Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa] Tästä löytyy ominaispäästökertoimet ja hyötysuhteet polttoaineittain ja polttotekniikoittain pienissä polttolaitoksissa (esim. taulukko 4). Myös tieto kuinka paljon pieniä polttolaitoksia on Suomessa.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Health_effects]] [[Category:Classical_air_pollutants]]</div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=BIOHER_assessment&diff=22422
BIOHER assessment
2011-09-01T06:28:44Z
<p>Pauliina: /* See also */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Assessment|moderator =Pauliina}} <br />
<br />
{{participants needed}}<br />
<br />
==Health and climate impacts of heat production in small municipalities (BIOHER)==<br />
This is assessment page of '''Bioher'''. Bioher is a research project coordinated by National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). The duration is 2008-2011. Project includes five subprojects with 1) measurement of PM and greenhouse gas emissions, 2) chemical characterization and assessment of atmospheric thermal impact of emitted PM, 3) toxicological characterization of emitted PM, 4) assessment of exposure to and health effects of current residential wood combustion, 5) assessment of health risks. <br />
<br />
This assessment page includes scope, definition, and result of health risk assessment of fine particles of four residential heating scenarios/decisions. Main study questions are:<br />
<br />
*How human risks differs between four heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are the costs of emissions and health effects due to different heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are climate change impacts of PM emissions and health effects due to CC?<br />
<br />
[[:Image:Bioher model.ANA|The Analytica model can be accessed here]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
=== Purpose ===<br />
<br />
The purpose is to evaluate PM<sub>2.5</sub> and green house gas (GHG) emissions of detached houses and small heating power plant, to assess exposure and health effects due to evaluated emissions and to define emission, heating and health effect costs. Assessment is going to compare four alternative ways to arrange decentralized energy production in communities with 2000 - 10000 inhabitants: light oil and pellets as fuel of detached houses and heavy oil and wood chips as fuel of small heating plants. In addition, environmental effects i.e. climate change (CC) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions is assessed with this model. <br />
<br />
Questions: <br />
<br />
*What would be the health effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of small power plant and individual houses in small living area (2000- 10000 inh.)? <br />
*What are GHG emissions of individual houses and small power plant and how emissions effect on CC? <br />
*What are the costs of different alternatives? <br />
*What is the optimal decision to produce energy and heat to houses?<br />
<br />
=== Boundaries ===<br />
<br />
*Energy production (single house and small energy plant level, 1-20MW) <br />
*Population (2000-10000 inh.) <br />
*Exposure for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*ER-functions for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions (-&gt;health effects) <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> climate effect (-&gt; health effects) <br />
*Household heating scenarios: <br />
**Light oil and pellets <br />
*Small heating plant scenarios:<br />
**Heavy oil and wood chips<br />
*Atmospheric thermal impact <br />
*DALY<br />
<br />
*Impacts: <br />
**Climate change<br />
**Premature mortality <br />
**Costs<br />
<br />
=== Scenarios ===<br />
<br />
Scenarios include two different fuel types of energy production in detached houses and small power plant: <br />
<br> '''Detached houses''' <br />
*light oil <br />
*Pellets<br />
<br> '''Small power plant''' <br />
*Heavy oil <br />
*Wood chips<br />
<br />
=== Intended users ===<br />
<br />
*City-level policy-makers in all sectors in Kuopio as well as everywhere else <br />
*International policy-makers related climate change <br />
*Policy-makers related health risks of fine particles and green house gases <br />
*General public <br />
*Scientists working on health risks of fine particles, green house gases and climate change <br />
*Other interested of topic<br />
<br />
=== Participants ===<br />
<br />
*Assessment and Modelling Unit of THL: [[User:Virpi Kollanus|Virpi Kollanus]], [[User:Pauliina|Pauliina]], [[User:Marko|Marko]], [[User:Mikko Pohjola|Mikko Pohjola]], [[User:Jouni|Jouni]]<br />
*Other researchers related Bioher -project<br />
<br />
== Results ==<br />
*Floor area in Bioher is approximately 50 m<sup>2</sup> per inhabitant that is 500 000 m<sup>2</sup> in total area. <br />
**[[Floor area in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*For total heating consumption by own heating, total electricity heating and plant heating in Bioher are 18.6 GWh/year, 15.7 GWh/ year and 14.0 GWh/year respectively. Total heating consumption in Bioher (10 000 inh.) is 48.3 GWh/ year. <br />
**[[Total heating consumption by own heating in Bioher]]<br />
**[[Electricity heating in Bioher]]<br />
**[[Energy consumption of Bioher plant]] <br />
<br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions are approximately 372 mg/s and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions are 4.4 t/s in Bioher.<br />
**[[Emissions in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*Exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub> (µg/m<sup>3</sup>) of Bioher population is 0.31 for heating production part and 0.23 for district heating part. Total exposure is 0.54 µg/m<sup>3</sup> for Bioher population. Exposure due electricity emissions has not taken account yet.<br />
**[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of own heating of houses and small municipality plant heating production (=district heating) causes approximately 1.4 premature deaths in ten years in Bioher case.<br />
**[[Health effects in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*Total fuel costs of heating consumption is 3.1 million euros per year. That means costs of over 300 euros per inhabitant in year.<br />
**[[Costs of heat production in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
== Conclusions ==<br />
<br />
== Definition ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Biohermalli.png|thumb|450px|center|Figure 1. Main model of health effect assessment in Bioher. ]] <br />
<br />
=== Variables ===<br />
<br />
'''Decision''' <br />
<br />
''This variable is not clear yet!!<br />
<br />
*Decisions of citizen level between different heating systems <br />
**Is there district heating system available (emissions from small power plant -&gt; decisions of society level) <br />
** Own heating system: fuel types (pellets/light oil)<br />
**Building stock (energy efficiency of buildings)<br />
<br />
*Decisions of society level <br />
**Extent of district heating system <br />
**Fuel type of energy production (heavy oil/wood chips) <br />
**Building stock (energy efficiency of buildings)<br />
<br />
'''Population<br />
<br />
Population in Bioher is '''10 000 inhabitants'''<br />
(For the comparison, the page of [[Population of Finland]] describes population of Finland.)<br />
<br />
'''House stock''' <br />
<br />
House stock as [[floor area in Bioher]] is indexed with house types (detached, row and block houses) and fuel types and all data is based on Finnish statistics. Building statistics in Finland have been described more intensively in the page of [[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]].<br />
<br />
'''Heating consumption'''<br />
<br />
Heating consumption is merged in three different energy consumption calculations/variables:<br />
<br />
*[[Total heating consumption by own heating in Bioher]]<br />
*[[Electricity heating in Bioher]]<br />
*[[Energy consumption of Bioher plant]] <br />
<br />
These three variables based on method of calculation of [[Heating consumption of buildings]] with<br />
heating of tap water in buildings, heating consumption with monthly temperature variation and [[Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland|Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland]]. <br />
<br />
Heating consumption by own heating means own heating systems in houses. In Bioher 34 % of total heating was produced with own heating system, 28% of total heating was electricity and 38% of heat was produced as district heating in small heating plant. Fraction of each variable is calculated in the page of [[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]]. <br />
<br />
'''Emission ''' <br />
<br />
PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions in Bioher is described in the variable of [[Emissions in Bioher]]. In emission calculation knowledge of [[Emission factors for burning processes]] have been used. <br />
<br />
'''Exposure ''' <br />
<br />
[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Bioher]] is based on rough estimate due emissions, [[intake fraction]] of population and [[breathing rate]]. Because emission estimates based direct emissions of source, dispersion is not taken account. Also exposure indoors is not taken account YET. <br />
<br />
'''Health effect ''' <br />
<br />
In Bioher premature mortality are considered firstly as health effects due emissions ([[Health effects in Bioher]]). Exposure response factors (ERF) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> for all causes, cardiopulmonary and lung cancer are described in [[ERF of PM2.5 on mortality in general population]]. Used ERF for premature mortality was 0.6. Background mortality of Bioher populaiton is 86 deaths in one year. <br />
<br />
'''Expenses ''' <br />
<br />
Costs can be devided in two part: costs of heat production and costs of health effects. [[Costs of heat production in Bioher]] includes fuel, investment and service prices. For now all costs includes only fuel prices ([[Prices of fuels in heat production]]). Costs of health effects are defined more in [[CLAIH assessment]].<br />
<br />
'''Climate change''' <br />
<br />
'''???<br />
<br />
*Positive effect (warming) <br />
**CO<sub>2</sub> <br />
**BC (black carbon)<br />
**CH<sub>4</sub> <br />
**N<sub>2</sub>O <br />
**CFC <br />
**NO<sub>x</sub>? <br />
**H<sub>2</sub>O? <br />
*Negative effect (cool down) <br />
**PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
**Albedo (soil surface, snow, clouds)<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Other variables in the scale of Finland'''<br />
<br />
Emissions in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]] <br />
*[[CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[CH4 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[N2O emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[GHG emissions from land use change]]<br />
<br />
Exposure in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 concentration in Finland]]<br />
*[[Exposure of Finnish subpopulations to fine particles due domestic wood combustion]]<br />
*[[Intake fraction]] <br />
*[[Breathing rate]]<br />
*[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Finland]]<br />
<br />
=== Analyses ===<br />
<br />
*Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses <br />
*value-of-information (VOI) analysis<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [http://intra.eracnet.fi/main/index.php/Bioher:Bioher Internal project website in ERACintra] <br />
*[[CLAIH assessment]]<br />
*[[Bioher stakeholder meeting 2009]]<br />
*[[Assessment on impacts of emission trading on city-level (ET-CL)]]<br />
*[http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/39675/Pienet%20chp%20laitokset.pdf?sequence=1 Pienten (<4 MW) CHP-laitosten mahdollisuudet]<br />
*[https://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/26995/Svan.Janne.pdf.pdf?sequence=1 Pientaloalueen lämmityskärjestelmien vertailu]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/kaukolampo/kirjasto/tutkimusraportit/liitteet/pientaloalueiden%20kaukolampokriteerit_loppuraportti_20091111.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fkaukolampo%2Fkirjasto%2Ftutkimusraportit Pientaloalueiden ja -taajamien kaukolämpöön liittämisen kriteerit]<br />
*[http://www.hsy.fi/seututieto/Documents/YTV_julkaisusarja/PJS_B_18_2003_pienpoltto_pks.pdf HSY2003:Pienpoltto pääkaupunkiseudulla]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/julkaisut%20ja%20tutkimukset/liitteet%20tutkimukset%20ja%20selvitykset/kaukolammityksenasiakasrajapinnanteknis-taloudellisetreunaehdot.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fjulkaisut Kaukolämmityksen asiakasrajapinnan teknis-taloudelliset reunaehdot sis.mm.Kaukolämpöliittymien kustannusselvitys]<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=82087 Parhaan käyttökelpoisen tekniikan huomioonottaminen ympäristölupamenettelyssä (esimerkkinä alle 50MWn polttolaitokset)]<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706 Paras käytettävissä oleva tekniikka (BAT) 5-50 MW:n polttolaitoksissa Suomessa]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Health_effects]] [[Category:Classical_air_pollutants]]</div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=BIOHER_assessment&diff=22421
BIOHER assessment
2011-09-01T06:25:08Z
<p>Pauliina: /* See also */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Assessment|moderator =Pauliina}} <br />
<br />
{{participants needed}}<br />
<br />
==Health and climate impacts of heat production in small municipalities (BIOHER)==<br />
This is assessment page of '''Bioher'''. Bioher is a research project coordinated by National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). The duration is 2008-2011. Project includes five subprojects with 1) measurement of PM and greenhouse gas emissions, 2) chemical characterization and assessment of atmospheric thermal impact of emitted PM, 3) toxicological characterization of emitted PM, 4) assessment of exposure to and health effects of current residential wood combustion, 5) assessment of health risks. <br />
<br />
This assessment page includes scope, definition, and result of health risk assessment of fine particles of four residential heating scenarios/decisions. Main study questions are:<br />
<br />
*How human risks differs between four heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are the costs of emissions and health effects due to different heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are climate change impacts of PM emissions and health effects due to CC?<br />
<br />
[[:Image:Bioher model.ANA|The Analytica model can be accessed here]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
=== Purpose ===<br />
<br />
The purpose is to evaluate PM<sub>2.5</sub> and green house gas (GHG) emissions of detached houses and small heating power plant, to assess exposure and health effects due to evaluated emissions and to define emission, heating and health effect costs. Assessment is going to compare four alternative ways to arrange decentralized energy production in communities with 2000 - 10000 inhabitants: light oil and pellets as fuel of detached houses and heavy oil and wood chips as fuel of small heating plants. In addition, environmental effects i.e. climate change (CC) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions is assessed with this model. <br />
<br />
Questions: <br />
<br />
*What would be the health effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of small power plant and individual houses in small living area (2000- 10000 inh.)? <br />
*What are GHG emissions of individual houses and small power plant and how emissions effect on CC? <br />
*What are the costs of different alternatives? <br />
*What is the optimal decision to produce energy and heat to houses?<br />
<br />
=== Boundaries ===<br />
<br />
*Energy production (single house and small energy plant level, 1-20MW) <br />
*Population (2000-10000 inh.) <br />
*Exposure for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*ER-functions for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions (-&gt;health effects) <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> climate effect (-&gt; health effects) <br />
*Household heating scenarios: <br />
**Light oil and pellets <br />
*Small heating plant scenarios:<br />
**Heavy oil and wood chips<br />
*Atmospheric thermal impact <br />
*DALY<br />
<br />
*Impacts: <br />
**Climate change<br />
**Premature mortality <br />
**Costs<br />
<br />
=== Scenarios ===<br />
<br />
Scenarios include two different fuel types of energy production in detached houses and small power plant: <br />
<br> '''Detached houses''' <br />
*light oil <br />
*Pellets<br />
<br> '''Small power plant''' <br />
*Heavy oil <br />
*Wood chips<br />
<br />
=== Intended users ===<br />
<br />
*City-level policy-makers in all sectors in Kuopio as well as everywhere else <br />
*International policy-makers related climate change <br />
*Policy-makers related health risks of fine particles and green house gases <br />
*General public <br />
*Scientists working on health risks of fine particles, green house gases and climate change <br />
*Other interested of topic<br />
<br />
=== Participants ===<br />
<br />
*Assessment and Modelling Unit of THL: [[User:Virpi Kollanus|Virpi Kollanus]], [[User:Pauliina|Pauliina]], [[User:Marko|Marko]], [[User:Mikko Pohjola|Mikko Pohjola]], [[User:Jouni|Jouni]]<br />
*Other researchers related Bioher -project<br />
<br />
== Results ==<br />
*Floor area in Bioher is approximately 50 m<sup>2</sup> per inhabitant that is 500 000 m<sup>2</sup> in total area. <br />
**[[Floor area in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*For total heating consumption by own heating, total electricity heating and plant heating in Bioher are 18.6 GWh/year, 15.7 GWh/ year and 14.0 GWh/year respectively. Total heating consumption in Bioher (10 000 inh.) is 48.3 GWh/ year. <br />
**[[Total heating consumption by own heating in Bioher]]<br />
**[[Electricity heating in Bioher]]<br />
**[[Energy consumption of Bioher plant]] <br />
<br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions are approximately 372 mg/s and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions are 4.4 t/s in Bioher.<br />
**[[Emissions in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*Exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub> (µg/m<sup>3</sup>) of Bioher population is 0.31 for heating production part and 0.23 for district heating part. Total exposure is 0.54 µg/m<sup>3</sup> for Bioher population. Exposure due electricity emissions has not taken account yet.<br />
**[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of own heating of houses and small municipality plant heating production (=district heating) causes approximately 1.4 premature deaths in ten years in Bioher case.<br />
**[[Health effects in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*Total fuel costs of heating consumption is 3.1 million euros per year. That means costs of over 300 euros per inhabitant in year.<br />
**[[Costs of heat production in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
== Conclusions ==<br />
<br />
== Definition ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Biohermalli.png|thumb|450px|center|Figure 1. Main model of health effect assessment in Bioher. ]] <br />
<br />
=== Variables ===<br />
<br />
'''Decision''' <br />
<br />
''This variable is not clear yet!!<br />
<br />
*Decisions of citizen level between different heating systems <br />
**Is there district heating system available (emissions from small power plant -&gt; decisions of society level) <br />
** Own heating system: fuel types (pellets/light oil)<br />
**Building stock (energy efficiency of buildings)<br />
<br />
*Decisions of society level <br />
**Extent of district heating system <br />
**Fuel type of energy production (heavy oil/wood chips) <br />
**Building stock (energy efficiency of buildings)<br />
<br />
'''Population<br />
<br />
Population in Bioher is '''10 000 inhabitants'''<br />
(For the comparison, the page of [[Population of Finland]] describes population of Finland.)<br />
<br />
'''House stock''' <br />
<br />
House stock as [[floor area in Bioher]] is indexed with house types (detached, row and block houses) and fuel types and all data is based on Finnish statistics. Building statistics in Finland have been described more intensively in the page of [[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]].<br />
<br />
'''Heating consumption'''<br />
<br />
Heating consumption is merged in three different energy consumption calculations/variables:<br />
<br />
*[[Total heating consumption by own heating in Bioher]]<br />
*[[Electricity heating in Bioher]]<br />
*[[Energy consumption of Bioher plant]] <br />
<br />
These three variables based on method of calculation of [[Heating consumption of buildings]] with<br />
heating of tap water in buildings, heating consumption with monthly temperature variation and [[Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland|Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland]]. <br />
<br />
Heating consumption by own heating means own heating systems in houses. In Bioher 34 % of total heating was produced with own heating system, 28% of total heating was electricity and 38% of heat was produced as district heating in small heating plant. Fraction of each variable is calculated in the page of [[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]]. <br />
<br />
'''Emission ''' <br />
<br />
PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions in Bioher is described in the variable of [[Emissions in Bioher]]. In emission calculation knowledge of [[Emission factors for burning processes]] have been used. <br />
<br />
'''Exposure ''' <br />
<br />
[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Bioher]] is based on rough estimate due emissions, [[intake fraction]] of population and [[breathing rate]]. Because emission estimates based direct emissions of source, dispersion is not taken account. Also exposure indoors is not taken account YET. <br />
<br />
'''Health effect ''' <br />
<br />
In Bioher premature mortality are considered firstly as health effects due emissions ([[Health effects in Bioher]]). Exposure response factors (ERF) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> for all causes, cardiopulmonary and lung cancer are described in [[ERF of PM2.5 on mortality in general population]]. Used ERF for premature mortality was 0.6. Background mortality of Bioher populaiton is 86 deaths in one year. <br />
<br />
'''Expenses ''' <br />
<br />
Costs can be devided in two part: costs of heat production and costs of health effects. [[Costs of heat production in Bioher]] includes fuel, investment and service prices. For now all costs includes only fuel prices ([[Prices of fuels in heat production]]). Costs of health effects are defined more in [[CLAIH assessment]].<br />
<br />
'''Climate change''' <br />
<br />
'''???<br />
<br />
*Positive effect (warming) <br />
**CO<sub>2</sub> <br />
**BC (black carbon)<br />
**CH<sub>4</sub> <br />
**N<sub>2</sub>O <br />
**CFC <br />
**NO<sub>x</sub>? <br />
**H<sub>2</sub>O? <br />
*Negative effect (cool down) <br />
**PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
**Albedo (soil surface, snow, clouds)<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Other variables in the scale of Finland'''<br />
<br />
Emissions in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]] <br />
*[[CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[CH4 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[N2O emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[GHG emissions from land use change]]<br />
<br />
Exposure in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 concentration in Finland]]<br />
*[[Exposure of Finnish subpopulations to fine particles due domestic wood combustion]]<br />
*[[Intake fraction]] <br />
*[[Breathing rate]]<br />
*[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Finland]]<br />
<br />
=== Analyses ===<br />
<br />
*Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses <br />
*value-of-information (VOI) analysis<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [http://intra.eracnet.fi/main/index.php/Bioher:Bioher Internal project website in ERACintra] <br />
*[[CLAIH assessment]]<br />
*[[Bioher stakeholder meeting 2009]]<br />
*[[Assessment on impacts of emission trading on city-level (ET-CL)]]<br />
*[http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/39675/Pienet%20chp%20laitokset.pdf?sequence=1 Pienten (<4 MW) CHP-laitosten mahdollisuudet]<br />
*[https://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/26995/Svan.Janne.pdf.pdf?sequence=1 Pientaloalueen lämmityskärjestelmien vertailu]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/kaukolampo/kirjasto/tutkimusraportit/liitteet/pientaloalueiden%20kaukolampokriteerit_loppuraportti_20091111.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fkaukolampo%2Fkirjasto%2Ftutkimusraportit Pientaloalueiden ja -taajamien kaukolämpöön liittämisen kriteerit]<br />
*[http://www.hsy.fi/seututieto/Documents/YTV_julkaisusarja/PJS_B_18_2003_pienpoltto_pks.pdf HSY2003:Pienpoltto pääkaupunkiseudulla]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/julkaisut%20ja%20tutkimukset/liitteet%20tutkimukset%20ja%20selvitykset/kaukolammityksenasiakasrajapinnanteknis-taloudellisetreunaehdot.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fjulkaisut Kaukolämmityksen asiakasrajapinnan teknis-taloudelliset reunaehdot sis.mm.Kaukolämpöliittymien kustannusselvitys]<br />
*[http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=82087 Parhaan käyttökelpoisen tekniikan huomioonottaminen ympäristölupamenettelyssä (esimerkkinä alle 50MWn polttolaitokset)]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Health_effects]] [[Category:Classical_air_pollutants]]</div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=BIOHER_assessment&diff=22292
BIOHER assessment
2011-08-17T07:27:49Z
<p>Pauliina: /* See also */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Assessment|moderator =Pauliina}} <br />
<br />
{{participants needed}}<br />
<br />
==Health and climate impacts of heat production in small municipalities (BIOHER)==<br />
This is assessment page of '''Bioher'''. Bioher is a research project coordinated by National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). The duration is 2008-2011. Project includes five subprojects with 1) measurement of PM and greenhouse gas emissions, 2) chemical characterization and assessment of atmospheric thermal impact of emitted PM, 3) toxicological characterization of emitted PM, 4) assessment of exposure to and health effects of current residential wood combustion, 5) assessment of health risks. <br />
<br />
This assessment page includes scope, definition, and result of health risk assessment of fine particles of four residential heating scenarios/decisions. Main study questions are:<br />
<br />
*How human risks differs between four heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are the costs of emissions and health effects due to different heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are climate change impacts of PM emissions and health effects due to CC?<br />
<br />
[[:Image:Bioher model.ANA|The Analytica model can be accessed here]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
=== Purpose ===<br />
<br />
The purpose is to evaluate PM<sub>2.5</sub> and green house gas (GHG) emissions of detached houses and small heating power plant, to assess exposure and health effects due to evaluated emissions and to define emission, heating and health effect costs. Assessment is going to compare four alternative ways to arrange decentralized energy production in communities with 2000 - 10000 inhabitants: light oil and pellets as fuel of detached houses and heavy oil and wood chips as fuel of small heating plants. In addition, environmental effects i.e. climate change (CC) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions is assessed with this model. <br />
<br />
Questions: <br />
<br />
*What would be the health effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of small power plant and individual houses in small living area (2000- 10000 inh.)? <br />
*What are GHG emissions of individual houses and small power plant and how emissions effect on CC? <br />
*What are the costs of different alternatives? <br />
*What is the optimal decision to produce energy and heat to houses?<br />
<br />
=== Boundaries ===<br />
<br />
*Energy production (single house and small energy plant level, 1-20MW) <br />
*Population (2000-10000 inh.) <br />
*Exposure for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*ER-functions for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions (-&gt;health effects) <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> climate effect (-&gt; health effects) <br />
*Household heating scenarios: <br />
**Light oil and pellets <br />
*Small heating plant scenarios:<br />
**Heavy oil and wood chips<br />
*Atmospheric thermal impact <br />
*DALY<br />
<br />
*Impacts: <br />
**Climate change<br />
**Premature mortality <br />
**Costs<br />
<br />
=== Scenarios ===<br />
<br />
Scenarios include two different fuel types of energy production in detached houses and small power plant: <br />
<br> '''Detached houses''' <br />
*light oil <br />
*Pellets<br />
<br> '''Small power plant''' <br />
*Heavy oil <br />
*Wood chips<br />
<br />
=== Intended users ===<br />
<br />
*City-level policy-makers in all sectors in Kuopio as well as everywhere else <br />
*International policy-makers related climate change <br />
*Policy-makers related health risks of fine particles and green house gases <br />
*General public <br />
*Scientists working on health risks of fine particles, green house gases and climate change <br />
*Other interested of topic<br />
<br />
=== Participants ===<br />
<br />
*Assessment and Modelling Unit of THL: [[User:Virpi Kollanus|Virpi Kollanus]], [[User:Pauliina|Pauliina]], [[User:Marko|Marko]], [[User:Mikko Pohjola|Mikko Pohjola]], [[User:Jouni|Jouni]]<br />
*Other researchers related Bioher -project<br />
<br />
== Results ==<br />
*Floor area in Bioher is approximately 50 m<sup>2</sup> per inhabitant that is 500 000 m<sup>2</sup> in total area. <br />
**[[Floor area in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*For total heating consumption by own heating, total electricity heating and plant heating in Bioher are 18.6 GWh/year, 15.7 GWh/ year and 14.0 GWh/year respectively. Total heating consumption in Bioher (10 000 inh.) is 48.3 GWh/ year. <br />
**[[Total heating consumption by own heating in Bioher]]<br />
**[[Electricity heating in Bioher]]<br />
**[[Energy consumption of Bioher plant]] <br />
<br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions are approximately 372 mg/s and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions are 4.4 t/s in Bioher.<br />
**[[Emissions in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*Exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub> (µg/m<sup>3</sup>) of Bioher population is 0.31 for heating production part and 0.23 for district heating part. Total exposure is 0.54 µg/m<sup>3</sup> for Bioher population. Exposure due electricity emissions has not taken account yet.<br />
**[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of own heating of houses and small municipality plant heating production (=district heating) causes approximately 1.4 premature deaths in ten years in Bioher case.<br />
**[[Health effects in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*Total fuel costs of heating consumption is 3.1 million euros per year. That means costs of over 300 euros per inhabitant in year.<br />
**[[Costs of heat production in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
== Conclusions ==<br />
<br />
== Definition ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Biohermalli.png|thumb|450px|center|Figure 1. Main model of health effect assessment in Bioher. ]] <br />
<br />
=== Variables ===<br />
<br />
'''Decision''' <br />
<br />
''This variable is not clear yet!!<br />
<br />
*Decisions of citizen level between different heating systems <br />
**Is there district heating system available (emissions from small power plant -&gt; decisions of society level) <br />
** Own heating system: fuel types (pellets/light oil)<br />
**Building stock (energy efficiency of buildings)<br />
<br />
*Decisions of society level <br />
**Extent of district heating system <br />
**Fuel type of energy production (heavy oil/wood chips) <br />
**Building stock (energy efficiency of buildings)<br />
<br />
'''Population<br />
<br />
Population in Bioher is '''10 000 inhabitants'''<br />
(For the comparison, the page of [[Population of Finland]] describes population of Finland.)<br />
<br />
'''House stock''' <br />
<br />
House stock as [[floor area in Bioher]] is indexed with house types (detached, row and block houses) and fuel types and all data is based on Finnish statistics. Building statistics in Finland have been described more intensively in the page of [[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]].<br />
<br />
'''Heating consumption'''<br />
<br />
Heating consumption is merged in three different energy consumption calculations/variables:<br />
<br />
*[[Total heating consumption by own heating in Bioher]]<br />
*[[Electricity heating in Bioher]]<br />
*[[Energy consumption of Bioher plant]] <br />
<br />
These three variables based on method of calculation of [[Heating consumption of buildings]] with<br />
heating of tap water in buildings, heating consumption with monthly temperature variation and [[Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland|Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland]]. <br />
<br />
Heating consumption by own heating means own heating systems in houses. In Bioher 34 % of total heating was produced with own heating system, 28% of total heating was electricity and 38% of heat was produced as district heating in small heating plant. Fraction of each variable is calculated in the page of [[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]]. <br />
<br />
'''Emission ''' <br />
<br />
PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions in Bioher is described in the variable of [[Emissions in Bioher]]. In emission calculation knowledge of [[Emission factors for burning processes]] have been used. <br />
<br />
'''Exposure ''' <br />
<br />
[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Bioher]] is based on rough estimate due emissions, [[intake fraction]] of population and [[breathing rate]]. Because emission estimates based direct emissions of source, dispersion is not taken account. Also exposure indoors is not taken account YET. <br />
<br />
'''Health effect ''' <br />
<br />
In Bioher premature mortality are considered firstly as health effects due emissions ([[Health effects in Bioher]]). Exposure response factors (ERF) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> for all causes, cardiopulmonary and lung cancer are described in [[ERF of PM2.5 on mortality in general population]]. Used ERF for premature mortality was 0.6. Background mortality of Bioher populaiton is 86 deaths in one year. <br />
<br />
'''Expenses ''' <br />
<br />
Costs can be devided in two part: costs of heat production and costs of health effects. [[Costs of heat production in Bioher]] includes fuel, investment and service prices. For now all costs includes only fuel prices ([[Prices of fuels in heat production]]). Costs of health effects are defined more in [[CLAIH assessment]].<br />
<br />
'''Climate change''' <br />
<br />
'''???<br />
<br />
*Positive effect (warming) <br />
**CO<sub>2</sub> <br />
**BC (black carbon)<br />
**CH<sub>4</sub> <br />
**N<sub>2</sub>O <br />
**CFC <br />
**NO<sub>x</sub>? <br />
**H<sub>2</sub>O? <br />
*Negative effect (cool down) <br />
**PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
**Albedo (soil surface, snow, clouds)<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Other variables in the scale of Finland'''<br />
<br />
Emissions in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]] <br />
*[[CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[CH4 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[N2O emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[GHG emissions from land use change]]<br />
<br />
Exposure in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 concentration in Finland]]<br />
*[[Exposure of Finnish subpopulations to fine particles due domestic wood combustion]]<br />
*[[Intake fraction]] <br />
*[[Breathing rate]]<br />
*[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Finland]]<br />
<br />
=== Analyses ===<br />
<br />
*Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses <br />
*value-of-information (VOI) analysis<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [http://intra.eracnet.fi/main/index.php/Bioher:Bioher Internal project website in ERACintra] <br />
*[[CLAIH assessment]]<br />
*[[Bioher stakeholder meeting 2009]]<br />
*[[Assessment on impacts of emission trading on city-level (ET-CL)]]<br />
*[http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/39675/Pienet%20chp%20laitokset.pdf?sequence=1 Pienten (<4 MW) CHP-laitosten mahdollisuudet]<br />
*[https://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/26995/Svan.Janne.pdf.pdf?sequence=1 Pientaloalueen lämmityskärjestelmien vertailu]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/kaukolampo/kirjasto/tutkimusraportit/liitteet/pientaloalueiden%20kaukolampokriteerit_loppuraportti_20091111.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fkaukolampo%2Fkirjasto%2Ftutkimusraportit Pientaloalueiden ja -taajamien kaukolämpöön liittämisen kriteerit]<br />
*[http://www.hsy.fi/seututieto/Documents/YTV_julkaisusarja/PJS_B_18_2003_pienpoltto_pks.pdf HSY2003:Pienpoltto pääkaupunkiseudulla]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/julkaisut%20ja%20tutkimukset/liitteet%20tutkimukset%20ja%20selvitykset/kaukolammityksenasiakasrajapinnanteknis-taloudellisetreunaehdot.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fjulkaisut Kaukolämmityksen asiakasrajapinnan teknis-taloudelliset reunaehdot sis.mm.Kaukolämpöliittymien kustannusselvitys]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Health_effects]] [[Category:Classical_air_pollutants]]</div>
Pauliina
http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=BIOHER_assessment&diff=22291
BIOHER assessment
2011-08-17T07:23:54Z
<p>Pauliina: /* See also */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Assessment|moderator =Pauliina}} <br />
<br />
{{participants needed}}<br />
<br />
==Health and climate impacts of heat production in small municipalities (BIOHER)==<br />
This is assessment page of '''Bioher'''. Bioher is a research project coordinated by National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). The duration is 2008-2011. Project includes five subprojects with 1) measurement of PM and greenhouse gas emissions, 2) chemical characterization and assessment of atmospheric thermal impact of emitted PM, 3) toxicological characterization of emitted PM, 4) assessment of exposure to and health effects of current residential wood combustion, 5) assessment of health risks. <br />
<br />
This assessment page includes scope, definition, and result of health risk assessment of fine particles of four residential heating scenarios/decisions. Main study questions are:<br />
<br />
*How human risks differs between four heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are the costs of emissions and health effects due to different heating scenarios/decisions?<br />
*What are climate change impacts of PM emissions and health effects due to CC?<br />
<br />
[[:Image:Bioher model.ANA|The Analytica model can be accessed here]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
=== Purpose ===<br />
<br />
The purpose is to evaluate PM<sub>2.5</sub> and green house gas (GHG) emissions of detached houses and small heating power plant, to assess exposure and health effects due to evaluated emissions and to define emission, heating and health effect costs. Assessment is going to compare four alternative ways to arrange decentralized energy production in communities with 2000 - 10000 inhabitants: light oil and pellets as fuel of detached houses and heavy oil and wood chips as fuel of small heating plants. In addition, environmental effects i.e. climate change (CC) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions is assessed with this model. <br />
<br />
Questions: <br />
<br />
*What would be the health effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of small power plant and individual houses in small living area (2000- 10000 inh.)? <br />
*What are GHG emissions of individual houses and small power plant and how emissions effect on CC? <br />
*What are the costs of different alternatives? <br />
*What is the optimal decision to produce energy and heat to houses?<br />
<br />
=== Boundaries ===<br />
<br />
*Energy production (single house and small energy plant level, 1-20MW) <br />
*Population (2000-10000 inh.) <br />
*Exposure for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*ER-functions for PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions (-&gt;health effects) <br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> climate effect (-&gt; health effects) <br />
*Household heating scenarios: <br />
**Light oil and pellets <br />
*Small heating plant scenarios:<br />
**Heavy oil and wood chips<br />
*Atmospheric thermal impact <br />
*DALY<br />
<br />
*Impacts: <br />
**Climate change<br />
**Premature mortality <br />
**Costs<br />
<br />
=== Scenarios ===<br />
<br />
Scenarios include two different fuel types of energy production in detached houses and small power plant: <br />
<br> '''Detached houses''' <br />
*light oil <br />
*Pellets<br />
<br> '''Small power plant''' <br />
*Heavy oil <br />
*Wood chips<br />
<br />
=== Intended users ===<br />
<br />
*City-level policy-makers in all sectors in Kuopio as well as everywhere else <br />
*International policy-makers related climate change <br />
*Policy-makers related health risks of fine particles and green house gases <br />
*General public <br />
*Scientists working on health risks of fine particles, green house gases and climate change <br />
*Other interested of topic<br />
<br />
=== Participants ===<br />
<br />
*Assessment and Modelling Unit of THL: [[User:Virpi Kollanus|Virpi Kollanus]], [[User:Pauliina|Pauliina]], [[User:Marko|Marko]], [[User:Mikko Pohjola|Mikko Pohjola]], [[User:Jouni|Jouni]]<br />
*Other researchers related Bioher -project<br />
<br />
== Results ==<br />
*Floor area in Bioher is approximately 50 m<sup>2</sup> per inhabitant that is 500 000 m<sup>2</sup> in total area. <br />
**[[Floor area in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*For total heating consumption by own heating, total electricity heating and plant heating in Bioher are 18.6 GWh/year, 15.7 GWh/ year and 14.0 GWh/year respectively. Total heating consumption in Bioher (10 000 inh.) is 48.3 GWh/ year. <br />
**[[Total heating consumption by own heating in Bioher]]<br />
**[[Electricity heating in Bioher]]<br />
**[[Energy consumption of Bioher plant]] <br />
<br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions are approximately 372 mg/s and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions are 4.4 t/s in Bioher.<br />
**[[Emissions in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*Exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub> (µg/m<sup>3</sup>) of Bioher population is 0.31 for heating production part and 0.23 for district heating part. Total exposure is 0.54 µg/m<sup>3</sup> for Bioher population. Exposure due electricity emissions has not taken account yet.<br />
**[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions of own heating of houses and small municipality plant heating production (=district heating) causes approximately 1.4 premature deaths in ten years in Bioher case.<br />
**[[Health effects in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
*Total fuel costs of heating consumption is 3.1 million euros per year. That means costs of over 300 euros per inhabitant in year.<br />
**[[Costs of heat production in Bioher]]<br />
<br />
== Conclusions ==<br />
<br />
== Definition ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Biohermalli.png|thumb|450px|center|Figure 1. Main model of health effect assessment in Bioher. ]] <br />
<br />
=== Variables ===<br />
<br />
'''Decision''' <br />
<br />
''This variable is not clear yet!!<br />
<br />
*Decisions of citizen level between different heating systems <br />
**Is there district heating system available (emissions from small power plant -&gt; decisions of society level) <br />
** Own heating system: fuel types (pellets/light oil)<br />
**Building stock (energy efficiency of buildings)<br />
<br />
*Decisions of society level <br />
**Extent of district heating system <br />
**Fuel type of energy production (heavy oil/wood chips) <br />
**Building stock (energy efficiency of buildings)<br />
<br />
'''Population<br />
<br />
Population in Bioher is '''10 000 inhabitants'''<br />
(For the comparison, the page of [[Population of Finland]] describes population of Finland.)<br />
<br />
'''House stock''' <br />
<br />
House stock as [[floor area in Bioher]] is indexed with house types (detached, row and block houses) and fuel types and all data is based on Finnish statistics. Building statistics in Finland have been described more intensively in the page of [[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]].<br />
<br />
'''Heating consumption'''<br />
<br />
Heating consumption is merged in three different energy consumption calculations/variables:<br />
<br />
*[[Total heating consumption by own heating in Bioher]]<br />
*[[Electricity heating in Bioher]]<br />
*[[Energy consumption of Bioher plant]] <br />
<br />
These three variables based on method of calculation of [[Heating consumption of buildings]] with<br />
heating of tap water in buildings, heating consumption with monthly temperature variation and [[Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland|Energy efficiency of buildings in Finland]]. <br />
<br />
Heating consumption by own heating means own heating systems in houses. In Bioher 34 % of total heating was produced with own heating system, 28% of total heating was electricity and 38% of heat was produced as district heating in small heating plant. Fraction of each variable is calculated in the page of [[Heating systems in buildings in Finland]]. <br />
<br />
'''Emission ''' <br />
<br />
PM<sub>2.5</sub> and GHG emissions in Bioher is described in the variable of [[Emissions in Bioher]]. In emission calculation knowledge of [[Emission factors for burning processes]] have been used. <br />
<br />
'''Exposure ''' <br />
<br />
[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Bioher]] is based on rough estimate due emissions, [[intake fraction]] of population and [[breathing rate]]. Because emission estimates based direct emissions of source, dispersion is not taken account. Also exposure indoors is not taken account YET. <br />
<br />
'''Health effect ''' <br />
<br />
In Bioher premature mortality are considered firstly as health effects due emissions ([[Health effects in Bioher]]). Exposure response factors (ERF) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> for all causes, cardiopulmonary and lung cancer are described in [[ERF of PM2.5 on mortality in general population]]. Used ERF for premature mortality was 0.6. Background mortality of Bioher populaiton is 86 deaths in one year. <br />
<br />
'''Expenses ''' <br />
<br />
Costs can be devided in two part: costs of heat production and costs of health effects. [[Costs of heat production in Bioher]] includes fuel, investment and service prices. For now all costs includes only fuel prices ([[Prices of fuels in heat production]]). Costs of health effects are defined more in [[CLAIH assessment]].<br />
<br />
'''Climate change''' <br />
<br />
'''???<br />
<br />
*Positive effect (warming) <br />
**CO<sub>2</sub> <br />
**BC (black carbon)<br />
**CH<sub>4</sub> <br />
**N<sub>2</sub>O <br />
**CFC <br />
**NO<sub>x</sub>? <br />
**H<sub>2</sub>O? <br />
*Negative effect (cool down) <br />
**PM<sub>2.5</sub> <br />
**Albedo (soil surface, snow, clouds)<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Other variables in the scale of Finland'''<br />
<br />
Emissions in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|PM2.5 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]] <br />
*[[CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland|CO2 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[CH4 emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[N2O emissions from house stock heating in Finland]]<br />
*[[GHG emissions from land use change]]<br />
<br />
Exposure in Finland:<br />
*[[PM2.5 concentration in Finland]]<br />
*[[Exposure of Finnish subpopulations to fine particles due domestic wood combustion]]<br />
*[[Intake fraction]] <br />
*[[Breathing rate]]<br />
*[[Exposure to PM2.5 in Finland]]<br />
<br />
=== Analyses ===<br />
<br />
*Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses <br />
*value-of-information (VOI) analysis<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [http://intra.eracnet.fi/main/index.php/Bioher:Bioher Internal project website in ERACintra] <br />
*[[CLAIH assessment]]<br />
*[[Bioher stakeholder meeting 2009]]<br />
*[[Assessment on impacts of emission trading on city-level (ET-CL)]]<br />
*[http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/39675/Pienet%20chp%20laitokset.pdf?sequence=1 Pienten (<4 MW) CHP-laitosten mahdollisuudet]<br />
*[https://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/26995/Svan.Janne.pdf.pdf?sequence=1 Pientaloalueen lämmityskärjestelmien vertailu]<br />
*[http://www.energia.fi/content/root%20content/energiateollisuus/fi/kaukolampo/kirjasto/tutkimusraportit/liitteet/pientaloalueiden%20kaukolampokriteerit_loppuraportti_20091111.pdf?SectionUri=%2Ffi%2Fkaukolampo%2Fkirjasto%2Ftutkimusraportit Pientaloalueiden ja -taajamien kaukolämpöön liittämisen kriteerit]<br />
*[http://www.hsy.fi/seututieto/Documents/YTV_julkaisusarja/PJS_B_18_2003_pienpoltto_pks.pdf HSY2003:Pienpoltto pääkaupunkiseudulla]<br />
[[Category:Health_effects]] [[Category:Classical_air_pollutants]]</div>
Pauliina