http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Jouni&feedformat=atomOpasnet - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T01:24:27ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.29.1http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=User:Jouni&diff=43836User:Jouni2023-04-29T09:09:07Z<p>Jouni: /* Curriculum vitae of Jouni Tuomisto */</p>
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<div>[[Category:YMTO]]<br />
'''Articles missing from Julkari:'''<br />
<br />
*22. Pekkanen J, Tuomisto JT. Väestönkasvu on vain yksi taudeista. Duodecim 1998; 114:594.<br />
*48. Tuomisto J, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Viluksela M et al. Dioxin cancer risk - example of hormesis? Non linearity in Biology, Toxicology and Medicine 2004.<br />
* 99. Gens, Alexandra; Hurley, J. Fintan; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Friedrich, Rainer. Health impacts due to personal exposure to fine particles caused by insulation of residential buildings in Europe. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 84 (2014): 213-221.<br />
* 100. Sandström, Vilma; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Majaniemi, Sami; Rintala, Teemu; Pohjola, Mikko V.: Evaluating effectiveness of open assessments on alternative biofuel sources. Sustainability: Science, Practice & Policy (2014): 10(1) Published online May 16, 2014.<br />
* 107. Neittaanmäki P, Huttula T, Karvanen J, Frisk T, Tuomisto JT, Simola A, Tuovinen T, Ropponen J (2016) Unicorn–Open science for assessing environmental state, human health and regional economy. Research Ideas and Outcomes 2: e9232 (under peer review)<br />
<br />
<br />
Jouni Tuomisto<br><br />
chief researcher<br><br />
Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL)<br><br />
P.O.Box 95<br><br />
FI-70701 Kuopio<br><br />
Finland<br />
<br />
=Personal information=<br />
<br />
==Jouni T. Tuomisto==<br />
<br />
: Researcher 1992-2005, KTL<br />
: Post-doc researcher 2000-2001, Harvard School of Public Health<br />
: Academy researcher 2005-2010, Academy of Finland and KTL<br />
: Senior researcher and chief researcher 2010-, THL<br />
<br />
<br />
: Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL)<br />
: Environmental Health<br />
: P.O.Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio<br />
<br />
<br />
: email: firstname.lastname@thl.fi<br />
: phone: +358295246305<br />
: ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9988-1762<br />
<br />
: A longer CV can be found from [[:heande:User:Jouni]].<br />
<br />
==Areas of interest==<br />
<br />
* Destructive policy<br />
* [[Open policy practice]]<br />
* [[Open assessment]]<br />
* Improved methods for risk analysis<br />
* Decision analysis<br />
* Fine particles<br />
* Dioxins and other persistent pollutants<br />
* Energy production and its emissions<br />
* Climate change<br />
<br />
Jouni Tuomisto (adjunct professor, or docent) has medical background (Lic. Med. 1992 and Dr. Med. Sci. 1999 from the University of Kuopio). He has published more than 115 peer-reviewed articles and two web-workspaces. He has over 25 years of research experience in environmental health, has coordinated one large EU project and participated in several others as principal investigator or senior researcher. He started with toxicology but after the doctoral degree focussed on risk assessment and decision analysis as a post-doc in Harvard School of Public Health in 2000-2001. Subsequent topics have been environmental health assessments of fine particles and dioxins and benefit-risk assessments of food. Mathematical methods became more and more important in the work. In 2006, he started to develop new methods for policy support together with Mikko Pohjola. They developed [[open assessment]], which assesses health and other impacts of policies using open work processes where anyone can participate but specific rules for contributions are applied. In 2014 this was further expanded to [[open policy practice]], which covers - in addition to assessments for policy support - also recommended practices for decision making, implementation of decisions, and evaluation and management of these decision processes. <br />
<br />
Tuomisto has implemented these methods and practices in numerous assessments related to decisions about environmental health. To support these assessments and decision making, he has also developed a web-workspace [[Opasnet]], which is freely available for similar assessments in other decision support processes. He has given university courses about open policy practice and trained students to use Opasnet in their work as environmental scientists.<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
<br />
* Med. Lic. 1992<br />
* Dr. Med. Sci. 1999<br />
* Adjunct professor (docent) (field: toxicology, especially risk assessment) 2004<br />
<br />
== Recent research ==<br />
<br />
* [[Goherr assessment]]<br />
* [[Climate change policies and health in Kuopio]]<br />
* [[Climate change policies in Helsinki]]<br />
* [[Energy balance]]<br />
* [[Building model]]<br />
* [[Urgenche]]<br />
* [[Plantlibra]]<br />
* [[:op_fi:Silakan hyöty-riskiarvio]]<br />
* [[:op_fi:Tekaisu]]<br />
<br />
=Curriculum vitae of Jouni Tuomisto=<br />
<br />
'''1. Personal information<br />
: Tuomisto, Jouni Tapio<br />
: ORCID 0000-0002-9988-1762, website http://en.opasnet.org/w/User:Jouni, email firstname.lastname(at)kausal.tech<br />
: Information updated: 2023-04-29<br />
<br />
'''2. Education and degrees awarded<br />
:2004: Title of Docent or Adjunct Professor (toxicology, especially risk assessment), University of Eastern Finland, Finland (previously University of Kuopio) https://www.uef.fi/en/<br />
:1999: Dr. Med. Sci., University of Kuopio, Finland<br />
:1992: Lic. Med., University of Kuopio, Finland<br />
<br />
'''3. Other official education: nothing to mention<br />
<br />
'''4. Language skills<br />
: Finnish: mother tongue<br />
: English: excellent (matriculation examination: Laudatur)<br />
: Swedish: moderate (matriculation examination: Laudatur)<br />
: French: limited<br />
<br />
'''5. Current positions<br />
: Chief Science Officer, Kausal Ltd, 2020 - <br />
: Academic career level: IV<br />
<br />
'''6. Previous work experience<br />
:Visiting researcher, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL, Finland) 2021 - 2022<br />
:Chief researcher, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL, Finland) 2012 - 2021<br />
::Team leader in environmental health assessment, Public Health Evaluaton and Projection Unit, THL 1.1.2015 - 31.12.2020<br />
:Unit Head of the Assessment and Modelling Unit, THL 1.9.2010 - 31.12.2014<br />
:Senior researcher, THL (previously National Public Health Institute KTL) 1.6.2005 - 2012<br />
:Academy researcher, 1.8.2005 – 31.7.2010<br />
:Leader of the Risk analysis research group, THL 1.1.2002 - 31.12.2014<br />
:Researcher in KTL 1.1.1999-31.8.2005<br />
:Post-doctoral researcher, Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, Harvard University, Boston, USA 1.9.2000-4.10.2001<br />
:Doctoral student in KTL 1992-1998<br />
:General practitioner, clinical work for about 9 months in 1991-1993<br />
:Military service including the military medical school, 1988.<br />
<br />
'''7. Career breaks: none<br />
<br />
'''8. Personal research funding and grants to own research group<br />
* Value profile project funding from Business Finland (2022-2023), 30000 €, role: principal investigator. <br />
* Kiltova2 funding from the Ministry of Environment (via Finnish Environment Institute) 2020-2021, 10000 €.<br />
* VN-TEAS funding from the Prime Minister's Office: Yhtäköyttä, 2015-2016, 150 000 €, role: coordinator.<br />
* EU BONUS & the Academy of Finland: GOHERR, 2015-2018, 290 000 €, role: principal investigator of THL.<br />
* Ministry of Social Affairs and Health: TEKAISU, 2012-2014, 160 000 €, role: principal investigator of the project.<br />
* EU 7FP: URGENCHE (ID 265114), 2011-2014, 315 855 €, role: principal investigator of THL and a workpackage leader. PLANTLIBRA (ID 245199), 2010-2014, 141 984 €, role: principal investigator of THL.<br />
* EAKR (Aluekehitysrahasto), ERACedu, 2009-2011, 128 600 €, role: principal investigator (deputy) of the National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL).<br />
* Academy of Finland. CLAIH, 2009-2012, 170760 €, role: principal investigator. BIOHER, 2008-2011, 144000 €, role: principal investigator. SCUD (academy researcher position), 2005-2010, totally 735001 €, role: academy researcher. Post-doctoral fellowship, 2000-2001, 138000 FIM.<br />
* European Commission 6FP, HEIMTSA, 2007-2011, role: workpackage leader (principal investigator: Matti Jantunen). BENERIS, 2006-2009, 199 000 €, role: coordinator. INTARESE, 2005-2010 149 000 €, role: workpackage leader.<br />
* Ministry of Environment, PILTTI 2006-2008, 43000, role: coordinator. Kopra fine particle risk assessment project, 2002, 32000 €.<br />
* National Technology Agency of Finland (Tekes), Kopra fine particle risk assessment project (part 2), 2004, 131 400 €, role: workpackage leader.<br />
* YTV, 2003. Kopra fine particle risk assessment project. 8000 €.<br />
* Funding from Finnish Cultural Foundation of Northern Savo and Orion Oyj, 1998-1999, total 140 000 FIM.<br />
<br />
'''9. Main research outputs: See separate document<br />
<br />
'''10. Leadership and supervision experience<br />
* Supervisor of 5 PhD students: Ph.D. Marko Tainio 2009, Dr.-Ing. Alexandra Gens (née Kuhn) 2012, Ph.D. (Tech.Sc.) Mikko Pohjola 2013, Ph.D. (Tech.Sc.) Olli Leino 2014, Ph.D. Marjo Niittynen 2014.<br />
* Group leader, unit leader, or team leader for 5-15 people in THL (KTL until 2009) since 2006.<br />
<br />
'''11. Teaching experience<br />
* ''Decision analysis and risk management'' course directed to Master of Science and doctoral students in the University of Eastern Finland (6 credit points): I was the developer of the course together with Mikko Pohjola, and I have been the practical leader and the main lecturer of the course every time the course has been organised in 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017. http://en.opasnet.org/w/Darm<br />
* Lecturer on several courses related to toxicology or environmental health in the University of Eastern Finland for many years (5 - 10 lectures per year).<br />
<br />
'''12. Scientific awards: nothing to mention<br />
<br />
'''13. Other key scientific or academic merits<br />
* Evaluator of the Juho Vainio Foundation, 2020 -<br />
* Member of MATINE - the Scientific Advisory Board of Defence, medical division, 2017 -<br />
* Representative of THL in the national coordinating group of climate adaptation (21 May 2012 - 31 Dec 2013).<br />
* Member in a national group evaluating the update of the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive (EIA Directive) (2013).<br />
* At Kausal Ltd, development of health impact assessment models related to climate mitigation actions. Also participation in the development of a scenario tool for developing and evaluating climate policies in cities.<br />
* 120 peer reviewed articles; 25 proceedings, reports or book articles; three articles in domestic language; two open web-workspaces for production and dissemination of scientific information to improve decision making; three open source models or software packages; and more than 70 abstracts in scientific meetings.<br />
* Opponent for Patrycja Gradowska (Delft Technological University, Delft, the Netherlands 8 May 2013)<br />
* Evaluator of applications to THL about health promotion, 2012-2014.<br />
* ''Open assessment workshop'' was organised in 2007, 2008, and 2009 for 20-30 doctoral students and post-doc researchers. The events lasted from 5 to 12 days. I was the main organiser of these events.<br />
<br />
'''14. Scientific and academic impact<br />
* Developer of the open Opasnet website for scientific decision support and open policy practice, 2006 - <br />
* Developer of the open policy practice method<br />
<br />
'''15. Other<br />
: Link to complete CV http://en.opasnet.org/w/User:Jouni<br />
<br />
=List of publications=<br />
<br />
: Tuomisto, Jouni Tapio (born 1967 in Finland)<br />
: Scientific publications 2023-01-07<br />
: ORCID 0000-0002-9988-1762, website http://en.opasnet.org/w/User:Jouni, email firstname.lastname(at)kausal.tech<br />
<br />
==Selected publications==<br />
<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Yrjölä J, Kolehmainen M, Bonsdorff J, Pekkanen J, Tikkanen T. (2020) An agent-based epidemic model REINA for COVID-19 to identify destructive policies. MedRxiv preprint, submitted 2020-04-09. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.09.20047498 <br />
# Tuomisto, J.T., Pohjola, M.V. & Rintala, T. From insight network to open policy practice: practical experiences. Health Res Policy Sys 18, 36 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-020-00547-3<br />
# Tuomisto, J.T., Asikainen, A., Meriläinen, P. et al. Health effects of nutrients and environmental pollutants in Baltic herring and salmon: a quantitative benefit-risk assessment. BMC Public Health 20, 64 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-8094-1<br />
# Tuomisto JT et al. (2019). Opasnet. An English web workspace for providing scientific information to help societal decision-making. http://en.opasnet.org (English) and http://fi.opasnet.org (Finnish) (accessed 20 Dec 2019. Own contribution (English + Finnish): 2132+1940 pages edited, contribution score: 3127+2103.)<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto, Marjo Niittynen, Erkki Pärjälä, Arja Asikainen, Laura Perez, Stephan Trüeb, Matti Jantunen, Nino Künzli, Clive E. Sabel. Building-related health impacts in European and Chinese cities: a scalable assessment method. Environmental Health 2015, 14:93. {{doi|10.1186/s12940-015-0082-z}} [http://www.ehjournal.net/content/14/1/93]<br />
# Sandström, Vilma; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Majaniemi, Sami; Rintala, Teemu; Pohjola, Mikko V.: Evaluating effectiveness of open assessments on alternative biofuel sources. Sustainability: Science, Practice & Policy (2014): 10(1) Published online May 16, 2014. [http://sspp.proquest.com/archives/vol10iss2/1207-032.sandstrom.html]<br />
# Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Pohjola, Mikko; Pohjola, Pasi. Avoin päätöksentekokäytäntö voisi parantaa tiedon hyödyntämistä. [Open policy practice could improve knowledge use.] (in Finnish) Yhteiskuntapolitiikka 1/2014, 66-75. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2014031821621<br />
# Mikko V. Pohjola, Pasi Pohjola, Marko Tainio, Jouni T. Tuomisto: Perspectives to Performance of Environment and Health Assessments and Models—From Outputs to Outcomes? (Review). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 2621-2642; doi:10.3390/ijerph10072621 <br />
# Tijhuis, M.J., Pohjola, M.V., Gunnlaugsdóttir, H., Kalogeras, N., Leino, O., Luteijn, J.M., Magnússon, S.H., Odekerken, G., Poto, M., Tuomisto, J.T., Ueland, Ø., White, B.C., Holm, F., Verhagen, H., 2011. Looking beyond Borders: Integrating best practices in benefit-risk analysis into the field of food and nutrition. Food and Chemical Toxicology (2012) 50: 1: 77-93. {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.044}}<br />
# Pohjola MV, Tuomisto JT. Openness in participation, assessment, and policy making upon issues of environment and environmental health: a review of literature and recent project results. Environ Health. 2011 Jun 16;10:58. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21679456]<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto, Andrew Wilson, John S. Evans, Marko Tainio. 2008. Uncertainty in mortality response to airborne fine particulate matter: Combining European air pollution experts. Reliability Engineering and System Safety 93: 732-744. {{doi|10.1016/j.ress.2007.03.002}}<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M. 2005. An economic way of reducing health, environmental, and other pressures of urban traffic: a decision analysis on trip aggregation. BMC PUBLIC HEALTH 5:123. [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/5/123/abstract]<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Tainio, M; Niittynen, M; Verkasalo, P; Vartiainen, T; Kiviranta, H; Pekkanen, J. 2004. Risk-benefit analysis of eating farmed salmon. SCIENCE 305 (5683): 476-476. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.305.5683.476<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Pekkanen, J; Kiviranta, H; Tukiainen, E; Vartiainen, T; Tuomisto, J. 2004. Soft-tissue sarcoma and dioxin: A case-control study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER 108 (6): 893-900.<br />
# Levy, JI; Carrothers, TJ; Tuomisto, JT; Hammitt, JK; Evans, JS. 2001. Assessing the public health benefits of reduced ozone concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 109 (12): 1215-1226.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Viluksela, M; Pohjanvirta, R; Tuomisto, J. 1999. The AH receptor and a novel gene determine acute toxic responses to TCDD: Segregation of the resistant alleles to different rat lines. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 155 (1): 71-81.<br />
<br />
==A. Peer-reviewed scientific articles==<br />
<br />
::; 1991<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Koulu M, Tuomisto L. Effect of A Single Dose of Tcdd on the Level of Histamine in Discrete Nuclei in Rat-Brain. Agents Actions 1991; 33(1-2):154-156.<br />
#; 1993<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Vuolteenaho O, Leppaluoto J, Tuomisto J. Effect of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin (Tcdd) on Plasma and Tissue Beta-Endorphin-Like Immunoreactivity in the Most Tcdd-Susceptible and the Most Tcdd-Resistant Rat Strain. Life Sci 1993; 53(19):1479-1487.<br />
# Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, MacDonald E, Tuomisto L, Koulu M et al. Effect of A Single Lethal Dose of Tcdd on the Levels of Monoamines, Their Metabolites and Tryptophan in Discrete Brain Nuclei and Peripheral-Tissues of Long-Evans Rats. Pharmacol Toxicol 1993; 72(4-5):279-285.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. TCDD reduces selectively plasma ß-endorphin levels in TCDD-susceptible Long-Evans rats but not in TCDD-resistant Han/Wistar rats. Organohalogen Comp 1993; 13:297-300.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Räisänen L, Tuomisto J. Effects of TCDD on motor activity of TCDD-susceptible and -resistant rat strains. Organohalogen Comp 1993; 13:313-315.<br />
#; 1994<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, MacDonald E, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Dose-Response and Time-Course of Alterations in Tryptophan-Metabolism by 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin (Tcdd) in the Most Tcdd-Susceptible and the Most Tcdd-Resistant Rat Strain - Relationship with Tcdd Lethality. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1994; 128(2):280-292.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Modulation of TCDD-induced wasting syndrome by diabetes. Organohalogen Comp 1994; 21:315-318.<br />
#; 1995<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Linden J, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Toxic Equivalency Factors do Not Predict the Acute Toxicities of Dioxins in Rats. Eur J Pharmacol Env Toxicol Pharmacol 1995; 293(4):341-353.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin-Induced Anorexia and Wasting Syndrome in Rats - Aggravation After Ventromedial Hypothalamic-Lesion. Eur J Pharmacol Env Toxicol Pharmacol 1995; 293(4):309-317.<br />
# Unkila M, Ruotsalainen M, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, MacDonald E, Tuomisto JT et al. Effect of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin (Tcdd) on Tryptophan and Glucose-Homeostasis in the Most Tcdd-Susceptible and the Most Tcdd-Resistant Species, Guinea-Pigs and Hamsters. Arch Toxicol 1995; 69(10):677-683.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Alterations in Plasma Tryptophan Binding to Albumin in 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin-Treated Long-Evans Rats. Eur J Pharmacol Env Toxicol Pharmacol 1995; 293(2):115-121.<br />
# Vartiainen T, Lampi P, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Polychlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin and Polychlorodibenzofuran Concentrations in Human Fat Samples in A Village After Pollution of Drinking-Water with Chlorophenols. Chemosphere 1995; 30(8):1429-1438.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Rozman K, Tuomisto J. Effect of TCDD on tryptophan and glucose homeostasis in the most TCDD-susceptible and the most TCDD-resistant species guinea pigs and hamsters. Organohalogen Comp 1995; 25:219-223.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Rozman K, Tuomisto J. Effect of TCDD on tryptophan and glucose homeostasis in the most TCDD-susceptible and the most TCDD-resistant species, guinea pigs and hamsters. Organohalogen Comp 1995; 25:219-223.<br />
#; 1996<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. TCDD blocks the weight increasing effect of paraventricular lesion. Organohalogen Comp 1996; 29:371-374.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. Amelioration of short-term toxicity of TCDD with a fish oil rich in omega-3 fatty acids in Long-Evans rats. Organohalogen Comp 1996; 29:277-280.<br />
# Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. Nitric oxide antagonist N-nitro-L-arginine decreases the lethality of TCDD in mice, but increases it in rats. Organohalogen Comp 1996; 29:272-276.<br />
#; 1998<br />
# Valjakka A, Vartiainen J, Tuomisto L, Tuomisto JT, Olkkonen H, Airaksinen MM. The fasciculus retroflexus controls the integrity of REM sleep by supporting the generation of hippocampal theta rhythm and rapid eye movements in rats. Brain Res Bull 1998; 47(2):171-184.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Simanainen U, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Effect of geldanamycin on the acute toxicity of TCDD. Organohalogen Comp 1998; 37:191-194.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and lesion of dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus have additive effects on body weight loss. Organohalogen Comp 1998; 37:81-83.<br />
# Viluksela M, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Harper PA, Okey AB et al. Characterization of the deviant structure-activity relationship for chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs) in the resistant Han/Wistar rats. Organohalogen Comp 1998; 38:287-290.<br />
# Pekkanen J, Tuomisto JT. Väestönkasvu on vain yksi taudeista. Duodecim 1998; 114:594. <br />
#; 1999<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Karasinska J, Franc MA et al. Physicochemical differences in the AH receptors of the most TCDD-susceptible and the most TCDD-resistant rat strains. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1999; 155(1):82-95.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto J. The AH receptor and a novel gene determine acute toxic responses to TCDD: Segregation of the resistant alleles to different rat lines. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1999; 155(1):71-81.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. TCDD-induced anorexia and wasting syndrome in rats: Effects of diet-induced obesity and nutrition. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 1999; 62(4):735-742.<br />
# Viluksela M, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Stahl BU, Rozman KK et al. Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity, glucose homeostasis and plasma amino acid concentrations in the most TCDD-susceptible and the most TCDD-resistant rat strains. Arch Toxicol 1999; 73(6):323-336.<br />
# Strandman T, Koistinen J, Kiviranta H, Vuorinen PJ, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J et al. Levels of some polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fish and human adipose tissue in Finland. Organohalogen Comp 1999; 40:355-358.<br />
#; 2000<br />
# Kiviranta H, Vartiainen T, Verta M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. High fish-specific dioxin concentrations in Finland. Lancet 2000; 355(9218):1883-1885.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto J. Changes in food intake and food selection in rats after 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2000; 65(3):381-387.<br />
# Viluksela M, Bager Y, Tuomisto JT, Scheu G, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R et al. Liver tumor-promoting activity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in TCDD-sensitive and TCDD-resistant rat strains. Cancer Res 2000; 60(24):6911-6920.<br />
# Kattainen H, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Kovero O, Alaluusua S, Tuomisto J et al. In utero/lactational TCDD exposure impairs the molar tooth development in rats. Organohalogen Comp 2000; 49:229-232.<br />
# Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Kattainen H, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M. Effects of in utero and lactational TCDD exposure on male reproduction pattern in three differentially TCDD sensitive rat lines. Organohalogen Comp 2000; 49:342-344.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Tuomisto J. Soft tissue sarcoma and dioxin exposure in Finnish general population. Organohalogen Comp 2000; 48:107-110.<br />
#; 2001<br />
# Jämsä T, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Tuukkanen J. Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on bone in two rat strains with different aryl hydrocarbon receptor structures. J Bone Miner Res 2001; 16(10):1812-1820.<br />
# Kattainen H, Tuukkanen J, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Kovero O, Lukinmaa PL et al. In utero/lactational 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure impairs molar tooth development in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2001; 174(3):216-224.<br />
# Levy JI, Carrothers TJ, Tuomisto JT, Hammitt JK, Evans JS. Assessing the public health benefits of reduced ozone concentrations. Environ Health Perspect 2001; 109(12):1215-1226.<br />
#; 2002<br />
# Kiukkonen A, Viluksela M, Sahlberg C, Alaluusua S, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J et al. Response of the incisor tooth to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in a dioxin-resistant and a dioxin-sensitive rat strain. Toxicol Sci 2002; 69(2):482-489.<br />
# Niittynen M, Tuomisto JT, Auriola S, Pohjanvirta R, Syrjala P, Simanainen U et al. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced accumulation of biliverdin and hepatic peliosis in rats. Toxicol Sci 2002; 71(1):112-123.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Korkalainen M, McGuire J, Simanainen U, Juvonen R, Tuomisto JT et al. Comparison of acute toxicities of indolo[3,2-b]carbazole (ICZ) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in TCDD-sensitive rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2002; 40(7):1023-1032.<br />
# Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M. Structure-activity relationships and dose responses of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins for short-term effects in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-resistant and -sensitive rat strains. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2002; 181(1):38-47.<br />
# Fletcher N, Stern N, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto J et al. The retinoid response in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-treated Long-Evans and Han/Wistar rats. Organohalogen Comp 2002; 55:437-439.<br />
#; 2003<br />
# Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M. Dose-response analysis of short-term effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in three differentially susceptible rat lines. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2003; 187(2):128-136.<br />
# Stern N, Lind PM, Larsson S, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J et al. TCDD induces trabecular bone loss and bone fragility in a TCDD-sensitive but not in a TCDD-resistant rat strain. Organohalogen Comp 2003; 64:312-315. <br />
#; 2004<br />
# Miettinen HM, Huuskonen H, Partanen AM, Miettinen P, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R et al. Effects of epidermal growth factor receptor deficiency and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlor.odibenzo-p-dioxin on fetal development in mice. Toxicology Letters 2004; 150(3):285-291.<br />
# Simanainen U, Adamsson A, Tuomisto JT, Miettinen HM, Toppari J, Tuomisto J et al. Adult 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure and effects on male reproductive organs in three differentially TCDD-susceptible rat lines. Toxicol Sci 2004; 81(2):401-407.<br />
# Simanainen U, Haavisto T, Tuomisto JT, Paranko J, Toppari J, Tuomisto J et al. Pattern of male reproductive system effects after in utero and lactational 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure in three differentially TCDD-sensitive rat lines. Toxicol Sci 2004; 80(1):101-108.<br />
# Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Syrjala P, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M. Postnatal development of resistance to short-term high-dose toxic effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in TCDD-resistant and -semiresistant rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 196(1):11-19.<br />
# Tuomisto J, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Viluksela M et al. Dioxin cancer risk - example of hormesis? Non linearity in Biology, Toxicology and Medicine 2004.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Tuomisto J. Soft-tissue sarcoma and dioxin: A case-control study. Int J Cancer 2004; 108(6):893-900.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Tainio M, Niittynen M, Verkasalo P, Vartiainen T et al. Risk-benefit analysis of eating farmed salmon. Science 2004; 305(5683):476. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.305.5683.476<br />
#; 2005<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Pekkanen, J. 2005. Assessing environmental health risks or net health benefits?. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 33 (3): 162-163.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M. 2005. An economic way of reducing health, environmental, and other pressures of urban traffic: a decision analysis on trip aggregation. BMC PUBLIC HEALTH 5:123. [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/5/123/abstract]<br />
# Kiviranta, H; Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Tukiainen, E; Vartiainen, T. 2005. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls in the general population in Finland. CHEMOSPHERE 60 (7): 854-869.<br />
# Fletcher, N; Giese, N; Schmidt, C; Stern, N; Lind, PM; Viluksela, M; Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Nau, H; Hakansson, H. 2005. Altered retinoid metabolism in female long-evans and Han/Wistar rats following long-term 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-treatment. TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES 86 (2): 264-272.<br />
# Hanninen, OO; Palonen, J; Tuomisto, JT; Yli-Tuomi, T; Seppanen, O; Jantunen, MJ. 2005. Reduction potential of urban PM2.5 mortality risk using modern ventilation systems in buildings. INDOOR AIR 15 (4): 246-256.<br />
# Hanninen, OO; Tuomisto, JT; Jantunen, MJ. 2005. Characterization of model error in a simulation of fine particulate matter exposure distributions of the working age population in Helsinki, Finland. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION 55 (4): 446-457.<br />
# Tainio, M; Tuomisto, JT; Hanninen, O; Aarnio, P; Koistinen, KJ; Jantunen, MJ; Pekkanen, J. 2005. Health effects caused by primary fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emitted from buses in the Helsinki metropolitan area, Finland. RISK ANALYSIS 25 (1): 151-160.<br />
#; 2006<br />
# Tuomisto J, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT. Dioxin Cancer Risk - Example of Hormesis? Dose Response. 2006 May 1;3(3):332-341. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18648613]<br />
#; 2007<br />
# van Bree, L; Fudge, N; Tuomisto, JT; Brunekreef, B. 2007. Closing the gap between science and policy on air pollution and health. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES 70 (3-4): 377-381.<br />
# Tainio M, Tuomisto JT, Hanninen O, et al.: Parameter and model uncertainty in a life-table model for fine particles (PM2.5): a statistical modeling study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, 6 (Article 6) AUG 23 2007.<br />
# Cooke RM, Wilson AM, Tuomisto JT, et al. A Probabilistic characterization of the relationship between fine particulate matter and mortality: Elicitation of European experts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 41 (18): 6598-6605 SEP 15 2007. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17948814]<br />
# Niittynen M, Simanainen U, Syrjala P, et al. Differences in acute toxicity syndromes of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats. TOXICOLOGY 235 (1-2): 39-51 JUN 3 2007 2007.<br />
# Kiljunen M, Vanhatalo M, Mantyniemi S, et al. Human dietary intake of organochlorines from Baltic herring: Implications of individual fish variability and fisheries management. AMBIO 36 (2-3): 257-264 APR 2007.<br />
# Main KM, Kiviranta H, Virtanen HE, Sundqvist E, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Vartiainen T, Skakkebaek NE, Toppari J. Flame retardants in placenta and breast milk and cryptorchidism in newborn boys. Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Oct;115(10):1519-26. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17938745]<br />
#; 2008<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto, Andrew Wilson, John S. Evans, Marko Tainio. 2008. Uncertainty in mortality response to airborne fine particulate matter: Combining European air pollution experts. Reliability Engineering and System Safety 93: 732-744. {{doi|10.1016/j.ress.2007.03.002}}<br />
# Niittynen M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R. Effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on heme oxygenase-1, biliverdin IXalpha reductase and delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase 1 in rats with wild-type or variant AH receptor. Toxicology. 2008 Sep 4;250(2-3):132-42. Epub 2008 Jul 10. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18657588]<br />
# Karvosenoja, N (Karvosenoja, Niko); Tainio, M (Tainio, Marko); Kupiainen, K (Kupiainen, Kaarle); Tuomisto, JT (Tuomisto, Jouni T.); Kukkonen, J (Kukkonen, Jaakko); Johansson, M (Johansson, Matti). Evaluation of the emissions and uncertainties of PM2.5 originated from vehicular traffic and domestic wood combustion in Finland. BOREAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH, 13 (5): 465-474 OCT 31 2008.<br />
# Leino O, Tainio M, Tuomisto JT. Comparative risk analysis of dioxins in fish and fine particles from heavy-duty vehicles. Risk Anal. 2008 Feb;28(1):127-40. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18304111]<br />
# Franc MA, Moffat ID, Boutros PC, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Pohjanvirta R, Okey AB. Patterns of dioxin-altered mRNA expression in livers of dioxin-sensitive versus dioxin-resistant rats. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Nov;82(11):809-30. Epub 2008 May 9. Erratum in: Arch Toxicol. 2008 Nov;82(11):831. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18465118]<br />
#; 2009<br />
# Marko Tainio, Mikhail Sofiev, Mika Hujo, Jouni T. Tuomisto, Miranda Loh, Matti J. Jantunen, Ari Karppinen, Leena Kangas, Niko Karvosenoja, Kaarle Kupiainen, Petri Porvari, Jaakko Kukkonen: Evaluation of the European population intake fractions for European and Finnish anthropogenic primary fine particulate matter emissions. Atmospheric Environment 43 (2009) 3052–3059.<br />
# Marko Tainio, Niko Karvosenoja, Petri Porvari, Arjen Raateland, Jouni T. Tuomisto, Matti Johansson, Jaakko Kukkonen, Kaarle Kupiainen: A simple concept for GIS-based estimation of population exposure to primary fine particles from vehicular traffic and domestic wood combustion. Boreal Environment Research 14 (2009): 850-860.<br />
#; 2010<br />
# Sand S, Fletcher N, von Rosen D, Kalantari F, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Falk-Filipsson A, Håkansson H. Quantitative and statistical analysis of differences in sensitivity between Long-Evans and Han/Wistar rats following long-term exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2010 Jul-Aug;57(2-3):136-45. Epub 2010 Feb 4. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20138101]<br />
# Herlin M, Kalantari F, Stern N, Sand S, Larsson S, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Tuukkanen J, Jämsä T, Lind PM, Håkansson H. Quantitative characterization of changes in bone geometry, mineral density and biomechanical properties in two rat strains with different Ah-receptor structures after long-term exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicology. 2010 Jun 29;273(1-3):1-11. Epub 2010 Apr 18. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20403408]<br />
# Hirvonen T, Sinkko H, Hallikainen A, Kiviranta H, Pietinen P, Valsta L, Tuomisto JT. Modelling the intake of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans: impact of energy under-reporting and number of reporting days in dietary surveys. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2010 Aug;27(8):1170-6. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20432100]<br />
# Tainio, M (Tainio, M.); Tuomisto, JT (Tuomisto, J. T.); Pekkanen, J (Pekkanen, J.); Karvosenoja, N (Karvosenoja, N.); Kupiainen, K (Kupiainen, K.); Porvari, P (Porvari, P.); Sofiev, M (Sofiev, M.); Karppinen, A (Karppinen, A.); Kangas, L (Kangas, L.); Kukkonen, J (Kukkonen, J.): Uncertainty in health risks due to anthropogenic primary fine particulate matter from different source types in Finland. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 2010: 44 (17): 2125-2132 {{doi|10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.02.036}}<br />
#; 2011<br />
# Lensu S, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Pohjanvirta R. Characterization of the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-provoked strong and rapid aversion to unfamiliar foodstuffs in rats. Toxicology. 2011 May 10;283(2-3):140-50. Epub 2011 Mar 22. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21435369]<br />
# Lensu S, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M, Niittynen M, Pohjanvirta R. Immediate and highly sensitive aversion response to a novel food item linked to AH receptor stimulation. Toxicol Lett. 2011 Jun 24;203(3):252-7. Epub 2011 Mar 31. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21458548]<br />
# Pohjola MV, Tuomisto JT. Openness in participation, assessment, and policy making upon issues of environment and environmental health: a review of literature and recent project results. Environ Health. 2011 Jun 16;10:58. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21679456]<br />
# Pohjola, M.V., Pohjola, P., Paavola, S., Bauters, M., Tuomisto, J.T., 2011b. Pragmatic knowledge services. Journal of Universal Computer Science 17, 472-497. {{doi|10.3217/jucs-017-03-0472}}<br />
# Niko Karvosenoja, Leena Kangas, Kaarle Kupiainen, Jaakko Kukkonen, Ari Karppinen, Mikhail Sofiev, Marko Tainio, Ville-Veikko Paunu, Pauliina Ahtoniemi, Jouni T. Tuomisto, Petri Porvari. Integrated modeling assessments of the population exposure in Finland to primary PM2.5 from traffic and domestic wood combustion on the resolutions of 1 and 10 km. Air Quality Atmosphere and Health 2011 (4) 3-4: 179-188. {{doi|10.1007/s11869-010-0100-9}}<br />
# Taimisto, Pauliina; Tainio, Marko; Karvosenoja, Niko; Kupiainen, Kaarle; Porvari, Petri; Karppinen, Ari; Kangas, Leena; Kukkonen, Jaakko; Tuomisto, Jouni T. Evaluation of intake fractions for different subpopulations due to primary fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emitted from domestic wood combustion and traffic in Finland. Air Quality Atmosphere and Health 2011 (4) 3-4: 199-209. {{doi|10.1007/s11869-011-0138-3}}<br />
# de Nazelle, Audrey; Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J.; Anto, Josep M.; Brauer, Michael; Briggs, David; Braun-Fahrlander, Charlotte; Cavill, Nick; Cooper, Ashley R.; Desqueyroux, Helene; Fruin, Scott; Hoek, Gerard; Panis, Luc Int; Janssen, Nicole; Jerrett, Michael; Joffe, Michael; Andersen, Zorana Jovanovic; van Kempen, Elise; Kingham, Simon; Kubesch, Nadine; Leyden, Kevin M.; Marshall, Julian D.; Matamala, Jaume; Mellios, Giorgos; Mendez, Michelle; Nassif, Hala; Ogilvie, David; Peiro, Rosana; Perez, Katherine; Rabl, Ari; Ragettli, Martina; Rodriguez, Daniel; Rojas, David; Ruiz, Pablo; Sallis, James F.; Terwoert, Jeroen; Toussaint, Jean-Francois; Tuomisto, Jouni; Zuurbier, Moniek; Lebret, Erik. Improving health through policies that promote active travel: A review of evidence to support integrated health impact assessment. Environment International 2011 (37) 4: 766-777. {{doi|10.1016/j.envint.2011.02.003}}<br />
#; 2012<br />
# Virtanen HE, Koskenniemi JJ, Sundqvist E, Main KM, Kiviranta H, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M, Vartiainen T, Skakkebaek NE, Toppari J. Associations between congenital cryptorchidism in newborn boys and levels of dioxins and PCBs in placenta. Int J Androl. 2012 Jun;35(3):283-93. {{doi|10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01233.x}}. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22150420]. ISSN 0105-6263<br />
# Verhagen H, Tijhuis MJ, Gunnlaugsdottir H, Kalogeras N, Leino O, Luteijn JM, Magnússon SH, Odekerken G, Pohjola MV, Tuomisto JT, Ueland O, White BC, Holm F. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Introduction. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 2-4. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21679738]<br />
# Tijhuis MJ, de Jong N, Pohjola MV, Gunnlaugsdóttir H, Hendriksen M, Hoekstra J, Holm F, Kalogeras N, Leino O, van Leeuwen FX, Luteijn JM, Magnússon SH, Odekerken G, Rompelberg C, Tuomisto JT, Ueland O, White BC, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Food and nutrition. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 5-25. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21679741]<br />
# Luteijn JM, White BC, Gunnlaugsdóttir H, Holm F, Kalogeras N, Leino O, Magnússon SH, Odekerken G, Pohjola MV, Tijhuis MJ, Tuomisto JT, Ueland O, McCarron PA, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Medicines. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 26-32 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21683115]<br />
# Magnússon SH, Gunnlaugsdóttir H, van Loveren H, Holm F, Kalogeras N, Leino O, Luteijn JM, Odekerken G, Pohjola MV, Tijhuis MJ, Tuomisto JT, Ueland O, White BC, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Food microbiology. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 33-39. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21679739]<br />
# Pohjola MV, Leino O, Kollanus V, Tuomisto JT, Gunnlaugsdóttir H, Holm F, Kalogeras N, Luteijn JM, Magnússon SH, Odekerken G, Tijhuis MJ, Ueland O, White BC, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Environmental health. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 40-55. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21708210]<br />
# Kalogeras N, Odekerken-Schröder G, Pennings JM, Gunnlaugsdottir H, Holm F, Leino O, Luteijn JM, Magnússon SH, Pohjola MV, Tijhuis MJ, Tuomisto JT, Ueland O, White BC, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Economics and Marketing-Finance. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 56-66. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21871522]<br />
# Ueland O, Gunnlaugsdottir H, Holm F, Kalogeras N, Leino O, Luteijn JM, Magnússon SH, Odekerken G, Pohjola MV, Tijhuis MJ, Tuomisto JT, White BC, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Consumer perception. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 67-76. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21683114]<br />
# Tijhuis, M.J., Pohjola, M.V., Gunnlaugsdóttir, H., Kalogeras, N., Leino, O., Luteijn, J.M., Magnússon, S.H., Odekerken, G., Poto, M., Tuomisto, J.T., Ueland, Ø., White, B.C., Holm, F., Verhagen, H., 2011. Looking beyond Borders: Integrating best practices in benefit-risk analysis into the field of food and nutrition. Food and Chemical Toxicology (2012) 50: 1: 77-93. {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.044}}<br />
# Karjalainen AK, Hirvonen T, Kiviranta H, Sinkko H, Kronberg-Kippilä C, Virtanen SM, Hallikainen A, Leino O, Knip M, Veijola R, Simell O, Tuomisto JT. Long-term daily intake estimates of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenylethers from food in Finnish children: risk assessment implications. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2012;29(9):1475-88. {{doi|10.1080/19440049.2012.694373}}. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22765049].<br />
# Tuomisto J, Tuomisto JT. Is the fear of dioxin cancer more harmful than dioxin? Toxicol Lett. 2012 May 5;210(3):338-44. {{doi|10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.02.007}}. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22387160].<br />
#; 2013<br />
# Anna K. Karjalainen, Anja Hallikainen, Tero Hirvonen, Hannu Kiviranta, Mikael Knip, Carina Kronberg-Kippilä, Olli Leino, Olli Simell, Harri Sinkko, Jouni T. Tuomisto, Riitta Veijola, Eija-Riitta Venäläinen, Suvi M. Virtanen. Estimated intake levels for Finnish children of methylmercury from fish. Food and Chemical Toxicology: Volume 54, April 2013, Pages 70-77. {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2012.02.074}} [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22425939].<br />
# Leino O, Kiviranta H, Karjalainen AK, Kronberg-Kippilä C, Sinkko H, Larsen EH, Virtanen S, Tuomisto JT. Pollutant concentrations in placenta. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013 Apr;54:59-69. {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2011.10.058}}. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22056334].<br />
# Mikko V. Pohjola, Pasi Pohjola, Marko Tainio, Jouni T. Tuomisto: Perspectives to Performance of Environment and Health Assessments and Models—From Outputs to Outcomes? (Review). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 2621-2642; {{doi|10.3390/ijerph10072621}}<br />
# Leino O, Karjalainen AK, Tuomisto JT. Effects of docosahexaenoic acid and methylmercury on child's brain development due to consumption of fish by Finnish mother during pregnancy: A probabilistic modeling approach. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013 Apr;54:50-8. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.052. Epub 2011 Jun 23. [Epub ahead of print] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21723361] {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.052}}<br />
#; 2014<br />
# Niittynen M, Simanainen U, Pohjanvirta R, Sankari S, Tuomisto JT. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) Increases Bilirubin Formation but Hampers Quantitative Hepatic Conversion of Biliverdin to Bilirubin in Rats with Wild-Type AH Receptor. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2014 Jan 13. doi: 10.1111/bcpt.12191. [Epub ahead of print]<br />
# Gens, Alexandra; Hurley, J. Fintan; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Friedrich, Rainer. Health impacts due to personal exposure to fine particles caused by insulation of residential buildings in Europe. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 84 (2014): 213-221. {{doi|10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.11.054}}<br />
# Sandström, Vilma; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Majaniemi, Sami; Rintala, Teemu; Pohjola, Mikko V.: Evaluating effectiveness of open assessments on alternative biofuel sources. Sustainability: Science, Practice & Policy (2014): 10(1) Published online May 16, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2014.11908132<br />
# Fantke, P., Jolliet, O., Apte, J.S., Cohen, A.J., Evans, J.S., Hänninen, O.O., Hurley, F., Jantunen, M.J., Jerrett, M., Levy, J.I., Loh, M.M., Marshall, J.D., Miller, B.G., Preiss, P., Spadaro, J.V., Tainio, M., Tuomisto, J.T., Weschler, C.J., McKone, T.E., 2014. Health effects of fine particulate matter in life cycle impact assessment: Conclusions from the Basel guidance workshop. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, {{doi|10.1007/s11367-11014-10822-11362}}<br />
# Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Pohjola, Mikko; Pohjola, Pasi. Avoin päätöksentekokäytäntö voisi parantaa tiedon hyödyntämistä. [Open policy practice could improve knowledge use.] Yhteiskuntapolitiikka 1/2014, 66-75. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2014031821621<br />
#; 2015<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Massadata kansanterveyden edistämisessä. [Big data in promotion of public health.] Duodecim 2015;131:2179–87.<br />
# Perez, L; Trueb, S; Cowie, H; Keuken, M P; Mudu, P; Ragettli, M S; Sarigiannis, D A; Tobollik, M; Tuomisto, J; Vienneau, D; Sabel, C; Kunzli, N. Transport-related measures to mitigate climate change in Basel, Switzerland: A health-effectiveness comparison study. Environment international 2015 (85) 111-119. {{doi|10.1016/j.envint.2015.08.002}}<br />
# Clive E. Sabel, Rosemary Hiscock, Arja Asikainen, Jun Bi, Mike Depledge, Sef van den Elshout, Rainer Friedrich, Ganlin Huang, Fintan Hurley, Matti Jantunen, Spyros P. Karakitsios, Menno Keuken, Simon Kingham, Periklis Kontoroupis, Nino Künzli, Miaomiao Liu, Marco Martuzzi, Katie Morton, Pierpaolo Mudu, Marjo Niittynen, Laura Perez, Denis Sarigiannis, Will Stahl-Timmins, Myriam Tobollik, Jouni Tuomisto, Saskia Willers. Public Health impacts of city policies to reduce climate change: findings from the URGENCHE EU-China project. Environmental Health Environmental Health 2016: 15(Suppl 1):S25. {{doi|10.1186/s12940-016-0097-0}}.<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto, Marjo Niittynen, Erkki Pärjälä, Arja Asikainen, Laura Perez, Stephan Trüeb, Matti Jantunen, Nino Künzli, Clive E. Sabel. Building-related health impacts in European and Chinese cities: a scalable assessment method. Environmental Health 2015, 14:93. {{doi|10.1186/s12940-015-0082-z}} [http://www.ehjournal.net/content/14/1/93]<br />
#; 2016<br />
# Tobollik M, Keuken M, Sabel C, Cowie H, Tuomisto JT, Sarigiannis D, Künzli N, Perez L, Mudu P. (2016) Health impact assessment of transport policies in Rotterdam: Decrease of total traffic and increase of electric car use. Environmental Research 146: 350-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.01.014<br />
# Neittaanmäki P, Huttula T, Karvanen J, Frisk T, Tuomisto JT, Simola A, Tuovinen T, Ropponen J (2016) Unicorn–Open science for assessing environmental state, human health and regional economy. Research Ideas and Outcomes 2: e9232. {{doi|10.3897/rio.2.e9232}} (under peer review)<br />
# Tuomisto J, Airaksinen R, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Pekkanen J, Tuomisto JT. A pharmacokinetic analysis and dietary information are necessary to confirm or reject the hypothesis on persistent organic pollutants causing type 2 diabetes. Toxicol Lett. 2016 Aug 26. pii: S0378-4274(16)33126-5. {{doi|10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.08.024}} [http://pubmed.gov/27575567]<br />
#; 2017<br />
# Arja Asikainen, Erkki Pärjälä, Matti Jantunen, Jouni T. Tuomisto and Clive E. Sabel. Effects of Local Greenhouse Gas Abatement Strategies on Air Pollutant Emissions and on Health in Kuopio, Finland. Climate 2017, 5(2), 43; {{doi|10.3390/cli5020043}}<br />
# Tuomisto J, Airaksinen R, Pekkanen J, Tukiainen E, Kiviranta H, Tuomisto JT. (2017) Comparison of questionnaire data and analyzed dioxin concentrations as a measure of exposure in soft-tissue sarcoma studies. Toxicol Lett. 2017 Mar 15;270:8-11. {{doi|10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.02.011}}<br />
#; 2018<br />
# Hanna Tuomisto, Matleena Tuomisto, Jouni T. Tuomisto (2018). How scientists perceive the evolutionary origin of human traits: Results of a survey study. Ecology and Evolution 8: 6:1-16. {{doi|10.1002/ece3.3887}}<br />
#; 2019<br />
# Mia Pihlajamäki, Arja Asikainen, Suvi Ignatius, Päivi Haapasaari. Jouni T. Tuomisto. Forage Fish as Food: Consumer Perceptions on Baltic Herring. Sustainability 2019, ''11''(16), 4298; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11164298<br />
#; 2020<br />
# Tuomisto, J.T., Asikainen, A., Meriläinen, P. et al. Health effects of nutrients and environmental pollutants in Baltic herring and salmon: a quantitative benefit-risk assessment. BMC Public Health 20, 64 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-8094-1<br />
# Tuomisto, J.T., Pohjola, M.V. & Rintala, T. From insight network to open policy practice: practical experiences. Health Res Policy Sys 18, 36 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-020-00547-3<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Yrjölä J, Kolehmainen M, Bonsdorff J, Pekkanen J, Tikkanen T. (2020) An agent-based epidemic model REINA for COVID-19 to identify destructive policies. MedRxiv preprint, submitted 2020-04-09. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.09.20047498<br />
# Rantakokko P, Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J, Airaksinen R, Raitakari O, Karvonen AM, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H. (2020) Estimated PCDD/F TEQ and total TEQ concentrations in the serum of 7–10 year old Finnish children. Chemosphere 257- 127-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127137<br />
# Nevalainen L, Tuomisto JT, Haapasaari P, Lehikoinen A. Spatial aspects of the dioxin risk formation in the Baltic Sea: A systematic review Science of The Total Environment 753 (2021), 142185, 13 pages. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142185<br />
#; 2021<br />
# Päivi Haapasaari, Suvi Ignatius, Mia Pihlajamäki, Andreas Bryhn, Simo Sarkki, Jouni Tuomisto, Lauri Nevalainen, Annukka Lehikoinen, Timo Assmuth, Atso Romakkaniemi, Heikki Peltoneni, Sakari, Kuikka. (2021) Integrated governance for managing multidimensional problems: Potentials, challenges, and arrangements. Marine Policy Volume 123, January 2021, 104276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104276<br />
#; 2023<br />
# Tuomisto J.T., Bliem B., Yrjölä J., Tikkanen T., Faehnle M. (2023) Value profiles as tools to understand and guide societal decision making. SocArxiv, submitted. DOI<br />
<br />
==B. Non-refereed scientific articles==<br />
<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, MacDonald E, Tuomisto L. Effect of a single dose of TCDD on the level of histamine in discrete nuclei in rat brain. XIX Meeting of the European Histamine Research Society. Abstracts. Kuopio: University of Kuopio, 1990: 117.<br />
# Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, MacDonald E, Tuomisto L, Tuomisto J. Effect of a single dose of TCDD on the levels of monoamines, their metabolites and tryptophan in discrete hypothalamic nuclei of rat brain. Acta Univ Tamperensis ser B 1990; 33:67.<br />
# Tuomisto J, Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R. TCDD completely reverses the hyperphagia due to VMH lesion. Soc Neurosci Abstr , 1993.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. TCDD reduces feed intake of rats despite hyperphagia by VMH lesion. In: Tuomisto J, Ruuskanen J, editors. Proceedings of the First Finnish Conference of Environmental Sciences. Kuopio: University of Kuopio, 1993: 369-371.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. TCDD reduces feed intake of rats despite hyperphagia by VMH lesion. Pharmacol Toxicol 1993; 73, suppl.II:115.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Laitinen J, Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. TCDD may induce an alternative metabolic route for melatonin in the rat. Hum Exp Toxicol 1994; 13:807.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. Effects of TCDD on spontaneous motor activity of rats and guinea pigs. Hum Exp Toxicol 1994; 13:808.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Characterization of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced changes in plasma tryptophan binding to albumin. Hum Exp Toxicol 1994; 13:808.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. Effects of nutrition and forced feeding on 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) -induced wasting syndrome in rats. In: Saski E, Saarinen T, editors. Helsinki: University of Helsinki, 1995: 153-156.<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Environmental and other attitudes among Finnish scouts and non-scouts. In: Saski E, Saarinen T, editors. Helsinki: University of Helsinki, 1995: 71-72.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. Interactions between TCDD and weight increasing factors. Toxicologist 1995; 15:67.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. TCDD-induced changes in tryptophan (TRP) in rats: Association with TCDD lethality. Toxicologist 1995; 15:67.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. TCDD cancels the effects on body weight of lesions of ventromedical hypothalamic and paraventricular nuclei. Proc Neurosci Abstr 1996; 22, part 2:1409.<br />
# Unkila M, Marjakangas O, Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a) does not play a major role in the acute toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the rat. Joint Meeting of the Finnish Society of Toxicology and the British Toxicology Society 1996.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and lesion of hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus have additive effects on body weight loss. In: Högmander H, Oikari A, editors. Proceedings of the Third Finnish Conference of Environmental Sciences. Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 1997: 291-293.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Laaksonen M, Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto J. Minor changes in leptin levels after 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure. Pharmacol Toxicol 1997; 80, Suppl. III:113.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and lesion of hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus have additive effects on body weight loss. Finnish-Estonian Congress of Toxicology, Tartu, May 22-24 1997;67.<br />
# Viluksela M, Bager Y, Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Flodström S et al. Comparison of liver tumor promoting activity of TCDD in a TCDD-sensitive and a TCDD-resistant rat strain. Pharmacol Toxicol 1997; 80, Suppl. III:152.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Juvonen R, Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Viluksela M, Bergman J et al. Indolol(3,2-b)carbazole (ICZ) is a weaker Ah receptor agonist in vivo than in vitro. Toxicol Lett 1998; suppl. 1/95:102.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. Separation of Ah receptor and another dioxin resistance gene in new rat lines. Toxicol Sci 1998; 42:66.<br />
# Viluksela M, Unkila M, Stahl BU, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Rozman KK et al. Effects of TCDD on the liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity and glucose homeostasis in a TCDD-susceptible and a TCDD-resistant rat strain. Toxicol Sci 1998; 42:381.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Alm S, Juuti S, Kettunen A, Kurttio P, Pekkanen J et al. Pyrkilo method in a complicated environmental health problem: Paakkila asbestos mine case, Finland. In: Kuusisto S, Isoaho S, Puhakka J, editors. Proceedings. Fourth Finnish Conference of Environmental Sciences. Tampere: Tampere University of Technology, 1999: 244-247.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pekkanen J, Alm S, Kurttio P, Venalainen R, Juuti S et al. Deliberation process by an explicit factor-effect-value network (Pyrkilo): Paakkila asbestos mine case, Finland. Epidemiol 1999; 10(4):S114.<br />
# Jämsä T, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Tuukkanen J. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography and three-point bending test in evaluating the effect of dioxins on rat long bones. Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the European Society of Biomechanics. Dublin: 2000: 339.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Celebi C, Simanainen U, Haavisto AM, Skakkebaek NE, Tuomisto J et al. Testicular toxicity of TCDD in a TCDD-sensitive and a TCDD-resistant rat strain: a stereological analysis. Toxicol Sci 2000; 54, suppl:276.<br />
# Viluksela M, Bager Y, Tuomisto JT, Scheu G, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R et al. Liver tumor promoting activity of TCDD in a TCDD-sensitive and a TCDD-resistant rat strain. Toxicol Sci 2000; 54, suppl:276.<br />
# Kattainen H, Tuukkanen J, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Kovero O, Alaluusua S et al. Impairment of molar tooth development after low dose in utero/lactational TCDD exposure in rats. Pharmacol Toxicol 2001; 88, suppl. I:20.<br />
# Kattainen H, Tuukkanen J, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Kovero O, Lukinmaa P-L et al. Toxicological significance of dioxin-induced defects in tooth development. Kuopio University Publications D 2001; 249:57.<br />
# Kiukkonen AP, Viluksela M, Alaluusua S, Sahlberg C, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Response of H/W and L-E rat incisors to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Int Assoc Dentl Res Congress . 2001.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Korkalainen M, McQuire J, Simanainen U, Juvonen R, Tuomisto JT et al. Toxicity of indolo(3,2-b)carbazole (ICZ) in vivo. Kuopio University Publications D 2001; 249:64.<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Centre of Environmental Health Risk Analysis: Working between science and policy. Airnet . 2002.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Tuomisto J. Soft tissue sarcoma and dioxins - A case-control study. Epidemiol 2002; 13(4):S187.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Simanainen U, Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto J. Postnatal development of resistance to acute lethality of TCDD in two TCDD-resistant rat strains. Toxicol Sci 2002; 66:334.<br />
# Viluksela M, Jämsä T, Kattainen H, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J et al. Effects of in utero/lactational exposure to TCDD on bone in rats. Toxicol Sci 2002; 66:170.<br />
# Fletcher N, Schmidt C, Stern N, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R et al. Hepatic retinoid levels in a TCDD-sensitive (Long-Evans) and TCDD-resistant (Han/Wistar) rat strain following long-term low-dose TCDD exposure. Toxicol Sci 2003; 72(S-1):1763.<br />
# Niittynen M, Tuomisto JT, Auriola S, Pohjanvirta R, Syrjala P, Simanainen U et al. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced accumulation of biliverdin and hepatic peliosis in rats. Toxicol Sci 2003; 72(S-1):1756.<br />
# Simanainen U, Niittynen M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. Differences in acute toxicity syndromes of TCDD and hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats. Toxicol Sci 2003; 72(S-1):1753.<br />
# Tainio M, Tuomisto JT. Comparing methodologies of six fine particle risk assessments. In: Honkanen J, Koponen P, editors. Proceedings. Sixth Finnish Conference of Environmental Sciences. Joensuu: University of Joensuu, 2003.<br />
# Tainio M, Tuomisto JT, Aarnio P, Jantunen M, Koistinen K, Hänninen O et al. Estimation of the contributions of different sources to average PM2.5 exposure of the adult population of Helsinki. 13th Annual Conference of International Society of Exposure Analysis. Abstract book. Stresa, Italy: International Society of Exposure Analysis, 2003.<br />
# Tainio M, Tuomisto JT, Aarnio P, Jantunen M, Pekkanen J. Comparison of different bus types and mortality due to fine particulate matter in Helsinki, Finland. World Congress on Risk.Abstracts , 44. 2003.<br />
# Giese N, Fletcher N, Schmidt C, Stern N, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT et al. Altered retinoid metabolism in rat strains with different sensitivity to TCDD toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 197(3):212.<br />
# Hänninen O, Tuomisto JT, Yli-Tuomi T, Jantunen M. Reduction of urban population mortality risk caused by PM2.5 using modern ventilation systems in buildings. 2004.<br />
# Niittynen M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Korkalainen M, Pohjanvirta R. The effect of TCDD on mRNA expression of key heme metabolic enzymes in rats with hepatic biliverdin accumulation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 197(3):215.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Okey AB, Tuomisto J. Rat strain difference-based animal model for mechanistic studies of dioxin toxicity. Toxicology 2004; 194(3):221.<br />
# Simanainen U, Miettinen HM, Haavisto T, Adamsson A, Koistinen J, Tuomisto JT et al. Comparison of sensitivity to male reproductive system effects after fetal and adult tetrachlorodibenzo-P-dioxin (TCDD) exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 197(3):354.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Tainio M, Pekkanen J, Tuomisto J. Comparative risk analysis of dioxins and fine particulate matter. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 197(3):169.<br />
# Viluksela M, Saurola P, Koivusaari J, Finnlund M, Verta M, Erasto P et al. Time trends of persistent halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons in Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) eggs in Finland. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 197(3):216.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M; Pekkanen, J; Tuomisto, J. 2004. Comparative risk analysis of dioxins and fine particulate matter. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 197 (3): 169-169.<br />
# Giese, N; Fletcher, N; Schmidt, C; Stern, N; Viluksela, M; Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Hakansson, H; Nau, H. 2004. Altered retinoid metabolism in rat strains with different sensitivity to TCDD toxicity. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 197 (3): 212-212.<br />
# Niittynen, M; Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Korkalainen, M; Pohjanvirta, R. 2004. The effect of TCDD on mRNA expression of key heme metabolic enzymes in rats with hepatic biliverdin accumulation. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 197 (3): 215-215.<br />
# Viluksela, M; Saurola, P; Koivusaari, J; Finnlund, M; Verta, M; Erasto, P; Tuomisto, JT; Kiviranta, H. 2004. Time trends of persistent halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons in Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) eggs in Finland. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 197 (3): 216-216.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Wilson, A; Cooke, RM; Tainio, M; Evans, JS. 2005. Mortality in Kuwait due to pm from oil fires after the Gulf War: Combining expert elicitation assessments. EPIDEMIOLOGY 16 (5): S74-S75.<br />
# Evans, JS; Wilson, A; Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M; Cooke, RM. 2005. What risk assessment can tell us about the mortality impacts of the Kuwaiti oil fires. EPIDEMIOLOGY 16 (5): S137-S138.<br />
# Hanninen, O; Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M; Jantunen, M. 2006. Five approaches to PM2.5 exposure reduction in a northern metropolitan area. EPIDEMIOLOGY 17 (6): S522-S522, Suppl. S.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M. 2006. Extended causal diagrams in describing environmental health risks. EPIDEMIOLOGY 17 (6): S524-S524, Suppl. S.<br />
# Virtanen, Helena E.; Sundqvist, Erno; Main, Katharina M.; Kiviranta, Hannu; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Tuomisto, Jouko; Vartiainen, Terttu; Skakkebaek, Niels E.; Toppari, Jorma; Grp Nordic Cryptorchidism Study. Congenital cryptorchidism and dioxin levels in breast milk and placenta. Hormone Research 2008 (70): 72.<br />
# Sand, S; Fletcher, N; von Rosen, D; Victorin, K; Viluksela, M; Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Filipsson, AF; Hakansson, H. 2006. Quantitative and statistical analysis of differences in sensitivity between Long-Evans and Han/Wistar rats following long-term exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. TOXICOLOGY LETTERS 164: S74-S74.<br />
# Tuomisto, J; Leino, O; Kiviranta, H; Tuomisto, JT. 2006. Use of intake fraction to improve dioxin risk assessment. TOXICOLOGY LETTERS 164: S148-S149.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT: A saga of industrial pollution. Science 19 July 2013: Vol. 341 no. 6143 pp. 238-239. doi:10.1126/science.1240379 .<br />
# Teemu Rintala, Einari Happonen, Jouni Tuomisto: OpasnetUtils. Utility functions for dealing with data in Opasnet (www.opasnet.org) environment. A software package for R. Version 1.0.0. CRAN, 2013. [28], accessed 19 July 2013.<br />
# Helga Gunnlaugsdottir and Jouni T. Tuomisto. Foreword. Integrated Benefit and Risk Analysis for Assessing Food Safety and Health Benefit; Results from QALIBRA and BENERIS. (Editorial) Food and Chemical Toxicology: Volume 54, April 2013, Pages 1–2. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2011.09.020<br />
# Niittynen M, Pärjälä E, Tuomisto JT. Increased use of biomass in combined heat and power production: health impacts due to PM2.5 emissions. Abstracts of the 2013 Conference of the International Society of Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE), the International Society of Exposure Science (ISES), and the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate (ISIAQ), August 19–23, 2013, Basel, Switzerland. 2013. Environ Health Perspect; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.ehbasel13.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Torras Ortiz S, Niittynen M. Online energy balance tool to assess health impacts of climate policies in cities - case EU (Kuopio, Stuttgart) and China (Suzhou). Abstracts of the 2013 Conference of the International Society of Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE), the International Society of Exposure Science (ISES), and the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate (ISIAQ), August 19–23, 2013, Basel, Switzerland. 2013. Environ Health Perspect; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.ehbasel13.<br />
# Jantunen M, Asikainen A, Niittynen M, Pärjälä E, Tuomisto JT. Conceptual model linking urban GHG policies to health and wellbeing (URGENCHE). Abstracts of the 2013 Conference of the International Society of Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE), the International Society of Exposure Science (ISES), and the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate (ISIAQ), August 19–23, 2013, Basel, Switzerland. 2013. Environ Health Perspect; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.ehbasel13.<br />
<br />
==C. Scientific monographs==<br />
<br />
# Tuomisto J, Vartiainen T, Tuomisto JT. Synopsis on dioxins and PCBs. Kuopio: National Public Health Institute, 1999.<br />
# Tuomisto JT. TCDD: a challenge to mechanistic toxicology [Dissertation]. Kuopio: National Public Health Institute, 1999.<br />
# Tainio M, Tuomisto JT, Aarnio P, Jantunen M, Koistinen K, Hänninen O et al. Eri bussitekniikoiden vaikutus pienhiukkasten aiheuttamaan kuolleisuuteen Pääkaupunkiseudulla vuonna 2020. Monisteita 2004:1. 2004. Helsinki, Ministry of Social Effects and Health. ISBN 952-00-1459-4, ISSN 1237-200X. <br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjola M: Open risk assessment. A new way of providing scientific information for decision-making. Publications of the National Public Health Institute B18/2007. 2007 <br />
# Gunnlaugsdottir, Helga; Tuomisto, Jouni T. Benefit-risk assessment of food. Foreword. Food and Chemical Toxicology 54 (2011): 1-2. {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2011.09.020}} Published:2013-Apr (Epub 2011 Sep 22) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21964196]. <br />
# Tuomisto, Jouko; Vartiainen, Terttu; Tuomisto, Jouni T. Synopsis on dioxins and PCBs. National Institute for Health and Welfare, Report 14/2011.<br />
# Hans Verhagen and Olli Leino (Eds.)Integrated Benefit and Risk Analysis for Assessing Food Safety and Health Benefit; Results from QALIBRA and BENERIS. Volume 54, Pages 1-78 (April 2013). (Jouni Tuomisto has written the Foreword and three original articles in this special issue.)<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto, Marjo Niittynen, Anu Turunen, Sari Ung-Lanki, Hannu Kiviranta, Hannu Harjunpää, Pekka J. Vuorinen, Mervi Rokka, Tiina Ritvanen ja Anja Hallikainen. Itämeren silakka ravintona – Hyöty-haitta-analyysi. ISSN 1797-2981. ISBN 978-952-225-141-1. Eviran tutkimuksia 1/2015.<br />
# Sofie Pandis Iveroth (coordinator), David McKinnon, Jouni Tuomisto, Martin Wetterstedt, Agneta Persson. Nowcasting CO2 emissions. Early estimates or “nowcasts” for monitoring changes in greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). TemaNord 2022:537, ISSN 0908-6692. ISBN 978-92-893-7351-7 (PDF). ISBN 978-92-893-7352-4 (ONLINE). http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/temanord2022-537<br />
<br />
==D. Publications intended for professional communities==<br />
<br />
# Carrothers TJ, Wolff SK, Tuomisto JT, Wilson A, Levy JI, Graham JD et al. Fine particulate air pollution in the US: a preliminary analysis of the value of research. In: European Commission, WHO, European Collaborative Action, editors. Role of human exposure assessment in air quality management. Report on the joint workshop. 2004. <br />
# Tuomisto JT. Concepts of science-policy interface: Concepts in current practice and potential areas of development. In: van Bree L, Fudge N, Tuomisto JT, editors. Airnet Science/Policy Interface report. Utrecht, the Netherlands: 2004.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Tainio M. Health impact assessment of primary fine particles (PM2.5) emitted from busses in Helsinkin Metropolitan Area, Finland. In: Hurley F, Sanderson E, editors. Airnet Health Impact Assessment report. Utrecht, the Netherlands: 2004.<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Terveydelle haitalliset yhdyskuntailman saasteet ja toksiset aineet. Kirjassa Koulu M, Tuomisto J. Farmakologia & toksikologia (luku 77). <br />
# Ahtoniemi, Pauliina; Tainio, Marko; Tuomisto, Jouni T; Karvosenoja, Niko; Kupiainen, Kaarle; Porvari, Petri; Karppinen, Ari; Kangas, Leena; Kukkonen, Jaakko. Health risks from nearby sources of fine particulate matter : Domestic wood combustion and road traffic (PILTTI) [Pienhiukkasten lähipäästöjen terveysriskit: puun pienpoltto ja tieliikenne (PILTTI)]. National Institute for Health and Welfare, Report 3/2010. <br />
# Kauppila, Tommi; Komulainen, Hannu; Makkonen, Sari; Tuomisto, Jouni T (eds.). 2013. Metallikaivosalueiden ympäristöriskinarviointiosaamisen kehittäminen: MINERA-hankkeen loppuraportti. [Summary: Improving Environmental Risk Assessments for Metal Mines: Final Report of the MINERA Project.] Geology Survey Finland, Research Report 199. 223 pages. ISBN 978-952-217-231-0 (PDF) [http://www.gtk.fi/tietopalvelut/julkaisut/julkaisut/uusimmat/tiivistelma/TR199.html]<br />
# Tuomisto, Jouni. Toms River A Story of Science and Salvation. SCIENCE 2013-08-15.<br />
# Komulainen, Hannu; Kallio, Antti; Tuomisto, Jouni: Kaivostoiminnan ympäristöterveysriskit. Ympäristö ja Terveys-lehti 45 (2014) 2014-12-15, ISSN 0358-3333. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe201501261260<br />
# Asikainen, Arja; Pärjälä, Erkki; Kettunen, Tapio; Niittynen, Marjo; Tuomisto, Jouni. Kasvihuonekaasupäästöjen paikallisten vähentämistoimenpiteiden vaikutukset Kuopiossa. Ympäristö ja terveys-lehti 45 (2014) 2014-10-13. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2014102345596<br />
# Hänninen, Otto; Kutvonen, Juho; Rumrich, Isabella; Asikainen, Arja; Tuomisto, Jouni. Tupakka, radon ja ympäristöterveys. Ympäristö ja Terveys-lehti 45 (2014) 2014-09-15, ISSN 0358-3333. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe201501051039<br />
# Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Hänninen, Otto; Asikainen, Arja; Pohjola, Mikko. Ympäristöterveysriskien torjunta osana kestävää kehitystä. Ympäristö ja Terveys-lehti 45 (2014). http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2014081832960<br />
# Valtioneuvosto. Kansallinen ilmastonmuutokseen sopeutumissuunnitelma 2022. Valtioneuvoston periaatepäätös 20.11.2014. (J Tuomisto was a member of the expert panel preparing the report.) [http://www.mmm.fi/sopeutumisstrategia][http://www.mmm.fi/images/ymparisto/kq9wae2CD/Kansallinen_ilmastonmuutokseen_sopeutumissuunnitelma_2022_pdf.pdf]<br />
# Hänninen, Otto; Asikainen, Arja; Kutvonen, Juho; Tuomisto, Jouni. Ympäristöterveyshaittojen priorisointi ja parhaiden torjuntatoimenpiteiden määrittäminen. Eläinlääkäripäivät 2014. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2015111117069<br />
# Tuomisto, Jouni; Rintala, Julia; Ordén, Pauli; Tuomisto, Matleena; Rintala, Teemu. Helsingin energiapäätös 2015 - Avoin arviointi terveys-, ilmasto- ja muista vaikutuksista. THL:n työpaperi: 2015_024. THL, Helsinki, 2015. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-302-544-8<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Avoin arviointi. Teoksessa Ympäristöterveyden erityistilanteet. Opas ympäristöterveydenhuollon työntekijöille. STM 2014:21. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-00-3546-4<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Öppen bedömning. I boken Exceptionella situationer inom miljöhälsan - En handbok för arbetstagare inom miljö- och hälsoskyddet. STM 2014:22.<br />
# Tuomisto JT. (2015) [Big data in the promotion of public health]. [Article in Finnish] Duodecim. 2015;131(22):2179-87.<br />
# Jouni Tuomisto. Avoin arviointi - metodi, osallistujat, lähteet ja tulokset (liite 3). Raportissa: Anneli Miettinen, Juho-Matti Paavola, Anna Rotkirch, Minna Säävälä, Arttu Vainio. Perheenyhdistämisen edellytysten tiukentaminen ja sen vaikutukset Suomessa sekä kokemuksia viidestä Euroopan maasta. 21.12.2016 PDF (2,4MBt). Valtioneuvoston selvitys- ja tutkimustoiminnan julkaisusarja 55/2016. 86 s. ISSN 2342-6799 (web) ISBN 978-952-287-313-2 (web) [http://tietokayttoon.fi/julkaisu?pubid=15902]<br />
# Jouni Tuomisto, Raimo Muurinen, Juho-Matti Paavola, Arja Asikainen, Teemu Ropponen, Jussi Nissilä. (2017) Tiedon sitominen päätöksentekoon. Valtioneuvoston selvitys- ja tutkimustoiminnan julkaisusarja 39/2017. [Binding knowledge to decision making. Publications of the Government's analysis, assessment and research activities 39/2017]<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto. Tautitaakka auttaa hahmottamaan ja välttämään terveysriskejä. Liito 4/2017. (Liikunnan ja terveystiedon opettajat ry, Helsinki)<br />
# Tuomisto J., Pohjola M., Asikainen A., Meriläinen P., and Rintala T. (2018). From open assessment to shared understanding: practical experiences. BONUS GOHERR Deliverable D7.4. [http://en.opasnet.org/w/From_open_assessment_to_shared_understanding:_practical_experiences]<br />
# Sonja-Maria Ignatius, Raimo Muurinen, Tero Tikkanen, Jouni Tuomisto & Juha Yrjölä. Collective Action Scheme in the implementation of Carbon-neutral Helsinki 2035. EIT Climate-KIC project: 180618 (Pathfinder). City of Helsinki, Helsinki, 7.2.2019 [https://www.stadinilmasto.fi/files/2018/12/Helsinki_180618_FinalReport_CASintoPractice.pdf]<br />
<br />
==E. Publications intended for the general public, linked to the applicant's research==<br />
<br />
# Jouni Tuomisto, Julia Rintala, Pauli Ordén, Matleena Tuomisto ja Teemu Rintala. Helsingin energiapäätös 2015. Avoin arviointi terveys-, ilmasto- ja muista vaikutuksista. [Helsinki energy decision. An open assessment on health, climate, and other impacts.] Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitoksen työpapereita 2015_24. Helsinki 2015. 59 sivua. ISBN 978-952-302-544-8 (pdf), ISSN 2323-363X http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-302-544-8. <br />
<br />
==F. Public artistic and design activities==<br />
<br />
==G. Theses==<br />
<br />
# Tuomisto JT. TCDD: a challenge to mechanistic toxicology [Dissertation]. Kuopio: National Public Health Institute, 1999. <br />
<br />
==H. Patents and invention disclosures==<br />
<br />
==I. Audiovisual material, ICT software==<br />
<br />
# Tuomisto JT et al. (2015). Opasnet. An English web workspace for providing scientific information to help societal decision-making. http://en.opasnet.org (accessed 10 April 2015. Own contribution: 2511 pages edited, contribution score: 2671.)<br />
# Tuomisto JT et al. (2015). Opasnet. A Finnish web workspace for providing scientific information to help societal decision-making. http://fi.opasnet.org (accessed 10 April 2015. Own contribution: 1576 pages edited, contribution score: 1713.)<br />
# Teemu Rintala, Einari Happonen, Jouni T. Tuomisto. OpasnetUtils. A software package for R software. CRAN project, 2014.[http://www.cran.r-project.org/web/packages/OpasnetUtils/index.html]<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto. Building model. An open source R model for estimating heating-related energy consumption and emissions of city building stock. [http://en.opasnet.org/w/Building_model]<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto. Health impact assessment. An open source R model for estimating health impacts of environmental exposures. [http://en.opasnet.org/w/Health_impact_assessment]<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
<br />
==Keywords==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Files==<br />
<br />
== Explanations ==<br />
<br />
;D. Publications intended for professional communities: {{comment|# |Article in trade journal; article in a professional manual or guide of professional information system, textbook material; professional conference proceedings; published development or research report or study; textbook, professional manual or guide, dictionary|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:09, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
;E. Publications intended for the general public, linked to the applicant's research: {{comment|# |Popularised article, newspaper article; popularised monograph (no letters to editor, short commentaries of self-published works)|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:16, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
;F. Public artistic and design activities: {{comment|# |Published independent work of art; public partial realisation of a work of art; public artistic performance or exhibition; model or design adopted for production/use|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:17, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
; G. Theses: {{comment|# |Polytechnic thesis, Bachelor's thesis, Master's thesis, polytechnic Master's thesis; Licenciate thesis; doctoral dissertation (monograph); doctoral dissertation (article)|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:08, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
;H. Patents and invention disclosures: {{comment|# |Granted patent; invention disclousure|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:18, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
;I. Audiovisual material, ICT software: {{comment|# |Audiovisual material, ICT software|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:19, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}</div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=User:Jouni&diff=43835User:Jouni2023-04-26T11:29:37Z<p>Jouni: /* A. Peer-reviewed scientific articles */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:YMTO]]<br />
'''Articles missing from Julkari:'''<br />
<br />
*22. Pekkanen J, Tuomisto JT. Väestönkasvu on vain yksi taudeista. Duodecim 1998; 114:594.<br />
*48. Tuomisto J, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Viluksela M et al. Dioxin cancer risk - example of hormesis? Non linearity in Biology, Toxicology and Medicine 2004.<br />
* 99. Gens, Alexandra; Hurley, J. Fintan; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Friedrich, Rainer. Health impacts due to personal exposure to fine particles caused by insulation of residential buildings in Europe. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 84 (2014): 213-221.<br />
* 100. Sandström, Vilma; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Majaniemi, Sami; Rintala, Teemu; Pohjola, Mikko V.: Evaluating effectiveness of open assessments on alternative biofuel sources. Sustainability: Science, Practice & Policy (2014): 10(1) Published online May 16, 2014.<br />
* 107. Neittaanmäki P, Huttula T, Karvanen J, Frisk T, Tuomisto JT, Simola A, Tuovinen T, Ropponen J (2016) Unicorn–Open science for assessing environmental state, human health and regional economy. Research Ideas and Outcomes 2: e9232 (under peer review)<br />
<br />
<br />
Jouni Tuomisto<br><br />
chief researcher<br><br />
Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL)<br><br />
P.O.Box 95<br><br />
FI-70701 Kuopio<br><br />
Finland<br />
<br />
=Personal information=<br />
<br />
==Jouni T. Tuomisto==<br />
<br />
: Researcher 1992-2005, KTL<br />
: Post-doc researcher 2000-2001, Harvard School of Public Health<br />
: Academy researcher 2005-2010, Academy of Finland and KTL<br />
: Senior researcher and chief researcher 2010-, THL<br />
<br />
<br />
: Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL)<br />
: Environmental Health<br />
: P.O.Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio<br />
<br />
<br />
: email: firstname.lastname@thl.fi<br />
: phone: +358295246305<br />
: ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9988-1762<br />
<br />
: A longer CV can be found from [[:heande:User:Jouni]].<br />
<br />
==Areas of interest==<br />
<br />
* Destructive policy<br />
* [[Open policy practice]]<br />
* [[Open assessment]]<br />
* Improved methods for risk analysis<br />
* Decision analysis<br />
* Fine particles<br />
* Dioxins and other persistent pollutants<br />
* Energy production and its emissions<br />
* Climate change<br />
<br />
Jouni Tuomisto (adjunct professor, or docent) has medical background (Lic. Med. 1992 and Dr. Med. Sci. 1999 from the University of Kuopio). He has published more than 115 peer-reviewed articles and two web-workspaces. He has over 25 years of research experience in environmental health, has coordinated one large EU project and participated in several others as principal investigator or senior researcher. He started with toxicology but after the doctoral degree focussed on risk assessment and decision analysis as a post-doc in Harvard School of Public Health in 2000-2001. Subsequent topics have been environmental health assessments of fine particles and dioxins and benefit-risk assessments of food. Mathematical methods became more and more important in the work. In 2006, he started to develop new methods for policy support together with Mikko Pohjola. They developed [[open assessment]], which assesses health and other impacts of policies using open work processes where anyone can participate but specific rules for contributions are applied. In 2014 this was further expanded to [[open policy practice]], which covers - in addition to assessments for policy support - also recommended practices for decision making, implementation of decisions, and evaluation and management of these decision processes. <br />
<br />
Tuomisto has implemented these methods and practices in numerous assessments related to decisions about environmental health. To support these assessments and decision making, he has also developed a web-workspace [[Opasnet]], which is freely available for similar assessments in other decision support processes. He has given university courses about open policy practice and trained students to use Opasnet in their work as environmental scientists.<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
<br />
* Med. Lic. 1992<br />
* Dr. Med. Sci. 1999<br />
* Adjunct professor (docent) (field: toxicology, especially risk assessment) 2004<br />
<br />
== Recent research ==<br />
<br />
* [[Goherr assessment]]<br />
* [[Climate change policies and health in Kuopio]]<br />
* [[Climate change policies in Helsinki]]<br />
* [[Energy balance]]<br />
* [[Building model]]<br />
* [[Urgenche]]<br />
* [[Plantlibra]]<br />
* [[:op_fi:Silakan hyöty-riskiarvio]]<br />
* [[:op_fi:Tekaisu]]<br />
<br />
=Curriculum vitae of Jouni Tuomisto (2023-01-07)=<br />
<br />
'''1. Personal information<br />
: Tuomisto, Jouni Tapio (born 1967 in Finland)<br />
: ORCID 0000-0002-9988-1762, website http://en.opasnet.org/w/User:Jouni, email firstname.lastname(at)kausal.tech<br />
<br />
'''2. Education and degrees awarded<br />
:2004: Title of docent or adjunct professor (toxicology, especially risk assessment), University of Eastern Finland, Finland (previously University of Kuopio)<br />
:1999: Dr. Med. Sci., University of Kuopio, Finland<br />
:1992: Lic. Med., University of Kuopio, Finland<br />
<br />
'''3. Current positions<br />
:Chief Science Officer, Kausal Ltd, 2020 - <br />
<br />
'''4. Previous work experience<br />
:Visiting researcher, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL, Finland) 2021 - 2022<br />
:Chief researcher, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL, Finland) 2012 - 2021<br />
::Team leader in environmental health assessment, Public Health Evaluaton and Projection Unit, THL 1.1.2015 - 31.12.2020<br />
:Unit Head of the Assessment and Modelling Unit, THL 1.9.2010 - 31.12.2014<br />
:Senior researcher, THL (previously National Public Health Institute KTL) 1.6.2005 - 2012<br />
:Academy researcher, 1.8.2005 – 31.7.2010<br />
:Leader of the Risk analysis research group, THL 1.1.2002 - 31.12.2014<br />
:Researcher in KTL 1.1.1999-31.8.2005<br />
:Post-doctoral researcher, Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, Harvard University, Boston, USA 1.9.2000-4.10.2001<br />
:Doctoral student in KTL 1992-1998<br />
:General practitioner, clinical work for about 9 months in 1991-1993<br />
:Military service including the military medical school, 1988.<br />
<br />
'''5. Career breaks: none<br />
<br />
'''6. Personal research funding and grants to own research group<br />
* Value profile project funding from Business Finland (2022-2023), 30000 €, role: principal investigator. <br />
* Kiltova2 funding from the Ministry of Environment (via Finnish Environment Institute) 2020-2021, 10000 €.<br />
* VN-TEAS funding from the Prime Minister's Office: Yhtäköyttä, 2015-2016, 150 000 €, role: coordinator.<br />
* EU BONUS & the Academy of Finland: GOHERR, 2015-2018, 290 000 €, role: principal investigator of THL.<br />
* Ministry of Social Affairs and Health: TEKAISU, 2012-2014, 160 000 €, role: principal investigator of the project.<br />
* EU 7FP: URGENCHE (ID 265114), 2011-2014, 315 855 €, role: principal investigator of THL and a workpackage leader. PLANTLIBRA (ID 245199), 2010-2014, 141 984 €, role: principal investigator of THL.<br />
* EAKR (Aluekehitysrahasto), ERACedu, 2009-2011, 128 600 €, role: principal investigator (deputy) of the National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL).<br />
* Academy of Finland. CLAIH, 2009-2012, 170760 €, role: principal investigator. BIOHER, 2008-2011, 144000 €, role: principal investigator. SCUD (academy researcher position), 2005-2010, totally 735001 €, role: academy researcher. Post-doctoral fellowship, 2000-2001, 138000 FIM.<br />
* European Commission 6FP, HEIMTSA, 2007-2011, role: workpackage leader (principal investigator: Matti Jantunen). BENERIS, 2006-2009, 199 000 €, role: coordinator. INTARESE, 2005-2010 149 000 €, role: workpackage leader.<br />
* Ministry of Environment, PILTTI 2006-2008, 43000, role: coordinator. Kopra fine particle risk assessment project, 2002, 32000 €.<br />
* National Technology Agency of Finland (Tekes), Kopra fine particle risk assessment project (part 2), 2004, 131 400 €, role: workpackage leader.<br />
* YTV, 2003. Kopra fine particle risk assessment project. 8000 €.<br />
* Funding from Finnish Cultural Foundation of Northern Savo and Orion Oyj, 1998-1999, total 140 000 FIM.<br />
<br />
'''7. Leadership and supervision experience<br />
* Supervisor of 5 PhD students: Ph.D. Marko Tainio 2009, Dr.-Ing. Alexandra Gens (née Kuhn) 2012, Ph.D. (Tech.Sc.) Mikko Pohjola 2013, Ph.D. (Tech.Sc.) Olli Leino 2014, Ph.D. Marjo Niittynen 2014.<br />
* Group leader, unit leader, or team leader for 5-15 people in THL (KTL until 2009) since 2006.<br />
<br />
'''8. Teaching experience<br />
* ''Decision analysis and risk management'' course directed to Master of Science and doctoral students in the University of Eastern Finland (6 credit points): I was the developer of the course together with Mikko Pohjola, and I have been the practical leader and the main lecturer of the course every time the course has been organised in 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017. http://en.opasnet.org/w/Darm<br />
* Lecturer on several courses related to toxicology or environmental health in the University of Eastern Finland for many years (5 - 10 lectures per year).<br />
<br />
'''9. Experience of organising scientific meetings<br />
* ''Open assessment workshop'' was organised in 2007, 2008, and 2009 for 20-30 doctoral students and post-doc researchers. The events lasted from 5 to 12 days. I was the main organiser of these events.<br />
<br />
'''10. Patents, inventions, awards and honours: none<br />
<br />
'''11. Other key scientific or academic merits<br />
* At Kausal Ltd, development of health impact assessment models related to climate mitigation actions. Also participation in the development of a scenario tool for developing and evaluating climate policies in cities.<br />
* More than 115 peer reviewed articles; 25 proceedings, reports or book articles; three articles in domestic language; two open web-workspaces for production and dissemination of scientific information to improve decision making; three open source models or software packages; and more than 70 abstracts in scientific meetings.<br />
* Opponent for Patrycja Gradowska (Delft Technological University, Delft, the Netherlands 8 May 2013)<br />
* Evaluator of applications to THL about health promotion, 2012-2014.<br />
* Developer of the open Opasnet website for scientific decision support and open policy practice, 2006 - <br />
* Evaluator of the Juho Vainio Foundation, 2020 -<br />
<br />
'''12. Memberships and positions of trust in scientific societies<br />
* Member of MATINE - the Scientific Advisory Board of Defence, medical division, 2017 -<br />
* Representative of THL in the national coordinating group of climate adaptation (21 May 2012 - 31 Dec 2013).<br />
* Member in a national group evaluating the update of the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive (EIA Directive) (2013).<br />
<br />
'''13. Link to complete CV<br />
:http://en.opasnet.org/w/User:Jouni<br />
<br />
=List of publications=<br />
<br />
: Tuomisto, Jouni Tapio (born 1967 in Finland)<br />
: Scientific publications 2023-01-07<br />
: ORCID 0000-0002-9988-1762, website http://en.opasnet.org/w/User:Jouni, email firstname.lastname(at)kausal.tech<br />
<br />
==Selected publications==<br />
<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Yrjölä J, Kolehmainen M, Bonsdorff J, Pekkanen J, Tikkanen T. (2020) An agent-based epidemic model REINA for COVID-19 to identify destructive policies. MedRxiv preprint, submitted 2020-04-09. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.09.20047498 <br />
# Tuomisto, J.T., Pohjola, M.V. & Rintala, T. From insight network to open policy practice: practical experiences. Health Res Policy Sys 18, 36 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-020-00547-3<br />
# Tuomisto, J.T., Asikainen, A., Meriläinen, P. et al. Health effects of nutrients and environmental pollutants in Baltic herring and salmon: a quantitative benefit-risk assessment. BMC Public Health 20, 64 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-8094-1<br />
# Tuomisto JT et al. (2019). Opasnet. An English web workspace for providing scientific information to help societal decision-making. http://en.opasnet.org (English) and http://fi.opasnet.org (Finnish) (accessed 20 Dec 2019. Own contribution (English + Finnish): 2132+1940 pages edited, contribution score: 3127+2103.)<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto, Marjo Niittynen, Erkki Pärjälä, Arja Asikainen, Laura Perez, Stephan Trüeb, Matti Jantunen, Nino Künzli, Clive E. Sabel. Building-related health impacts in European and Chinese cities: a scalable assessment method. Environmental Health 2015, 14:93. {{doi|10.1186/s12940-015-0082-z}} [http://www.ehjournal.net/content/14/1/93]<br />
# Sandström, Vilma; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Majaniemi, Sami; Rintala, Teemu; Pohjola, Mikko V.: Evaluating effectiveness of open assessments on alternative biofuel sources. Sustainability: Science, Practice & Policy (2014): 10(1) Published online May 16, 2014. [http://sspp.proquest.com/archives/vol10iss2/1207-032.sandstrom.html]<br />
# Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Pohjola, Mikko; Pohjola, Pasi. Avoin päätöksentekokäytäntö voisi parantaa tiedon hyödyntämistä. [Open policy practice could improve knowledge use.] (in Finnish) Yhteiskuntapolitiikka 1/2014, 66-75. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2014031821621<br />
# Mikko V. Pohjola, Pasi Pohjola, Marko Tainio, Jouni T. Tuomisto: Perspectives to Performance of Environment and Health Assessments and Models—From Outputs to Outcomes? (Review). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 2621-2642; doi:10.3390/ijerph10072621 <br />
# Tijhuis, M.J., Pohjola, M.V., Gunnlaugsdóttir, H., Kalogeras, N., Leino, O., Luteijn, J.M., Magnússon, S.H., Odekerken, G., Poto, M., Tuomisto, J.T., Ueland, Ø., White, B.C., Holm, F., Verhagen, H., 2011. Looking beyond Borders: Integrating best practices in benefit-risk analysis into the field of food and nutrition. Food and Chemical Toxicology (2012) 50: 1: 77-93. {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.044}}<br />
# Pohjola MV, Tuomisto JT. Openness in participation, assessment, and policy making upon issues of environment and environmental health: a review of literature and recent project results. Environ Health. 2011 Jun 16;10:58. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21679456]<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto, Andrew Wilson, John S. Evans, Marko Tainio. 2008. Uncertainty in mortality response to airborne fine particulate matter: Combining European air pollution experts. Reliability Engineering and System Safety 93: 732-744. {{doi|10.1016/j.ress.2007.03.002}}<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M. 2005. An economic way of reducing health, environmental, and other pressures of urban traffic: a decision analysis on trip aggregation. BMC PUBLIC HEALTH 5:123. [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/5/123/abstract]<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Tainio, M; Niittynen, M; Verkasalo, P; Vartiainen, T; Kiviranta, H; Pekkanen, J. 2004. Risk-benefit analysis of eating farmed salmon. SCIENCE 305 (5683): 476-476. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.305.5683.476<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Pekkanen, J; Kiviranta, H; Tukiainen, E; Vartiainen, T; Tuomisto, J. 2004. Soft-tissue sarcoma and dioxin: A case-control study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER 108 (6): 893-900.<br />
# Levy, JI; Carrothers, TJ; Tuomisto, JT; Hammitt, JK; Evans, JS. 2001. Assessing the public health benefits of reduced ozone concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 109 (12): 1215-1226.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Viluksela, M; Pohjanvirta, R; Tuomisto, J. 1999. The AH receptor and a novel gene determine acute toxic responses to TCDD: Segregation of the resistant alleles to different rat lines. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 155 (1): 71-81.<br />
<br />
==A. Peer-reviewed scientific articles==<br />
<br />
::; 1991<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Koulu M, Tuomisto L. Effect of A Single Dose of Tcdd on the Level of Histamine in Discrete Nuclei in Rat-Brain. Agents Actions 1991; 33(1-2):154-156.<br />
#; 1993<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Vuolteenaho O, Leppaluoto J, Tuomisto J. Effect of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin (Tcdd) on Plasma and Tissue Beta-Endorphin-Like Immunoreactivity in the Most Tcdd-Susceptible and the Most Tcdd-Resistant Rat Strain. Life Sci 1993; 53(19):1479-1487.<br />
# Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, MacDonald E, Tuomisto L, Koulu M et al. Effect of A Single Lethal Dose of Tcdd on the Levels of Monoamines, Their Metabolites and Tryptophan in Discrete Brain Nuclei and Peripheral-Tissues of Long-Evans Rats. Pharmacol Toxicol 1993; 72(4-5):279-285.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. TCDD reduces selectively plasma ß-endorphin levels in TCDD-susceptible Long-Evans rats but not in TCDD-resistant Han/Wistar rats. Organohalogen Comp 1993; 13:297-300.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Räisänen L, Tuomisto J. Effects of TCDD on motor activity of TCDD-susceptible and -resistant rat strains. Organohalogen Comp 1993; 13:313-315.<br />
#; 1994<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, MacDonald E, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Dose-Response and Time-Course of Alterations in Tryptophan-Metabolism by 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin (Tcdd) in the Most Tcdd-Susceptible and the Most Tcdd-Resistant Rat Strain - Relationship with Tcdd Lethality. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1994; 128(2):280-292.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Modulation of TCDD-induced wasting syndrome by diabetes. Organohalogen Comp 1994; 21:315-318.<br />
#; 1995<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Linden J, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Toxic Equivalency Factors do Not Predict the Acute Toxicities of Dioxins in Rats. Eur J Pharmacol Env Toxicol Pharmacol 1995; 293(4):341-353.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin-Induced Anorexia and Wasting Syndrome in Rats - Aggravation After Ventromedial Hypothalamic-Lesion. Eur J Pharmacol Env Toxicol Pharmacol 1995; 293(4):309-317.<br />
# Unkila M, Ruotsalainen M, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, MacDonald E, Tuomisto JT et al. Effect of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin (Tcdd) on Tryptophan and Glucose-Homeostasis in the Most Tcdd-Susceptible and the Most Tcdd-Resistant Species, Guinea-Pigs and Hamsters. Arch Toxicol 1995; 69(10):677-683.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Alterations in Plasma Tryptophan Binding to Albumin in 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin-Treated Long-Evans Rats. Eur J Pharmacol Env Toxicol Pharmacol 1995; 293(2):115-121.<br />
# Vartiainen T, Lampi P, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Polychlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin and Polychlorodibenzofuran Concentrations in Human Fat Samples in A Village After Pollution of Drinking-Water with Chlorophenols. Chemosphere 1995; 30(8):1429-1438.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Rozman K, Tuomisto J. Effect of TCDD on tryptophan and glucose homeostasis in the most TCDD-susceptible and the most TCDD-resistant species guinea pigs and hamsters. Organohalogen Comp 1995; 25:219-223.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Rozman K, Tuomisto J. Effect of TCDD on tryptophan and glucose homeostasis in the most TCDD-susceptible and the most TCDD-resistant species, guinea pigs and hamsters. Organohalogen Comp 1995; 25:219-223.<br />
#; 1996<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. TCDD blocks the weight increasing effect of paraventricular lesion. Organohalogen Comp 1996; 29:371-374.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. Amelioration of short-term toxicity of TCDD with a fish oil rich in omega-3 fatty acids in Long-Evans rats. Organohalogen Comp 1996; 29:277-280.<br />
# Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. Nitric oxide antagonist N-nitro-L-arginine decreases the lethality of TCDD in mice, but increases it in rats. Organohalogen Comp 1996; 29:272-276.<br />
#; 1998<br />
# Valjakka A, Vartiainen J, Tuomisto L, Tuomisto JT, Olkkonen H, Airaksinen MM. The fasciculus retroflexus controls the integrity of REM sleep by supporting the generation of hippocampal theta rhythm and rapid eye movements in rats. Brain Res Bull 1998; 47(2):171-184.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Simanainen U, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Effect of geldanamycin on the acute toxicity of TCDD. Organohalogen Comp 1998; 37:191-194.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and lesion of dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus have additive effects on body weight loss. Organohalogen Comp 1998; 37:81-83.<br />
# Viluksela M, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Harper PA, Okey AB et al. Characterization of the deviant structure-activity relationship for chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs) in the resistant Han/Wistar rats. Organohalogen Comp 1998; 38:287-290.<br />
# Pekkanen J, Tuomisto JT. Väestönkasvu on vain yksi taudeista. Duodecim 1998; 114:594. <br />
#; 1999<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Karasinska J, Franc MA et al. Physicochemical differences in the AH receptors of the most TCDD-susceptible and the most TCDD-resistant rat strains. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1999; 155(1):82-95.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto J. The AH receptor and a novel gene determine acute toxic responses to TCDD: Segregation of the resistant alleles to different rat lines. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1999; 155(1):71-81.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. TCDD-induced anorexia and wasting syndrome in rats: Effects of diet-induced obesity and nutrition. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 1999; 62(4):735-742.<br />
# Viluksela M, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Stahl BU, Rozman KK et al. Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity, glucose homeostasis and plasma amino acid concentrations in the most TCDD-susceptible and the most TCDD-resistant rat strains. Arch Toxicol 1999; 73(6):323-336.<br />
# Strandman T, Koistinen J, Kiviranta H, Vuorinen PJ, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J et al. Levels of some polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fish and human adipose tissue in Finland. Organohalogen Comp 1999; 40:355-358.<br />
#; 2000<br />
# Kiviranta H, Vartiainen T, Verta M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. High fish-specific dioxin concentrations in Finland. Lancet 2000; 355(9218):1883-1885.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto J. Changes in food intake and food selection in rats after 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2000; 65(3):381-387.<br />
# Viluksela M, Bager Y, Tuomisto JT, Scheu G, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R et al. Liver tumor-promoting activity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in TCDD-sensitive and TCDD-resistant rat strains. Cancer Res 2000; 60(24):6911-6920.<br />
# Kattainen H, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Kovero O, Alaluusua S, Tuomisto J et al. In utero/lactational TCDD exposure impairs the molar tooth development in rats. Organohalogen Comp 2000; 49:229-232.<br />
# Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Kattainen H, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M. Effects of in utero and lactational TCDD exposure on male reproduction pattern in three differentially TCDD sensitive rat lines. Organohalogen Comp 2000; 49:342-344.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Tuomisto J. Soft tissue sarcoma and dioxin exposure in Finnish general population. Organohalogen Comp 2000; 48:107-110.<br />
#; 2001<br />
# Jämsä T, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Tuukkanen J. Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on bone in two rat strains with different aryl hydrocarbon receptor structures. J Bone Miner Res 2001; 16(10):1812-1820.<br />
# Kattainen H, Tuukkanen J, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Kovero O, Lukinmaa PL et al. In utero/lactational 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure impairs molar tooth development in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2001; 174(3):216-224.<br />
# Levy JI, Carrothers TJ, Tuomisto JT, Hammitt JK, Evans JS. Assessing the public health benefits of reduced ozone concentrations. Environ Health Perspect 2001; 109(12):1215-1226.<br />
#; 2002<br />
# Kiukkonen A, Viluksela M, Sahlberg C, Alaluusua S, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J et al. Response of the incisor tooth to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in a dioxin-resistant and a dioxin-sensitive rat strain. Toxicol Sci 2002; 69(2):482-489.<br />
# Niittynen M, Tuomisto JT, Auriola S, Pohjanvirta R, Syrjala P, Simanainen U et al. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced accumulation of biliverdin and hepatic peliosis in rats. Toxicol Sci 2002; 71(1):112-123.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Korkalainen M, McGuire J, Simanainen U, Juvonen R, Tuomisto JT et al. Comparison of acute toxicities of indolo[3,2-b]carbazole (ICZ) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in TCDD-sensitive rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2002; 40(7):1023-1032.<br />
# Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M. Structure-activity relationships and dose responses of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins for short-term effects in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-resistant and -sensitive rat strains. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2002; 181(1):38-47.<br />
# Fletcher N, Stern N, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto J et al. The retinoid response in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-treated Long-Evans and Han/Wistar rats. Organohalogen Comp 2002; 55:437-439.<br />
#; 2003<br />
# Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M. Dose-response analysis of short-term effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in three differentially susceptible rat lines. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2003; 187(2):128-136.<br />
# Stern N, Lind PM, Larsson S, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J et al. TCDD induces trabecular bone loss and bone fragility in a TCDD-sensitive but not in a TCDD-resistant rat strain. Organohalogen Comp 2003; 64:312-315. <br />
#; 2004<br />
# Miettinen HM, Huuskonen H, Partanen AM, Miettinen P, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R et al. Effects of epidermal growth factor receptor deficiency and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlor.odibenzo-p-dioxin on fetal development in mice. Toxicology Letters 2004; 150(3):285-291.<br />
# Simanainen U, Adamsson A, Tuomisto JT, Miettinen HM, Toppari J, Tuomisto J et al. Adult 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure and effects on male reproductive organs in three differentially TCDD-susceptible rat lines. Toxicol Sci 2004; 81(2):401-407.<br />
# Simanainen U, Haavisto T, Tuomisto JT, Paranko J, Toppari J, Tuomisto J et al. Pattern of male reproductive system effects after in utero and lactational 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure in three differentially TCDD-sensitive rat lines. Toxicol Sci 2004; 80(1):101-108.<br />
# Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Syrjala P, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M. Postnatal development of resistance to short-term high-dose toxic effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in TCDD-resistant and -semiresistant rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 196(1):11-19.<br />
# Tuomisto J, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Viluksela M et al. Dioxin cancer risk - example of hormesis? Non linearity in Biology, Toxicology and Medicine 2004.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Tuomisto J. Soft-tissue sarcoma and dioxin: A case-control study. Int J Cancer 2004; 108(6):893-900.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Tainio M, Niittynen M, Verkasalo P, Vartiainen T et al. Risk-benefit analysis of eating farmed salmon. Science 2004; 305(5683):476. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.305.5683.476<br />
#; 2005<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Pekkanen, J. 2005. Assessing environmental health risks or net health benefits?. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 33 (3): 162-163.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M. 2005. An economic way of reducing health, environmental, and other pressures of urban traffic: a decision analysis on trip aggregation. BMC PUBLIC HEALTH 5:123. [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/5/123/abstract]<br />
# Kiviranta, H; Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Tukiainen, E; Vartiainen, T. 2005. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls in the general population in Finland. CHEMOSPHERE 60 (7): 854-869.<br />
# Fletcher, N; Giese, N; Schmidt, C; Stern, N; Lind, PM; Viluksela, M; Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Nau, H; Hakansson, H. 2005. Altered retinoid metabolism in female long-evans and Han/Wistar rats following long-term 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-treatment. TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES 86 (2): 264-272.<br />
# Hanninen, OO; Palonen, J; Tuomisto, JT; Yli-Tuomi, T; Seppanen, O; Jantunen, MJ. 2005. Reduction potential of urban PM2.5 mortality risk using modern ventilation systems in buildings. INDOOR AIR 15 (4): 246-256.<br />
# Hanninen, OO; Tuomisto, JT; Jantunen, MJ. 2005. Characterization of model error in a simulation of fine particulate matter exposure distributions of the working age population in Helsinki, Finland. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION 55 (4): 446-457.<br />
# Tainio, M; Tuomisto, JT; Hanninen, O; Aarnio, P; Koistinen, KJ; Jantunen, MJ; Pekkanen, J. 2005. Health effects caused by primary fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emitted from buses in the Helsinki metropolitan area, Finland. RISK ANALYSIS 25 (1): 151-160.<br />
#; 2006<br />
# Tuomisto J, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT. Dioxin Cancer Risk - Example of Hormesis? Dose Response. 2006 May 1;3(3):332-341. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18648613]<br />
#; 2007<br />
# van Bree, L; Fudge, N; Tuomisto, JT; Brunekreef, B. 2007. Closing the gap between science and policy on air pollution and health. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES 70 (3-4): 377-381.<br />
# Tainio M, Tuomisto JT, Hanninen O, et al.: Parameter and model uncertainty in a life-table model for fine particles (PM2.5): a statistical modeling study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, 6 (Article 6) AUG 23 2007.<br />
# Cooke RM, Wilson AM, Tuomisto JT, et al. A Probabilistic characterization of the relationship between fine particulate matter and mortality: Elicitation of European experts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 41 (18): 6598-6605 SEP 15 2007. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17948814]<br />
# Niittynen M, Simanainen U, Syrjala P, et al. Differences in acute toxicity syndromes of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats. TOXICOLOGY 235 (1-2): 39-51 JUN 3 2007 2007.<br />
# Kiljunen M, Vanhatalo M, Mantyniemi S, et al. Human dietary intake of organochlorines from Baltic herring: Implications of individual fish variability and fisheries management. AMBIO 36 (2-3): 257-264 APR 2007.<br />
# Main KM, Kiviranta H, Virtanen HE, Sundqvist E, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Vartiainen T, Skakkebaek NE, Toppari J. Flame retardants in placenta and breast milk and cryptorchidism in newborn boys. Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Oct;115(10):1519-26. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17938745]<br />
#; 2008<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto, Andrew Wilson, John S. Evans, Marko Tainio. 2008. Uncertainty in mortality response to airborne fine particulate matter: Combining European air pollution experts. Reliability Engineering and System Safety 93: 732-744. {{doi|10.1016/j.ress.2007.03.002}}<br />
# Niittynen M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R. Effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on heme oxygenase-1, biliverdin IXalpha reductase and delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase 1 in rats with wild-type or variant AH receptor. Toxicology. 2008 Sep 4;250(2-3):132-42. Epub 2008 Jul 10. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18657588]<br />
# Karvosenoja, N (Karvosenoja, Niko); Tainio, M (Tainio, Marko); Kupiainen, K (Kupiainen, Kaarle); Tuomisto, JT (Tuomisto, Jouni T.); Kukkonen, J (Kukkonen, Jaakko); Johansson, M (Johansson, Matti). Evaluation of the emissions and uncertainties of PM2.5 originated from vehicular traffic and domestic wood combustion in Finland. BOREAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH, 13 (5): 465-474 OCT 31 2008.<br />
# Leino O, Tainio M, Tuomisto JT. Comparative risk analysis of dioxins in fish and fine particles from heavy-duty vehicles. Risk Anal. 2008 Feb;28(1):127-40. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18304111]<br />
# Franc MA, Moffat ID, Boutros PC, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Pohjanvirta R, Okey AB. Patterns of dioxin-altered mRNA expression in livers of dioxin-sensitive versus dioxin-resistant rats. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Nov;82(11):809-30. Epub 2008 May 9. Erratum in: Arch Toxicol. 2008 Nov;82(11):831. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18465118]<br />
#; 2009<br />
# Marko Tainio, Mikhail Sofiev, Mika Hujo, Jouni T. Tuomisto, Miranda Loh, Matti J. Jantunen, Ari Karppinen, Leena Kangas, Niko Karvosenoja, Kaarle Kupiainen, Petri Porvari, Jaakko Kukkonen: Evaluation of the European population intake fractions for European and Finnish anthropogenic primary fine particulate matter emissions. Atmospheric Environment 43 (2009) 3052–3059.<br />
# Marko Tainio, Niko Karvosenoja, Petri Porvari, Arjen Raateland, Jouni T. Tuomisto, Matti Johansson, Jaakko Kukkonen, Kaarle Kupiainen: A simple concept for GIS-based estimation of population exposure to primary fine particles from vehicular traffic and domestic wood combustion. Boreal Environment Research 14 (2009): 850-860.<br />
#; 2010<br />
# Sand S, Fletcher N, von Rosen D, Kalantari F, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Falk-Filipsson A, Håkansson H. Quantitative and statistical analysis of differences in sensitivity between Long-Evans and Han/Wistar rats following long-term exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2010 Jul-Aug;57(2-3):136-45. Epub 2010 Feb 4. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20138101]<br />
# Herlin M, Kalantari F, Stern N, Sand S, Larsson S, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Tuukkanen J, Jämsä T, Lind PM, Håkansson H. Quantitative characterization of changes in bone geometry, mineral density and biomechanical properties in two rat strains with different Ah-receptor structures after long-term exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicology. 2010 Jun 29;273(1-3):1-11. Epub 2010 Apr 18. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20403408]<br />
# Hirvonen T, Sinkko H, Hallikainen A, Kiviranta H, Pietinen P, Valsta L, Tuomisto JT. Modelling the intake of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans: impact of energy under-reporting and number of reporting days in dietary surveys. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2010 Aug;27(8):1170-6. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20432100]<br />
# Tainio, M (Tainio, M.); Tuomisto, JT (Tuomisto, J. T.); Pekkanen, J (Pekkanen, J.); Karvosenoja, N (Karvosenoja, N.); Kupiainen, K (Kupiainen, K.); Porvari, P (Porvari, P.); Sofiev, M (Sofiev, M.); Karppinen, A (Karppinen, A.); Kangas, L (Kangas, L.); Kukkonen, J (Kukkonen, J.): Uncertainty in health risks due to anthropogenic primary fine particulate matter from different source types in Finland. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 2010: 44 (17): 2125-2132 {{doi|10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.02.036}}<br />
#; 2011<br />
# Lensu S, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Pohjanvirta R. Characterization of the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-provoked strong and rapid aversion to unfamiliar foodstuffs in rats. Toxicology. 2011 May 10;283(2-3):140-50. Epub 2011 Mar 22. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21435369]<br />
# Lensu S, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M, Niittynen M, Pohjanvirta R. Immediate and highly sensitive aversion response to a novel food item linked to AH receptor stimulation. Toxicol Lett. 2011 Jun 24;203(3):252-7. Epub 2011 Mar 31. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21458548]<br />
# Pohjola MV, Tuomisto JT. Openness in participation, assessment, and policy making upon issues of environment and environmental health: a review of literature and recent project results. Environ Health. 2011 Jun 16;10:58. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21679456]<br />
# Pohjola, M.V., Pohjola, P., Paavola, S., Bauters, M., Tuomisto, J.T., 2011b. Pragmatic knowledge services. Journal of Universal Computer Science 17, 472-497. {{doi|10.3217/jucs-017-03-0472}}<br />
# Niko Karvosenoja, Leena Kangas, Kaarle Kupiainen, Jaakko Kukkonen, Ari Karppinen, Mikhail Sofiev, Marko Tainio, Ville-Veikko Paunu, Pauliina Ahtoniemi, Jouni T. Tuomisto, Petri Porvari. Integrated modeling assessments of the population exposure in Finland to primary PM2.5 from traffic and domestic wood combustion on the resolutions of 1 and 10 km. Air Quality Atmosphere and Health 2011 (4) 3-4: 179-188. {{doi|10.1007/s11869-010-0100-9}}<br />
# Taimisto, Pauliina; Tainio, Marko; Karvosenoja, Niko; Kupiainen, Kaarle; Porvari, Petri; Karppinen, Ari; Kangas, Leena; Kukkonen, Jaakko; Tuomisto, Jouni T. Evaluation of intake fractions for different subpopulations due to primary fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emitted from domestic wood combustion and traffic in Finland. Air Quality Atmosphere and Health 2011 (4) 3-4: 199-209. {{doi|10.1007/s11869-011-0138-3}}<br />
# de Nazelle, Audrey; Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J.; Anto, Josep M.; Brauer, Michael; Briggs, David; Braun-Fahrlander, Charlotte; Cavill, Nick; Cooper, Ashley R.; Desqueyroux, Helene; Fruin, Scott; Hoek, Gerard; Panis, Luc Int; Janssen, Nicole; Jerrett, Michael; Joffe, Michael; Andersen, Zorana Jovanovic; van Kempen, Elise; Kingham, Simon; Kubesch, Nadine; Leyden, Kevin M.; Marshall, Julian D.; Matamala, Jaume; Mellios, Giorgos; Mendez, Michelle; Nassif, Hala; Ogilvie, David; Peiro, Rosana; Perez, Katherine; Rabl, Ari; Ragettli, Martina; Rodriguez, Daniel; Rojas, David; Ruiz, Pablo; Sallis, James F.; Terwoert, Jeroen; Toussaint, Jean-Francois; Tuomisto, Jouni; Zuurbier, Moniek; Lebret, Erik. Improving health through policies that promote active travel: A review of evidence to support integrated health impact assessment. Environment International 2011 (37) 4: 766-777. {{doi|10.1016/j.envint.2011.02.003}}<br />
#; 2012<br />
# Virtanen HE, Koskenniemi JJ, Sundqvist E, Main KM, Kiviranta H, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M, Vartiainen T, Skakkebaek NE, Toppari J. Associations between congenital cryptorchidism in newborn boys and levels of dioxins and PCBs in placenta. Int J Androl. 2012 Jun;35(3):283-93. {{doi|10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01233.x}}. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22150420]. ISSN 0105-6263<br />
# Verhagen H, Tijhuis MJ, Gunnlaugsdottir H, Kalogeras N, Leino O, Luteijn JM, Magnússon SH, Odekerken G, Pohjola MV, Tuomisto JT, Ueland O, White BC, Holm F. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Introduction. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 2-4. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21679738]<br />
# Tijhuis MJ, de Jong N, Pohjola MV, Gunnlaugsdóttir H, Hendriksen M, Hoekstra J, Holm F, Kalogeras N, Leino O, van Leeuwen FX, Luteijn JM, Magnússon SH, Odekerken G, Rompelberg C, Tuomisto JT, Ueland O, White BC, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Food and nutrition. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 5-25. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21679741]<br />
# Luteijn JM, White BC, Gunnlaugsdóttir H, Holm F, Kalogeras N, Leino O, Magnússon SH, Odekerken G, Pohjola MV, Tijhuis MJ, Tuomisto JT, Ueland O, McCarron PA, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Medicines. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 26-32 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21683115]<br />
# Magnússon SH, Gunnlaugsdóttir H, van Loveren H, Holm F, Kalogeras N, Leino O, Luteijn JM, Odekerken G, Pohjola MV, Tijhuis MJ, Tuomisto JT, Ueland O, White BC, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Food microbiology. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 33-39. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21679739]<br />
# Pohjola MV, Leino O, Kollanus V, Tuomisto JT, Gunnlaugsdóttir H, Holm F, Kalogeras N, Luteijn JM, Magnússon SH, Odekerken G, Tijhuis MJ, Ueland O, White BC, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Environmental health. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 40-55. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21708210]<br />
# Kalogeras N, Odekerken-Schröder G, Pennings JM, Gunnlaugsdottir H, Holm F, Leino O, Luteijn JM, Magnússon SH, Pohjola MV, Tijhuis MJ, Tuomisto JT, Ueland O, White BC, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Economics and Marketing-Finance. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 56-66. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21871522]<br />
# Ueland O, Gunnlaugsdottir H, Holm F, Kalogeras N, Leino O, Luteijn JM, Magnússon SH, Odekerken G, Pohjola MV, Tijhuis MJ, Tuomisto JT, White BC, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Consumer perception. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 67-76. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21683114]<br />
# Tijhuis, M.J., Pohjola, M.V., Gunnlaugsdóttir, H., Kalogeras, N., Leino, O., Luteijn, J.M., Magnússon, S.H., Odekerken, G., Poto, M., Tuomisto, J.T., Ueland, Ø., White, B.C., Holm, F., Verhagen, H., 2011. Looking beyond Borders: Integrating best practices in benefit-risk analysis into the field of food and nutrition. Food and Chemical Toxicology (2012) 50: 1: 77-93. {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.044}}<br />
# Karjalainen AK, Hirvonen T, Kiviranta H, Sinkko H, Kronberg-Kippilä C, Virtanen SM, Hallikainen A, Leino O, Knip M, Veijola R, Simell O, Tuomisto JT. Long-term daily intake estimates of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenylethers from food in Finnish children: risk assessment implications. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2012;29(9):1475-88. {{doi|10.1080/19440049.2012.694373}}. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22765049].<br />
# Tuomisto J, Tuomisto JT. Is the fear of dioxin cancer more harmful than dioxin? Toxicol Lett. 2012 May 5;210(3):338-44. {{doi|10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.02.007}}. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22387160].<br />
#; 2013<br />
# Anna K. Karjalainen, Anja Hallikainen, Tero Hirvonen, Hannu Kiviranta, Mikael Knip, Carina Kronberg-Kippilä, Olli Leino, Olli Simell, Harri Sinkko, Jouni T. Tuomisto, Riitta Veijola, Eija-Riitta Venäläinen, Suvi M. Virtanen. Estimated intake levels for Finnish children of methylmercury from fish. Food and Chemical Toxicology: Volume 54, April 2013, Pages 70-77. {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2012.02.074}} [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22425939].<br />
# Leino O, Kiviranta H, Karjalainen AK, Kronberg-Kippilä C, Sinkko H, Larsen EH, Virtanen S, Tuomisto JT. Pollutant concentrations in placenta. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013 Apr;54:59-69. {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2011.10.058}}. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22056334].<br />
# Mikko V. Pohjola, Pasi Pohjola, Marko Tainio, Jouni T. Tuomisto: Perspectives to Performance of Environment and Health Assessments and Models—From Outputs to Outcomes? (Review). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 2621-2642; {{doi|10.3390/ijerph10072621}}<br />
# Leino O, Karjalainen AK, Tuomisto JT. Effects of docosahexaenoic acid and methylmercury on child's brain development due to consumption of fish by Finnish mother during pregnancy: A probabilistic modeling approach. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013 Apr;54:50-8. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.052. Epub 2011 Jun 23. [Epub ahead of print] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21723361] {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.052}}<br />
#; 2014<br />
# Niittynen M, Simanainen U, Pohjanvirta R, Sankari S, Tuomisto JT. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) Increases Bilirubin Formation but Hampers Quantitative Hepatic Conversion of Biliverdin to Bilirubin in Rats with Wild-Type AH Receptor. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2014 Jan 13. doi: 10.1111/bcpt.12191. [Epub ahead of print]<br />
# Gens, Alexandra; Hurley, J. Fintan; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Friedrich, Rainer. Health impacts due to personal exposure to fine particles caused by insulation of residential buildings in Europe. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 84 (2014): 213-221. {{doi|10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.11.054}}<br />
# Sandström, Vilma; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Majaniemi, Sami; Rintala, Teemu; Pohjola, Mikko V.: Evaluating effectiveness of open assessments on alternative biofuel sources. Sustainability: Science, Practice & Policy (2014): 10(1) Published online May 16, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2014.11908132<br />
# Fantke, P., Jolliet, O., Apte, J.S., Cohen, A.J., Evans, J.S., Hänninen, O.O., Hurley, F., Jantunen, M.J., Jerrett, M., Levy, J.I., Loh, M.M., Marshall, J.D., Miller, B.G., Preiss, P., Spadaro, J.V., Tainio, M., Tuomisto, J.T., Weschler, C.J., McKone, T.E., 2014. Health effects of fine particulate matter in life cycle impact assessment: Conclusions from the Basel guidance workshop. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, {{doi|10.1007/s11367-11014-10822-11362}}<br />
# Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Pohjola, Mikko; Pohjola, Pasi. Avoin päätöksentekokäytäntö voisi parantaa tiedon hyödyntämistä. [Open policy practice could improve knowledge use.] Yhteiskuntapolitiikka 1/2014, 66-75. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2014031821621<br />
#; 2015<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Massadata kansanterveyden edistämisessä. [Big data in promotion of public health.] Duodecim 2015;131:2179–87.<br />
# Perez, L; Trueb, S; Cowie, H; Keuken, M P; Mudu, P; Ragettli, M S; Sarigiannis, D A; Tobollik, M; Tuomisto, J; Vienneau, D; Sabel, C; Kunzli, N. Transport-related measures to mitigate climate change in Basel, Switzerland: A health-effectiveness comparison study. Environment international 2015 (85) 111-119. {{doi|10.1016/j.envint.2015.08.002}}<br />
# Clive E. Sabel, Rosemary Hiscock, Arja Asikainen, Jun Bi, Mike Depledge, Sef van den Elshout, Rainer Friedrich, Ganlin Huang, Fintan Hurley, Matti Jantunen, Spyros P. Karakitsios, Menno Keuken, Simon Kingham, Periklis Kontoroupis, Nino Künzli, Miaomiao Liu, Marco Martuzzi, Katie Morton, Pierpaolo Mudu, Marjo Niittynen, Laura Perez, Denis Sarigiannis, Will Stahl-Timmins, Myriam Tobollik, Jouni Tuomisto, Saskia Willers. Public Health impacts of city policies to reduce climate change: findings from the URGENCHE EU-China project. Environmental Health Environmental Health 2016: 15(Suppl 1):S25. {{doi|10.1186/s12940-016-0097-0}}.<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto, Marjo Niittynen, Erkki Pärjälä, Arja Asikainen, Laura Perez, Stephan Trüeb, Matti Jantunen, Nino Künzli, Clive E. Sabel. Building-related health impacts in European and Chinese cities: a scalable assessment method. Environmental Health 2015, 14:93. {{doi|10.1186/s12940-015-0082-z}} [http://www.ehjournal.net/content/14/1/93]<br />
#; 2016<br />
# Tobollik M, Keuken M, Sabel C, Cowie H, Tuomisto JT, Sarigiannis D, Künzli N, Perez L, Mudu P. (2016) Health impact assessment of transport policies in Rotterdam: Decrease of total traffic and increase of electric car use. Environmental Research 146: 350-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.01.014<br />
# Neittaanmäki P, Huttula T, Karvanen J, Frisk T, Tuomisto JT, Simola A, Tuovinen T, Ropponen J (2016) Unicorn–Open science for assessing environmental state, human health and regional economy. Research Ideas and Outcomes 2: e9232. {{doi|10.3897/rio.2.e9232}} (under peer review)<br />
# Tuomisto J, Airaksinen R, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Pekkanen J, Tuomisto JT. A pharmacokinetic analysis and dietary information are necessary to confirm or reject the hypothesis on persistent organic pollutants causing type 2 diabetes. Toxicol Lett. 2016 Aug 26. pii: S0378-4274(16)33126-5. {{doi|10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.08.024}} [http://pubmed.gov/27575567]<br />
#; 2017<br />
# Arja Asikainen, Erkki Pärjälä, Matti Jantunen, Jouni T. Tuomisto and Clive E. Sabel. Effects of Local Greenhouse Gas Abatement Strategies on Air Pollutant Emissions and on Health in Kuopio, Finland. Climate 2017, 5(2), 43; {{doi|10.3390/cli5020043}}<br />
# Tuomisto J, Airaksinen R, Pekkanen J, Tukiainen E, Kiviranta H, Tuomisto JT. (2017) Comparison of questionnaire data and analyzed dioxin concentrations as a measure of exposure in soft-tissue sarcoma studies. Toxicol Lett. 2017 Mar 15;270:8-11. {{doi|10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.02.011}}<br />
#; 2018<br />
# Hanna Tuomisto, Matleena Tuomisto, Jouni T. Tuomisto (2018). How scientists perceive the evolutionary origin of human traits: Results of a survey study. Ecology and Evolution 8: 6:1-16. {{doi|10.1002/ece3.3887}}<br />
#; 2019<br />
# Mia Pihlajamäki, Arja Asikainen, Suvi Ignatius, Päivi Haapasaari. Jouni T. Tuomisto. Forage Fish as Food: Consumer Perceptions on Baltic Herring. Sustainability 2019, ''11''(16), 4298; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11164298<br />
#; 2020<br />
# Tuomisto, J.T., Asikainen, A., Meriläinen, P. et al. Health effects of nutrients and environmental pollutants in Baltic herring and salmon: a quantitative benefit-risk assessment. BMC Public Health 20, 64 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-8094-1<br />
# Tuomisto, J.T., Pohjola, M.V. & Rintala, T. From insight network to open policy practice: practical experiences. Health Res Policy Sys 18, 36 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-020-00547-3<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Yrjölä J, Kolehmainen M, Bonsdorff J, Pekkanen J, Tikkanen T. (2020) An agent-based epidemic model REINA for COVID-19 to identify destructive policies. MedRxiv preprint, submitted 2020-04-09. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.09.20047498<br />
# Rantakokko P, Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J, Airaksinen R, Raitakari O, Karvonen AM, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H. (2020) Estimated PCDD/F TEQ and total TEQ concentrations in the serum of 7–10 year old Finnish children. Chemosphere 257- 127-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127137<br />
# Nevalainen L, Tuomisto JT, Haapasaari P, Lehikoinen A. Spatial aspects of the dioxin risk formation in the Baltic Sea: A systematic review Science of The Total Environment 753 (2021), 142185, 13 pages. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142185<br />
#; 2021<br />
# Päivi Haapasaari, Suvi Ignatius, Mia Pihlajamäki, Andreas Bryhn, Simo Sarkki, Jouni Tuomisto, Lauri Nevalainen, Annukka Lehikoinen, Timo Assmuth, Atso Romakkaniemi, Heikki Peltoneni, Sakari, Kuikka. (2021) Integrated governance for managing multidimensional problems: Potentials, challenges, and arrangements. Marine Policy Volume 123, January 2021, 104276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104276<br />
#; 2023<br />
# Tuomisto J.T., Bliem B., Yrjölä J., Tikkanen T., Faehnle M. (2023) Value profiles as tools to understand and guide societal decision making. SocArxiv, submitted. DOI<br />
<br />
==B. Non-refereed scientific articles==<br />
<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, MacDonald E, Tuomisto L. Effect of a single dose of TCDD on the level of histamine in discrete nuclei in rat brain. XIX Meeting of the European Histamine Research Society. Abstracts. Kuopio: University of Kuopio, 1990: 117.<br />
# Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, MacDonald E, Tuomisto L, Tuomisto J. Effect of a single dose of TCDD on the levels of monoamines, their metabolites and tryptophan in discrete hypothalamic nuclei of rat brain. Acta Univ Tamperensis ser B 1990; 33:67.<br />
# Tuomisto J, Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R. TCDD completely reverses the hyperphagia due to VMH lesion. Soc Neurosci Abstr , 1993.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. TCDD reduces feed intake of rats despite hyperphagia by VMH lesion. In: Tuomisto J, Ruuskanen J, editors. Proceedings of the First Finnish Conference of Environmental Sciences. Kuopio: University of Kuopio, 1993: 369-371.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. TCDD reduces feed intake of rats despite hyperphagia by VMH lesion. Pharmacol Toxicol 1993; 73, suppl.II:115.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Laitinen J, Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. TCDD may induce an alternative metabolic route for melatonin in the rat. Hum Exp Toxicol 1994; 13:807.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. Effects of TCDD on spontaneous motor activity of rats and guinea pigs. Hum Exp Toxicol 1994; 13:808.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Characterization of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced changes in plasma tryptophan binding to albumin. Hum Exp Toxicol 1994; 13:808.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. Effects of nutrition and forced feeding on 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) -induced wasting syndrome in rats. In: Saski E, Saarinen T, editors. Helsinki: University of Helsinki, 1995: 153-156.<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Environmental and other attitudes among Finnish scouts and non-scouts. In: Saski E, Saarinen T, editors. Helsinki: University of Helsinki, 1995: 71-72.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. Interactions between TCDD and weight increasing factors. Toxicologist 1995; 15:67.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. TCDD-induced changes in tryptophan (TRP) in rats: Association with TCDD lethality. Toxicologist 1995; 15:67.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. TCDD cancels the effects on body weight of lesions of ventromedical hypothalamic and paraventricular nuclei. Proc Neurosci Abstr 1996; 22, part 2:1409.<br />
# Unkila M, Marjakangas O, Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a) does not play a major role in the acute toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the rat. Joint Meeting of the Finnish Society of Toxicology and the British Toxicology Society 1996.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and lesion of hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus have additive effects on body weight loss. In: Högmander H, Oikari A, editors. Proceedings of the Third Finnish Conference of Environmental Sciences. Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 1997: 291-293.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Laaksonen M, Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto J. Minor changes in leptin levels after 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure. Pharmacol Toxicol 1997; 80, Suppl. III:113.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and lesion of hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus have additive effects on body weight loss. Finnish-Estonian Congress of Toxicology, Tartu, May 22-24 1997;67.<br />
# Viluksela M, Bager Y, Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Flodström S et al. Comparison of liver tumor promoting activity of TCDD in a TCDD-sensitive and a TCDD-resistant rat strain. Pharmacol Toxicol 1997; 80, Suppl. III:152.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Juvonen R, Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Viluksela M, Bergman J et al. Indolol(3,2-b)carbazole (ICZ) is a weaker Ah receptor agonist in vivo than in vitro. Toxicol Lett 1998; suppl. 1/95:102.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. Separation of Ah receptor and another dioxin resistance gene in new rat lines. Toxicol Sci 1998; 42:66.<br />
# Viluksela M, Unkila M, Stahl BU, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Rozman KK et al. Effects of TCDD on the liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity and glucose homeostasis in a TCDD-susceptible and a TCDD-resistant rat strain. Toxicol Sci 1998; 42:381.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Alm S, Juuti S, Kettunen A, Kurttio P, Pekkanen J et al. Pyrkilo method in a complicated environmental health problem: Paakkila asbestos mine case, Finland. In: Kuusisto S, Isoaho S, Puhakka J, editors. Proceedings. Fourth Finnish Conference of Environmental Sciences. Tampere: Tampere University of Technology, 1999: 244-247.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pekkanen J, Alm S, Kurttio P, Venalainen R, Juuti S et al. Deliberation process by an explicit factor-effect-value network (Pyrkilo): Paakkila asbestos mine case, Finland. Epidemiol 1999; 10(4):S114.<br />
# Jämsä T, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Tuukkanen J. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography and three-point bending test in evaluating the effect of dioxins on rat long bones. Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the European Society of Biomechanics. Dublin: 2000: 339.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Celebi C, Simanainen U, Haavisto AM, Skakkebaek NE, Tuomisto J et al. Testicular toxicity of TCDD in a TCDD-sensitive and a TCDD-resistant rat strain: a stereological analysis. Toxicol Sci 2000; 54, suppl:276.<br />
# Viluksela M, Bager Y, Tuomisto JT, Scheu G, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R et al. Liver tumor promoting activity of TCDD in a TCDD-sensitive and a TCDD-resistant rat strain. Toxicol Sci 2000; 54, suppl:276.<br />
# Kattainen H, Tuukkanen J, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Kovero O, Alaluusua S et al. Impairment of molar tooth development after low dose in utero/lactational TCDD exposure in rats. Pharmacol Toxicol 2001; 88, suppl. I:20.<br />
# Kattainen H, Tuukkanen J, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Kovero O, Lukinmaa P-L et al. Toxicological significance of dioxin-induced defects in tooth development. Kuopio University Publications D 2001; 249:57.<br />
# Kiukkonen AP, Viluksela M, Alaluusua S, Sahlberg C, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Response of H/W and L-E rat incisors to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Int Assoc Dentl Res Congress . 2001.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Korkalainen M, McQuire J, Simanainen U, Juvonen R, Tuomisto JT et al. Toxicity of indolo(3,2-b)carbazole (ICZ) in vivo. Kuopio University Publications D 2001; 249:64.<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Centre of Environmental Health Risk Analysis: Working between science and policy. Airnet . 2002.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Tuomisto J. Soft tissue sarcoma and dioxins - A case-control study. Epidemiol 2002; 13(4):S187.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Simanainen U, Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto J. Postnatal development of resistance to acute lethality of TCDD in two TCDD-resistant rat strains. Toxicol Sci 2002; 66:334.<br />
# Viluksela M, Jämsä T, Kattainen H, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J et al. Effects of in utero/lactational exposure to TCDD on bone in rats. Toxicol Sci 2002; 66:170.<br />
# Fletcher N, Schmidt C, Stern N, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R et al. Hepatic retinoid levels in a TCDD-sensitive (Long-Evans) and TCDD-resistant (Han/Wistar) rat strain following long-term low-dose TCDD exposure. Toxicol Sci 2003; 72(S-1):1763.<br />
# Niittynen M, Tuomisto JT, Auriola S, Pohjanvirta R, Syrjala P, Simanainen U et al. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced accumulation of biliverdin and hepatic peliosis in rats. Toxicol Sci 2003; 72(S-1):1756.<br />
# Simanainen U, Niittynen M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. Differences in acute toxicity syndromes of TCDD and hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats. Toxicol Sci 2003; 72(S-1):1753.<br />
# Tainio M, Tuomisto JT. Comparing methodologies of six fine particle risk assessments. In: Honkanen J, Koponen P, editors. Proceedings. Sixth Finnish Conference of Environmental Sciences. Joensuu: University of Joensuu, 2003.<br />
# Tainio M, Tuomisto JT, Aarnio P, Jantunen M, Koistinen K, Hänninen O et al. Estimation of the contributions of different sources to average PM2.5 exposure of the adult population of Helsinki. 13th Annual Conference of International Society of Exposure Analysis. Abstract book. Stresa, Italy: International Society of Exposure Analysis, 2003.<br />
# Tainio M, Tuomisto JT, Aarnio P, Jantunen M, Pekkanen J. Comparison of different bus types and mortality due to fine particulate matter in Helsinki, Finland. World Congress on Risk.Abstracts , 44. 2003.<br />
# Giese N, Fletcher N, Schmidt C, Stern N, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT et al. Altered retinoid metabolism in rat strains with different sensitivity to TCDD toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 197(3):212.<br />
# Hänninen O, Tuomisto JT, Yli-Tuomi T, Jantunen M. Reduction of urban population mortality risk caused by PM2.5 using modern ventilation systems in buildings. 2004.<br />
# Niittynen M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Korkalainen M, Pohjanvirta R. The effect of TCDD on mRNA expression of key heme metabolic enzymes in rats with hepatic biliverdin accumulation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 197(3):215.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Okey AB, Tuomisto J. Rat strain difference-based animal model for mechanistic studies of dioxin toxicity. Toxicology 2004; 194(3):221.<br />
# Simanainen U, Miettinen HM, Haavisto T, Adamsson A, Koistinen J, Tuomisto JT et al. Comparison of sensitivity to male reproductive system effects after fetal and adult tetrachlorodibenzo-P-dioxin (TCDD) exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 197(3):354.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Tainio M, Pekkanen J, Tuomisto J. Comparative risk analysis of dioxins and fine particulate matter. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 197(3):169.<br />
# Viluksela M, Saurola P, Koivusaari J, Finnlund M, Verta M, Erasto P et al. Time trends of persistent halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons in Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) eggs in Finland. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 197(3):216.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M; Pekkanen, J; Tuomisto, J. 2004. Comparative risk analysis of dioxins and fine particulate matter. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 197 (3): 169-169.<br />
# Giese, N; Fletcher, N; Schmidt, C; Stern, N; Viluksela, M; Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Hakansson, H; Nau, H. 2004. Altered retinoid metabolism in rat strains with different sensitivity to TCDD toxicity. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 197 (3): 212-212.<br />
# Niittynen, M; Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Korkalainen, M; Pohjanvirta, R. 2004. The effect of TCDD on mRNA expression of key heme metabolic enzymes in rats with hepatic biliverdin accumulation. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 197 (3): 215-215.<br />
# Viluksela, M; Saurola, P; Koivusaari, J; Finnlund, M; Verta, M; Erasto, P; Tuomisto, JT; Kiviranta, H. 2004. Time trends of persistent halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons in Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) eggs in Finland. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 197 (3): 216-216.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Wilson, A; Cooke, RM; Tainio, M; Evans, JS. 2005. Mortality in Kuwait due to pm from oil fires after the Gulf War: Combining expert elicitation assessments. EPIDEMIOLOGY 16 (5): S74-S75.<br />
# Evans, JS; Wilson, A; Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M; Cooke, RM. 2005. What risk assessment can tell us about the mortality impacts of the Kuwaiti oil fires. EPIDEMIOLOGY 16 (5): S137-S138.<br />
# Hanninen, O; Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M; Jantunen, M. 2006. Five approaches to PM2.5 exposure reduction in a northern metropolitan area. EPIDEMIOLOGY 17 (6): S522-S522, Suppl. S.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M. 2006. Extended causal diagrams in describing environmental health risks. EPIDEMIOLOGY 17 (6): S524-S524, Suppl. S.<br />
# Virtanen, Helena E.; Sundqvist, Erno; Main, Katharina M.; Kiviranta, Hannu; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Tuomisto, Jouko; Vartiainen, Terttu; Skakkebaek, Niels E.; Toppari, Jorma; Grp Nordic Cryptorchidism Study. Congenital cryptorchidism and dioxin levels in breast milk and placenta. Hormone Research 2008 (70): 72.<br />
# Sand, S; Fletcher, N; von Rosen, D; Victorin, K; Viluksela, M; Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Filipsson, AF; Hakansson, H. 2006. Quantitative and statistical analysis of differences in sensitivity between Long-Evans and Han/Wistar rats following long-term exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. TOXICOLOGY LETTERS 164: S74-S74.<br />
# Tuomisto, J; Leino, O; Kiviranta, H; Tuomisto, JT. 2006. Use of intake fraction to improve dioxin risk assessment. TOXICOLOGY LETTERS 164: S148-S149.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT: A saga of industrial pollution. Science 19 July 2013: Vol. 341 no. 6143 pp. 238-239. doi:10.1126/science.1240379 .<br />
# Teemu Rintala, Einari Happonen, Jouni Tuomisto: OpasnetUtils. Utility functions for dealing with data in Opasnet (www.opasnet.org) environment. A software package for R. Version 1.0.0. CRAN, 2013. [28], accessed 19 July 2013.<br />
# Helga Gunnlaugsdottir and Jouni T. Tuomisto. Foreword. Integrated Benefit and Risk Analysis for Assessing Food Safety and Health Benefit; Results from QALIBRA and BENERIS. (Editorial) Food and Chemical Toxicology: Volume 54, April 2013, Pages 1–2. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2011.09.020<br />
# Niittynen M, Pärjälä E, Tuomisto JT. Increased use of biomass in combined heat and power production: health impacts due to PM2.5 emissions. Abstracts of the 2013 Conference of the International Society of Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE), the International Society of Exposure Science (ISES), and the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate (ISIAQ), August 19–23, 2013, Basel, Switzerland. 2013. Environ Health Perspect; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.ehbasel13.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Torras Ortiz S, Niittynen M. Online energy balance tool to assess health impacts of climate policies in cities - case EU (Kuopio, Stuttgart) and China (Suzhou). Abstracts of the 2013 Conference of the International Society of Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE), the International Society of Exposure Science (ISES), and the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate (ISIAQ), August 19–23, 2013, Basel, Switzerland. 2013. Environ Health Perspect; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.ehbasel13.<br />
# Jantunen M, Asikainen A, Niittynen M, Pärjälä E, Tuomisto JT. Conceptual model linking urban GHG policies to health and wellbeing (URGENCHE). Abstracts of the 2013 Conference of the International Society of Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE), the International Society of Exposure Science (ISES), and the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate (ISIAQ), August 19–23, 2013, Basel, Switzerland. 2013. Environ Health Perspect; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.ehbasel13.<br />
<br />
==C. Scientific monographs==<br />
<br />
# Tuomisto J, Vartiainen T, Tuomisto JT. Synopsis on dioxins and PCBs. Kuopio: National Public Health Institute, 1999.<br />
# Tuomisto JT. TCDD: a challenge to mechanistic toxicology [Dissertation]. Kuopio: National Public Health Institute, 1999.<br />
# Tainio M, Tuomisto JT, Aarnio P, Jantunen M, Koistinen K, Hänninen O et al. Eri bussitekniikoiden vaikutus pienhiukkasten aiheuttamaan kuolleisuuteen Pääkaupunkiseudulla vuonna 2020. Monisteita 2004:1. 2004. Helsinki, Ministry of Social Effects and Health. ISBN 952-00-1459-4, ISSN 1237-200X. <br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjola M: Open risk assessment. A new way of providing scientific information for decision-making. Publications of the National Public Health Institute B18/2007. 2007 <br />
# Gunnlaugsdottir, Helga; Tuomisto, Jouni T. Benefit-risk assessment of food. Foreword. Food and Chemical Toxicology 54 (2011): 1-2. {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2011.09.020}} Published:2013-Apr (Epub 2011 Sep 22) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21964196]. <br />
# Tuomisto, Jouko; Vartiainen, Terttu; Tuomisto, Jouni T. Synopsis on dioxins and PCBs. National Institute for Health and Welfare, Report 14/2011.<br />
# Hans Verhagen and Olli Leino (Eds.)Integrated Benefit and Risk Analysis for Assessing Food Safety and Health Benefit; Results from QALIBRA and BENERIS. Volume 54, Pages 1-78 (April 2013). (Jouni Tuomisto has written the Foreword and three original articles in this special issue.)<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto, Marjo Niittynen, Anu Turunen, Sari Ung-Lanki, Hannu Kiviranta, Hannu Harjunpää, Pekka J. Vuorinen, Mervi Rokka, Tiina Ritvanen ja Anja Hallikainen. Itämeren silakka ravintona – Hyöty-haitta-analyysi. ISSN 1797-2981. ISBN 978-952-225-141-1. Eviran tutkimuksia 1/2015.<br />
# Sofie Pandis Iveroth (coordinator), David McKinnon, Jouni Tuomisto, Martin Wetterstedt, Agneta Persson. Nowcasting CO2 emissions. Early estimates or “nowcasts” for monitoring changes in greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). TemaNord 2022:537, ISSN 0908-6692. ISBN 978-92-893-7351-7 (PDF). ISBN 978-92-893-7352-4 (ONLINE). http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/temanord2022-537<br />
<br />
==D. Publications intended for professional communities==<br />
<br />
# Carrothers TJ, Wolff SK, Tuomisto JT, Wilson A, Levy JI, Graham JD et al. Fine particulate air pollution in the US: a preliminary analysis of the value of research. In: European Commission, WHO, European Collaborative Action, editors. Role of human exposure assessment in air quality management. Report on the joint workshop. 2004. <br />
# Tuomisto JT. Concepts of science-policy interface: Concepts in current practice and potential areas of development. In: van Bree L, Fudge N, Tuomisto JT, editors. Airnet Science/Policy Interface report. Utrecht, the Netherlands: 2004.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Tainio M. Health impact assessment of primary fine particles (PM2.5) emitted from busses in Helsinkin Metropolitan Area, Finland. In: Hurley F, Sanderson E, editors. Airnet Health Impact Assessment report. Utrecht, the Netherlands: 2004.<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Terveydelle haitalliset yhdyskuntailman saasteet ja toksiset aineet. Kirjassa Koulu M, Tuomisto J. Farmakologia & toksikologia (luku 77). <br />
# Ahtoniemi, Pauliina; Tainio, Marko; Tuomisto, Jouni T; Karvosenoja, Niko; Kupiainen, Kaarle; Porvari, Petri; Karppinen, Ari; Kangas, Leena; Kukkonen, Jaakko. Health risks from nearby sources of fine particulate matter : Domestic wood combustion and road traffic (PILTTI) [Pienhiukkasten lähipäästöjen terveysriskit: puun pienpoltto ja tieliikenne (PILTTI)]. National Institute for Health and Welfare, Report 3/2010. <br />
# Kauppila, Tommi; Komulainen, Hannu; Makkonen, Sari; Tuomisto, Jouni T (eds.). 2013. Metallikaivosalueiden ympäristöriskinarviointiosaamisen kehittäminen: MINERA-hankkeen loppuraportti. [Summary: Improving Environmental Risk Assessments for Metal Mines: Final Report of the MINERA Project.] Geology Survey Finland, Research Report 199. 223 pages. ISBN 978-952-217-231-0 (PDF) [http://www.gtk.fi/tietopalvelut/julkaisut/julkaisut/uusimmat/tiivistelma/TR199.html]<br />
# Tuomisto, Jouni. Toms River A Story of Science and Salvation. SCIENCE 2013-08-15.<br />
# Komulainen, Hannu; Kallio, Antti; Tuomisto, Jouni: Kaivostoiminnan ympäristöterveysriskit. Ympäristö ja Terveys-lehti 45 (2014) 2014-12-15, ISSN 0358-3333. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe201501261260<br />
# Asikainen, Arja; Pärjälä, Erkki; Kettunen, Tapio; Niittynen, Marjo; Tuomisto, Jouni. Kasvihuonekaasupäästöjen paikallisten vähentämistoimenpiteiden vaikutukset Kuopiossa. Ympäristö ja terveys-lehti 45 (2014) 2014-10-13. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2014102345596<br />
# Hänninen, Otto; Kutvonen, Juho; Rumrich, Isabella; Asikainen, Arja; Tuomisto, Jouni. Tupakka, radon ja ympäristöterveys. Ympäristö ja Terveys-lehti 45 (2014) 2014-09-15, ISSN 0358-3333. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe201501051039<br />
# Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Hänninen, Otto; Asikainen, Arja; Pohjola, Mikko. Ympäristöterveysriskien torjunta osana kestävää kehitystä. Ympäristö ja Terveys-lehti 45 (2014). http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2014081832960<br />
# Valtioneuvosto. Kansallinen ilmastonmuutokseen sopeutumissuunnitelma 2022. Valtioneuvoston periaatepäätös 20.11.2014. (J Tuomisto was a member of the expert panel preparing the report.) [http://www.mmm.fi/sopeutumisstrategia][http://www.mmm.fi/images/ymparisto/kq9wae2CD/Kansallinen_ilmastonmuutokseen_sopeutumissuunnitelma_2022_pdf.pdf]<br />
# Hänninen, Otto; Asikainen, Arja; Kutvonen, Juho; Tuomisto, Jouni. Ympäristöterveyshaittojen priorisointi ja parhaiden torjuntatoimenpiteiden määrittäminen. Eläinlääkäripäivät 2014. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2015111117069<br />
# Tuomisto, Jouni; Rintala, Julia; Ordén, Pauli; Tuomisto, Matleena; Rintala, Teemu. Helsingin energiapäätös 2015 - Avoin arviointi terveys-, ilmasto- ja muista vaikutuksista. THL:n työpaperi: 2015_024. THL, Helsinki, 2015. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-302-544-8<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Avoin arviointi. Teoksessa Ympäristöterveyden erityistilanteet. Opas ympäristöterveydenhuollon työntekijöille. STM 2014:21. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-00-3546-4<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Öppen bedömning. I boken Exceptionella situationer inom miljöhälsan - En handbok för arbetstagare inom miljö- och hälsoskyddet. STM 2014:22.<br />
# Tuomisto JT. (2015) [Big data in the promotion of public health]. [Article in Finnish] Duodecim. 2015;131(22):2179-87.<br />
# Jouni Tuomisto. Avoin arviointi - metodi, osallistujat, lähteet ja tulokset (liite 3). Raportissa: Anneli Miettinen, Juho-Matti Paavola, Anna Rotkirch, Minna Säävälä, Arttu Vainio. Perheenyhdistämisen edellytysten tiukentaminen ja sen vaikutukset Suomessa sekä kokemuksia viidestä Euroopan maasta. 21.12.2016 PDF (2,4MBt). Valtioneuvoston selvitys- ja tutkimustoiminnan julkaisusarja 55/2016. 86 s. ISSN 2342-6799 (web) ISBN 978-952-287-313-2 (web) [http://tietokayttoon.fi/julkaisu?pubid=15902]<br />
# Jouni Tuomisto, Raimo Muurinen, Juho-Matti Paavola, Arja Asikainen, Teemu Ropponen, Jussi Nissilä. (2017) Tiedon sitominen päätöksentekoon. Valtioneuvoston selvitys- ja tutkimustoiminnan julkaisusarja 39/2017. [Binding knowledge to decision making. Publications of the Government's analysis, assessment and research activities 39/2017]<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto. Tautitaakka auttaa hahmottamaan ja välttämään terveysriskejä. Liito 4/2017. (Liikunnan ja terveystiedon opettajat ry, Helsinki)<br />
# Tuomisto J., Pohjola M., Asikainen A., Meriläinen P., and Rintala T. (2018). From open assessment to shared understanding: practical experiences. BONUS GOHERR Deliverable D7.4. [http://en.opasnet.org/w/From_open_assessment_to_shared_understanding:_practical_experiences]<br />
# Sonja-Maria Ignatius, Raimo Muurinen, Tero Tikkanen, Jouni Tuomisto & Juha Yrjölä. Collective Action Scheme in the implementation of Carbon-neutral Helsinki 2035. EIT Climate-KIC project: 180618 (Pathfinder). City of Helsinki, Helsinki, 7.2.2019 [https://www.stadinilmasto.fi/files/2018/12/Helsinki_180618_FinalReport_CASintoPractice.pdf]<br />
<br />
==E. Publications intended for the general public, linked to the applicant's research==<br />
<br />
# Jouni Tuomisto, Julia Rintala, Pauli Ordén, Matleena Tuomisto ja Teemu Rintala. Helsingin energiapäätös 2015. Avoin arviointi terveys-, ilmasto- ja muista vaikutuksista. [Helsinki energy decision. An open assessment on health, climate, and other impacts.] Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitoksen työpapereita 2015_24. Helsinki 2015. 59 sivua. ISBN 978-952-302-544-8 (pdf), ISSN 2323-363X http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-302-544-8. <br />
<br />
==F. Public artistic and design activities==<br />
<br />
==G. Theses==<br />
<br />
# Tuomisto JT. TCDD: a challenge to mechanistic toxicology [Dissertation]. Kuopio: National Public Health Institute, 1999. <br />
<br />
==H. Patents and invention disclosures==<br />
<br />
==I. Audiovisual material, ICT software==<br />
<br />
# Tuomisto JT et al. (2015). Opasnet. An English web workspace for providing scientific information to help societal decision-making. http://en.opasnet.org (accessed 10 April 2015. Own contribution: 2511 pages edited, contribution score: 2671.)<br />
# Tuomisto JT et al. (2015). Opasnet. A Finnish web workspace for providing scientific information to help societal decision-making. http://fi.opasnet.org (accessed 10 April 2015. Own contribution: 1576 pages edited, contribution score: 1713.)<br />
# Teemu Rintala, Einari Happonen, Jouni T. Tuomisto. OpasnetUtils. A software package for R software. CRAN project, 2014.[http://www.cran.r-project.org/web/packages/OpasnetUtils/index.html]<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto. Building model. An open source R model for estimating heating-related energy consumption and emissions of city building stock. [http://en.opasnet.org/w/Building_model]<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto. Health impact assessment. An open source R model for estimating health impacts of environmental exposures. [http://en.opasnet.org/w/Health_impact_assessment]<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
<br />
==Keywords==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Files==<br />
<br />
== Explanations ==<br />
<br />
;D. Publications intended for professional communities: {{comment|# |Article in trade journal; article in a professional manual or guide of professional information system, textbook material; professional conference proceedings; published development or research report or study; textbook, professional manual or guide, dictionary|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:09, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
;E. Publications intended for the general public, linked to the applicant's research: {{comment|# |Popularised article, newspaper article; popularised monograph (no letters to editor, short commentaries of self-published works)|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:16, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
;F. Public artistic and design activities: {{comment|# |Published independent work of art; public partial realisation of a work of art; public artistic performance or exhibition; model or design adopted for production/use|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:17, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
; G. Theses: {{comment|# |Polytechnic thesis, Bachelor's thesis, Master's thesis, polytechnic Master's thesis; Licenciate thesis; doctoral dissertation (monograph); doctoral dissertation (article)|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:08, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
;H. Patents and invention disclosures: {{comment|# |Granted patent; invention disclousure|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:18, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
;I. Audiovisual material, ICT software: {{comment|# |Audiovisual material, ICT software|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:19, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}</div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=User:Jouni&diff=43834User:Jouni2023-02-09T11:46:05Z<p>Jouni: /* C. Scientific monographs */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:YMTO]]<br />
'''Articles missing from Julkari:'''<br />
<br />
*22. Pekkanen J, Tuomisto JT. Väestönkasvu on vain yksi taudeista. Duodecim 1998; 114:594.<br />
*48. Tuomisto J, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Viluksela M et al. Dioxin cancer risk - example of hormesis? Non linearity in Biology, Toxicology and Medicine 2004.<br />
* 99. Gens, Alexandra; Hurley, J. Fintan; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Friedrich, Rainer. Health impacts due to personal exposure to fine particles caused by insulation of residential buildings in Europe. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 84 (2014): 213-221.<br />
* 100. Sandström, Vilma; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Majaniemi, Sami; Rintala, Teemu; Pohjola, Mikko V.: Evaluating effectiveness of open assessments on alternative biofuel sources. Sustainability: Science, Practice & Policy (2014): 10(1) Published online May 16, 2014.<br />
* 107. Neittaanmäki P, Huttula T, Karvanen J, Frisk T, Tuomisto JT, Simola A, Tuovinen T, Ropponen J (2016) Unicorn–Open science for assessing environmental state, human health and regional economy. Research Ideas and Outcomes 2: e9232 (under peer review)<br />
<br />
<br />
Jouni Tuomisto<br><br />
chief researcher<br><br />
Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL)<br><br />
P.O.Box 95<br><br />
FI-70701 Kuopio<br><br />
Finland<br />
<br />
=Personal information=<br />
<br />
==Jouni T. Tuomisto==<br />
<br />
: Researcher 1992-2005, KTL<br />
: Post-doc researcher 2000-2001, Harvard School of Public Health<br />
: Academy researcher 2005-2010, Academy of Finland and KTL<br />
: Senior researcher and chief researcher 2010-, THL<br />
<br />
<br />
: Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL)<br />
: Environmental Health<br />
: P.O.Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio<br />
<br />
<br />
: email: firstname.lastname@thl.fi<br />
: phone: +358295246305<br />
: ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9988-1762<br />
<br />
: A longer CV can be found from [[:heande:User:Jouni]].<br />
<br />
==Areas of interest==<br />
<br />
* Destructive policy<br />
* [[Open policy practice]]<br />
* [[Open assessment]]<br />
* Improved methods for risk analysis<br />
* Decision analysis<br />
* Fine particles<br />
* Dioxins and other persistent pollutants<br />
* Energy production and its emissions<br />
* Climate change<br />
<br />
Jouni Tuomisto (adjunct professor, or docent) has medical background (Lic. Med. 1992 and Dr. Med. Sci. 1999 from the University of Kuopio). He has published more than 115 peer-reviewed articles and two web-workspaces. He has over 25 years of research experience in environmental health, has coordinated one large EU project and participated in several others as principal investigator or senior researcher. He started with toxicology but after the doctoral degree focussed on risk assessment and decision analysis as a post-doc in Harvard School of Public Health in 2000-2001. Subsequent topics have been environmental health assessments of fine particles and dioxins and benefit-risk assessments of food. Mathematical methods became more and more important in the work. In 2006, he started to develop new methods for policy support together with Mikko Pohjola. They developed [[open assessment]], which assesses health and other impacts of policies using open work processes where anyone can participate but specific rules for contributions are applied. In 2014 this was further expanded to [[open policy practice]], which covers - in addition to assessments for policy support - also recommended practices for decision making, implementation of decisions, and evaluation and management of these decision processes. <br />
<br />
Tuomisto has implemented these methods and practices in numerous assessments related to decisions about environmental health. To support these assessments and decision making, he has also developed a web-workspace [[Opasnet]], which is freely available for similar assessments in other decision support processes. He has given university courses about open policy practice and trained students to use Opasnet in their work as environmental scientists.<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
<br />
* Med. Lic. 1992<br />
* Dr. Med. Sci. 1999<br />
* Adjunct professor (docent) (field: toxicology, especially risk assessment) 2004<br />
<br />
== Recent research ==<br />
<br />
* [[Goherr assessment]]<br />
* [[Climate change policies and health in Kuopio]]<br />
* [[Climate change policies in Helsinki]]<br />
* [[Energy balance]]<br />
* [[Building model]]<br />
* [[Urgenche]]<br />
* [[Plantlibra]]<br />
* [[:op_fi:Silakan hyöty-riskiarvio]]<br />
* [[:op_fi:Tekaisu]]<br />
<br />
=Curriculum vitae of Jouni Tuomisto (2023-01-07)=<br />
<br />
'''1. Personal information<br />
: Tuomisto, Jouni Tapio (born 1967 in Finland)<br />
: ORCID 0000-0002-9988-1762, website http://en.opasnet.org/w/User:Jouni, email firstname.lastname(at)kausal.tech<br />
<br />
'''2. Education and degrees awarded<br />
:2004: Title of docent or adjunct professor (toxicology, especially risk assessment), University of Eastern Finland, Finland (previously University of Kuopio)<br />
:1999: Dr. Med. Sci., University of Kuopio, Finland<br />
:1992: Lic. Med., University of Kuopio, Finland<br />
<br />
'''3. Current positions<br />
:Chief Science Officer, Kausal Ltd, 2020 - <br />
<br />
'''4. Previous work experience<br />
:Visiting researcher, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL, Finland) 2021 - 2022<br />
:Chief researcher, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL, Finland) 2012 - 2021<br />
::Team leader in environmental health assessment, Public Health Evaluaton and Projection Unit, THL 1.1.2015 - 31.12.2020<br />
:Unit Head of the Assessment and Modelling Unit, THL 1.9.2010 - 31.12.2014<br />
:Senior researcher, THL (previously National Public Health Institute KTL) 1.6.2005 - 2012<br />
:Academy researcher, 1.8.2005 – 31.7.2010<br />
:Leader of the Risk analysis research group, THL 1.1.2002 - 31.12.2014<br />
:Researcher in KTL 1.1.1999-31.8.2005<br />
:Post-doctoral researcher, Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, Harvard University, Boston, USA 1.9.2000-4.10.2001<br />
:Doctoral student in KTL 1992-1998<br />
:General practitioner, clinical work for about 9 months in 1991-1993<br />
:Military service including the military medical school, 1988.<br />
<br />
'''5. Career breaks: none<br />
<br />
'''6. Personal research funding and grants to own research group<br />
* Value profile project funding from Business Finland (2022-2023), 30000 €, role: principal investigator. <br />
* Kiltova2 funding from the Ministry of Environment (via Finnish Environment Institute) 2020-2021, 10000 €.<br />
* VN-TEAS funding from the Prime Minister's Office: Yhtäköyttä, 2015-2016, 150 000 €, role: coordinator.<br />
* EU BONUS & the Academy of Finland: GOHERR, 2015-2018, 290 000 €, role: principal investigator of THL.<br />
* Ministry of Social Affairs and Health: TEKAISU, 2012-2014, 160 000 €, role: principal investigator of the project.<br />
* EU 7FP: URGENCHE (ID 265114), 2011-2014, 315 855 €, role: principal investigator of THL and a workpackage leader. PLANTLIBRA (ID 245199), 2010-2014, 141 984 €, role: principal investigator of THL.<br />
* EAKR (Aluekehitysrahasto), ERACedu, 2009-2011, 128 600 €, role: principal investigator (deputy) of the National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL).<br />
* Academy of Finland. CLAIH, 2009-2012, 170760 €, role: principal investigator. BIOHER, 2008-2011, 144000 €, role: principal investigator. SCUD (academy researcher position), 2005-2010, totally 735001 €, role: academy researcher. Post-doctoral fellowship, 2000-2001, 138000 FIM.<br />
* European Commission 6FP, HEIMTSA, 2007-2011, role: workpackage leader (principal investigator: Matti Jantunen). BENERIS, 2006-2009, 199 000 €, role: coordinator. INTARESE, 2005-2010 149 000 €, role: workpackage leader.<br />
* Ministry of Environment, PILTTI 2006-2008, 43000, role: coordinator. Kopra fine particle risk assessment project, 2002, 32000 €.<br />
* National Technology Agency of Finland (Tekes), Kopra fine particle risk assessment project (part 2), 2004, 131 400 €, role: workpackage leader.<br />
* YTV, 2003. Kopra fine particle risk assessment project. 8000 €.<br />
* Funding from Finnish Cultural Foundation of Northern Savo and Orion Oyj, 1998-1999, total 140 000 FIM.<br />
<br />
'''7. Leadership and supervision experience<br />
* Supervisor of 5 PhD students: Ph.D. Marko Tainio 2009, Dr.-Ing. Alexandra Gens (née Kuhn) 2012, Ph.D. (Tech.Sc.) Mikko Pohjola 2013, Ph.D. (Tech.Sc.) Olli Leino 2014, Ph.D. Marjo Niittynen 2014.<br />
* Group leader, unit leader, or team leader for 5-15 people in THL (KTL until 2009) since 2006.<br />
<br />
'''8. Teaching experience<br />
* ''Decision analysis and risk management'' course directed to Master of Science and doctoral students in the University of Eastern Finland (6 credit points): I was the developer of the course together with Mikko Pohjola, and I have been the practical leader and the main lecturer of the course every time the course has been organised in 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017. http://en.opasnet.org/w/Darm<br />
* Lecturer on several courses related to toxicology or environmental health in the University of Eastern Finland for many years (5 - 10 lectures per year).<br />
<br />
'''9. Experience of organising scientific meetings<br />
* ''Open assessment workshop'' was organised in 2007, 2008, and 2009 for 20-30 doctoral students and post-doc researchers. The events lasted from 5 to 12 days. I was the main organiser of these events.<br />
<br />
'''10. Patents, inventions, awards and honours: none<br />
<br />
'''11. Other key scientific or academic merits<br />
* At Kausal Ltd, development of health impact assessment models related to climate mitigation actions. Also participation in the development of a scenario tool for developing and evaluating climate policies in cities.<br />
* More than 115 peer reviewed articles; 25 proceedings, reports or book articles; three articles in domestic language; two open web-workspaces for production and dissemination of scientific information to improve decision making; three open source models or software packages; and more than 70 abstracts in scientific meetings.<br />
* Opponent for Patrycja Gradowska (Delft Technological University, Delft, the Netherlands 8 May 2013)<br />
* Evaluator of applications to THL about health promotion, 2012-2014.<br />
* Developer of the open Opasnet website for scientific decision support and open policy practice, 2006 - <br />
* Evaluator of the Juho Vainio Foundation, 2020 -<br />
<br />
'''12. Memberships and positions of trust in scientific societies<br />
* Member of MATINE - the Scientific Advisory Board of Defence, medical division, 2017 -<br />
* Representative of THL in the national coordinating group of climate adaptation (21 May 2012 - 31 Dec 2013).<br />
* Member in a national group evaluating the update of the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive (EIA Directive) (2013).<br />
<br />
'''13. Link to complete CV<br />
:http://en.opasnet.org/w/User:Jouni<br />
<br />
=List of publications=<br />
<br />
: Tuomisto, Jouni Tapio (born 1967 in Finland)<br />
: Scientific publications 2023-01-07<br />
: ORCID 0000-0002-9988-1762, website http://en.opasnet.org/w/User:Jouni, email firstname.lastname(at)kausal.tech<br />
<br />
==Selected publications==<br />
<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Yrjölä J, Kolehmainen M, Bonsdorff J, Pekkanen J, Tikkanen T. (2020) An agent-based epidemic model REINA for COVID-19 to identify destructive policies. MedRxiv preprint, submitted 2020-04-09. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.09.20047498 <br />
# Tuomisto, J.T., Pohjola, M.V. & Rintala, T. From insight network to open policy practice: practical experiences. Health Res Policy Sys 18, 36 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-020-00547-3<br />
# Tuomisto, J.T., Asikainen, A., Meriläinen, P. et al. Health effects of nutrients and environmental pollutants in Baltic herring and salmon: a quantitative benefit-risk assessment. BMC Public Health 20, 64 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-8094-1<br />
# Tuomisto JT et al. (2019). Opasnet. An English web workspace for providing scientific information to help societal decision-making. http://en.opasnet.org (English) and http://fi.opasnet.org (Finnish) (accessed 20 Dec 2019. Own contribution (English + Finnish): 2132+1940 pages edited, contribution score: 3127+2103.)<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto, Marjo Niittynen, Erkki Pärjälä, Arja Asikainen, Laura Perez, Stephan Trüeb, Matti Jantunen, Nino Künzli, Clive E. Sabel. Building-related health impacts in European and Chinese cities: a scalable assessment method. Environmental Health 2015, 14:93. {{doi|10.1186/s12940-015-0082-z}} [http://www.ehjournal.net/content/14/1/93]<br />
# Sandström, Vilma; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Majaniemi, Sami; Rintala, Teemu; Pohjola, Mikko V.: Evaluating effectiveness of open assessments on alternative biofuel sources. Sustainability: Science, Practice & Policy (2014): 10(1) Published online May 16, 2014. [http://sspp.proquest.com/archives/vol10iss2/1207-032.sandstrom.html]<br />
# Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Pohjola, Mikko; Pohjola, Pasi. Avoin päätöksentekokäytäntö voisi parantaa tiedon hyödyntämistä. [Open policy practice could improve knowledge use.] (in Finnish) Yhteiskuntapolitiikka 1/2014, 66-75. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2014031821621<br />
# Mikko V. Pohjola, Pasi Pohjola, Marko Tainio, Jouni T. Tuomisto: Perspectives to Performance of Environment and Health Assessments and Models—From Outputs to Outcomes? (Review). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 2621-2642; doi:10.3390/ijerph10072621 <br />
# Tijhuis, M.J., Pohjola, M.V., Gunnlaugsdóttir, H., Kalogeras, N., Leino, O., Luteijn, J.M., Magnússon, S.H., Odekerken, G., Poto, M., Tuomisto, J.T., Ueland, Ø., White, B.C., Holm, F., Verhagen, H., 2011. Looking beyond Borders: Integrating best practices in benefit-risk analysis into the field of food and nutrition. Food and Chemical Toxicology (2012) 50: 1: 77-93. {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.044}}<br />
# Pohjola MV, Tuomisto JT. Openness in participation, assessment, and policy making upon issues of environment and environmental health: a review of literature and recent project results. Environ Health. 2011 Jun 16;10:58. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21679456]<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto, Andrew Wilson, John S. Evans, Marko Tainio. 2008. Uncertainty in mortality response to airborne fine particulate matter: Combining European air pollution experts. Reliability Engineering and System Safety 93: 732-744. {{doi|10.1016/j.ress.2007.03.002}}<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M. 2005. An economic way of reducing health, environmental, and other pressures of urban traffic: a decision analysis on trip aggregation. BMC PUBLIC HEALTH 5:123. [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/5/123/abstract]<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Tainio, M; Niittynen, M; Verkasalo, P; Vartiainen, T; Kiviranta, H; Pekkanen, J. 2004. Risk-benefit analysis of eating farmed salmon. SCIENCE 305 (5683): 476-476. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.305.5683.476<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Pekkanen, J; Kiviranta, H; Tukiainen, E; Vartiainen, T; Tuomisto, J. 2004. Soft-tissue sarcoma and dioxin: A case-control study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER 108 (6): 893-900.<br />
# Levy, JI; Carrothers, TJ; Tuomisto, JT; Hammitt, JK; Evans, JS. 2001. Assessing the public health benefits of reduced ozone concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 109 (12): 1215-1226.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Viluksela, M; Pohjanvirta, R; Tuomisto, J. 1999. The AH receptor and a novel gene determine acute toxic responses to TCDD: Segregation of the resistant alleles to different rat lines. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 155 (1): 71-81.<br />
<br />
==A. Peer-reviewed scientific articles==<br />
<br />
::; 1991<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Koulu M, Tuomisto L. Effect of A Single Dose of Tcdd on the Level of Histamine in Discrete Nuclei in Rat-Brain. Agents Actions 1991; 33(1-2):154-156.<br />
#; 1993<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Vuolteenaho O, Leppaluoto J, Tuomisto J. Effect of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin (Tcdd) on Plasma and Tissue Beta-Endorphin-Like Immunoreactivity in the Most Tcdd-Susceptible and the Most Tcdd-Resistant Rat Strain. Life Sci 1993; 53(19):1479-1487.<br />
# Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, MacDonald E, Tuomisto L, Koulu M et al. Effect of A Single Lethal Dose of Tcdd on the Levels of Monoamines, Their Metabolites and Tryptophan in Discrete Brain Nuclei and Peripheral-Tissues of Long-Evans Rats. Pharmacol Toxicol 1993; 72(4-5):279-285.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. TCDD reduces selectively plasma ß-endorphin levels in TCDD-susceptible Long-Evans rats but not in TCDD-resistant Han/Wistar rats. Organohalogen Comp 1993; 13:297-300.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Räisänen L, Tuomisto J. Effects of TCDD on motor activity of TCDD-susceptible and -resistant rat strains. Organohalogen Comp 1993; 13:313-315.<br />
#; 1994<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, MacDonald E, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Dose-Response and Time-Course of Alterations in Tryptophan-Metabolism by 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin (Tcdd) in the Most Tcdd-Susceptible and the Most Tcdd-Resistant Rat Strain - Relationship with Tcdd Lethality. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1994; 128(2):280-292.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Modulation of TCDD-induced wasting syndrome by diabetes. Organohalogen Comp 1994; 21:315-318.<br />
#; 1995<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Linden J, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Toxic Equivalency Factors do Not Predict the Acute Toxicities of Dioxins in Rats. Eur J Pharmacol Env Toxicol Pharmacol 1995; 293(4):341-353.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin-Induced Anorexia and Wasting Syndrome in Rats - Aggravation After Ventromedial Hypothalamic-Lesion. Eur J Pharmacol Env Toxicol Pharmacol 1995; 293(4):309-317.<br />
# Unkila M, Ruotsalainen M, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, MacDonald E, Tuomisto JT et al. Effect of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin (Tcdd) on Tryptophan and Glucose-Homeostasis in the Most Tcdd-Susceptible and the Most Tcdd-Resistant Species, Guinea-Pigs and Hamsters. Arch Toxicol 1995; 69(10):677-683.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Alterations in Plasma Tryptophan Binding to Albumin in 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin-Treated Long-Evans Rats. Eur J Pharmacol Env Toxicol Pharmacol 1995; 293(2):115-121.<br />
# Vartiainen T, Lampi P, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Polychlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin and Polychlorodibenzofuran Concentrations in Human Fat Samples in A Village After Pollution of Drinking-Water with Chlorophenols. Chemosphere 1995; 30(8):1429-1438.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Rozman K, Tuomisto J. Effect of TCDD on tryptophan and glucose homeostasis in the most TCDD-susceptible and the most TCDD-resistant species guinea pigs and hamsters. Organohalogen Comp 1995; 25:219-223.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Rozman K, Tuomisto J. Effect of TCDD on tryptophan and glucose homeostasis in the most TCDD-susceptible and the most TCDD-resistant species, guinea pigs and hamsters. Organohalogen Comp 1995; 25:219-223.<br />
#; 1996<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. TCDD blocks the weight increasing effect of paraventricular lesion. Organohalogen Comp 1996; 29:371-374.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. Amelioration of short-term toxicity of TCDD with a fish oil rich in omega-3 fatty acids in Long-Evans rats. Organohalogen Comp 1996; 29:277-280.<br />
# Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. Nitric oxide antagonist N-nitro-L-arginine decreases the lethality of TCDD in mice, but increases it in rats. Organohalogen Comp 1996; 29:272-276.<br />
#; 1998<br />
# Valjakka A, Vartiainen J, Tuomisto L, Tuomisto JT, Olkkonen H, Airaksinen MM. The fasciculus retroflexus controls the integrity of REM sleep by supporting the generation of hippocampal theta rhythm and rapid eye movements in rats. Brain Res Bull 1998; 47(2):171-184.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Simanainen U, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Effect of geldanamycin on the acute toxicity of TCDD. Organohalogen Comp 1998; 37:191-194.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and lesion of dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus have additive effects on body weight loss. Organohalogen Comp 1998; 37:81-83.<br />
# Viluksela M, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Harper PA, Okey AB et al. Characterization of the deviant structure-activity relationship for chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs) in the resistant Han/Wistar rats. Organohalogen Comp 1998; 38:287-290.<br />
# Pekkanen J, Tuomisto JT. Väestönkasvu on vain yksi taudeista. Duodecim 1998; 114:594. <br />
#; 1999<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Karasinska J, Franc MA et al. Physicochemical differences in the AH receptors of the most TCDD-susceptible and the most TCDD-resistant rat strains. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1999; 155(1):82-95.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto J. The AH receptor and a novel gene determine acute toxic responses to TCDD: Segregation of the resistant alleles to different rat lines. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1999; 155(1):71-81.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. TCDD-induced anorexia and wasting syndrome in rats: Effects of diet-induced obesity and nutrition. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 1999; 62(4):735-742.<br />
# Viluksela M, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Stahl BU, Rozman KK et al. Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity, glucose homeostasis and plasma amino acid concentrations in the most TCDD-susceptible and the most TCDD-resistant rat strains. Arch Toxicol 1999; 73(6):323-336.<br />
# Strandman T, Koistinen J, Kiviranta H, Vuorinen PJ, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J et al. Levels of some polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fish and human adipose tissue in Finland. Organohalogen Comp 1999; 40:355-358.<br />
#; 2000<br />
# Kiviranta H, Vartiainen T, Verta M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. High fish-specific dioxin concentrations in Finland. Lancet 2000; 355(9218):1883-1885.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto J. Changes in food intake and food selection in rats after 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2000; 65(3):381-387.<br />
# Viluksela M, Bager Y, Tuomisto JT, Scheu G, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R et al. Liver tumor-promoting activity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in TCDD-sensitive and TCDD-resistant rat strains. Cancer Res 2000; 60(24):6911-6920.<br />
# Kattainen H, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Kovero O, Alaluusua S, Tuomisto J et al. In utero/lactational TCDD exposure impairs the molar tooth development in rats. Organohalogen Comp 2000; 49:229-232.<br />
# Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Kattainen H, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M. Effects of in utero and lactational TCDD exposure on male reproduction pattern in three differentially TCDD sensitive rat lines. Organohalogen Comp 2000; 49:342-344.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Tuomisto J. Soft tissue sarcoma and dioxin exposure in Finnish general population. Organohalogen Comp 2000; 48:107-110.<br />
#; 2001<br />
# Jämsä T, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Tuukkanen J. Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on bone in two rat strains with different aryl hydrocarbon receptor structures. J Bone Miner Res 2001; 16(10):1812-1820.<br />
# Kattainen H, Tuukkanen J, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Kovero O, Lukinmaa PL et al. In utero/lactational 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure impairs molar tooth development in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2001; 174(3):216-224.<br />
# Levy JI, Carrothers TJ, Tuomisto JT, Hammitt JK, Evans JS. Assessing the public health benefits of reduced ozone concentrations. Environ Health Perspect 2001; 109(12):1215-1226.<br />
#; 2002<br />
# Kiukkonen A, Viluksela M, Sahlberg C, Alaluusua S, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J et al. Response of the incisor tooth to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in a dioxin-resistant and a dioxin-sensitive rat strain. Toxicol Sci 2002; 69(2):482-489.<br />
# Niittynen M, Tuomisto JT, Auriola S, Pohjanvirta R, Syrjala P, Simanainen U et al. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced accumulation of biliverdin and hepatic peliosis in rats. Toxicol Sci 2002; 71(1):112-123.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Korkalainen M, McGuire J, Simanainen U, Juvonen R, Tuomisto JT et al. Comparison of acute toxicities of indolo[3,2-b]carbazole (ICZ) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in TCDD-sensitive rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2002; 40(7):1023-1032.<br />
# Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M. Structure-activity relationships and dose responses of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins for short-term effects in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-resistant and -sensitive rat strains. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2002; 181(1):38-47.<br />
# Fletcher N, Stern N, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto J et al. The retinoid response in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-treated Long-Evans and Han/Wistar rats. Organohalogen Comp 2002; 55:437-439.<br />
#; 2003<br />
# Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M. Dose-response analysis of short-term effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in three differentially susceptible rat lines. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2003; 187(2):128-136.<br />
# Stern N, Lind PM, Larsson S, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J et al. TCDD induces trabecular bone loss and bone fragility in a TCDD-sensitive but not in a TCDD-resistant rat strain. Organohalogen Comp 2003; 64:312-315. <br />
#; 2004<br />
# Miettinen HM, Huuskonen H, Partanen AM, Miettinen P, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R et al. Effects of epidermal growth factor receptor deficiency and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlor.odibenzo-p-dioxin on fetal development in mice. Toxicology Letters 2004; 150(3):285-291.<br />
# Simanainen U, Adamsson A, Tuomisto JT, Miettinen HM, Toppari J, Tuomisto J et al. Adult 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure and effects on male reproductive organs in three differentially TCDD-susceptible rat lines. Toxicol Sci 2004; 81(2):401-407.<br />
# Simanainen U, Haavisto T, Tuomisto JT, Paranko J, Toppari J, Tuomisto J et al. Pattern of male reproductive system effects after in utero and lactational 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure in three differentially TCDD-sensitive rat lines. Toxicol Sci 2004; 80(1):101-108.<br />
# Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Syrjala P, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M. Postnatal development of resistance to short-term high-dose toxic effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in TCDD-resistant and -semiresistant rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 196(1):11-19.<br />
# Tuomisto J, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Viluksela M et al. Dioxin cancer risk - example of hormesis? Non linearity in Biology, Toxicology and Medicine 2004.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Tuomisto J. Soft-tissue sarcoma and dioxin: A case-control study. Int J Cancer 2004; 108(6):893-900.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Tainio M, Niittynen M, Verkasalo P, Vartiainen T et al. Risk-benefit analysis of eating farmed salmon. Science 2004; 305(5683):476. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.305.5683.476<br />
#; 2005<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Pekkanen, J. 2005. Assessing environmental health risks or net health benefits?. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 33 (3): 162-163.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M. 2005. An economic way of reducing health, environmental, and other pressures of urban traffic: a decision analysis on trip aggregation. BMC PUBLIC HEALTH 5:123. [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/5/123/abstract]<br />
# Kiviranta, H; Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Tukiainen, E; Vartiainen, T. 2005. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls in the general population in Finland. CHEMOSPHERE 60 (7): 854-869.<br />
# Fletcher, N; Giese, N; Schmidt, C; Stern, N; Lind, PM; Viluksela, M; Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Nau, H; Hakansson, H. 2005. Altered retinoid metabolism in female long-evans and Han/Wistar rats following long-term 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-treatment. TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES 86 (2): 264-272.<br />
# Hanninen, OO; Palonen, J; Tuomisto, JT; Yli-Tuomi, T; Seppanen, O; Jantunen, MJ. 2005. Reduction potential of urban PM2.5 mortality risk using modern ventilation systems in buildings. INDOOR AIR 15 (4): 246-256.<br />
# Hanninen, OO; Tuomisto, JT; Jantunen, MJ. 2005. Characterization of model error in a simulation of fine particulate matter exposure distributions of the working age population in Helsinki, Finland. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION 55 (4): 446-457.<br />
# Tainio, M; Tuomisto, JT; Hanninen, O; Aarnio, P; Koistinen, KJ; Jantunen, MJ; Pekkanen, J. 2005. Health effects caused by primary fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emitted from buses in the Helsinki metropolitan area, Finland. RISK ANALYSIS 25 (1): 151-160.<br />
#; 2006<br />
# Tuomisto J, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT. Dioxin Cancer Risk - Example of Hormesis? Dose Response. 2006 May 1;3(3):332-341. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18648613]<br />
#; 2007<br />
# van Bree, L; Fudge, N; Tuomisto, JT; Brunekreef, B. 2007. Closing the gap between science and policy on air pollution and health. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES 70 (3-4): 377-381.<br />
# Tainio M, Tuomisto JT, Hanninen O, et al.: Parameter and model uncertainty in a life-table model for fine particles (PM2.5): a statistical modeling study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, 6 (Article 6) AUG 23 2007.<br />
# Cooke RM, Wilson AM, Tuomisto JT, et al. A Probabilistic characterization of the relationship between fine particulate matter and mortality: Elicitation of European experts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 41 (18): 6598-6605 SEP 15 2007. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17948814]<br />
# Niittynen M, Simanainen U, Syrjala P, et al. Differences in acute toxicity syndromes of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats. TOXICOLOGY 235 (1-2): 39-51 JUN 3 2007 2007.<br />
# Kiljunen M, Vanhatalo M, Mantyniemi S, et al. Human dietary intake of organochlorines from Baltic herring: Implications of individual fish variability and fisheries management. AMBIO 36 (2-3): 257-264 APR 2007.<br />
# Main KM, Kiviranta H, Virtanen HE, Sundqvist E, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Vartiainen T, Skakkebaek NE, Toppari J. Flame retardants in placenta and breast milk and cryptorchidism in newborn boys. Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Oct;115(10):1519-26. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17938745]<br />
#; 2008<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto, Andrew Wilson, John S. Evans, Marko Tainio. 2008. Uncertainty in mortality response to airborne fine particulate matter: Combining European air pollution experts. Reliability Engineering and System Safety 93: 732-744. {{doi|10.1016/j.ress.2007.03.002}}<br />
# Niittynen M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R. Effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on heme oxygenase-1, biliverdin IXalpha reductase and delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase 1 in rats with wild-type or variant AH receptor. Toxicology. 2008 Sep 4;250(2-3):132-42. Epub 2008 Jul 10. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18657588]<br />
# Karvosenoja, N (Karvosenoja, Niko); Tainio, M (Tainio, Marko); Kupiainen, K (Kupiainen, Kaarle); Tuomisto, JT (Tuomisto, Jouni T.); Kukkonen, J (Kukkonen, Jaakko); Johansson, M (Johansson, Matti). Evaluation of the emissions and uncertainties of PM2.5 originated from vehicular traffic and domestic wood combustion in Finland. BOREAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH, 13 (5): 465-474 OCT 31 2008.<br />
# Leino O, Tainio M, Tuomisto JT. Comparative risk analysis of dioxins in fish and fine particles from heavy-duty vehicles. Risk Anal. 2008 Feb;28(1):127-40. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18304111]<br />
# Franc MA, Moffat ID, Boutros PC, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Pohjanvirta R, Okey AB. Patterns of dioxin-altered mRNA expression in livers of dioxin-sensitive versus dioxin-resistant rats. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Nov;82(11):809-30. Epub 2008 May 9. Erratum in: Arch Toxicol. 2008 Nov;82(11):831. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18465118]<br />
#; 2009<br />
# Marko Tainio, Mikhail Sofiev, Mika Hujo, Jouni T. Tuomisto, Miranda Loh, Matti J. Jantunen, Ari Karppinen, Leena Kangas, Niko Karvosenoja, Kaarle Kupiainen, Petri Porvari, Jaakko Kukkonen: Evaluation of the European population intake fractions for European and Finnish anthropogenic primary fine particulate matter emissions. Atmospheric Environment 43 (2009) 3052–3059.<br />
# Marko Tainio, Niko Karvosenoja, Petri Porvari, Arjen Raateland, Jouni T. Tuomisto, Matti Johansson, Jaakko Kukkonen, Kaarle Kupiainen: A simple concept for GIS-based estimation of population exposure to primary fine particles from vehicular traffic and domestic wood combustion. Boreal Environment Research 14 (2009): 850-860.<br />
#; 2010<br />
# Sand S, Fletcher N, von Rosen D, Kalantari F, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Falk-Filipsson A, Håkansson H. Quantitative and statistical analysis of differences in sensitivity between Long-Evans and Han/Wistar rats following long-term exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2010 Jul-Aug;57(2-3):136-45. Epub 2010 Feb 4. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20138101]<br />
# Herlin M, Kalantari F, Stern N, Sand S, Larsson S, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Tuukkanen J, Jämsä T, Lind PM, Håkansson H. Quantitative characterization of changes in bone geometry, mineral density and biomechanical properties in two rat strains with different Ah-receptor structures after long-term exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicology. 2010 Jun 29;273(1-3):1-11. Epub 2010 Apr 18. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20403408]<br />
# Hirvonen T, Sinkko H, Hallikainen A, Kiviranta H, Pietinen P, Valsta L, Tuomisto JT. Modelling the intake of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans: impact of energy under-reporting and number of reporting days in dietary surveys. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2010 Aug;27(8):1170-6. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20432100]<br />
# Tainio, M (Tainio, M.); Tuomisto, JT (Tuomisto, J. T.); Pekkanen, J (Pekkanen, J.); Karvosenoja, N (Karvosenoja, N.); Kupiainen, K (Kupiainen, K.); Porvari, P (Porvari, P.); Sofiev, M (Sofiev, M.); Karppinen, A (Karppinen, A.); Kangas, L (Kangas, L.); Kukkonen, J (Kukkonen, J.): Uncertainty in health risks due to anthropogenic primary fine particulate matter from different source types in Finland. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 2010: 44 (17): 2125-2132 {{doi|10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.02.036}}<br />
#; 2011<br />
# Lensu S, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Pohjanvirta R. Characterization of the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-provoked strong and rapid aversion to unfamiliar foodstuffs in rats. Toxicology. 2011 May 10;283(2-3):140-50. Epub 2011 Mar 22. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21435369]<br />
# Lensu S, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M, Niittynen M, Pohjanvirta R. Immediate and highly sensitive aversion response to a novel food item linked to AH receptor stimulation. Toxicol Lett. 2011 Jun 24;203(3):252-7. Epub 2011 Mar 31. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21458548]<br />
# Pohjola MV, Tuomisto JT. Openness in participation, assessment, and policy making upon issues of environment and environmental health: a review of literature and recent project results. Environ Health. 2011 Jun 16;10:58. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21679456]<br />
# Pohjola, M.V., Pohjola, P., Paavola, S., Bauters, M., Tuomisto, J.T., 2011b. Pragmatic knowledge services. Journal of Universal Computer Science 17, 472-497. {{doi|10.3217/jucs-017-03-0472}}<br />
# Niko Karvosenoja, Leena Kangas, Kaarle Kupiainen, Jaakko Kukkonen, Ari Karppinen, Mikhail Sofiev, Marko Tainio, Ville-Veikko Paunu, Pauliina Ahtoniemi, Jouni T. Tuomisto, Petri Porvari. Integrated modeling assessments of the population exposure in Finland to primary PM2.5 from traffic and domestic wood combustion on the resolutions of 1 and 10 km. Air Quality Atmosphere and Health 2011 (4) 3-4: 179-188. {{doi|10.1007/s11869-010-0100-9}}<br />
# Taimisto, Pauliina; Tainio, Marko; Karvosenoja, Niko; Kupiainen, Kaarle; Porvari, Petri; Karppinen, Ari; Kangas, Leena; Kukkonen, Jaakko; Tuomisto, Jouni T. Evaluation of intake fractions for different subpopulations due to primary fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emitted from domestic wood combustion and traffic in Finland. Air Quality Atmosphere and Health 2011 (4) 3-4: 199-209. {{doi|10.1007/s11869-011-0138-3}}<br />
# de Nazelle, Audrey; Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J.; Anto, Josep M.; Brauer, Michael; Briggs, David; Braun-Fahrlander, Charlotte; Cavill, Nick; Cooper, Ashley R.; Desqueyroux, Helene; Fruin, Scott; Hoek, Gerard; Panis, Luc Int; Janssen, Nicole; Jerrett, Michael; Joffe, Michael; Andersen, Zorana Jovanovic; van Kempen, Elise; Kingham, Simon; Kubesch, Nadine; Leyden, Kevin M.; Marshall, Julian D.; Matamala, Jaume; Mellios, Giorgos; Mendez, Michelle; Nassif, Hala; Ogilvie, David; Peiro, Rosana; Perez, Katherine; Rabl, Ari; Ragettli, Martina; Rodriguez, Daniel; Rojas, David; Ruiz, Pablo; Sallis, James F.; Terwoert, Jeroen; Toussaint, Jean-Francois; Tuomisto, Jouni; Zuurbier, Moniek; Lebret, Erik. Improving health through policies that promote active travel: A review of evidence to support integrated health impact assessment. Environment International 2011 (37) 4: 766-777. {{doi|10.1016/j.envint.2011.02.003}}<br />
#; 2012<br />
# Virtanen HE, Koskenniemi JJ, Sundqvist E, Main KM, Kiviranta H, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M, Vartiainen T, Skakkebaek NE, Toppari J. Associations between congenital cryptorchidism in newborn boys and levels of dioxins and PCBs in placenta. Int J Androl. 2012 Jun;35(3):283-93. {{doi|10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01233.x}}. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22150420]. ISSN 0105-6263<br />
# Verhagen H, Tijhuis MJ, Gunnlaugsdottir H, Kalogeras N, Leino O, Luteijn JM, Magnússon SH, Odekerken G, Pohjola MV, Tuomisto JT, Ueland O, White BC, Holm F. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Introduction. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 2-4. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21679738]<br />
# Tijhuis MJ, de Jong N, Pohjola MV, Gunnlaugsdóttir H, Hendriksen M, Hoekstra J, Holm F, Kalogeras N, Leino O, van Leeuwen FX, Luteijn JM, Magnússon SH, Odekerken G, Rompelberg C, Tuomisto JT, Ueland O, White BC, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Food and nutrition. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 5-25. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21679741]<br />
# Luteijn JM, White BC, Gunnlaugsdóttir H, Holm F, Kalogeras N, Leino O, Magnússon SH, Odekerken G, Pohjola MV, Tijhuis MJ, Tuomisto JT, Ueland O, McCarron PA, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Medicines. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 26-32 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21683115]<br />
# Magnússon SH, Gunnlaugsdóttir H, van Loveren H, Holm F, Kalogeras N, Leino O, Luteijn JM, Odekerken G, Pohjola MV, Tijhuis MJ, Tuomisto JT, Ueland O, White BC, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Food microbiology. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 33-39. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21679739]<br />
# Pohjola MV, Leino O, Kollanus V, Tuomisto JT, Gunnlaugsdóttir H, Holm F, Kalogeras N, Luteijn JM, Magnússon SH, Odekerken G, Tijhuis MJ, Ueland O, White BC, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Environmental health. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 40-55. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21708210]<br />
# Kalogeras N, Odekerken-Schröder G, Pennings JM, Gunnlaugsdottir H, Holm F, Leino O, Luteijn JM, Magnússon SH, Pohjola MV, Tijhuis MJ, Tuomisto JT, Ueland O, White BC, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Economics and Marketing-Finance. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 56-66. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21871522]<br />
# Ueland O, Gunnlaugsdottir H, Holm F, Kalogeras N, Leino O, Luteijn JM, Magnússon SH, Odekerken G, Pohjola MV, Tijhuis MJ, Tuomisto JT, White BC, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Consumer perception. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 67-76. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21683114]<br />
# Tijhuis, M.J., Pohjola, M.V., Gunnlaugsdóttir, H., Kalogeras, N., Leino, O., Luteijn, J.M., Magnússon, S.H., Odekerken, G., Poto, M., Tuomisto, J.T., Ueland, Ø., White, B.C., Holm, F., Verhagen, H., 2011. Looking beyond Borders: Integrating best practices in benefit-risk analysis into the field of food and nutrition. Food and Chemical Toxicology (2012) 50: 1: 77-93. {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.044}}<br />
# Karjalainen AK, Hirvonen T, Kiviranta H, Sinkko H, Kronberg-Kippilä C, Virtanen SM, Hallikainen A, Leino O, Knip M, Veijola R, Simell O, Tuomisto JT. Long-term daily intake estimates of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenylethers from food in Finnish children: risk assessment implications. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2012;29(9):1475-88. {{doi|10.1080/19440049.2012.694373}}. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22765049].<br />
# Tuomisto J, Tuomisto JT. Is the fear of dioxin cancer more harmful than dioxin? Toxicol Lett. 2012 May 5;210(3):338-44. {{doi|10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.02.007}}. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22387160].<br />
#; 2013<br />
# Anna K. Karjalainen, Anja Hallikainen, Tero Hirvonen, Hannu Kiviranta, Mikael Knip, Carina Kronberg-Kippilä, Olli Leino, Olli Simell, Harri Sinkko, Jouni T. Tuomisto, Riitta Veijola, Eija-Riitta Venäläinen, Suvi M. Virtanen. Estimated intake levels for Finnish children of methylmercury from fish. Food and Chemical Toxicology: Volume 54, April 2013, Pages 70-77. {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2012.02.074}} [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22425939].<br />
# Leino O, Kiviranta H, Karjalainen AK, Kronberg-Kippilä C, Sinkko H, Larsen EH, Virtanen S, Tuomisto JT. Pollutant concentrations in placenta. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013 Apr;54:59-69. {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2011.10.058}}. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22056334].<br />
# Mikko V. Pohjola, Pasi Pohjola, Marko Tainio, Jouni T. Tuomisto: Perspectives to Performance of Environment and Health Assessments and Models—From Outputs to Outcomes? (Review). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 2621-2642; {{doi|10.3390/ijerph10072621}}<br />
# Leino O, Karjalainen AK, Tuomisto JT. Effects of docosahexaenoic acid and methylmercury on child's brain development due to consumption of fish by Finnish mother during pregnancy: A probabilistic modeling approach. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013 Apr;54:50-8. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.052. Epub 2011 Jun 23. [Epub ahead of print] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21723361] {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.052}}<br />
#; 2014<br />
# Niittynen M, Simanainen U, Pohjanvirta R, Sankari S, Tuomisto JT. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) Increases Bilirubin Formation but Hampers Quantitative Hepatic Conversion of Biliverdin to Bilirubin in Rats with Wild-Type AH Receptor. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2014 Jan 13. doi: 10.1111/bcpt.12191. [Epub ahead of print]<br />
# Gens, Alexandra; Hurley, J. Fintan; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Friedrich, Rainer. Health impacts due to personal exposure to fine particles caused by insulation of residential buildings in Europe. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 84 (2014): 213-221. {{doi|10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.11.054}}<br />
# Sandström, Vilma; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Majaniemi, Sami; Rintala, Teemu; Pohjola, Mikko V.: Evaluating effectiveness of open assessments on alternative biofuel sources. Sustainability: Science, Practice & Policy (2014): 10(1) Published online May 16, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2014.11908132<br />
# Fantke, P., Jolliet, O., Apte, J.S., Cohen, A.J., Evans, J.S., Hänninen, O.O., Hurley, F., Jantunen, M.J., Jerrett, M., Levy, J.I., Loh, M.M., Marshall, J.D., Miller, B.G., Preiss, P., Spadaro, J.V., Tainio, M., Tuomisto, J.T., Weschler, C.J., McKone, T.E., 2014. Health effects of fine particulate matter in life cycle impact assessment: Conclusions from the Basel guidance workshop. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, {{doi|10.1007/s11367-11014-10822-11362}}<br />
# Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Pohjola, Mikko; Pohjola, Pasi. Avoin päätöksentekokäytäntö voisi parantaa tiedon hyödyntämistä. [Open policy practice could improve knowledge use.] Yhteiskuntapolitiikka 1/2014, 66-75. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2014031821621<br />
#; 2015<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Massadata kansanterveyden edistämisessä. [Big data in promotion of public health.] Duodecim 2015;131:2179–87.<br />
# Perez, L; Trueb, S; Cowie, H; Keuken, M P; Mudu, P; Ragettli, M S; Sarigiannis, D A; Tobollik, M; Tuomisto, J; Vienneau, D; Sabel, C; Kunzli, N. Transport-related measures to mitigate climate change in Basel, Switzerland: A health-effectiveness comparison study. Environment international 2015 (85) 111-119. {{doi|10.1016/j.envint.2015.08.002}}<br />
# Clive E. Sabel, Rosemary Hiscock, Arja Asikainen, Jun Bi, Mike Depledge, Sef van den Elshout, Rainer Friedrich, Ganlin Huang, Fintan Hurley, Matti Jantunen, Spyros P. Karakitsios, Menno Keuken, Simon Kingham, Periklis Kontoroupis, Nino Künzli, Miaomiao Liu, Marco Martuzzi, Katie Morton, Pierpaolo Mudu, Marjo Niittynen, Laura Perez, Denis Sarigiannis, Will Stahl-Timmins, Myriam Tobollik, Jouni Tuomisto, Saskia Willers. Public Health impacts of city policies to reduce climate change: findings from the URGENCHE EU-China project. Environmental Health Environmental Health 2016: 15(Suppl 1):S25. {{doi|10.1186/s12940-016-0097-0}}.<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto, Marjo Niittynen, Erkki Pärjälä, Arja Asikainen, Laura Perez, Stephan Trüeb, Matti Jantunen, Nino Künzli, Clive E. Sabel. Building-related health impacts in European and Chinese cities: a scalable assessment method. Environmental Health 2015, 14:93. {{doi|10.1186/s12940-015-0082-z}} [http://www.ehjournal.net/content/14/1/93]<br />
#; 2016<br />
# Tobollik M, Keuken M, Sabel C, Cowie H, Tuomisto JT, Sarigiannis D, Künzli N, Perez L, Mudu P. (2016) Health impact assessment of transport policies in Rotterdam: Decrease of total traffic and increase of electric car use. Environmental Research 146: 350-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.01.014<br />
# Neittaanmäki P, Huttula T, Karvanen J, Frisk T, Tuomisto JT, Simola A, Tuovinen T, Ropponen J (2016) Unicorn–Open science for assessing environmental state, human health and regional economy. Research Ideas and Outcomes 2: e9232. {{doi|10.3897/rio.2.e9232}} (under peer review)<br />
# Tuomisto J, Airaksinen R, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Pekkanen J, Tuomisto JT. A pharmacokinetic analysis and dietary information are necessary to confirm or reject the hypothesis on persistent organic pollutants causing type 2 diabetes. Toxicol Lett. 2016 Aug 26. pii: S0378-4274(16)33126-5. {{doi|10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.08.024}} [http://pubmed.gov/27575567]<br />
#; 2017<br />
# Arja Asikainen, Erkki Pärjälä, Matti Jantunen, Jouni T. Tuomisto and Clive E. Sabel. Effects of Local Greenhouse Gas Abatement Strategies on Air Pollutant Emissions and on Health in Kuopio, Finland. Climate 2017, 5(2), 43; {{doi|10.3390/cli5020043}}<br />
# Tuomisto J, Airaksinen R, Pekkanen J, Tukiainen E, Kiviranta H, Tuomisto JT. (2017) Comparison of questionnaire data and analyzed dioxin concentrations as a measure of exposure in soft-tissue sarcoma studies. Toxicol Lett. 2017 Mar 15;270:8-11. {{doi|10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.02.011}}<br />
#; 2018<br />
# Hanna Tuomisto, Matleena Tuomisto, Jouni T. Tuomisto (2018). How scientists perceive the evolutionary origin of human traits: Results of a survey study. Ecology and Evolution 8: 6:1-16. {{doi|10.1002/ece3.3887}}<br />
#; 2019<br />
# Mia Pihlajamäki, Arja Asikainen, Suvi Ignatius, Päivi Haapasaari. Jouni T. Tuomisto. Forage Fish as Food: Consumer Perceptions on Baltic Herring. Sustainability 2019, ''11''(16), 4298; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11164298<br />
#; 2020<br />
# Tuomisto, J.T., Asikainen, A., Meriläinen, P. et al. Health effects of nutrients and environmental pollutants in Baltic herring and salmon: a quantitative benefit-risk assessment. BMC Public Health 20, 64 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-8094-1<br />
# Tuomisto, J.T., Pohjola, M.V. & Rintala, T. From insight network to open policy practice: practical experiences. Health Res Policy Sys 18, 36 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-020-00547-3<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Yrjölä J, Kolehmainen M, Bonsdorff J, Pekkanen J, Tikkanen T. (2020) An agent-based epidemic model REINA for COVID-19 to identify destructive policies. MedRxiv preprint, submitted 2020-04-09. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.09.20047498<br />
# Rantakokko P, Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J, Airaksinen R, Raitakari O, Karvonen AM, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H. (2020) Estimated PCDD/F TEQ and total TEQ concentrations in the serum of 7–10 year old Finnish children. Chemosphere 257- 127-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127137<br />
# Nevalainen L, Tuomisto JT, Haapasaari P, Lehikoinen A. Spatial aspects of the dioxin risk formation in the Baltic Sea: A systematic review Science of The Total Environment 753 (2021), 142185, 13 pages. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142185<br />
#; 2021<br />
# Päivi Haapasaari, Suvi Ignatius, Mia Pihlajamäki, Andreas Bryhn, Simo Sarkki, Jouni Tuomisto, Lauri Nevalainen, Annukka Lehikoinen, Timo Assmuth, Atso Romakkaniemi, Heikki Peltoneni, Sakari, Kuikka. (2021) Integrated governance for managing multidimensional problems: Potentials, challenges, and arrangements. Marine Policy Volume 123, January 2021, 104276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104276<br />
<br />
==B. Non-refereed scientific articles==<br />
<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, MacDonald E, Tuomisto L. Effect of a single dose of TCDD on the level of histamine in discrete nuclei in rat brain. XIX Meeting of the European Histamine Research Society. Abstracts. Kuopio: University of Kuopio, 1990: 117.<br />
# Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, MacDonald E, Tuomisto L, Tuomisto J. Effect of a single dose of TCDD on the levels of monoamines, their metabolites and tryptophan in discrete hypothalamic nuclei of rat brain. Acta Univ Tamperensis ser B 1990; 33:67.<br />
# Tuomisto J, Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R. TCDD completely reverses the hyperphagia due to VMH lesion. Soc Neurosci Abstr , 1993.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. TCDD reduces feed intake of rats despite hyperphagia by VMH lesion. In: Tuomisto J, Ruuskanen J, editors. Proceedings of the First Finnish Conference of Environmental Sciences. Kuopio: University of Kuopio, 1993: 369-371.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. TCDD reduces feed intake of rats despite hyperphagia by VMH lesion. Pharmacol Toxicol 1993; 73, suppl.II:115.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Laitinen J, Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. TCDD may induce an alternative metabolic route for melatonin in the rat. Hum Exp Toxicol 1994; 13:807.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. Effects of TCDD on spontaneous motor activity of rats and guinea pigs. Hum Exp Toxicol 1994; 13:808.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Characterization of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced changes in plasma tryptophan binding to albumin. Hum Exp Toxicol 1994; 13:808.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. Effects of nutrition and forced feeding on 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) -induced wasting syndrome in rats. In: Saski E, Saarinen T, editors. Helsinki: University of Helsinki, 1995: 153-156.<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Environmental and other attitudes among Finnish scouts and non-scouts. In: Saski E, Saarinen T, editors. Helsinki: University of Helsinki, 1995: 71-72.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. Interactions between TCDD and weight increasing factors. Toxicologist 1995; 15:67.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. TCDD-induced changes in tryptophan (TRP) in rats: Association with TCDD lethality. Toxicologist 1995; 15:67.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. TCDD cancels the effects on body weight of lesions of ventromedical hypothalamic and paraventricular nuclei. Proc Neurosci Abstr 1996; 22, part 2:1409.<br />
# Unkila M, Marjakangas O, Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a) does not play a major role in the acute toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the rat. Joint Meeting of the Finnish Society of Toxicology and the British Toxicology Society 1996.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and lesion of hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus have additive effects on body weight loss. In: Högmander H, Oikari A, editors. Proceedings of the Third Finnish Conference of Environmental Sciences. Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 1997: 291-293.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Laaksonen M, Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto J. Minor changes in leptin levels after 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure. Pharmacol Toxicol 1997; 80, Suppl. III:113.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and lesion of hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus have additive effects on body weight loss. Finnish-Estonian Congress of Toxicology, Tartu, May 22-24 1997;67.<br />
# Viluksela M, Bager Y, Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Flodström S et al. Comparison of liver tumor promoting activity of TCDD in a TCDD-sensitive and a TCDD-resistant rat strain. Pharmacol Toxicol 1997; 80, Suppl. III:152.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Juvonen R, Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Viluksela M, Bergman J et al. Indolol(3,2-b)carbazole (ICZ) is a weaker Ah receptor agonist in vivo than in vitro. Toxicol Lett 1998; suppl. 1/95:102.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. Separation of Ah receptor and another dioxin resistance gene in new rat lines. Toxicol Sci 1998; 42:66.<br />
# Viluksela M, Unkila M, Stahl BU, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Rozman KK et al. Effects of TCDD on the liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity and glucose homeostasis in a TCDD-susceptible and a TCDD-resistant rat strain. Toxicol Sci 1998; 42:381.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Alm S, Juuti S, Kettunen A, Kurttio P, Pekkanen J et al. Pyrkilo method in a complicated environmental health problem: Paakkila asbestos mine case, Finland. In: Kuusisto S, Isoaho S, Puhakka J, editors. Proceedings. Fourth Finnish Conference of Environmental Sciences. Tampere: Tampere University of Technology, 1999: 244-247.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pekkanen J, Alm S, Kurttio P, Venalainen R, Juuti S et al. Deliberation process by an explicit factor-effect-value network (Pyrkilo): Paakkila asbestos mine case, Finland. Epidemiol 1999; 10(4):S114.<br />
# Jämsä T, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Tuukkanen J. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography and three-point bending test in evaluating the effect of dioxins on rat long bones. Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the European Society of Biomechanics. Dublin: 2000: 339.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Celebi C, Simanainen U, Haavisto AM, Skakkebaek NE, Tuomisto J et al. Testicular toxicity of TCDD in a TCDD-sensitive and a TCDD-resistant rat strain: a stereological analysis. Toxicol Sci 2000; 54, suppl:276.<br />
# Viluksela M, Bager Y, Tuomisto JT, Scheu G, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R et al. Liver tumor promoting activity of TCDD in a TCDD-sensitive and a TCDD-resistant rat strain. Toxicol Sci 2000; 54, suppl:276.<br />
# Kattainen H, Tuukkanen J, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Kovero O, Alaluusua S et al. Impairment of molar tooth development after low dose in utero/lactational TCDD exposure in rats. Pharmacol Toxicol 2001; 88, suppl. I:20.<br />
# Kattainen H, Tuukkanen J, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Kovero O, Lukinmaa P-L et al. Toxicological significance of dioxin-induced defects in tooth development. Kuopio University Publications D 2001; 249:57.<br />
# Kiukkonen AP, Viluksela M, Alaluusua S, Sahlberg C, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Response of H/W and L-E rat incisors to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Int Assoc Dentl Res Congress . 2001.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Korkalainen M, McQuire J, Simanainen U, Juvonen R, Tuomisto JT et al. Toxicity of indolo(3,2-b)carbazole (ICZ) in vivo. Kuopio University Publications D 2001; 249:64.<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Centre of Environmental Health Risk Analysis: Working between science and policy. Airnet . 2002.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Tuomisto J. Soft tissue sarcoma and dioxins - A case-control study. Epidemiol 2002; 13(4):S187.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Simanainen U, Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto J. Postnatal development of resistance to acute lethality of TCDD in two TCDD-resistant rat strains. Toxicol Sci 2002; 66:334.<br />
# Viluksela M, Jämsä T, Kattainen H, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J et al. Effects of in utero/lactational exposure to TCDD on bone in rats. Toxicol Sci 2002; 66:170.<br />
# Fletcher N, Schmidt C, Stern N, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R et al. Hepatic retinoid levels in a TCDD-sensitive (Long-Evans) and TCDD-resistant (Han/Wistar) rat strain following long-term low-dose TCDD exposure. Toxicol Sci 2003; 72(S-1):1763.<br />
# Niittynen M, Tuomisto JT, Auriola S, Pohjanvirta R, Syrjala P, Simanainen U et al. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced accumulation of biliverdin and hepatic peliosis in rats. Toxicol Sci 2003; 72(S-1):1756.<br />
# Simanainen U, Niittynen M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. Differences in acute toxicity syndromes of TCDD and hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats. Toxicol Sci 2003; 72(S-1):1753.<br />
# Tainio M, Tuomisto JT. Comparing methodologies of six fine particle risk assessments. In: Honkanen J, Koponen P, editors. Proceedings. Sixth Finnish Conference of Environmental Sciences. Joensuu: University of Joensuu, 2003.<br />
# Tainio M, Tuomisto JT, Aarnio P, Jantunen M, Koistinen K, Hänninen O et al. Estimation of the contributions of different sources to average PM2.5 exposure of the adult population of Helsinki. 13th Annual Conference of International Society of Exposure Analysis. Abstract book. Stresa, Italy: International Society of Exposure Analysis, 2003.<br />
# Tainio M, Tuomisto JT, Aarnio P, Jantunen M, Pekkanen J. Comparison of different bus types and mortality due to fine particulate matter in Helsinki, Finland. World Congress on Risk.Abstracts , 44. 2003.<br />
# Giese N, Fletcher N, Schmidt C, Stern N, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT et al. Altered retinoid metabolism in rat strains with different sensitivity to TCDD toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 197(3):212.<br />
# Hänninen O, Tuomisto JT, Yli-Tuomi T, Jantunen M. Reduction of urban population mortality risk caused by PM2.5 using modern ventilation systems in buildings. 2004.<br />
# Niittynen M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Korkalainen M, Pohjanvirta R. The effect of TCDD on mRNA expression of key heme metabolic enzymes in rats with hepatic biliverdin accumulation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 197(3):215.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Okey AB, Tuomisto J. Rat strain difference-based animal model for mechanistic studies of dioxin toxicity. Toxicology 2004; 194(3):221.<br />
# Simanainen U, Miettinen HM, Haavisto T, Adamsson A, Koistinen J, Tuomisto JT et al. Comparison of sensitivity to male reproductive system effects after fetal and adult tetrachlorodibenzo-P-dioxin (TCDD) exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 197(3):354.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Tainio M, Pekkanen J, Tuomisto J. Comparative risk analysis of dioxins and fine particulate matter. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 197(3):169.<br />
# Viluksela M, Saurola P, Koivusaari J, Finnlund M, Verta M, Erasto P et al. Time trends of persistent halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons in Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) eggs in Finland. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 197(3):216.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M; Pekkanen, J; Tuomisto, J. 2004. Comparative risk analysis of dioxins and fine particulate matter. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 197 (3): 169-169.<br />
# Giese, N; Fletcher, N; Schmidt, C; Stern, N; Viluksela, M; Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Hakansson, H; Nau, H. 2004. Altered retinoid metabolism in rat strains with different sensitivity to TCDD toxicity. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 197 (3): 212-212.<br />
# Niittynen, M; Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Korkalainen, M; Pohjanvirta, R. 2004. The effect of TCDD on mRNA expression of key heme metabolic enzymes in rats with hepatic biliverdin accumulation. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 197 (3): 215-215.<br />
# Viluksela, M; Saurola, P; Koivusaari, J; Finnlund, M; Verta, M; Erasto, P; Tuomisto, JT; Kiviranta, H. 2004. Time trends of persistent halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons in Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) eggs in Finland. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 197 (3): 216-216.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Wilson, A; Cooke, RM; Tainio, M; Evans, JS. 2005. Mortality in Kuwait due to pm from oil fires after the Gulf War: Combining expert elicitation assessments. EPIDEMIOLOGY 16 (5): S74-S75.<br />
# Evans, JS; Wilson, A; Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M; Cooke, RM. 2005. What risk assessment can tell us about the mortality impacts of the Kuwaiti oil fires. EPIDEMIOLOGY 16 (5): S137-S138.<br />
# Hanninen, O; Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M; Jantunen, M. 2006. Five approaches to PM2.5 exposure reduction in a northern metropolitan area. EPIDEMIOLOGY 17 (6): S522-S522, Suppl. S.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M. 2006. Extended causal diagrams in describing environmental health risks. EPIDEMIOLOGY 17 (6): S524-S524, Suppl. S.<br />
# Virtanen, Helena E.; Sundqvist, Erno; Main, Katharina M.; Kiviranta, Hannu; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Tuomisto, Jouko; Vartiainen, Terttu; Skakkebaek, Niels E.; Toppari, Jorma; Grp Nordic Cryptorchidism Study. Congenital cryptorchidism and dioxin levels in breast milk and placenta. Hormone Research 2008 (70): 72.<br />
# Sand, S; Fletcher, N; von Rosen, D; Victorin, K; Viluksela, M; Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Filipsson, AF; Hakansson, H. 2006. Quantitative and statistical analysis of differences in sensitivity between Long-Evans and Han/Wistar rats following long-term exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. TOXICOLOGY LETTERS 164: S74-S74.<br />
# Tuomisto, J; Leino, O; Kiviranta, H; Tuomisto, JT. 2006. Use of intake fraction to improve dioxin risk assessment. TOXICOLOGY LETTERS 164: S148-S149.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT: A saga of industrial pollution. Science 19 July 2013: Vol. 341 no. 6143 pp. 238-239. doi:10.1126/science.1240379 .<br />
# Teemu Rintala, Einari Happonen, Jouni Tuomisto: OpasnetUtils. Utility functions for dealing with data in Opasnet (www.opasnet.org) environment. A software package for R. Version 1.0.0. CRAN, 2013. [28], accessed 19 July 2013.<br />
# Helga Gunnlaugsdottir and Jouni T. Tuomisto. Foreword. Integrated Benefit and Risk Analysis for Assessing Food Safety and Health Benefit; Results from QALIBRA and BENERIS. (Editorial) Food and Chemical Toxicology: Volume 54, April 2013, Pages 1–2. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2011.09.020<br />
# Niittynen M, Pärjälä E, Tuomisto JT. Increased use of biomass in combined heat and power production: health impacts due to PM2.5 emissions. Abstracts of the 2013 Conference of the International Society of Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE), the International Society of Exposure Science (ISES), and the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate (ISIAQ), August 19–23, 2013, Basel, Switzerland. 2013. Environ Health Perspect; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.ehbasel13.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Torras Ortiz S, Niittynen M. Online energy balance tool to assess health impacts of climate policies in cities - case EU (Kuopio, Stuttgart) and China (Suzhou). Abstracts of the 2013 Conference of the International Society of Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE), the International Society of Exposure Science (ISES), and the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate (ISIAQ), August 19–23, 2013, Basel, Switzerland. 2013. Environ Health Perspect; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.ehbasel13.<br />
# Jantunen M, Asikainen A, Niittynen M, Pärjälä E, Tuomisto JT. Conceptual model linking urban GHG policies to health and wellbeing (URGENCHE). Abstracts of the 2013 Conference of the International Society of Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE), the International Society of Exposure Science (ISES), and the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate (ISIAQ), August 19–23, 2013, Basel, Switzerland. 2013. Environ Health Perspect; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.ehbasel13.<br />
<br />
==C. Scientific monographs==<br />
<br />
# Tuomisto J, Vartiainen T, Tuomisto JT. Synopsis on dioxins and PCBs. Kuopio: National Public Health Institute, 1999.<br />
# Tuomisto JT. TCDD: a challenge to mechanistic toxicology [Dissertation]. Kuopio: National Public Health Institute, 1999.<br />
# Tainio M, Tuomisto JT, Aarnio P, Jantunen M, Koistinen K, Hänninen O et al. Eri bussitekniikoiden vaikutus pienhiukkasten aiheuttamaan kuolleisuuteen Pääkaupunkiseudulla vuonna 2020. Monisteita 2004:1. 2004. Helsinki, Ministry of Social Effects and Health. ISBN 952-00-1459-4, ISSN 1237-200X. <br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjola M: Open risk assessment. A new way of providing scientific information for decision-making. Publications of the National Public Health Institute B18/2007. 2007 <br />
# Gunnlaugsdottir, Helga; Tuomisto, Jouni T. Benefit-risk assessment of food. Foreword. Food and Chemical Toxicology 54 (2011): 1-2. {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2011.09.020}} Published:2013-Apr (Epub 2011 Sep 22) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21964196]. <br />
# Tuomisto, Jouko; Vartiainen, Terttu; Tuomisto, Jouni T. Synopsis on dioxins and PCBs. National Institute for Health and Welfare, Report 14/2011.<br />
# Hans Verhagen and Olli Leino (Eds.)Integrated Benefit and Risk Analysis for Assessing Food Safety and Health Benefit; Results from QALIBRA and BENERIS. Volume 54, Pages 1-78 (April 2013). (Jouni Tuomisto has written the Foreword and three original articles in this special issue.)<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto, Marjo Niittynen, Anu Turunen, Sari Ung-Lanki, Hannu Kiviranta, Hannu Harjunpää, Pekka J. Vuorinen, Mervi Rokka, Tiina Ritvanen ja Anja Hallikainen. Itämeren silakka ravintona – Hyöty-haitta-analyysi. ISSN 1797-2981. ISBN 978-952-225-141-1. Eviran tutkimuksia 1/2015.<br />
# Sofie Pandis Iveroth (coordinator), David McKinnon, Jouni Tuomisto, Martin Wetterstedt, Agneta Persson. Nowcasting CO2 emissions. Early estimates or “nowcasts” for monitoring changes in greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). TemaNord 2022:537, ISSN 0908-6692. ISBN 978-92-893-7351-7 (PDF). ISBN 978-92-893-7352-4 (ONLINE). http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/temanord2022-537<br />
<br />
==D. Publications intended for professional communities==<br />
<br />
# Carrothers TJ, Wolff SK, Tuomisto JT, Wilson A, Levy JI, Graham JD et al. Fine particulate air pollution in the US: a preliminary analysis of the value of research. In: European Commission, WHO, European Collaborative Action, editors. Role of human exposure assessment in air quality management. Report on the joint workshop. 2004. <br />
# Tuomisto JT. Concepts of science-policy interface: Concepts in current practice and potential areas of development. In: van Bree L, Fudge N, Tuomisto JT, editors. Airnet Science/Policy Interface report. Utrecht, the Netherlands: 2004.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Tainio M. Health impact assessment of primary fine particles (PM2.5) emitted from busses in Helsinkin Metropolitan Area, Finland. In: Hurley F, Sanderson E, editors. Airnet Health Impact Assessment report. Utrecht, the Netherlands: 2004.<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Terveydelle haitalliset yhdyskuntailman saasteet ja toksiset aineet. Kirjassa Koulu M, Tuomisto J. Farmakologia & toksikologia (luku 77). <br />
# Ahtoniemi, Pauliina; Tainio, Marko; Tuomisto, Jouni T; Karvosenoja, Niko; Kupiainen, Kaarle; Porvari, Petri; Karppinen, Ari; Kangas, Leena; Kukkonen, Jaakko. Health risks from nearby sources of fine particulate matter : Domestic wood combustion and road traffic (PILTTI) [Pienhiukkasten lähipäästöjen terveysriskit: puun pienpoltto ja tieliikenne (PILTTI)]. National Institute for Health and Welfare, Report 3/2010. <br />
# Kauppila, Tommi; Komulainen, Hannu; Makkonen, Sari; Tuomisto, Jouni T (eds.). 2013. Metallikaivosalueiden ympäristöriskinarviointiosaamisen kehittäminen: MINERA-hankkeen loppuraportti. [Summary: Improving Environmental Risk Assessments for Metal Mines: Final Report of the MINERA Project.] Geology Survey Finland, Research Report 199. 223 pages. ISBN 978-952-217-231-0 (PDF) [http://www.gtk.fi/tietopalvelut/julkaisut/julkaisut/uusimmat/tiivistelma/TR199.html]<br />
# Tuomisto, Jouni. Toms River A Story of Science and Salvation. SCIENCE 2013-08-15.<br />
# Komulainen, Hannu; Kallio, Antti; Tuomisto, Jouni: Kaivostoiminnan ympäristöterveysriskit. Ympäristö ja Terveys-lehti 45 (2014) 2014-12-15, ISSN 0358-3333. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe201501261260<br />
# Asikainen, Arja; Pärjälä, Erkki; Kettunen, Tapio; Niittynen, Marjo; Tuomisto, Jouni. Kasvihuonekaasupäästöjen paikallisten vähentämistoimenpiteiden vaikutukset Kuopiossa. Ympäristö ja terveys-lehti 45 (2014) 2014-10-13. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2014102345596<br />
# Hänninen, Otto; Kutvonen, Juho; Rumrich, Isabella; Asikainen, Arja; Tuomisto, Jouni. Tupakka, radon ja ympäristöterveys. Ympäristö ja Terveys-lehti 45 (2014) 2014-09-15, ISSN 0358-3333. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe201501051039<br />
# Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Hänninen, Otto; Asikainen, Arja; Pohjola, Mikko. Ympäristöterveysriskien torjunta osana kestävää kehitystä. Ympäristö ja Terveys-lehti 45 (2014). http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2014081832960<br />
# Valtioneuvosto. Kansallinen ilmastonmuutokseen sopeutumissuunnitelma 2022. Valtioneuvoston periaatepäätös 20.11.2014. (J Tuomisto was a member of the expert panel preparing the report.) [http://www.mmm.fi/sopeutumisstrategia][http://www.mmm.fi/images/ymparisto/kq9wae2CD/Kansallinen_ilmastonmuutokseen_sopeutumissuunnitelma_2022_pdf.pdf]<br />
# Hänninen, Otto; Asikainen, Arja; Kutvonen, Juho; Tuomisto, Jouni. Ympäristöterveyshaittojen priorisointi ja parhaiden torjuntatoimenpiteiden määrittäminen. Eläinlääkäripäivät 2014. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2015111117069<br />
# Tuomisto, Jouni; Rintala, Julia; Ordén, Pauli; Tuomisto, Matleena; Rintala, Teemu. Helsingin energiapäätös 2015 - Avoin arviointi terveys-, ilmasto- ja muista vaikutuksista. THL:n työpaperi: 2015_024. THL, Helsinki, 2015. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-302-544-8<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Avoin arviointi. Teoksessa Ympäristöterveyden erityistilanteet. Opas ympäristöterveydenhuollon työntekijöille. STM 2014:21. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-00-3546-4<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Öppen bedömning. I boken Exceptionella situationer inom miljöhälsan - En handbok för arbetstagare inom miljö- och hälsoskyddet. STM 2014:22.<br />
# Tuomisto JT. (2015) [Big data in the promotion of public health]. [Article in Finnish] Duodecim. 2015;131(22):2179-87.<br />
# Jouni Tuomisto. Avoin arviointi - metodi, osallistujat, lähteet ja tulokset (liite 3). Raportissa: Anneli Miettinen, Juho-Matti Paavola, Anna Rotkirch, Minna Säävälä, Arttu Vainio. Perheenyhdistämisen edellytysten tiukentaminen ja sen vaikutukset Suomessa sekä kokemuksia viidestä Euroopan maasta. 21.12.2016 PDF (2,4MBt). Valtioneuvoston selvitys- ja tutkimustoiminnan julkaisusarja 55/2016. 86 s. ISSN 2342-6799 (web) ISBN 978-952-287-313-2 (web) [http://tietokayttoon.fi/julkaisu?pubid=15902]<br />
# Jouni Tuomisto, Raimo Muurinen, Juho-Matti Paavola, Arja Asikainen, Teemu Ropponen, Jussi Nissilä. (2017) Tiedon sitominen päätöksentekoon. Valtioneuvoston selvitys- ja tutkimustoiminnan julkaisusarja 39/2017. [Binding knowledge to decision making. Publications of the Government's analysis, assessment and research activities 39/2017]<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto. Tautitaakka auttaa hahmottamaan ja välttämään terveysriskejä. Liito 4/2017. (Liikunnan ja terveystiedon opettajat ry, Helsinki)<br />
# Tuomisto J., Pohjola M., Asikainen A., Meriläinen P., and Rintala T. (2018). From open assessment to shared understanding: practical experiences. BONUS GOHERR Deliverable D7.4. [http://en.opasnet.org/w/From_open_assessment_to_shared_understanding:_practical_experiences]<br />
# Sonja-Maria Ignatius, Raimo Muurinen, Tero Tikkanen, Jouni Tuomisto & Juha Yrjölä. Collective Action Scheme in the implementation of Carbon-neutral Helsinki 2035. EIT Climate-KIC project: 180618 (Pathfinder). City of Helsinki, Helsinki, 7.2.2019 [https://www.stadinilmasto.fi/files/2018/12/Helsinki_180618_FinalReport_CASintoPractice.pdf]<br />
<br />
==E. Publications intended for the general public, linked to the applicant's research==<br />
<br />
# Jouni Tuomisto, Julia Rintala, Pauli Ordén, Matleena Tuomisto ja Teemu Rintala. Helsingin energiapäätös 2015. Avoin arviointi terveys-, ilmasto- ja muista vaikutuksista. [Helsinki energy decision. An open assessment on health, climate, and other impacts.] Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitoksen työpapereita 2015_24. Helsinki 2015. 59 sivua. ISBN 978-952-302-544-8 (pdf), ISSN 2323-363X http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-302-544-8. <br />
<br />
==F. Public artistic and design activities==<br />
<br />
==G. Theses==<br />
<br />
# Tuomisto JT. TCDD: a challenge to mechanistic toxicology [Dissertation]. Kuopio: National Public Health Institute, 1999. <br />
<br />
==H. Patents and invention disclosures==<br />
<br />
==I. Audiovisual material, ICT software==<br />
<br />
# Tuomisto JT et al. (2015). Opasnet. An English web workspace for providing scientific information to help societal decision-making. http://en.opasnet.org (accessed 10 April 2015. Own contribution: 2511 pages edited, contribution score: 2671.)<br />
# Tuomisto JT et al. (2015). Opasnet. A Finnish web workspace for providing scientific information to help societal decision-making. http://fi.opasnet.org (accessed 10 April 2015. Own contribution: 1576 pages edited, contribution score: 1713.)<br />
# Teemu Rintala, Einari Happonen, Jouni T. Tuomisto. OpasnetUtils. A software package for R software. CRAN project, 2014.[http://www.cran.r-project.org/web/packages/OpasnetUtils/index.html]<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto. Building model. An open source R model for estimating heating-related energy consumption and emissions of city building stock. [http://en.opasnet.org/w/Building_model]<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto. Health impact assessment. An open source R model for estimating health impacts of environmental exposures. [http://en.opasnet.org/w/Health_impact_assessment]<br />
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==Links==<br />
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==Keywords==<br />
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==References==<br />
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<references/><br />
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==Files==<br />
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== Explanations ==<br />
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;D. Publications intended for professional communities: {{comment|# |Article in trade journal; article in a professional manual or guide of professional information system, textbook material; professional conference proceedings; published development or research report or study; textbook, professional manual or guide, dictionary|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:09, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}<br />
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;E. Publications intended for the general public, linked to the applicant's research: {{comment|# |Popularised article, newspaper article; popularised monograph (no letters to editor, short commentaries of self-published works)|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:16, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}<br />
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;F. Public artistic and design activities: {{comment|# |Published independent work of art; public partial realisation of a work of art; public artistic performance or exhibition; model or design adopted for production/use|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:17, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}<br />
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; G. Theses: {{comment|# |Polytechnic thesis, Bachelor's thesis, Master's thesis, polytechnic Master's thesis; Licenciate thesis; doctoral dissertation (monograph); doctoral dissertation (article)|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:08, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
;H. Patents and invention disclosures: {{comment|# |Granted patent; invention disclousure|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:18, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
;I. Audiovisual material, ICT software: {{comment|# |Audiovisual material, ICT software|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:19, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}</div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=User:Jouni&diff=43833User:Jouni2023-01-07T15:52:46Z<p>Jouni: small updates</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:YMTO]]<br />
'''Articles missing from Julkari:'''<br />
<br />
*22. Pekkanen J, Tuomisto JT. Väestönkasvu on vain yksi taudeista. Duodecim 1998; 114:594.<br />
*48. Tuomisto J, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Viluksela M et al. Dioxin cancer risk - example of hormesis? Non linearity in Biology, Toxicology and Medicine 2004.<br />
* 99. Gens, Alexandra; Hurley, J. Fintan; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Friedrich, Rainer. Health impacts due to personal exposure to fine particles caused by insulation of residential buildings in Europe. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 84 (2014): 213-221.<br />
* 100. Sandström, Vilma; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Majaniemi, Sami; Rintala, Teemu; Pohjola, Mikko V.: Evaluating effectiveness of open assessments on alternative biofuel sources. Sustainability: Science, Practice & Policy (2014): 10(1) Published online May 16, 2014.<br />
* 107. Neittaanmäki P, Huttula T, Karvanen J, Frisk T, Tuomisto JT, Simola A, Tuovinen T, Ropponen J (2016) Unicorn–Open science for assessing environmental state, human health and regional economy. Research Ideas and Outcomes 2: e9232 (under peer review)<br />
<br />
<br />
Jouni Tuomisto<br><br />
chief researcher<br><br />
Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL)<br><br />
P.O.Box 95<br><br />
FI-70701 Kuopio<br><br />
Finland<br />
<br />
=Personal information=<br />
<br />
==Jouni T. Tuomisto==<br />
<br />
: Researcher 1992-2005, KTL<br />
: Post-doc researcher 2000-2001, Harvard School of Public Health<br />
: Academy researcher 2005-2010, Academy of Finland and KTL<br />
: Senior researcher and chief researcher 2010-, THL<br />
<br />
<br />
: Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL)<br />
: Environmental Health<br />
: P.O.Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio<br />
<br />
<br />
: email: firstname.lastname@thl.fi<br />
: phone: +358295246305<br />
: ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9988-1762<br />
<br />
: A longer CV can be found from [[:heande:User:Jouni]].<br />
<br />
==Areas of interest==<br />
<br />
* Destructive policy<br />
* [[Open policy practice]]<br />
* [[Open assessment]]<br />
* Improved methods for risk analysis<br />
* Decision analysis<br />
* Fine particles<br />
* Dioxins and other persistent pollutants<br />
* Energy production and its emissions<br />
* Climate change<br />
<br />
Jouni Tuomisto (adjunct professor, or docent) has medical background (Lic. Med. 1992 and Dr. Med. Sci. 1999 from the University of Kuopio). He has published more than 115 peer-reviewed articles and two web-workspaces. He has over 25 years of research experience in environmental health, has coordinated one large EU project and participated in several others as principal investigator or senior researcher. He started with toxicology but after the doctoral degree focussed on risk assessment and decision analysis as a post-doc in Harvard School of Public Health in 2000-2001. Subsequent topics have been environmental health assessments of fine particles and dioxins and benefit-risk assessments of food. Mathematical methods became more and more important in the work. In 2006, he started to develop new methods for policy support together with Mikko Pohjola. They developed [[open assessment]], which assesses health and other impacts of policies using open work processes where anyone can participate but specific rules for contributions are applied. In 2014 this was further expanded to [[open policy practice]], which covers - in addition to assessments for policy support - also recommended practices for decision making, implementation of decisions, and evaluation and management of these decision processes. <br />
<br />
Tuomisto has implemented these methods and practices in numerous assessments related to decisions about environmental health. To support these assessments and decision making, he has also developed a web-workspace [[Opasnet]], which is freely available for similar assessments in other decision support processes. He has given university courses about open policy practice and trained students to use Opasnet in their work as environmental scientists.<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
<br />
* Med. Lic. 1992<br />
* Dr. Med. Sci. 1999<br />
* Adjunct professor (docent) (field: toxicology, especially risk assessment) 2004<br />
<br />
== Recent research ==<br />
<br />
* [[Goherr assessment]]<br />
* [[Climate change policies and health in Kuopio]]<br />
* [[Climate change policies in Helsinki]]<br />
* [[Energy balance]]<br />
* [[Building model]]<br />
* [[Urgenche]]<br />
* [[Plantlibra]]<br />
* [[:op_fi:Silakan hyöty-riskiarvio]]<br />
* [[:op_fi:Tekaisu]]<br />
<br />
=Curriculum vitae of Jouni Tuomisto (2023-01-07)=<br />
<br />
'''1. Personal information<br />
: Tuomisto, Jouni Tapio (born 1967 in Finland)<br />
: ORCID 0000-0002-9988-1762, website http://en.opasnet.org/w/User:Jouni, email firstname.lastname(at)kausal.tech<br />
<br />
'''2. Education and degrees awarded<br />
:2004: Title of docent or adjunct professor (toxicology, especially risk assessment), University of Eastern Finland, Finland (previously University of Kuopio)<br />
:1999: Dr. Med. Sci., University of Kuopio, Finland<br />
:1992: Lic. Med., University of Kuopio, Finland<br />
<br />
'''3. Current positions<br />
:Chief Science Officer, Kausal Ltd, 2020 - <br />
<br />
'''4. Previous work experience<br />
:Visiting researcher, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL, Finland) 2021 - 2022<br />
:Chief researcher, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL, Finland) 2012 - 2021<br />
::Team leader in environmental health assessment, Public Health Evaluaton and Projection Unit, THL 1.1.2015 - 31.12.2020<br />
:Unit Head of the Assessment and Modelling Unit, THL 1.9.2010 - 31.12.2014<br />
:Senior researcher, THL (previously National Public Health Institute KTL) 1.6.2005 - 2012<br />
:Academy researcher, 1.8.2005 – 31.7.2010<br />
:Leader of the Risk analysis research group, THL 1.1.2002 - 31.12.2014<br />
:Researcher in KTL 1.1.1999-31.8.2005<br />
:Post-doctoral researcher, Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, Harvard University, Boston, USA 1.9.2000-4.10.2001<br />
:Doctoral student in KTL 1992-1998<br />
:General practitioner, clinical work for about 9 months in 1991-1993<br />
:Military service including the military medical school, 1988.<br />
<br />
'''5. Career breaks: none<br />
<br />
'''6. Personal research funding and grants to own research group<br />
* Value profile project funding from Business Finland (2022-2023), 30000 €, role: principal investigator. <br />
* Kiltova2 funding from the Ministry of Environment (via Finnish Environment Institute) 2020-2021, 10000 €.<br />
* VN-TEAS funding from the Prime Minister's Office: Yhtäköyttä, 2015-2016, 150 000 €, role: coordinator.<br />
* EU BONUS & the Academy of Finland: GOHERR, 2015-2018, 290 000 €, role: principal investigator of THL.<br />
* Ministry of Social Affairs and Health: TEKAISU, 2012-2014, 160 000 €, role: principal investigator of the project.<br />
* EU 7FP: URGENCHE (ID 265114), 2011-2014, 315 855 €, role: principal investigator of THL and a workpackage leader. PLANTLIBRA (ID 245199), 2010-2014, 141 984 €, role: principal investigator of THL.<br />
* EAKR (Aluekehitysrahasto), ERACedu, 2009-2011, 128 600 €, role: principal investigator (deputy) of the National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL).<br />
* Academy of Finland. CLAIH, 2009-2012, 170760 €, role: principal investigator. BIOHER, 2008-2011, 144000 €, role: principal investigator. SCUD (academy researcher position), 2005-2010, totally 735001 €, role: academy researcher. Post-doctoral fellowship, 2000-2001, 138000 FIM.<br />
* European Commission 6FP, HEIMTSA, 2007-2011, role: workpackage leader (principal investigator: Matti Jantunen). BENERIS, 2006-2009, 199 000 €, role: coordinator. INTARESE, 2005-2010 149 000 €, role: workpackage leader.<br />
* Ministry of Environment, PILTTI 2006-2008, 43000, role: coordinator. Kopra fine particle risk assessment project, 2002, 32000 €.<br />
* National Technology Agency of Finland (Tekes), Kopra fine particle risk assessment project (part 2), 2004, 131 400 €, role: workpackage leader.<br />
* YTV, 2003. Kopra fine particle risk assessment project. 8000 €.<br />
* Funding from Finnish Cultural Foundation of Northern Savo and Orion Oyj, 1998-1999, total 140 000 FIM.<br />
<br />
'''7. Leadership and supervision experience<br />
* Supervisor of 5 PhD students: Ph.D. Marko Tainio 2009, Dr.-Ing. Alexandra Gens (née Kuhn) 2012, Ph.D. (Tech.Sc.) Mikko Pohjola 2013, Ph.D. (Tech.Sc.) Olli Leino 2014, Ph.D. Marjo Niittynen 2014.<br />
* Group leader, unit leader, or team leader for 5-15 people in THL (KTL until 2009) since 2006.<br />
<br />
'''8. Teaching experience<br />
* ''Decision analysis and risk management'' course directed to Master of Science and doctoral students in the University of Eastern Finland (6 credit points): I was the developer of the course together with Mikko Pohjola, and I have been the practical leader and the main lecturer of the course every time the course has been organised in 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017. http://en.opasnet.org/w/Darm<br />
* Lecturer on several courses related to toxicology or environmental health in the University of Eastern Finland for many years (5 - 10 lectures per year).<br />
<br />
'''9. Experience of organising scientific meetings<br />
* ''Open assessment workshop'' was organised in 2007, 2008, and 2009 for 20-30 doctoral students and post-doc researchers. The events lasted from 5 to 12 days. I was the main organiser of these events.<br />
<br />
'''10. Patents, inventions, awards and honours: none<br />
<br />
'''11. Other key scientific or academic merits<br />
* At Kausal Ltd, development of health impact assessment models related to climate mitigation actions. Also participation in the development of a scenario tool for developing and evaluating climate policies in cities.<br />
* More than 115 peer reviewed articles; 25 proceedings, reports or book articles; three articles in domestic language; two open web-workspaces for production and dissemination of scientific information to improve decision making; three open source models or software packages; and more than 70 abstracts in scientific meetings.<br />
* Opponent for Patrycja Gradowska (Delft Technological University, Delft, the Netherlands 8 May 2013)<br />
* Evaluator of applications to THL about health promotion, 2012-2014.<br />
* Developer of the open Opasnet website for scientific decision support and open policy practice, 2006 - <br />
* Evaluator of the Juho Vainio Foundation, 2020 -<br />
<br />
'''12. Memberships and positions of trust in scientific societies<br />
* Member of MATINE - the Scientific Advisory Board of Defence, medical division, 2017 -<br />
* Representative of THL in the national coordinating group of climate adaptation (21 May 2012 - 31 Dec 2013).<br />
* Member in a national group evaluating the update of the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive (EIA Directive) (2013).<br />
<br />
'''13. Link to complete CV<br />
:http://en.opasnet.org/w/User:Jouni<br />
<br />
=List of publications=<br />
<br />
: Tuomisto, Jouni Tapio (born 1967 in Finland)<br />
: Scientific publications 2023-01-07<br />
: ORCID 0000-0002-9988-1762, website http://en.opasnet.org/w/User:Jouni, email firstname.lastname(at)kausal.tech<br />
<br />
==Selected publications==<br />
<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Yrjölä J, Kolehmainen M, Bonsdorff J, Pekkanen J, Tikkanen T. (2020) An agent-based epidemic model REINA for COVID-19 to identify destructive policies. MedRxiv preprint, submitted 2020-04-09. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.09.20047498 <br />
# Tuomisto, J.T., Pohjola, M.V. & Rintala, T. From insight network to open policy practice: practical experiences. Health Res Policy Sys 18, 36 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-020-00547-3<br />
# Tuomisto, J.T., Asikainen, A., Meriläinen, P. et al. Health effects of nutrients and environmental pollutants in Baltic herring and salmon: a quantitative benefit-risk assessment. BMC Public Health 20, 64 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-8094-1<br />
# Tuomisto JT et al. (2019). Opasnet. An English web workspace for providing scientific information to help societal decision-making. http://en.opasnet.org (English) and http://fi.opasnet.org (Finnish) (accessed 20 Dec 2019. Own contribution (English + Finnish): 2132+1940 pages edited, contribution score: 3127+2103.)<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto, Marjo Niittynen, Erkki Pärjälä, Arja Asikainen, Laura Perez, Stephan Trüeb, Matti Jantunen, Nino Künzli, Clive E. Sabel. Building-related health impacts in European and Chinese cities: a scalable assessment method. Environmental Health 2015, 14:93. {{doi|10.1186/s12940-015-0082-z}} [http://www.ehjournal.net/content/14/1/93]<br />
# Sandström, Vilma; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Majaniemi, Sami; Rintala, Teemu; Pohjola, Mikko V.: Evaluating effectiveness of open assessments on alternative biofuel sources. Sustainability: Science, Practice & Policy (2014): 10(1) Published online May 16, 2014. [http://sspp.proquest.com/archives/vol10iss2/1207-032.sandstrom.html]<br />
# Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Pohjola, Mikko; Pohjola, Pasi. Avoin päätöksentekokäytäntö voisi parantaa tiedon hyödyntämistä. [Open policy practice could improve knowledge use.] (in Finnish) Yhteiskuntapolitiikka 1/2014, 66-75. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2014031821621<br />
# Mikko V. Pohjola, Pasi Pohjola, Marko Tainio, Jouni T. Tuomisto: Perspectives to Performance of Environment and Health Assessments and Models—From Outputs to Outcomes? (Review). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 2621-2642; doi:10.3390/ijerph10072621 <br />
# Tijhuis, M.J., Pohjola, M.V., Gunnlaugsdóttir, H., Kalogeras, N., Leino, O., Luteijn, J.M., Magnússon, S.H., Odekerken, G., Poto, M., Tuomisto, J.T., Ueland, Ø., White, B.C., Holm, F., Verhagen, H., 2011. Looking beyond Borders: Integrating best practices in benefit-risk analysis into the field of food and nutrition. Food and Chemical Toxicology (2012) 50: 1: 77-93. {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.044}}<br />
# Pohjola MV, Tuomisto JT. Openness in participation, assessment, and policy making upon issues of environment and environmental health: a review of literature and recent project results. Environ Health. 2011 Jun 16;10:58. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21679456]<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto, Andrew Wilson, John S. Evans, Marko Tainio. 2008. Uncertainty in mortality response to airborne fine particulate matter: Combining European air pollution experts. Reliability Engineering and System Safety 93: 732-744. {{doi|10.1016/j.ress.2007.03.002}}<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M. 2005. An economic way of reducing health, environmental, and other pressures of urban traffic: a decision analysis on trip aggregation. BMC PUBLIC HEALTH 5:123. [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/5/123/abstract]<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Tainio, M; Niittynen, M; Verkasalo, P; Vartiainen, T; Kiviranta, H; Pekkanen, J. 2004. Risk-benefit analysis of eating farmed salmon. SCIENCE 305 (5683): 476-476. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.305.5683.476<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Pekkanen, J; Kiviranta, H; Tukiainen, E; Vartiainen, T; Tuomisto, J. 2004. Soft-tissue sarcoma and dioxin: A case-control study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER 108 (6): 893-900.<br />
# Levy, JI; Carrothers, TJ; Tuomisto, JT; Hammitt, JK; Evans, JS. 2001. Assessing the public health benefits of reduced ozone concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 109 (12): 1215-1226.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Viluksela, M; Pohjanvirta, R; Tuomisto, J. 1999. The AH receptor and a novel gene determine acute toxic responses to TCDD: Segregation of the resistant alleles to different rat lines. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 155 (1): 71-81.<br />
<br />
==A. Peer-reviewed scientific articles==<br />
<br />
::; 1991<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Koulu M, Tuomisto L. Effect of A Single Dose of Tcdd on the Level of Histamine in Discrete Nuclei in Rat-Brain. Agents Actions 1991; 33(1-2):154-156.<br />
#; 1993<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Vuolteenaho O, Leppaluoto J, Tuomisto J. Effect of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin (Tcdd) on Plasma and Tissue Beta-Endorphin-Like Immunoreactivity in the Most Tcdd-Susceptible and the Most Tcdd-Resistant Rat Strain. Life Sci 1993; 53(19):1479-1487.<br />
# Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, MacDonald E, Tuomisto L, Koulu M et al. Effect of A Single Lethal Dose of Tcdd on the Levels of Monoamines, Their Metabolites and Tryptophan in Discrete Brain Nuclei and Peripheral-Tissues of Long-Evans Rats. Pharmacol Toxicol 1993; 72(4-5):279-285.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. TCDD reduces selectively plasma ß-endorphin levels in TCDD-susceptible Long-Evans rats but not in TCDD-resistant Han/Wistar rats. Organohalogen Comp 1993; 13:297-300.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Räisänen L, Tuomisto J. Effects of TCDD on motor activity of TCDD-susceptible and -resistant rat strains. Organohalogen Comp 1993; 13:313-315.<br />
#; 1994<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, MacDonald E, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Dose-Response and Time-Course of Alterations in Tryptophan-Metabolism by 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin (Tcdd) in the Most Tcdd-Susceptible and the Most Tcdd-Resistant Rat Strain - Relationship with Tcdd Lethality. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1994; 128(2):280-292.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Modulation of TCDD-induced wasting syndrome by diabetes. Organohalogen Comp 1994; 21:315-318.<br />
#; 1995<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Linden J, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Toxic Equivalency Factors do Not Predict the Acute Toxicities of Dioxins in Rats. Eur J Pharmacol Env Toxicol Pharmacol 1995; 293(4):341-353.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin-Induced Anorexia and Wasting Syndrome in Rats - Aggravation After Ventromedial Hypothalamic-Lesion. Eur J Pharmacol Env Toxicol Pharmacol 1995; 293(4):309-317.<br />
# Unkila M, Ruotsalainen M, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, MacDonald E, Tuomisto JT et al. Effect of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin (Tcdd) on Tryptophan and Glucose-Homeostasis in the Most Tcdd-Susceptible and the Most Tcdd-Resistant Species, Guinea-Pigs and Hamsters. Arch Toxicol 1995; 69(10):677-683.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Alterations in Plasma Tryptophan Binding to Albumin in 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin-Treated Long-Evans Rats. Eur J Pharmacol Env Toxicol Pharmacol 1995; 293(2):115-121.<br />
# Vartiainen T, Lampi P, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Polychlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin and Polychlorodibenzofuran Concentrations in Human Fat Samples in A Village After Pollution of Drinking-Water with Chlorophenols. Chemosphere 1995; 30(8):1429-1438.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Rozman K, Tuomisto J. Effect of TCDD on tryptophan and glucose homeostasis in the most TCDD-susceptible and the most TCDD-resistant species guinea pigs and hamsters. Organohalogen Comp 1995; 25:219-223.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Rozman K, Tuomisto J. Effect of TCDD on tryptophan and glucose homeostasis in the most TCDD-susceptible and the most TCDD-resistant species, guinea pigs and hamsters. Organohalogen Comp 1995; 25:219-223.<br />
#; 1996<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. TCDD blocks the weight increasing effect of paraventricular lesion. Organohalogen Comp 1996; 29:371-374.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. Amelioration of short-term toxicity of TCDD with a fish oil rich in omega-3 fatty acids in Long-Evans rats. Organohalogen Comp 1996; 29:277-280.<br />
# Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. Nitric oxide antagonist N-nitro-L-arginine decreases the lethality of TCDD in mice, but increases it in rats. Organohalogen Comp 1996; 29:272-276.<br />
#; 1998<br />
# Valjakka A, Vartiainen J, Tuomisto L, Tuomisto JT, Olkkonen H, Airaksinen MM. The fasciculus retroflexus controls the integrity of REM sleep by supporting the generation of hippocampal theta rhythm and rapid eye movements in rats. Brain Res Bull 1998; 47(2):171-184.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Simanainen U, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Effect of geldanamycin on the acute toxicity of TCDD. Organohalogen Comp 1998; 37:191-194.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and lesion of dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus have additive effects on body weight loss. Organohalogen Comp 1998; 37:81-83.<br />
# Viluksela M, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Harper PA, Okey AB et al. Characterization of the deviant structure-activity relationship for chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs) in the resistant Han/Wistar rats. Organohalogen Comp 1998; 38:287-290.<br />
# Pekkanen J, Tuomisto JT. Väestönkasvu on vain yksi taudeista. Duodecim 1998; 114:594. <br />
#; 1999<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Karasinska J, Franc MA et al. Physicochemical differences in the AH receptors of the most TCDD-susceptible and the most TCDD-resistant rat strains. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1999; 155(1):82-95.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto J. The AH receptor and a novel gene determine acute toxic responses to TCDD: Segregation of the resistant alleles to different rat lines. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1999; 155(1):71-81.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. TCDD-induced anorexia and wasting syndrome in rats: Effects of diet-induced obesity and nutrition. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 1999; 62(4):735-742.<br />
# Viluksela M, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Stahl BU, Rozman KK et al. Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity, glucose homeostasis and plasma amino acid concentrations in the most TCDD-susceptible and the most TCDD-resistant rat strains. Arch Toxicol 1999; 73(6):323-336.<br />
# Strandman T, Koistinen J, Kiviranta H, Vuorinen PJ, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J et al. Levels of some polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fish and human adipose tissue in Finland. Organohalogen Comp 1999; 40:355-358.<br />
#; 2000<br />
# Kiviranta H, Vartiainen T, Verta M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. High fish-specific dioxin concentrations in Finland. Lancet 2000; 355(9218):1883-1885.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto J. Changes in food intake and food selection in rats after 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2000; 65(3):381-387.<br />
# Viluksela M, Bager Y, Tuomisto JT, Scheu G, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R et al. Liver tumor-promoting activity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in TCDD-sensitive and TCDD-resistant rat strains. Cancer Res 2000; 60(24):6911-6920.<br />
# Kattainen H, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Kovero O, Alaluusua S, Tuomisto J et al. In utero/lactational TCDD exposure impairs the molar tooth development in rats. Organohalogen Comp 2000; 49:229-232.<br />
# Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Kattainen H, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M. Effects of in utero and lactational TCDD exposure on male reproduction pattern in three differentially TCDD sensitive rat lines. Organohalogen Comp 2000; 49:342-344.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Tuomisto J. Soft tissue sarcoma and dioxin exposure in Finnish general population. Organohalogen Comp 2000; 48:107-110.<br />
#; 2001<br />
# Jämsä T, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Tuukkanen J. Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on bone in two rat strains with different aryl hydrocarbon receptor structures. J Bone Miner Res 2001; 16(10):1812-1820.<br />
# Kattainen H, Tuukkanen J, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Kovero O, Lukinmaa PL et al. In utero/lactational 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure impairs molar tooth development in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2001; 174(3):216-224.<br />
# Levy JI, Carrothers TJ, Tuomisto JT, Hammitt JK, Evans JS. Assessing the public health benefits of reduced ozone concentrations. Environ Health Perspect 2001; 109(12):1215-1226.<br />
#; 2002<br />
# Kiukkonen A, Viluksela M, Sahlberg C, Alaluusua S, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J et al. Response of the incisor tooth to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in a dioxin-resistant and a dioxin-sensitive rat strain. Toxicol Sci 2002; 69(2):482-489.<br />
# Niittynen M, Tuomisto JT, Auriola S, Pohjanvirta R, Syrjala P, Simanainen U et al. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced accumulation of biliverdin and hepatic peliosis in rats. Toxicol Sci 2002; 71(1):112-123.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Korkalainen M, McGuire J, Simanainen U, Juvonen R, Tuomisto JT et al. Comparison of acute toxicities of indolo[3,2-b]carbazole (ICZ) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in TCDD-sensitive rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2002; 40(7):1023-1032.<br />
# Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M. Structure-activity relationships and dose responses of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins for short-term effects in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-resistant and -sensitive rat strains. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2002; 181(1):38-47.<br />
# Fletcher N, Stern N, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto J et al. The retinoid response in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-treated Long-Evans and Han/Wistar rats. Organohalogen Comp 2002; 55:437-439.<br />
#; 2003<br />
# Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M. Dose-response analysis of short-term effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in three differentially susceptible rat lines. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2003; 187(2):128-136.<br />
# Stern N, Lind PM, Larsson S, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J et al. TCDD induces trabecular bone loss and bone fragility in a TCDD-sensitive but not in a TCDD-resistant rat strain. Organohalogen Comp 2003; 64:312-315. <br />
#; 2004<br />
# Miettinen HM, Huuskonen H, Partanen AM, Miettinen P, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R et al. Effects of epidermal growth factor receptor deficiency and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlor.odibenzo-p-dioxin on fetal development in mice. Toxicology Letters 2004; 150(3):285-291.<br />
# Simanainen U, Adamsson A, Tuomisto JT, Miettinen HM, Toppari J, Tuomisto J et al. Adult 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure and effects on male reproductive organs in three differentially TCDD-susceptible rat lines. Toxicol Sci 2004; 81(2):401-407.<br />
# Simanainen U, Haavisto T, Tuomisto JT, Paranko J, Toppari J, Tuomisto J et al. Pattern of male reproductive system effects after in utero and lactational 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure in three differentially TCDD-sensitive rat lines. Toxicol Sci 2004; 80(1):101-108.<br />
# Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Syrjala P, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M. Postnatal development of resistance to short-term high-dose toxic effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in TCDD-resistant and -semiresistant rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 196(1):11-19.<br />
# Tuomisto J, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Viluksela M et al. Dioxin cancer risk - example of hormesis? Non linearity in Biology, Toxicology and Medicine 2004.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Tuomisto J. Soft-tissue sarcoma and dioxin: A case-control study. Int J Cancer 2004; 108(6):893-900.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Tainio M, Niittynen M, Verkasalo P, Vartiainen T et al. Risk-benefit analysis of eating farmed salmon. Science 2004; 305(5683):476. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.305.5683.476<br />
#; 2005<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Pekkanen, J. 2005. Assessing environmental health risks or net health benefits?. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 33 (3): 162-163.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M. 2005. An economic way of reducing health, environmental, and other pressures of urban traffic: a decision analysis on trip aggregation. BMC PUBLIC HEALTH 5:123. [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/5/123/abstract]<br />
# Kiviranta, H; Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Tukiainen, E; Vartiainen, T. 2005. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls in the general population in Finland. CHEMOSPHERE 60 (7): 854-869.<br />
# Fletcher, N; Giese, N; Schmidt, C; Stern, N; Lind, PM; Viluksela, M; Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Nau, H; Hakansson, H. 2005. Altered retinoid metabolism in female long-evans and Han/Wistar rats following long-term 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-treatment. TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES 86 (2): 264-272.<br />
# Hanninen, OO; Palonen, J; Tuomisto, JT; Yli-Tuomi, T; Seppanen, O; Jantunen, MJ. 2005. Reduction potential of urban PM2.5 mortality risk using modern ventilation systems in buildings. INDOOR AIR 15 (4): 246-256.<br />
# Hanninen, OO; Tuomisto, JT; Jantunen, MJ. 2005. Characterization of model error in a simulation of fine particulate matter exposure distributions of the working age population in Helsinki, Finland. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION 55 (4): 446-457.<br />
# Tainio, M; Tuomisto, JT; Hanninen, O; Aarnio, P; Koistinen, KJ; Jantunen, MJ; Pekkanen, J. 2005. Health effects caused by primary fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emitted from buses in the Helsinki metropolitan area, Finland. RISK ANALYSIS 25 (1): 151-160.<br />
#; 2006<br />
# Tuomisto J, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT. Dioxin Cancer Risk - Example of Hormesis? Dose Response. 2006 May 1;3(3):332-341. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18648613]<br />
#; 2007<br />
# van Bree, L; Fudge, N; Tuomisto, JT; Brunekreef, B. 2007. Closing the gap between science and policy on air pollution and health. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES 70 (3-4): 377-381.<br />
# Tainio M, Tuomisto JT, Hanninen O, et al.: Parameter and model uncertainty in a life-table model for fine particles (PM2.5): a statistical modeling study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, 6 (Article 6) AUG 23 2007.<br />
# Cooke RM, Wilson AM, Tuomisto JT, et al. A Probabilistic characterization of the relationship between fine particulate matter and mortality: Elicitation of European experts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 41 (18): 6598-6605 SEP 15 2007. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17948814]<br />
# Niittynen M, Simanainen U, Syrjala P, et al. Differences in acute toxicity syndromes of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats. TOXICOLOGY 235 (1-2): 39-51 JUN 3 2007 2007.<br />
# Kiljunen M, Vanhatalo M, Mantyniemi S, et al. Human dietary intake of organochlorines from Baltic herring: Implications of individual fish variability and fisheries management. AMBIO 36 (2-3): 257-264 APR 2007.<br />
# Main KM, Kiviranta H, Virtanen HE, Sundqvist E, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Vartiainen T, Skakkebaek NE, Toppari J. Flame retardants in placenta and breast milk and cryptorchidism in newborn boys. Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Oct;115(10):1519-26. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17938745]<br />
#; 2008<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto, Andrew Wilson, John S. Evans, Marko Tainio. 2008. Uncertainty in mortality response to airborne fine particulate matter: Combining European air pollution experts. Reliability Engineering and System Safety 93: 732-744. {{doi|10.1016/j.ress.2007.03.002}}<br />
# Niittynen M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R. Effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on heme oxygenase-1, biliverdin IXalpha reductase and delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase 1 in rats with wild-type or variant AH receptor. Toxicology. 2008 Sep 4;250(2-3):132-42. Epub 2008 Jul 10. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18657588]<br />
# Karvosenoja, N (Karvosenoja, Niko); Tainio, M (Tainio, Marko); Kupiainen, K (Kupiainen, Kaarle); Tuomisto, JT (Tuomisto, Jouni T.); Kukkonen, J (Kukkonen, Jaakko); Johansson, M (Johansson, Matti). Evaluation of the emissions and uncertainties of PM2.5 originated from vehicular traffic and domestic wood combustion in Finland. BOREAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH, 13 (5): 465-474 OCT 31 2008.<br />
# Leino O, Tainio M, Tuomisto JT. Comparative risk analysis of dioxins in fish and fine particles from heavy-duty vehicles. Risk Anal. 2008 Feb;28(1):127-40. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18304111]<br />
# Franc MA, Moffat ID, Boutros PC, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Pohjanvirta R, Okey AB. Patterns of dioxin-altered mRNA expression in livers of dioxin-sensitive versus dioxin-resistant rats. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Nov;82(11):809-30. Epub 2008 May 9. Erratum in: Arch Toxicol. 2008 Nov;82(11):831. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18465118]<br />
#; 2009<br />
# Marko Tainio, Mikhail Sofiev, Mika Hujo, Jouni T. Tuomisto, Miranda Loh, Matti J. Jantunen, Ari Karppinen, Leena Kangas, Niko Karvosenoja, Kaarle Kupiainen, Petri Porvari, Jaakko Kukkonen: Evaluation of the European population intake fractions for European and Finnish anthropogenic primary fine particulate matter emissions. Atmospheric Environment 43 (2009) 3052–3059.<br />
# Marko Tainio, Niko Karvosenoja, Petri Porvari, Arjen Raateland, Jouni T. Tuomisto, Matti Johansson, Jaakko Kukkonen, Kaarle Kupiainen: A simple concept for GIS-based estimation of population exposure to primary fine particles from vehicular traffic and domestic wood combustion. Boreal Environment Research 14 (2009): 850-860.<br />
#; 2010<br />
# Sand S, Fletcher N, von Rosen D, Kalantari F, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Falk-Filipsson A, Håkansson H. Quantitative and statistical analysis of differences in sensitivity between Long-Evans and Han/Wistar rats following long-term exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2010 Jul-Aug;57(2-3):136-45. Epub 2010 Feb 4. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20138101]<br />
# Herlin M, Kalantari F, Stern N, Sand S, Larsson S, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Tuukkanen J, Jämsä T, Lind PM, Håkansson H. Quantitative characterization of changes in bone geometry, mineral density and biomechanical properties in two rat strains with different Ah-receptor structures after long-term exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicology. 2010 Jun 29;273(1-3):1-11. Epub 2010 Apr 18. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20403408]<br />
# Hirvonen T, Sinkko H, Hallikainen A, Kiviranta H, Pietinen P, Valsta L, Tuomisto JT. Modelling the intake of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans: impact of energy under-reporting and number of reporting days in dietary surveys. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2010 Aug;27(8):1170-6. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20432100]<br />
# Tainio, M (Tainio, M.); Tuomisto, JT (Tuomisto, J. T.); Pekkanen, J (Pekkanen, J.); Karvosenoja, N (Karvosenoja, N.); Kupiainen, K (Kupiainen, K.); Porvari, P (Porvari, P.); Sofiev, M (Sofiev, M.); Karppinen, A (Karppinen, A.); Kangas, L (Kangas, L.); Kukkonen, J (Kukkonen, J.): Uncertainty in health risks due to anthropogenic primary fine particulate matter from different source types in Finland. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 2010: 44 (17): 2125-2132 {{doi|10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.02.036}}<br />
#; 2011<br />
# Lensu S, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Pohjanvirta R. Characterization of the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-provoked strong and rapid aversion to unfamiliar foodstuffs in rats. Toxicology. 2011 May 10;283(2-3):140-50. Epub 2011 Mar 22. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21435369]<br />
# Lensu S, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M, Niittynen M, Pohjanvirta R. Immediate and highly sensitive aversion response to a novel food item linked to AH receptor stimulation. Toxicol Lett. 2011 Jun 24;203(3):252-7. Epub 2011 Mar 31. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21458548]<br />
# Pohjola MV, Tuomisto JT. Openness in participation, assessment, and policy making upon issues of environment and environmental health: a review of literature and recent project results. Environ Health. 2011 Jun 16;10:58. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21679456]<br />
# Pohjola, M.V., Pohjola, P., Paavola, S., Bauters, M., Tuomisto, J.T., 2011b. Pragmatic knowledge services. Journal of Universal Computer Science 17, 472-497. {{doi|10.3217/jucs-017-03-0472}}<br />
# Niko Karvosenoja, Leena Kangas, Kaarle Kupiainen, Jaakko Kukkonen, Ari Karppinen, Mikhail Sofiev, Marko Tainio, Ville-Veikko Paunu, Pauliina Ahtoniemi, Jouni T. Tuomisto, Petri Porvari. Integrated modeling assessments of the population exposure in Finland to primary PM2.5 from traffic and domestic wood combustion on the resolutions of 1 and 10 km. Air Quality Atmosphere and Health 2011 (4) 3-4: 179-188. {{doi|10.1007/s11869-010-0100-9}}<br />
# Taimisto, Pauliina; Tainio, Marko; Karvosenoja, Niko; Kupiainen, Kaarle; Porvari, Petri; Karppinen, Ari; Kangas, Leena; Kukkonen, Jaakko; Tuomisto, Jouni T. Evaluation of intake fractions for different subpopulations due to primary fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emitted from domestic wood combustion and traffic in Finland. Air Quality Atmosphere and Health 2011 (4) 3-4: 199-209. {{doi|10.1007/s11869-011-0138-3}}<br />
# de Nazelle, Audrey; Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J.; Anto, Josep M.; Brauer, Michael; Briggs, David; Braun-Fahrlander, Charlotte; Cavill, Nick; Cooper, Ashley R.; Desqueyroux, Helene; Fruin, Scott; Hoek, Gerard; Panis, Luc Int; Janssen, Nicole; Jerrett, Michael; Joffe, Michael; Andersen, Zorana Jovanovic; van Kempen, Elise; Kingham, Simon; Kubesch, Nadine; Leyden, Kevin M.; Marshall, Julian D.; Matamala, Jaume; Mellios, Giorgos; Mendez, Michelle; Nassif, Hala; Ogilvie, David; Peiro, Rosana; Perez, Katherine; Rabl, Ari; Ragettli, Martina; Rodriguez, Daniel; Rojas, David; Ruiz, Pablo; Sallis, James F.; Terwoert, Jeroen; Toussaint, Jean-Francois; Tuomisto, Jouni; Zuurbier, Moniek; Lebret, Erik. Improving health through policies that promote active travel: A review of evidence to support integrated health impact assessment. Environment International 2011 (37) 4: 766-777. {{doi|10.1016/j.envint.2011.02.003}}<br />
#; 2012<br />
# Virtanen HE, Koskenniemi JJ, Sundqvist E, Main KM, Kiviranta H, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M, Vartiainen T, Skakkebaek NE, Toppari J. Associations between congenital cryptorchidism in newborn boys and levels of dioxins and PCBs in placenta. Int J Androl. 2012 Jun;35(3):283-93. {{doi|10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01233.x}}. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22150420]. ISSN 0105-6263<br />
# Verhagen H, Tijhuis MJ, Gunnlaugsdottir H, Kalogeras N, Leino O, Luteijn JM, Magnússon SH, Odekerken G, Pohjola MV, Tuomisto JT, Ueland O, White BC, Holm F. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Introduction. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 2-4. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21679738]<br />
# Tijhuis MJ, de Jong N, Pohjola MV, Gunnlaugsdóttir H, Hendriksen M, Hoekstra J, Holm F, Kalogeras N, Leino O, van Leeuwen FX, Luteijn JM, Magnússon SH, Odekerken G, Rompelberg C, Tuomisto JT, Ueland O, White BC, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Food and nutrition. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 5-25. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21679741]<br />
# Luteijn JM, White BC, Gunnlaugsdóttir H, Holm F, Kalogeras N, Leino O, Magnússon SH, Odekerken G, Pohjola MV, Tijhuis MJ, Tuomisto JT, Ueland O, McCarron PA, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Medicines. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 26-32 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21683115]<br />
# Magnússon SH, Gunnlaugsdóttir H, van Loveren H, Holm F, Kalogeras N, Leino O, Luteijn JM, Odekerken G, Pohjola MV, Tijhuis MJ, Tuomisto JT, Ueland O, White BC, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Food microbiology. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 33-39. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21679739]<br />
# Pohjola MV, Leino O, Kollanus V, Tuomisto JT, Gunnlaugsdóttir H, Holm F, Kalogeras N, Luteijn JM, Magnússon SH, Odekerken G, Tijhuis MJ, Ueland O, White BC, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Environmental health. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 40-55. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21708210]<br />
# Kalogeras N, Odekerken-Schröder G, Pennings JM, Gunnlaugsdottir H, Holm F, Leino O, Luteijn JM, Magnússon SH, Pohjola MV, Tijhuis MJ, Tuomisto JT, Ueland O, White BC, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Economics and Marketing-Finance. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 56-66. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21871522]<br />
# Ueland O, Gunnlaugsdottir H, Holm F, Kalogeras N, Leino O, Luteijn JM, Magnússon SH, Odekerken G, Pohjola MV, Tijhuis MJ, Tuomisto JT, White BC, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Consumer perception. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 67-76. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21683114]<br />
# Tijhuis, M.J., Pohjola, M.V., Gunnlaugsdóttir, H., Kalogeras, N., Leino, O., Luteijn, J.M., Magnússon, S.H., Odekerken, G., Poto, M., Tuomisto, J.T., Ueland, Ø., White, B.C., Holm, F., Verhagen, H., 2011. Looking beyond Borders: Integrating best practices in benefit-risk analysis into the field of food and nutrition. Food and Chemical Toxicology (2012) 50: 1: 77-93. {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.044}}<br />
# Karjalainen AK, Hirvonen T, Kiviranta H, Sinkko H, Kronberg-Kippilä C, Virtanen SM, Hallikainen A, Leino O, Knip M, Veijola R, Simell O, Tuomisto JT. Long-term daily intake estimates of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenylethers from food in Finnish children: risk assessment implications. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2012;29(9):1475-88. {{doi|10.1080/19440049.2012.694373}}. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22765049].<br />
# Tuomisto J, Tuomisto JT. Is the fear of dioxin cancer more harmful than dioxin? Toxicol Lett. 2012 May 5;210(3):338-44. {{doi|10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.02.007}}. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22387160].<br />
#; 2013<br />
# Anna K. Karjalainen, Anja Hallikainen, Tero Hirvonen, Hannu Kiviranta, Mikael Knip, Carina Kronberg-Kippilä, Olli Leino, Olli Simell, Harri Sinkko, Jouni T. Tuomisto, Riitta Veijola, Eija-Riitta Venäläinen, Suvi M. Virtanen. Estimated intake levels for Finnish children of methylmercury from fish. Food and Chemical Toxicology: Volume 54, April 2013, Pages 70-77. {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2012.02.074}} [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22425939].<br />
# Leino O, Kiviranta H, Karjalainen AK, Kronberg-Kippilä C, Sinkko H, Larsen EH, Virtanen S, Tuomisto JT. Pollutant concentrations in placenta. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013 Apr;54:59-69. {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2011.10.058}}. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22056334].<br />
# Mikko V. Pohjola, Pasi Pohjola, Marko Tainio, Jouni T. Tuomisto: Perspectives to Performance of Environment and Health Assessments and Models—From Outputs to Outcomes? (Review). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 2621-2642; {{doi|10.3390/ijerph10072621}}<br />
# Leino O, Karjalainen AK, Tuomisto JT. Effects of docosahexaenoic acid and methylmercury on child's brain development due to consumption of fish by Finnish mother during pregnancy: A probabilistic modeling approach. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013 Apr;54:50-8. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.052. Epub 2011 Jun 23. [Epub ahead of print] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21723361] {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.052}}<br />
#; 2014<br />
# Niittynen M, Simanainen U, Pohjanvirta R, Sankari S, Tuomisto JT. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) Increases Bilirubin Formation but Hampers Quantitative Hepatic Conversion of Biliverdin to Bilirubin in Rats with Wild-Type AH Receptor. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2014 Jan 13. doi: 10.1111/bcpt.12191. [Epub ahead of print]<br />
# Gens, Alexandra; Hurley, J. Fintan; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Friedrich, Rainer. Health impacts due to personal exposure to fine particles caused by insulation of residential buildings in Europe. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 84 (2014): 213-221. {{doi|10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.11.054}}<br />
# Sandström, Vilma; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Majaniemi, Sami; Rintala, Teemu; Pohjola, Mikko V.: Evaluating effectiveness of open assessments on alternative biofuel sources. Sustainability: Science, Practice & Policy (2014): 10(1) Published online May 16, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2014.11908132<br />
# Fantke, P., Jolliet, O., Apte, J.S., Cohen, A.J., Evans, J.S., Hänninen, O.O., Hurley, F., Jantunen, M.J., Jerrett, M., Levy, J.I., Loh, M.M., Marshall, J.D., Miller, B.G., Preiss, P., Spadaro, J.V., Tainio, M., Tuomisto, J.T., Weschler, C.J., McKone, T.E., 2014. Health effects of fine particulate matter in life cycle impact assessment: Conclusions from the Basel guidance workshop. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, {{doi|10.1007/s11367-11014-10822-11362}}<br />
# Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Pohjola, Mikko; Pohjola, Pasi. Avoin päätöksentekokäytäntö voisi parantaa tiedon hyödyntämistä. [Open policy practice could improve knowledge use.] Yhteiskuntapolitiikka 1/2014, 66-75. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2014031821621<br />
#; 2015<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Massadata kansanterveyden edistämisessä. [Big data in promotion of public health.] Duodecim 2015;131:2179–87.<br />
# Perez, L; Trueb, S; Cowie, H; Keuken, M P; Mudu, P; Ragettli, M S; Sarigiannis, D A; Tobollik, M; Tuomisto, J; Vienneau, D; Sabel, C; Kunzli, N. Transport-related measures to mitigate climate change in Basel, Switzerland: A health-effectiveness comparison study. Environment international 2015 (85) 111-119. {{doi|10.1016/j.envint.2015.08.002}}<br />
# Clive E. Sabel, Rosemary Hiscock, Arja Asikainen, Jun Bi, Mike Depledge, Sef van den Elshout, Rainer Friedrich, Ganlin Huang, Fintan Hurley, Matti Jantunen, Spyros P. Karakitsios, Menno Keuken, Simon Kingham, Periklis Kontoroupis, Nino Künzli, Miaomiao Liu, Marco Martuzzi, Katie Morton, Pierpaolo Mudu, Marjo Niittynen, Laura Perez, Denis Sarigiannis, Will Stahl-Timmins, Myriam Tobollik, Jouni Tuomisto, Saskia Willers. Public Health impacts of city policies to reduce climate change: findings from the URGENCHE EU-China project. Environmental Health Environmental Health 2016: 15(Suppl 1):S25. {{doi|10.1186/s12940-016-0097-0}}.<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto, Marjo Niittynen, Erkki Pärjälä, Arja Asikainen, Laura Perez, Stephan Trüeb, Matti Jantunen, Nino Künzli, Clive E. Sabel. Building-related health impacts in European and Chinese cities: a scalable assessment method. Environmental Health 2015, 14:93. {{doi|10.1186/s12940-015-0082-z}} [http://www.ehjournal.net/content/14/1/93]<br />
#; 2016<br />
# Tobollik M, Keuken M, Sabel C, Cowie H, Tuomisto JT, Sarigiannis D, Künzli N, Perez L, Mudu P. (2016) Health impact assessment of transport policies in Rotterdam: Decrease of total traffic and increase of electric car use. Environmental Research 146: 350-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.01.014<br />
# Neittaanmäki P, Huttula T, Karvanen J, Frisk T, Tuomisto JT, Simola A, Tuovinen T, Ropponen J (2016) Unicorn–Open science for assessing environmental state, human health and regional economy. Research Ideas and Outcomes 2: e9232. {{doi|10.3897/rio.2.e9232}} (under peer review)<br />
# Tuomisto J, Airaksinen R, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Pekkanen J, Tuomisto JT. A pharmacokinetic analysis and dietary information are necessary to confirm or reject the hypothesis on persistent organic pollutants causing type 2 diabetes. Toxicol Lett. 2016 Aug 26. pii: S0378-4274(16)33126-5. {{doi|10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.08.024}} [http://pubmed.gov/27575567]<br />
#; 2017<br />
# Arja Asikainen, Erkki Pärjälä, Matti Jantunen, Jouni T. Tuomisto and Clive E. Sabel. Effects of Local Greenhouse Gas Abatement Strategies on Air Pollutant Emissions and on Health in Kuopio, Finland. Climate 2017, 5(2), 43; {{doi|10.3390/cli5020043}}<br />
# Tuomisto J, Airaksinen R, Pekkanen J, Tukiainen E, Kiviranta H, Tuomisto JT. (2017) Comparison of questionnaire data and analyzed dioxin concentrations as a measure of exposure in soft-tissue sarcoma studies. Toxicol Lett. 2017 Mar 15;270:8-11. {{doi|10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.02.011}}<br />
#; 2018<br />
# Hanna Tuomisto, Matleena Tuomisto, Jouni T. Tuomisto (2018). How scientists perceive the evolutionary origin of human traits: Results of a survey study. Ecology and Evolution 8: 6:1-16. {{doi|10.1002/ece3.3887}}<br />
#; 2019<br />
# Mia Pihlajamäki, Arja Asikainen, Suvi Ignatius, Päivi Haapasaari. Jouni T. Tuomisto. Forage Fish as Food: Consumer Perceptions on Baltic Herring. Sustainability 2019, ''11''(16), 4298; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11164298<br />
#; 2020<br />
# Tuomisto, J.T., Asikainen, A., Meriläinen, P. et al. Health effects of nutrients and environmental pollutants in Baltic herring and salmon: a quantitative benefit-risk assessment. BMC Public Health 20, 64 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-8094-1<br />
# Tuomisto, J.T., Pohjola, M.V. & Rintala, T. From insight network to open policy practice: practical experiences. Health Res Policy Sys 18, 36 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-020-00547-3<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Yrjölä J, Kolehmainen M, Bonsdorff J, Pekkanen J, Tikkanen T. (2020) An agent-based epidemic model REINA for COVID-19 to identify destructive policies. MedRxiv preprint, submitted 2020-04-09. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.09.20047498<br />
# Rantakokko P, Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J, Airaksinen R, Raitakari O, Karvonen AM, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H. (2020) Estimated PCDD/F TEQ and total TEQ concentrations in the serum of 7–10 year old Finnish children. Chemosphere 257- 127-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127137<br />
# Nevalainen L, Tuomisto JT, Haapasaari P, Lehikoinen A. Spatial aspects of the dioxin risk formation in the Baltic Sea: A systematic review Science of The Total Environment 753 (2021), 142185, 13 pages. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142185<br />
#; 2021<br />
# Päivi Haapasaari, Suvi Ignatius, Mia Pihlajamäki, Andreas Bryhn, Simo Sarkki, Jouni Tuomisto, Lauri Nevalainen, Annukka Lehikoinen, Timo Assmuth, Atso Romakkaniemi, Heikki Peltoneni, Sakari, Kuikka. (2021) Integrated governance for managing multidimensional problems: Potentials, challenges, and arrangements. Marine Policy Volume 123, January 2021, 104276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104276<br />
<br />
==B. Non-refereed scientific articles==<br />
<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, MacDonald E, Tuomisto L. Effect of a single dose of TCDD on the level of histamine in discrete nuclei in rat brain. XIX Meeting of the European Histamine Research Society. Abstracts. Kuopio: University of Kuopio, 1990: 117.<br />
# Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, MacDonald E, Tuomisto L, Tuomisto J. Effect of a single dose of TCDD on the levels of monoamines, their metabolites and tryptophan in discrete hypothalamic nuclei of rat brain. Acta Univ Tamperensis ser B 1990; 33:67.<br />
# Tuomisto J, Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R. TCDD completely reverses the hyperphagia due to VMH lesion. Soc Neurosci Abstr , 1993.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. TCDD reduces feed intake of rats despite hyperphagia by VMH lesion. In: Tuomisto J, Ruuskanen J, editors. Proceedings of the First Finnish Conference of Environmental Sciences. Kuopio: University of Kuopio, 1993: 369-371.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. TCDD reduces feed intake of rats despite hyperphagia by VMH lesion. Pharmacol Toxicol 1993; 73, suppl.II:115.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Laitinen J, Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. TCDD may induce an alternative metabolic route for melatonin in the rat. Hum Exp Toxicol 1994; 13:807.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. Effects of TCDD on spontaneous motor activity of rats and guinea pigs. Hum Exp Toxicol 1994; 13:808.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Characterization of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced changes in plasma tryptophan binding to albumin. Hum Exp Toxicol 1994; 13:808.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. Effects of nutrition and forced feeding on 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) -induced wasting syndrome in rats. In: Saski E, Saarinen T, editors. Helsinki: University of Helsinki, 1995: 153-156.<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Environmental and other attitudes among Finnish scouts and non-scouts. In: Saski E, Saarinen T, editors. Helsinki: University of Helsinki, 1995: 71-72.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. Interactions between TCDD and weight increasing factors. Toxicologist 1995; 15:67.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. TCDD-induced changes in tryptophan (TRP) in rats: Association with TCDD lethality. Toxicologist 1995; 15:67.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. TCDD cancels the effects on body weight of lesions of ventromedical hypothalamic and paraventricular nuclei. Proc Neurosci Abstr 1996; 22, part 2:1409.<br />
# Unkila M, Marjakangas O, Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a) does not play a major role in the acute toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the rat. Joint Meeting of the Finnish Society of Toxicology and the British Toxicology Society 1996.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and lesion of hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus have additive effects on body weight loss. In: Högmander H, Oikari A, editors. Proceedings of the Third Finnish Conference of Environmental Sciences. Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 1997: 291-293.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Laaksonen M, Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto J. Minor changes in leptin levels after 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure. Pharmacol Toxicol 1997; 80, Suppl. III:113.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and lesion of hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus have additive effects on body weight loss. Finnish-Estonian Congress of Toxicology, Tartu, May 22-24 1997;67.<br />
# Viluksela M, Bager Y, Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Flodström S et al. Comparison of liver tumor promoting activity of TCDD in a TCDD-sensitive and a TCDD-resistant rat strain. Pharmacol Toxicol 1997; 80, Suppl. III:152.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Juvonen R, Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Viluksela M, Bergman J et al. Indolol(3,2-b)carbazole (ICZ) is a weaker Ah receptor agonist in vivo than in vitro. Toxicol Lett 1998; suppl. 1/95:102.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. Separation of Ah receptor and another dioxin resistance gene in new rat lines. Toxicol Sci 1998; 42:66.<br />
# Viluksela M, Unkila M, Stahl BU, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Rozman KK et al. Effects of TCDD on the liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity and glucose homeostasis in a TCDD-susceptible and a TCDD-resistant rat strain. Toxicol Sci 1998; 42:381.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Alm S, Juuti S, Kettunen A, Kurttio P, Pekkanen J et al. Pyrkilo method in a complicated environmental health problem: Paakkila asbestos mine case, Finland. In: Kuusisto S, Isoaho S, Puhakka J, editors. Proceedings. Fourth Finnish Conference of Environmental Sciences. Tampere: Tampere University of Technology, 1999: 244-247.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pekkanen J, Alm S, Kurttio P, Venalainen R, Juuti S et al. Deliberation process by an explicit factor-effect-value network (Pyrkilo): Paakkila asbestos mine case, Finland. Epidemiol 1999; 10(4):S114.<br />
# Jämsä T, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Tuukkanen J. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography and three-point bending test in evaluating the effect of dioxins on rat long bones. Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the European Society of Biomechanics. Dublin: 2000: 339.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Celebi C, Simanainen U, Haavisto AM, Skakkebaek NE, Tuomisto J et al. Testicular toxicity of TCDD in a TCDD-sensitive and a TCDD-resistant rat strain: a stereological analysis. Toxicol Sci 2000; 54, suppl:276.<br />
# Viluksela M, Bager Y, Tuomisto JT, Scheu G, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R et al. Liver tumor promoting activity of TCDD in a TCDD-sensitive and a TCDD-resistant rat strain. Toxicol Sci 2000; 54, suppl:276.<br />
# Kattainen H, Tuukkanen J, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Kovero O, Alaluusua S et al. Impairment of molar tooth development after low dose in utero/lactational TCDD exposure in rats. Pharmacol Toxicol 2001; 88, suppl. I:20.<br />
# Kattainen H, Tuukkanen J, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Kovero O, Lukinmaa P-L et al. Toxicological significance of dioxin-induced defects in tooth development. Kuopio University Publications D 2001; 249:57.<br />
# Kiukkonen AP, Viluksela M, Alaluusua S, Sahlberg C, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Response of H/W and L-E rat incisors to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Int Assoc Dentl Res Congress . 2001.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Korkalainen M, McQuire J, Simanainen U, Juvonen R, Tuomisto JT et al. Toxicity of indolo(3,2-b)carbazole (ICZ) in vivo. Kuopio University Publications D 2001; 249:64.<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Centre of Environmental Health Risk Analysis: Working between science and policy. Airnet . 2002.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Tuomisto J. Soft tissue sarcoma and dioxins - A case-control study. Epidemiol 2002; 13(4):S187.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Simanainen U, Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto J. Postnatal development of resistance to acute lethality of TCDD in two TCDD-resistant rat strains. Toxicol Sci 2002; 66:334.<br />
# Viluksela M, Jämsä T, Kattainen H, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J et al. Effects of in utero/lactational exposure to TCDD on bone in rats. Toxicol Sci 2002; 66:170.<br />
# Fletcher N, Schmidt C, Stern N, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R et al. Hepatic retinoid levels in a TCDD-sensitive (Long-Evans) and TCDD-resistant (Han/Wistar) rat strain following long-term low-dose TCDD exposure. Toxicol Sci 2003; 72(S-1):1763.<br />
# Niittynen M, Tuomisto JT, Auriola S, Pohjanvirta R, Syrjala P, Simanainen U et al. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced accumulation of biliverdin and hepatic peliosis in rats. Toxicol Sci 2003; 72(S-1):1756.<br />
# Simanainen U, Niittynen M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. Differences in acute toxicity syndromes of TCDD and hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats. Toxicol Sci 2003; 72(S-1):1753.<br />
# Tainio M, Tuomisto JT. Comparing methodologies of six fine particle risk assessments. In: Honkanen J, Koponen P, editors. Proceedings. Sixth Finnish Conference of Environmental Sciences. Joensuu: University of Joensuu, 2003.<br />
# Tainio M, Tuomisto JT, Aarnio P, Jantunen M, Koistinen K, Hänninen O et al. Estimation of the contributions of different sources to average PM2.5 exposure of the adult population of Helsinki. 13th Annual Conference of International Society of Exposure Analysis. Abstract book. Stresa, Italy: International Society of Exposure Analysis, 2003.<br />
# Tainio M, Tuomisto JT, Aarnio P, Jantunen M, Pekkanen J. Comparison of different bus types and mortality due to fine particulate matter in Helsinki, Finland. World Congress on Risk.Abstracts , 44. 2003.<br />
# Giese N, Fletcher N, Schmidt C, Stern N, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT et al. Altered retinoid metabolism in rat strains with different sensitivity to TCDD toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 197(3):212.<br />
# Hänninen O, Tuomisto JT, Yli-Tuomi T, Jantunen M. Reduction of urban population mortality risk caused by PM2.5 using modern ventilation systems in buildings. 2004.<br />
# Niittynen M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Korkalainen M, Pohjanvirta R. The effect of TCDD on mRNA expression of key heme metabolic enzymes in rats with hepatic biliverdin accumulation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 197(3):215.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Okey AB, Tuomisto J. Rat strain difference-based animal model for mechanistic studies of dioxin toxicity. Toxicology 2004; 194(3):221.<br />
# Simanainen U, Miettinen HM, Haavisto T, Adamsson A, Koistinen J, Tuomisto JT et al. Comparison of sensitivity to male reproductive system effects after fetal and adult tetrachlorodibenzo-P-dioxin (TCDD) exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 197(3):354.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Tainio M, Pekkanen J, Tuomisto J. Comparative risk analysis of dioxins and fine particulate matter. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 197(3):169.<br />
# Viluksela M, Saurola P, Koivusaari J, Finnlund M, Verta M, Erasto P et al. Time trends of persistent halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons in Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) eggs in Finland. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 197(3):216.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M; Pekkanen, J; Tuomisto, J. 2004. Comparative risk analysis of dioxins and fine particulate matter. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 197 (3): 169-169.<br />
# Giese, N; Fletcher, N; Schmidt, C; Stern, N; Viluksela, M; Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Hakansson, H; Nau, H. 2004. Altered retinoid metabolism in rat strains with different sensitivity to TCDD toxicity. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 197 (3): 212-212.<br />
# Niittynen, M; Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Korkalainen, M; Pohjanvirta, R. 2004. The effect of TCDD on mRNA expression of key heme metabolic enzymes in rats with hepatic biliverdin accumulation. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 197 (3): 215-215.<br />
# Viluksela, M; Saurola, P; Koivusaari, J; Finnlund, M; Verta, M; Erasto, P; Tuomisto, JT; Kiviranta, H. 2004. Time trends of persistent halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons in Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) eggs in Finland. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 197 (3): 216-216.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Wilson, A; Cooke, RM; Tainio, M; Evans, JS. 2005. Mortality in Kuwait due to pm from oil fires after the Gulf War: Combining expert elicitation assessments. EPIDEMIOLOGY 16 (5): S74-S75.<br />
# Evans, JS; Wilson, A; Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M; Cooke, RM. 2005. What risk assessment can tell us about the mortality impacts of the Kuwaiti oil fires. EPIDEMIOLOGY 16 (5): S137-S138.<br />
# Hanninen, O; Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M; Jantunen, M. 2006. Five approaches to PM2.5 exposure reduction in a northern metropolitan area. EPIDEMIOLOGY 17 (6): S522-S522, Suppl. S.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M. 2006. Extended causal diagrams in describing environmental health risks. EPIDEMIOLOGY 17 (6): S524-S524, Suppl. S.<br />
# Virtanen, Helena E.; Sundqvist, Erno; Main, Katharina M.; Kiviranta, Hannu; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Tuomisto, Jouko; Vartiainen, Terttu; Skakkebaek, Niels E.; Toppari, Jorma; Grp Nordic Cryptorchidism Study. Congenital cryptorchidism and dioxin levels in breast milk and placenta. Hormone Research 2008 (70): 72.<br />
# Sand, S; Fletcher, N; von Rosen, D; Victorin, K; Viluksela, M; Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Filipsson, AF; Hakansson, H. 2006. Quantitative and statistical analysis of differences in sensitivity between Long-Evans and Han/Wistar rats following long-term exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. TOXICOLOGY LETTERS 164: S74-S74.<br />
# Tuomisto, J; Leino, O; Kiviranta, H; Tuomisto, JT. 2006. Use of intake fraction to improve dioxin risk assessment. TOXICOLOGY LETTERS 164: S148-S149.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT: A saga of industrial pollution. Science 19 July 2013: Vol. 341 no. 6143 pp. 238-239. doi:10.1126/science.1240379 .<br />
# Teemu Rintala, Einari Happonen, Jouni Tuomisto: OpasnetUtils. Utility functions for dealing with data in Opasnet (www.opasnet.org) environment. A software package for R. Version 1.0.0. CRAN, 2013. [28], accessed 19 July 2013.<br />
# Helga Gunnlaugsdottir and Jouni T. Tuomisto. Foreword. Integrated Benefit and Risk Analysis for Assessing Food Safety and Health Benefit; Results from QALIBRA and BENERIS. (Editorial) Food and Chemical Toxicology: Volume 54, April 2013, Pages 1–2. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2011.09.020<br />
# Niittynen M, Pärjälä E, Tuomisto JT. Increased use of biomass in combined heat and power production: health impacts due to PM2.5 emissions. Abstracts of the 2013 Conference of the International Society of Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE), the International Society of Exposure Science (ISES), and the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate (ISIAQ), August 19–23, 2013, Basel, Switzerland. 2013. Environ Health Perspect; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.ehbasel13.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Torras Ortiz S, Niittynen M. Online energy balance tool to assess health impacts of climate policies in cities - case EU (Kuopio, Stuttgart) and China (Suzhou). Abstracts of the 2013 Conference of the International Society of Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE), the International Society of Exposure Science (ISES), and the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate (ISIAQ), August 19–23, 2013, Basel, Switzerland. 2013. Environ Health Perspect; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.ehbasel13.<br />
# Jantunen M, Asikainen A, Niittynen M, Pärjälä E, Tuomisto JT. Conceptual model linking urban GHG policies to health and wellbeing (URGENCHE). Abstracts of the 2013 Conference of the International Society of Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE), the International Society of Exposure Science (ISES), and the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate (ISIAQ), August 19–23, 2013, Basel, Switzerland. 2013. Environ Health Perspect; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.ehbasel13.<br />
<br />
==C. Scientific monographs==<br />
<br />
# Tuomisto J, Vartiainen T, Tuomisto JT. Synopsis on dioxins and PCBs. Kuopio: National Public Health Institute, 1999.<br />
# Tuomisto JT. TCDD: a challenge to mechanistic toxicology [Dissertation]. Kuopio: National Public Health Institute, 1999.<br />
# Tainio M, Tuomisto JT, Aarnio P, Jantunen M, Koistinen K, Hänninen O et al. Eri bussitekniikoiden vaikutus pienhiukkasten aiheuttamaan kuolleisuuteen Pääkaupunkiseudulla vuonna 2020. Monisteita 2004:1. 2004. Helsinki, Ministry of Social Effects and Health. ISBN 952-00-1459-4, ISSN 1237-200X. <br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjola M: Open risk assessment. A new way of providing scientific information for decision-making. Publications of the National Public Health Institute B18/2007. 2007 <br />
# Gunnlaugsdottir, Helga; Tuomisto, Jouni T. Benefit-risk assessment of food. Foreword. Food and Chemical Toxicology 54 (2011): 1-2. {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2011.09.020}} Published:2013-Apr (Epub 2011 Sep 22) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21964196]. <br />
# Tuomisto, Jouko; Vartiainen, Terttu; Tuomisto, Jouni T. Synopsis on dioxins and PCBs. National Institute for Health and Welfare, Report 14/2011.<br />
# Hans Verhagen and Olli Leino (Eds.)Integrated Benefit and Risk Analysis for Assessing Food Safety and Health Benefit; Results from QALIBRA and BENERIS. Volume 54, Pages 1-78 (April 2013). (Jouni Tuomisto has written the Foreword and three original articles in this special issue.)<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto, Marjo Niittynen, Anu Turunen, Sari Ung-Lanki, Hannu Kiviranta, Hannu Harjunpää, Pekka J. Vuorinen, Mervi Rokka, Tiina Ritvanen ja Anja Hallikainen. Itämeren silakka ravintona – Hyöty-haitta-analyysi. ISSN 1797-2981. ISBN 978-952-225-141-1. Eviran tutkimuksia 1/2015.<br />
<br />
==D. Publications intended for professional communities==<br />
<br />
# Carrothers TJ, Wolff SK, Tuomisto JT, Wilson A, Levy JI, Graham JD et al. Fine particulate air pollution in the US: a preliminary analysis of the value of research. In: European Commission, WHO, European Collaborative Action, editors. Role of human exposure assessment in air quality management. Report on the joint workshop. 2004. <br />
# Tuomisto JT. Concepts of science-policy interface: Concepts in current practice and potential areas of development. In: van Bree L, Fudge N, Tuomisto JT, editors. Airnet Science/Policy Interface report. Utrecht, the Netherlands: 2004.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Tainio M. Health impact assessment of primary fine particles (PM2.5) emitted from busses in Helsinkin Metropolitan Area, Finland. In: Hurley F, Sanderson E, editors. Airnet Health Impact Assessment report. Utrecht, the Netherlands: 2004.<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Terveydelle haitalliset yhdyskuntailman saasteet ja toksiset aineet. Kirjassa Koulu M, Tuomisto J. Farmakologia & toksikologia (luku 77). <br />
# Ahtoniemi, Pauliina; Tainio, Marko; Tuomisto, Jouni T; Karvosenoja, Niko; Kupiainen, Kaarle; Porvari, Petri; Karppinen, Ari; Kangas, Leena; Kukkonen, Jaakko. Health risks from nearby sources of fine particulate matter : Domestic wood combustion and road traffic (PILTTI) [Pienhiukkasten lähipäästöjen terveysriskit: puun pienpoltto ja tieliikenne (PILTTI)]. National Institute for Health and Welfare, Report 3/2010. <br />
# Kauppila, Tommi; Komulainen, Hannu; Makkonen, Sari; Tuomisto, Jouni T (eds.). 2013. Metallikaivosalueiden ympäristöriskinarviointiosaamisen kehittäminen: MINERA-hankkeen loppuraportti. [Summary: Improving Environmental Risk Assessments for Metal Mines: Final Report of the MINERA Project.] Geology Survey Finland, Research Report 199. 223 pages. ISBN 978-952-217-231-0 (PDF) [http://www.gtk.fi/tietopalvelut/julkaisut/julkaisut/uusimmat/tiivistelma/TR199.html]<br />
# Tuomisto, Jouni. Toms River A Story of Science and Salvation. SCIENCE 2013-08-15.<br />
# Komulainen, Hannu; Kallio, Antti; Tuomisto, Jouni: Kaivostoiminnan ympäristöterveysriskit. Ympäristö ja Terveys-lehti 45 (2014) 2014-12-15, ISSN 0358-3333. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe201501261260<br />
# Asikainen, Arja; Pärjälä, Erkki; Kettunen, Tapio; Niittynen, Marjo; Tuomisto, Jouni. Kasvihuonekaasupäästöjen paikallisten vähentämistoimenpiteiden vaikutukset Kuopiossa. Ympäristö ja terveys-lehti 45 (2014) 2014-10-13. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2014102345596<br />
# Hänninen, Otto; Kutvonen, Juho; Rumrich, Isabella; Asikainen, Arja; Tuomisto, Jouni. Tupakka, radon ja ympäristöterveys. Ympäristö ja Terveys-lehti 45 (2014) 2014-09-15, ISSN 0358-3333. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe201501051039<br />
# Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Hänninen, Otto; Asikainen, Arja; Pohjola, Mikko. Ympäristöterveysriskien torjunta osana kestävää kehitystä. Ympäristö ja Terveys-lehti 45 (2014). http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2014081832960<br />
# Valtioneuvosto. Kansallinen ilmastonmuutokseen sopeutumissuunnitelma 2022. Valtioneuvoston periaatepäätös 20.11.2014. (J Tuomisto was a member of the expert panel preparing the report.) [http://www.mmm.fi/sopeutumisstrategia][http://www.mmm.fi/images/ymparisto/kq9wae2CD/Kansallinen_ilmastonmuutokseen_sopeutumissuunnitelma_2022_pdf.pdf]<br />
# Hänninen, Otto; Asikainen, Arja; Kutvonen, Juho; Tuomisto, Jouni. Ympäristöterveyshaittojen priorisointi ja parhaiden torjuntatoimenpiteiden määrittäminen. Eläinlääkäripäivät 2014. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2015111117069<br />
# Tuomisto, Jouni; Rintala, Julia; Ordén, Pauli; Tuomisto, Matleena; Rintala, Teemu. Helsingin energiapäätös 2015 - Avoin arviointi terveys-, ilmasto- ja muista vaikutuksista. THL:n työpaperi: 2015_024. THL, Helsinki, 2015. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-302-544-8<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Avoin arviointi. Teoksessa Ympäristöterveyden erityistilanteet. Opas ympäristöterveydenhuollon työntekijöille. STM 2014:21. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-00-3546-4<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Öppen bedömning. I boken Exceptionella situationer inom miljöhälsan - En handbok för arbetstagare inom miljö- och hälsoskyddet. STM 2014:22.<br />
# Tuomisto JT. (2015) [Big data in the promotion of public health]. [Article in Finnish] Duodecim. 2015;131(22):2179-87.<br />
# Jouni Tuomisto. Avoin arviointi - metodi, osallistujat, lähteet ja tulokset (liite 3). Raportissa: Anneli Miettinen, Juho-Matti Paavola, Anna Rotkirch, Minna Säävälä, Arttu Vainio. Perheenyhdistämisen edellytysten tiukentaminen ja sen vaikutukset Suomessa sekä kokemuksia viidestä Euroopan maasta. 21.12.2016 PDF (2,4MBt). Valtioneuvoston selvitys- ja tutkimustoiminnan julkaisusarja 55/2016. 86 s. ISSN 2342-6799 (web) ISBN 978-952-287-313-2 (web) [http://tietokayttoon.fi/julkaisu?pubid=15902]<br />
# Jouni Tuomisto, Raimo Muurinen, Juho-Matti Paavola, Arja Asikainen, Teemu Ropponen, Jussi Nissilä. (2017) Tiedon sitominen päätöksentekoon. Valtioneuvoston selvitys- ja tutkimustoiminnan julkaisusarja 39/2017. [Binding knowledge to decision making. Publications of the Government's analysis, assessment and research activities 39/2017]<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto. Tautitaakka auttaa hahmottamaan ja välttämään terveysriskejä. Liito 4/2017. (Liikunnan ja terveystiedon opettajat ry, Helsinki)<br />
# Tuomisto J., Pohjola M., Asikainen A., Meriläinen P., and Rintala T. (2018). From open assessment to shared understanding: practical experiences. BONUS GOHERR Deliverable D7.4. [http://en.opasnet.org/w/From_open_assessment_to_shared_understanding:_practical_experiences]<br />
# Sonja-Maria Ignatius, Raimo Muurinen, Tero Tikkanen, Jouni Tuomisto & Juha Yrjölä. Collective Action Scheme in the implementation of Carbon-neutral Helsinki 2035. EIT Climate-KIC project: 180618 (Pathfinder). City of Helsinki, Helsinki, 7.2.2019 [https://www.stadinilmasto.fi/files/2018/12/Helsinki_180618_FinalReport_CASintoPractice.pdf]<br />
<br />
==E. Publications intended for the general public, linked to the applicant's research==<br />
<br />
# Jouni Tuomisto, Julia Rintala, Pauli Ordén, Matleena Tuomisto ja Teemu Rintala. Helsingin energiapäätös 2015. Avoin arviointi terveys-, ilmasto- ja muista vaikutuksista. [Helsinki energy decision. An open assessment on health, climate, and other impacts.] Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitoksen työpapereita 2015_24. Helsinki 2015. 59 sivua. ISBN 978-952-302-544-8 (pdf), ISSN 2323-363X http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-302-544-8. <br />
<br />
==F. Public artistic and design activities==<br />
<br />
==G. Theses==<br />
<br />
# Tuomisto JT. TCDD: a challenge to mechanistic toxicology [Dissertation]. Kuopio: National Public Health Institute, 1999. <br />
<br />
==H. Patents and invention disclosures==<br />
<br />
==I. Audiovisual material, ICT software==<br />
<br />
# Tuomisto JT et al. (2015). Opasnet. An English web workspace for providing scientific information to help societal decision-making. http://en.opasnet.org (accessed 10 April 2015. Own contribution: 2511 pages edited, contribution score: 2671.)<br />
# Tuomisto JT et al. (2015). Opasnet. A Finnish web workspace for providing scientific information to help societal decision-making. http://fi.opasnet.org (accessed 10 April 2015. Own contribution: 1576 pages edited, contribution score: 1713.)<br />
# Teemu Rintala, Einari Happonen, Jouni T. Tuomisto. OpasnetUtils. A software package for R software. CRAN project, 2014.[http://www.cran.r-project.org/web/packages/OpasnetUtils/index.html]<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto. Building model. An open source R model for estimating heating-related energy consumption and emissions of city building stock. [http://en.opasnet.org/w/Building_model]<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto. Health impact assessment. An open source R model for estimating health impacts of environmental exposures. [http://en.opasnet.org/w/Health_impact_assessment]<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
<br />
==Keywords==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Files==<br />
<br />
== Explanations ==<br />
<br />
;D. Publications intended for professional communities: {{comment|# |Article in trade journal; article in a professional manual or guide of professional information system, textbook material; professional conference proceedings; published development or research report or study; textbook, professional manual or guide, dictionary|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:09, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
;E. Publications intended for the general public, linked to the applicant's research: {{comment|# |Popularised article, newspaper article; popularised monograph (no letters to editor, short commentaries of self-published works)|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:16, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
;F. Public artistic and design activities: {{comment|# |Published independent work of art; public partial realisation of a work of art; public artistic performance or exhibition; model or design adopted for production/use|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:17, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
; G. Theses: {{comment|# |Polytechnic thesis, Bachelor's thesis, Master's thesis, polytechnic Master's thesis; Licenciate thesis; doctoral dissertation (monograph); doctoral dissertation (article)|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:08, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
;H. Patents and invention disclosures: {{comment|# |Granted patent; invention disclousure|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:18, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
;I. Audiovisual material, ICT software: {{comment|# |Audiovisual material, ICT software|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:19, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}</div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=User:Jouni&diff=43832User:Jouni2022-11-08T20:19:18Z<p>Jouni: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:YMTO]]<br />
'''Articles missing from Julkari:'''<br />
<br />
*22. Pekkanen J, Tuomisto JT. Väestönkasvu on vain yksi taudeista. Duodecim 1998; 114:594.<br />
*48. Tuomisto J, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Viluksela M et al. Dioxin cancer risk - example of hormesis? Non linearity in Biology, Toxicology and Medicine 2004.<br />
* 99. Gens, Alexandra; Hurley, J. Fintan; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Friedrich, Rainer. Health impacts due to personal exposure to fine particles caused by insulation of residential buildings in Europe. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 84 (2014): 213-221.<br />
* 100. Sandström, Vilma; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Majaniemi, Sami; Rintala, Teemu; Pohjola, Mikko V.: Evaluating effectiveness of open assessments on alternative biofuel sources. Sustainability: Science, Practice & Policy (2014): 10(1) Published online May 16, 2014.<br />
* 107. Neittaanmäki P, Huttula T, Karvanen J, Frisk T, Tuomisto JT, Simola A, Tuovinen T, Ropponen J (2016) Unicorn–Open science for assessing environmental state, human health and regional economy. Research Ideas and Outcomes 2: e9232 (under peer review)<br />
<br />
<br />
Jouni Tuomisto<br><br />
chief researcher<br><br />
Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL)<br><br />
P.O.Box 95<br><br />
FI-70701 Kuopio<br><br />
Finland<br />
<br />
=Personal information=<br />
<br />
==Jouni T. Tuomisto==<br />
<br />
: Researcher 1992-2005, KTL<br />
: Post-doc researcher 2000-2001, Harvard School of Public Health<br />
: Academy researcher 2005-2010, Academy of Finland and KTL<br />
: Senior researcher and chief researcher 2010-, THL<br />
<br />
<br />
: Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL)<br />
: Environmental Health<br />
: P.O.Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio<br />
<br />
<br />
: email: firstname.lastname@thl.fi<br />
: phone: +358295246305<br />
: ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9988-1762<br />
<br />
: A longer CV can be found from [[:heande:User:Jouni]].<br />
<br />
==Areas of interest==<br />
<br />
* Destructive policy<br />
* [[Open policy practice]]<br />
* [[Open assessment]]<br />
* Improved methods for risk analysis<br />
* Decision analysis<br />
* Fine particles<br />
* Dioxins and other persistent pollutants<br />
* Energy production and its emissions<br />
* Climate change<br />
<br />
Jouni Tuomisto (adjunct professor, or docent) has medical background (Lic. Med. 1992 and Dr. Med. Sci. 1999 from the University of Kuopio). He has published more than 115 peer-reviewed articles and two web-workspaces. He has over 25 years of research experience in environmental health, has coordinated one large EU project and participated in several others as principal investigator or senior researcher. He started with toxicology but after the doctoral degree focussed on risk assessment and decision analysis as a post-doc in Harvard School of Public Health in 2000-2001. Subsequent topics have been environmental health assessments of fine particles and dioxins and benefit-risk assessments of food. Mathematical methods became more and more important in the work. In 2006, he started to develop new methods for policy support together with Mikko Pohjola. They developed [[open assessment]], which assesses health and other impacts of policies using open work processes where anyone can participate but specific rules for contributions are applied. In 2014 this was further expanded to [[open policy practice]], which covers - in addition to assessments for policy support - also recommended practices for decision making, implementation of decisions, and evaluation and management of these decision processes. <br />
<br />
Tuomisto has implemented these methods and practices in numerous assessments related to decisions about environmental health. To support these assessments and decision making, he has also developed a web-workspace [[Opasnet]], which is freely available for similar assessments in other decision support processes. He has given university courses about open policy practice and trained students to use Opasnet in their work as environmental scientists.<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
<br />
* Med. Lic. 1992<br />
* Dr. Med. Sci. 1999<br />
* Adjunct professor (docent) (field: toxicology, especially risk assessment) 2004<br />
<br />
== Recent research ==<br />
<br />
* [[Goherr assessment]]<br />
* [[Climate change policies and health in Kuopio]]<br />
* [[Climate change policies in Helsinki]]<br />
* [[Energy balance]]<br />
* [[Building model]]<br />
* [[Urgenche]]<br />
* [[Plantlibra]]<br />
* [[:op_fi:Silakan hyöty-riskiarvio]]<br />
* [[:op_fi:Tekaisu]]<br />
<br />
=Curriculum vitae of Jouni Tuomisto (2020-11-09)=<br />
<br />
'''1. Personal information<br />
: Tuomisto, Jouni Tapio (born 1967 in Finland)<br />
: ORCID 0000-0002-9988-1762, website http://en.opasnet.org/w/User:Jouni, email firstname.lastname(at)thl.fi<br />
<br />
'''2. Education and degrees awarded<br />
:2004: Title of docent or adjunct professor (toxicology, especially risk assessment), University of Eastern Finland, Finland (previously University of Kuopio)<br />
:1999: Dr. Med. Sci., University of Kuopio, Finland<br />
:1992: Lic. Med., University of Kuopio, Finland<br />
<br />
'''3. Current positions<br />
:Chief Science Officer, Kausal Ltd, 2020 - <br />
:Chief researcher, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL, Finland) 2012 - <br />
::Team leader in environmental health assessment, Public Health Evaluaton and Projection Unit, THL 1.1.2015 - 31.12.2020<br />
<br />
'''4. Previous work experience<br />
:Unit Head of the Assessment and Modelling Unit, THL 1.9.2010 - 31.12.2014<br />
:Senior researcher, THL (previously National Public Health Institute KTL) 1.6.2005 - 2012<br />
:Academy researcher, 1.8.2005 – 31.7.2010<br />
:Leader of the Risk analysis research group, THL 1.1.2002 - 31.12.2014<br />
:Researcher in KTL 1.1.1999-31.8.2005<br />
:Post-doctoral researcher, Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, Harvard University, Boston, USA 1.9.2000-4.10.2001<br />
:Doctoral student in KTL 1992-1998<br />
:General practitioner, clinical work for about 9 months in 1991-1993<br />
:Military service including the military medical school, 1988.<br />
<br />
'''5. Career breaks: none<br />
<br />
'''6. Personal research funding and grants to own research group<br />
* Kiltova2 funding from the Ministry of Environment (via Finnish Environment Institute) 2020-2021, 10000 €.<br />
* VN-TEAS funding from the Prime Minister's Office: Yhtäköyttä, 2015-2016, 150 000 €, role: coordinator.<br />
* EU BONUS & the Academy of Finland: GOHERR, 2015-2018, 290 000 €, role: principal investigator of THL.<br />
* Ministry of Social Affairs and Health: TEKAISU, 2012-2014, 160 000 €, role: principal investigator of the project.<br />
* EU 7FP: URGENCHE (ID 265114), 2011-2014, 315 855 €, role: principal investigator of THL and a workpackage leader. PLANTLIBRA (ID 245199), 2010-2014, 141 984 €, role: principal investigator of THL.<br />
* EAKR (Aluekehitysrahasto), ERACedu, 2009-2011, 128 600 €, role: principal investigator (deputy) of the National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL).<br />
* Academy of Finland. CLAIH, 2009-2012, 170760 €, role: principal investigator. BIOHER, 2008-2011, 144000 €, role: principal investigator. SCUD (academy researcher position), 2005-2010, totally 735001 €, role: academy researcher. Post-doctoral fellowship, 2000-2001, 138000 FIM.<br />
* European Commission 6FP, HEIMTSA, 2007-2011, role: workpackage leader (principal investigator: Matti Jantunen). BENERIS, 2006-2009, 199 000 €, role: coordinator. INTARESE, 2005-2010 149 000 €, role: workpackage leader.<br />
* Ministry of Environment, PILTTI 2006-2008, 43000, role: coordinator. Kopra fine particle risk assessment project, 2002, 32000 €.<br />
* National Technology Agency of Finland (Tekes), Kopra fine particle risk assessment project (part 2), 2004, 131 400 €, role: workpackage leader.<br />
* YTV, 2003. Kopra fine particle risk assessment project. 8000 €.<br />
* Funding from Finnish Cultural Foundation of Northern Savo and Orion Oyj, 1998-1999, total 140 000 FIM.<br />
<br />
'''7. Leadership and supervision experience<br />
* Supervisor of 5 PhD students: Ph.D. Marko Tainio 2009, Dr.-Ing. Alexandra Gens (née Kuhn) 2012, Ph.D. (Tech.Sc.) Mikko Pohjola 2013, Ph.D. (Tech.Sc.) Olli Leino 2014, Ph.D. Marjo Niittynen 2014.<br />
* Group leader, unit leader, or team leader for 5-15 people in THL (KTL until 2009) since 2006.<br />
<br />
'''8. Teaching experience<br />
* ''Decision analysis and risk management'' course directed to Master of Science and doctoral students in the University of Eastern Finland (6 credit points): I was the developer of the course together with Mikko Pohjola, and I have been the practical leader and the main lecturer of the course every time the course has been organised in 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017. http://en.opasnet.org/w/Darm<br />
* Lecturer on several courses related to toxicology or environmental health in the University of Eastern Finland for many years (5 - 10 lectures per year).<br />
<br />
'''9. Experience of organising scientific meetings<br />
* ''Open assessment workshop'' was organised in 2007, 2008, and 2009 for 20-30 doctoral students and post-doc researchers. The events lasted from 5 to 12 days. I was the main organiser of these events.<br />
<br />
'''10. Patents, inventions, awards and honours: none<br />
<br />
'''11. Other key scientific or academic merits<br />
* At Kausal Ltd, development of health impact assessment models related to climate mitigation actions. Also participation in the development of a scenario tool for developing and evaluating climate policies in cities.<br />
* More than 115 peer reviewed articles; 25 proceedings, reports or book articles; three articles in domestic language; two open web-workspaces for production and dissemination of scientific information to improve decision making; three open source models or software packages; and more than 70 abstracts in scientific meetings.<br />
* Opponent for Patrycja Gradowska (Delft Technological University, Delft, the Netherlands 8 May 2013)<br />
* Evaluator of applications to THL about health promotion, 2012-2014.<br />
* Developer of the open Opasnet website for scientific decision support and open policy practice, 2006 - <br />
* Evaluator of the Juho Vainio Foundation, 2020 -<br />
<br />
'''12. Memberships and positions of trust in scientific societies<br />
* Member of MATINE - the Scientific Advisory Board of Defence, medical division, 2017 -<br />
* Representative of THL in the national coordinating group of climate adaptation (21 May 2012 - 31 Dec 2013).<br />
* Member in a national group evaluating the update of the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive (EIA Directive) (2013).<br />
<br />
'''13. Link to complete CV<br />
:http://en.opasnet.org/w/User:Jouni<br />
<br />
=List of publications=<br />
<br />
: Tuomisto, Jouni Tapio (born 1967 in Finland)<br />
: Scientific publications 2022-08-15<br />
: ORCID 0000-0002-9988-1762, website http://en.opasnet.org/w/User:Jouni, email firstname.lastname(at)kausal.tech<br />
<br />
==Selected publications==<br />
<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Yrjölä J, Kolehmainen M, Bonsdorff J, Pekkanen J, Tikkanen T. (2020) An agent-based epidemic model REINA for COVID-19 to identify destructive policies. MedRxiv preprint, submitted 2020-04-09. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.09.20047498 <br />
# Tuomisto, J.T., Pohjola, M.V. & Rintala, T. From insight network to open policy practice: practical experiences. Health Res Policy Sys 18, 36 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-020-00547-3<br />
# Tuomisto, J.T., Asikainen, A., Meriläinen, P. et al. Health effects of nutrients and environmental pollutants in Baltic herring and salmon: a quantitative benefit-risk assessment. BMC Public Health 20, 64 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-8094-1<br />
# Tuomisto JT et al. (2019). Opasnet. An English web workspace for providing scientific information to help societal decision-making. http://en.opasnet.org (English) and http://fi.opasnet.org (Finnish) (accessed 20 Dec 2019. Own contribution (English + Finnish): 2132+1940 pages edited, contribution score: 3127+2103.)<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto, Marjo Niittynen, Erkki Pärjälä, Arja Asikainen, Laura Perez, Stephan Trüeb, Matti Jantunen, Nino Künzli, Clive E. Sabel. Building-related health impacts in European and Chinese cities: a scalable assessment method. Environmental Health 2015, 14:93. {{doi|10.1186/s12940-015-0082-z}} [http://www.ehjournal.net/content/14/1/93]<br />
# Sandström, Vilma; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Majaniemi, Sami; Rintala, Teemu; Pohjola, Mikko V.: Evaluating effectiveness of open assessments on alternative biofuel sources. Sustainability: Science, Practice & Policy (2014): 10(1) Published online May 16, 2014. [http://sspp.proquest.com/archives/vol10iss2/1207-032.sandstrom.html]<br />
# Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Pohjola, Mikko; Pohjola, Pasi. Avoin päätöksentekokäytäntö voisi parantaa tiedon hyödyntämistä. [Open policy practice could improve knowledge use.] (in Finnish) Yhteiskuntapolitiikka 1/2014, 66-75. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2014031821621<br />
# Mikko V. Pohjola, Pasi Pohjola, Marko Tainio, Jouni T. Tuomisto: Perspectives to Performance of Environment and Health Assessments and Models—From Outputs to Outcomes? (Review). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 2621-2642; doi:10.3390/ijerph10072621 <br />
# Tijhuis, M.J., Pohjola, M.V., Gunnlaugsdóttir, H., Kalogeras, N., Leino, O., Luteijn, J.M., Magnússon, S.H., Odekerken, G., Poto, M., Tuomisto, J.T., Ueland, Ø., White, B.C., Holm, F., Verhagen, H., 2011. Looking beyond Borders: Integrating best practices in benefit-risk analysis into the field of food and nutrition. Food and Chemical Toxicology (2012) 50: 1: 77-93. {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.044}}<br />
# Pohjola MV, Tuomisto JT. Openness in participation, assessment, and policy making upon issues of environment and environmental health: a review of literature and recent project results. Environ Health. 2011 Jun 16;10:58. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21679456]<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto, Andrew Wilson, John S. Evans, Marko Tainio. 2008. Uncertainty in mortality response to airborne fine particulate matter: Combining European air pollution experts. Reliability Engineering and System Safety 93: 732-744. {{doi|10.1016/j.ress.2007.03.002}}<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M. 2005. An economic way of reducing health, environmental, and other pressures of urban traffic: a decision analysis on trip aggregation. BMC PUBLIC HEALTH 5:123. [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/5/123/abstract]<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Tainio, M; Niittynen, M; Verkasalo, P; Vartiainen, T; Kiviranta, H; Pekkanen, J. 2004. Risk-benefit analysis of eating farmed salmon. SCIENCE 305 (5683): 476-476. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.305.5683.476<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Pekkanen, J; Kiviranta, H; Tukiainen, E; Vartiainen, T; Tuomisto, J. 2004. Soft-tissue sarcoma and dioxin: A case-control study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER 108 (6): 893-900.<br />
# Levy, JI; Carrothers, TJ; Tuomisto, JT; Hammitt, JK; Evans, JS. 2001. Assessing the public health benefits of reduced ozone concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 109 (12): 1215-1226.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Viluksela, M; Pohjanvirta, R; Tuomisto, J. 1999. The AH receptor and a novel gene determine acute toxic responses to TCDD: Segregation of the resistant alleles to different rat lines. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 155 (1): 71-81.<br />
<br />
==A. Peer-reviewed scientific articles==<br />
<br />
::; 1991<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Koulu M, Tuomisto L. Effect of A Single Dose of Tcdd on the Level of Histamine in Discrete Nuclei in Rat-Brain. Agents Actions 1991; 33(1-2):154-156.<br />
#; 1993<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Vuolteenaho O, Leppaluoto J, Tuomisto J. Effect of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin (Tcdd) on Plasma and Tissue Beta-Endorphin-Like Immunoreactivity in the Most Tcdd-Susceptible and the Most Tcdd-Resistant Rat Strain. Life Sci 1993; 53(19):1479-1487.<br />
# Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, MacDonald E, Tuomisto L, Koulu M et al. Effect of A Single Lethal Dose of Tcdd on the Levels of Monoamines, Their Metabolites and Tryptophan in Discrete Brain Nuclei and Peripheral-Tissues of Long-Evans Rats. Pharmacol Toxicol 1993; 72(4-5):279-285.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. TCDD reduces selectively plasma ß-endorphin levels in TCDD-susceptible Long-Evans rats but not in TCDD-resistant Han/Wistar rats. Organohalogen Comp 1993; 13:297-300.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Räisänen L, Tuomisto J. Effects of TCDD on motor activity of TCDD-susceptible and -resistant rat strains. Organohalogen Comp 1993; 13:313-315.<br />
#; 1994<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, MacDonald E, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Dose-Response and Time-Course of Alterations in Tryptophan-Metabolism by 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin (Tcdd) in the Most Tcdd-Susceptible and the Most Tcdd-Resistant Rat Strain - Relationship with Tcdd Lethality. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1994; 128(2):280-292.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Modulation of TCDD-induced wasting syndrome by diabetes. Organohalogen Comp 1994; 21:315-318.<br />
#; 1995<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Linden J, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Toxic Equivalency Factors do Not Predict the Acute Toxicities of Dioxins in Rats. Eur J Pharmacol Env Toxicol Pharmacol 1995; 293(4):341-353.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin-Induced Anorexia and Wasting Syndrome in Rats - Aggravation After Ventromedial Hypothalamic-Lesion. Eur J Pharmacol Env Toxicol Pharmacol 1995; 293(4):309-317.<br />
# Unkila M, Ruotsalainen M, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, MacDonald E, Tuomisto JT et al. Effect of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin (Tcdd) on Tryptophan and Glucose-Homeostasis in the Most Tcdd-Susceptible and the Most Tcdd-Resistant Species, Guinea-Pigs and Hamsters. Arch Toxicol 1995; 69(10):677-683.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Alterations in Plasma Tryptophan Binding to Albumin in 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin-Treated Long-Evans Rats. Eur J Pharmacol Env Toxicol Pharmacol 1995; 293(2):115-121.<br />
# Vartiainen T, Lampi P, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Polychlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin and Polychlorodibenzofuran Concentrations in Human Fat Samples in A Village After Pollution of Drinking-Water with Chlorophenols. Chemosphere 1995; 30(8):1429-1438.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Rozman K, Tuomisto J. Effect of TCDD on tryptophan and glucose homeostasis in the most TCDD-susceptible and the most TCDD-resistant species guinea pigs and hamsters. Organohalogen Comp 1995; 25:219-223.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Rozman K, Tuomisto J. Effect of TCDD on tryptophan and glucose homeostasis in the most TCDD-susceptible and the most TCDD-resistant species, guinea pigs and hamsters. Organohalogen Comp 1995; 25:219-223.<br />
#; 1996<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. TCDD blocks the weight increasing effect of paraventricular lesion. Organohalogen Comp 1996; 29:371-374.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. Amelioration of short-term toxicity of TCDD with a fish oil rich in omega-3 fatty acids in Long-Evans rats. Organohalogen Comp 1996; 29:277-280.<br />
# Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. Nitric oxide antagonist N-nitro-L-arginine decreases the lethality of TCDD in mice, but increases it in rats. Organohalogen Comp 1996; 29:272-276.<br />
#; 1998<br />
# Valjakka A, Vartiainen J, Tuomisto L, Tuomisto JT, Olkkonen H, Airaksinen MM. The fasciculus retroflexus controls the integrity of REM sleep by supporting the generation of hippocampal theta rhythm and rapid eye movements in rats. Brain Res Bull 1998; 47(2):171-184.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Simanainen U, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Effect of geldanamycin on the acute toxicity of TCDD. Organohalogen Comp 1998; 37:191-194.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and lesion of dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus have additive effects on body weight loss. Organohalogen Comp 1998; 37:81-83.<br />
# Viluksela M, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Harper PA, Okey AB et al. Characterization of the deviant structure-activity relationship for chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs) in the resistant Han/Wistar rats. Organohalogen Comp 1998; 38:287-290.<br />
# Pekkanen J, Tuomisto JT. Väestönkasvu on vain yksi taudeista. Duodecim 1998; 114:594. <br />
#; 1999<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Karasinska J, Franc MA et al. Physicochemical differences in the AH receptors of the most TCDD-susceptible and the most TCDD-resistant rat strains. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1999; 155(1):82-95.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto J. The AH receptor and a novel gene determine acute toxic responses to TCDD: Segregation of the resistant alleles to different rat lines. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1999; 155(1):71-81.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. TCDD-induced anorexia and wasting syndrome in rats: Effects of diet-induced obesity and nutrition. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 1999; 62(4):735-742.<br />
# Viluksela M, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Stahl BU, Rozman KK et al. Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity, glucose homeostasis and plasma amino acid concentrations in the most TCDD-susceptible and the most TCDD-resistant rat strains. Arch Toxicol 1999; 73(6):323-336.<br />
# Strandman T, Koistinen J, Kiviranta H, Vuorinen PJ, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J et al. Levels of some polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fish and human adipose tissue in Finland. Organohalogen Comp 1999; 40:355-358.<br />
#; 2000<br />
# Kiviranta H, Vartiainen T, Verta M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. High fish-specific dioxin concentrations in Finland. Lancet 2000; 355(9218):1883-1885.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto J. Changes in food intake and food selection in rats after 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2000; 65(3):381-387.<br />
# Viluksela M, Bager Y, Tuomisto JT, Scheu G, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R et al. Liver tumor-promoting activity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in TCDD-sensitive and TCDD-resistant rat strains. Cancer Res 2000; 60(24):6911-6920.<br />
# Kattainen H, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Kovero O, Alaluusua S, Tuomisto J et al. In utero/lactational TCDD exposure impairs the molar tooth development in rats. Organohalogen Comp 2000; 49:229-232.<br />
# Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Kattainen H, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M. Effects of in utero and lactational TCDD exposure on male reproduction pattern in three differentially TCDD sensitive rat lines. Organohalogen Comp 2000; 49:342-344.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Tuomisto J. Soft tissue sarcoma and dioxin exposure in Finnish general population. Organohalogen Comp 2000; 48:107-110.<br />
#; 2001<br />
# Jämsä T, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Tuukkanen J. Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on bone in two rat strains with different aryl hydrocarbon receptor structures. J Bone Miner Res 2001; 16(10):1812-1820.<br />
# Kattainen H, Tuukkanen J, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Kovero O, Lukinmaa PL et al. In utero/lactational 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure impairs molar tooth development in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2001; 174(3):216-224.<br />
# Levy JI, Carrothers TJ, Tuomisto JT, Hammitt JK, Evans JS. Assessing the public health benefits of reduced ozone concentrations. Environ Health Perspect 2001; 109(12):1215-1226.<br />
#; 2002<br />
# Kiukkonen A, Viluksela M, Sahlberg C, Alaluusua S, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J et al. Response of the incisor tooth to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in a dioxin-resistant and a dioxin-sensitive rat strain. Toxicol Sci 2002; 69(2):482-489.<br />
# Niittynen M, Tuomisto JT, Auriola S, Pohjanvirta R, Syrjala P, Simanainen U et al. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced accumulation of biliverdin and hepatic peliosis in rats. Toxicol Sci 2002; 71(1):112-123.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Korkalainen M, McGuire J, Simanainen U, Juvonen R, Tuomisto JT et al. Comparison of acute toxicities of indolo[3,2-b]carbazole (ICZ) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in TCDD-sensitive rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2002; 40(7):1023-1032.<br />
# Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M. Structure-activity relationships and dose responses of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins for short-term effects in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-resistant and -sensitive rat strains. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2002; 181(1):38-47.<br />
# Fletcher N, Stern N, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto J et al. The retinoid response in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-treated Long-Evans and Han/Wistar rats. Organohalogen Comp 2002; 55:437-439.<br />
#; 2003<br />
# Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M. Dose-response analysis of short-term effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in three differentially susceptible rat lines. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2003; 187(2):128-136.<br />
# Stern N, Lind PM, Larsson S, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J et al. TCDD induces trabecular bone loss and bone fragility in a TCDD-sensitive but not in a TCDD-resistant rat strain. Organohalogen Comp 2003; 64:312-315. <br />
#; 2004<br />
# Miettinen HM, Huuskonen H, Partanen AM, Miettinen P, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R et al. Effects of epidermal growth factor receptor deficiency and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlor.odibenzo-p-dioxin on fetal development in mice. Toxicology Letters 2004; 150(3):285-291.<br />
# Simanainen U, Adamsson A, Tuomisto JT, Miettinen HM, Toppari J, Tuomisto J et al. Adult 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure and effects on male reproductive organs in three differentially TCDD-susceptible rat lines. Toxicol Sci 2004; 81(2):401-407.<br />
# Simanainen U, Haavisto T, Tuomisto JT, Paranko J, Toppari J, Tuomisto J et al. Pattern of male reproductive system effects after in utero and lactational 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure in three differentially TCDD-sensitive rat lines. Toxicol Sci 2004; 80(1):101-108.<br />
# Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Syrjala P, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M. Postnatal development of resistance to short-term high-dose toxic effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in TCDD-resistant and -semiresistant rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 196(1):11-19.<br />
# Tuomisto J, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Viluksela M et al. Dioxin cancer risk - example of hormesis? Non linearity in Biology, Toxicology and Medicine 2004.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Tuomisto J. Soft-tissue sarcoma and dioxin: A case-control study. Int J Cancer 2004; 108(6):893-900.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Tainio M, Niittynen M, Verkasalo P, Vartiainen T et al. Risk-benefit analysis of eating farmed salmon. Science 2004; 305(5683):476. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.305.5683.476<br />
#; 2005<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Pekkanen, J. 2005. Assessing environmental health risks or net health benefits?. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 33 (3): 162-163.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M. 2005. An economic way of reducing health, environmental, and other pressures of urban traffic: a decision analysis on trip aggregation. BMC PUBLIC HEALTH 5:123. [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/5/123/abstract]<br />
# Kiviranta, H; Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Tukiainen, E; Vartiainen, T. 2005. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls in the general population in Finland. CHEMOSPHERE 60 (7): 854-869.<br />
# Fletcher, N; Giese, N; Schmidt, C; Stern, N; Lind, PM; Viluksela, M; Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Nau, H; Hakansson, H. 2005. Altered retinoid metabolism in female long-evans and Han/Wistar rats following long-term 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-treatment. TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES 86 (2): 264-272.<br />
# Hanninen, OO; Palonen, J; Tuomisto, JT; Yli-Tuomi, T; Seppanen, O; Jantunen, MJ. 2005. Reduction potential of urban PM2.5 mortality risk using modern ventilation systems in buildings. INDOOR AIR 15 (4): 246-256.<br />
# Hanninen, OO; Tuomisto, JT; Jantunen, MJ. 2005. Characterization of model error in a simulation of fine particulate matter exposure distributions of the working age population in Helsinki, Finland. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION 55 (4): 446-457.<br />
# Tainio, M; Tuomisto, JT; Hanninen, O; Aarnio, P; Koistinen, KJ; Jantunen, MJ; Pekkanen, J. 2005. Health effects caused by primary fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emitted from buses in the Helsinki metropolitan area, Finland. RISK ANALYSIS 25 (1): 151-160.<br />
#; 2006<br />
# Tuomisto J, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT. Dioxin Cancer Risk - Example of Hormesis? Dose Response. 2006 May 1;3(3):332-341. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18648613]<br />
#; 2007<br />
# van Bree, L; Fudge, N; Tuomisto, JT; Brunekreef, B. 2007. Closing the gap between science and policy on air pollution and health. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES 70 (3-4): 377-381.<br />
# Tainio M, Tuomisto JT, Hanninen O, et al.: Parameter and model uncertainty in a life-table model for fine particles (PM2.5): a statistical modeling study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, 6 (Article 6) AUG 23 2007.<br />
# Cooke RM, Wilson AM, Tuomisto JT, et al. A Probabilistic characterization of the relationship between fine particulate matter and mortality: Elicitation of European experts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 41 (18): 6598-6605 SEP 15 2007. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17948814]<br />
# Niittynen M, Simanainen U, Syrjala P, et al. Differences in acute toxicity syndromes of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats. TOXICOLOGY 235 (1-2): 39-51 JUN 3 2007 2007.<br />
# Kiljunen M, Vanhatalo M, Mantyniemi S, et al. Human dietary intake of organochlorines from Baltic herring: Implications of individual fish variability and fisheries management. AMBIO 36 (2-3): 257-264 APR 2007.<br />
# Main KM, Kiviranta H, Virtanen HE, Sundqvist E, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Vartiainen T, Skakkebaek NE, Toppari J. Flame retardants in placenta and breast milk and cryptorchidism in newborn boys. Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Oct;115(10):1519-26. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17938745]<br />
#; 2008<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto, Andrew Wilson, John S. Evans, Marko Tainio. 2008. Uncertainty in mortality response to airborne fine particulate matter: Combining European air pollution experts. Reliability Engineering and System Safety 93: 732-744. {{doi|10.1016/j.ress.2007.03.002}}<br />
# Niittynen M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R. Effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on heme oxygenase-1, biliverdin IXalpha reductase and delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase 1 in rats with wild-type or variant AH receptor. Toxicology. 2008 Sep 4;250(2-3):132-42. Epub 2008 Jul 10. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18657588]<br />
# Karvosenoja, N (Karvosenoja, Niko); Tainio, M (Tainio, Marko); Kupiainen, K (Kupiainen, Kaarle); Tuomisto, JT (Tuomisto, Jouni T.); Kukkonen, J (Kukkonen, Jaakko); Johansson, M (Johansson, Matti). Evaluation of the emissions and uncertainties of PM2.5 originated from vehicular traffic and domestic wood combustion in Finland. BOREAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH, 13 (5): 465-474 OCT 31 2008.<br />
# Leino O, Tainio M, Tuomisto JT. Comparative risk analysis of dioxins in fish and fine particles from heavy-duty vehicles. Risk Anal. 2008 Feb;28(1):127-40. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18304111]<br />
# Franc MA, Moffat ID, Boutros PC, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Pohjanvirta R, Okey AB. Patterns of dioxin-altered mRNA expression in livers of dioxin-sensitive versus dioxin-resistant rats. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Nov;82(11):809-30. Epub 2008 May 9. Erratum in: Arch Toxicol. 2008 Nov;82(11):831. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18465118]<br />
#; 2009<br />
# Marko Tainio, Mikhail Sofiev, Mika Hujo, Jouni T. Tuomisto, Miranda Loh, Matti J. Jantunen, Ari Karppinen, Leena Kangas, Niko Karvosenoja, Kaarle Kupiainen, Petri Porvari, Jaakko Kukkonen: Evaluation of the European population intake fractions for European and Finnish anthropogenic primary fine particulate matter emissions. Atmospheric Environment 43 (2009) 3052–3059.<br />
# Marko Tainio, Niko Karvosenoja, Petri Porvari, Arjen Raateland, Jouni T. Tuomisto, Matti Johansson, Jaakko Kukkonen, Kaarle Kupiainen: A simple concept for GIS-based estimation of population exposure to primary fine particles from vehicular traffic and domestic wood combustion. Boreal Environment Research 14 (2009): 850-860.<br />
#; 2010<br />
# Sand S, Fletcher N, von Rosen D, Kalantari F, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Falk-Filipsson A, Håkansson H. Quantitative and statistical analysis of differences in sensitivity between Long-Evans and Han/Wistar rats following long-term exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2010 Jul-Aug;57(2-3):136-45. Epub 2010 Feb 4. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20138101]<br />
# Herlin M, Kalantari F, Stern N, Sand S, Larsson S, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Tuukkanen J, Jämsä T, Lind PM, Håkansson H. Quantitative characterization of changes in bone geometry, mineral density and biomechanical properties in two rat strains with different Ah-receptor structures after long-term exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicology. 2010 Jun 29;273(1-3):1-11. Epub 2010 Apr 18. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20403408]<br />
# Hirvonen T, Sinkko H, Hallikainen A, Kiviranta H, Pietinen P, Valsta L, Tuomisto JT. Modelling the intake of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans: impact of energy under-reporting and number of reporting days in dietary surveys. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2010 Aug;27(8):1170-6. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20432100]<br />
# Tainio, M (Tainio, M.); Tuomisto, JT (Tuomisto, J. T.); Pekkanen, J (Pekkanen, J.); Karvosenoja, N (Karvosenoja, N.); Kupiainen, K (Kupiainen, K.); Porvari, P (Porvari, P.); Sofiev, M (Sofiev, M.); Karppinen, A (Karppinen, A.); Kangas, L (Kangas, L.); Kukkonen, J (Kukkonen, J.): Uncertainty in health risks due to anthropogenic primary fine particulate matter from different source types in Finland. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 2010: 44 (17): 2125-2132 {{doi|10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.02.036}}<br />
#; 2011<br />
# Lensu S, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Pohjanvirta R. Characterization of the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-provoked strong and rapid aversion to unfamiliar foodstuffs in rats. Toxicology. 2011 May 10;283(2-3):140-50. Epub 2011 Mar 22. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21435369]<br />
# Lensu S, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M, Niittynen M, Pohjanvirta R. Immediate and highly sensitive aversion response to a novel food item linked to AH receptor stimulation. Toxicol Lett. 2011 Jun 24;203(3):252-7. Epub 2011 Mar 31. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21458548]<br />
# Pohjola MV, Tuomisto JT. Openness in participation, assessment, and policy making upon issues of environment and environmental health: a review of literature and recent project results. Environ Health. 2011 Jun 16;10:58. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21679456]<br />
# Pohjola, M.V., Pohjola, P., Paavola, S., Bauters, M., Tuomisto, J.T., 2011b. Pragmatic knowledge services. Journal of Universal Computer Science 17, 472-497. {{doi|10.3217/jucs-017-03-0472}}<br />
# Niko Karvosenoja, Leena Kangas, Kaarle Kupiainen, Jaakko Kukkonen, Ari Karppinen, Mikhail Sofiev, Marko Tainio, Ville-Veikko Paunu, Pauliina Ahtoniemi, Jouni T. Tuomisto, Petri Porvari. Integrated modeling assessments of the population exposure in Finland to primary PM2.5 from traffic and domestic wood combustion on the resolutions of 1 and 10 km. Air Quality Atmosphere and Health 2011 (4) 3-4: 179-188. {{doi|10.1007/s11869-010-0100-9}}<br />
# Taimisto, Pauliina; Tainio, Marko; Karvosenoja, Niko; Kupiainen, Kaarle; Porvari, Petri; Karppinen, Ari; Kangas, Leena; Kukkonen, Jaakko; Tuomisto, Jouni T. Evaluation of intake fractions for different subpopulations due to primary fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emitted from domestic wood combustion and traffic in Finland. Air Quality Atmosphere and Health 2011 (4) 3-4: 199-209. {{doi|10.1007/s11869-011-0138-3}}<br />
# de Nazelle, Audrey; Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J.; Anto, Josep M.; Brauer, Michael; Briggs, David; Braun-Fahrlander, Charlotte; Cavill, Nick; Cooper, Ashley R.; Desqueyroux, Helene; Fruin, Scott; Hoek, Gerard; Panis, Luc Int; Janssen, Nicole; Jerrett, Michael; Joffe, Michael; Andersen, Zorana Jovanovic; van Kempen, Elise; Kingham, Simon; Kubesch, Nadine; Leyden, Kevin M.; Marshall, Julian D.; Matamala, Jaume; Mellios, Giorgos; Mendez, Michelle; Nassif, Hala; Ogilvie, David; Peiro, Rosana; Perez, Katherine; Rabl, Ari; Ragettli, Martina; Rodriguez, Daniel; Rojas, David; Ruiz, Pablo; Sallis, James F.; Terwoert, Jeroen; Toussaint, Jean-Francois; Tuomisto, Jouni; Zuurbier, Moniek; Lebret, Erik. Improving health through policies that promote active travel: A review of evidence to support integrated health impact assessment. Environment International 2011 (37) 4: 766-777. {{doi|10.1016/j.envint.2011.02.003}}<br />
#; 2012<br />
# Virtanen HE, Koskenniemi JJ, Sundqvist E, Main KM, Kiviranta H, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M, Vartiainen T, Skakkebaek NE, Toppari J. Associations between congenital cryptorchidism in newborn boys and levels of dioxins and PCBs in placenta. Int J Androl. 2012 Jun;35(3):283-93. {{doi|10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01233.x}}. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22150420]. ISSN 0105-6263<br />
# Verhagen H, Tijhuis MJ, Gunnlaugsdottir H, Kalogeras N, Leino O, Luteijn JM, Magnússon SH, Odekerken G, Pohjola MV, Tuomisto JT, Ueland O, White BC, Holm F. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Introduction. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 2-4. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21679738]<br />
# Tijhuis MJ, de Jong N, Pohjola MV, Gunnlaugsdóttir H, Hendriksen M, Hoekstra J, Holm F, Kalogeras N, Leino O, van Leeuwen FX, Luteijn JM, Magnússon SH, Odekerken G, Rompelberg C, Tuomisto JT, Ueland O, White BC, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Food and nutrition. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 5-25. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21679741]<br />
# Luteijn JM, White BC, Gunnlaugsdóttir H, Holm F, Kalogeras N, Leino O, Magnússon SH, Odekerken G, Pohjola MV, Tijhuis MJ, Tuomisto JT, Ueland O, McCarron PA, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Medicines. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 26-32 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21683115]<br />
# Magnússon SH, Gunnlaugsdóttir H, van Loveren H, Holm F, Kalogeras N, Leino O, Luteijn JM, Odekerken G, Pohjola MV, Tijhuis MJ, Tuomisto JT, Ueland O, White BC, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Food microbiology. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 33-39. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21679739]<br />
# Pohjola MV, Leino O, Kollanus V, Tuomisto JT, Gunnlaugsdóttir H, Holm F, Kalogeras N, Luteijn JM, Magnússon SH, Odekerken G, Tijhuis MJ, Ueland O, White BC, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Environmental health. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 40-55. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21708210]<br />
# Kalogeras N, Odekerken-Schröder G, Pennings JM, Gunnlaugsdottir H, Holm F, Leino O, Luteijn JM, Magnússon SH, Pohjola MV, Tijhuis MJ, Tuomisto JT, Ueland O, White BC, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Economics and Marketing-Finance. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 56-66. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21871522]<br />
# Ueland O, Gunnlaugsdottir H, Holm F, Kalogeras N, Leino O, Luteijn JM, Magnússon SH, Odekerken G, Pohjola MV, Tijhuis MJ, Tuomisto JT, White BC, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Consumer perception. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 67-76. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21683114]<br />
# Tijhuis, M.J., Pohjola, M.V., Gunnlaugsdóttir, H., Kalogeras, N., Leino, O., Luteijn, J.M., Magnússon, S.H., Odekerken, G., Poto, M., Tuomisto, J.T., Ueland, Ø., White, B.C., Holm, F., Verhagen, H., 2011. Looking beyond Borders: Integrating best practices in benefit-risk analysis into the field of food and nutrition. Food and Chemical Toxicology (2012) 50: 1: 77-93. {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.044}}<br />
# Karjalainen AK, Hirvonen T, Kiviranta H, Sinkko H, Kronberg-Kippilä C, Virtanen SM, Hallikainen A, Leino O, Knip M, Veijola R, Simell O, Tuomisto JT. Long-term daily intake estimates of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenylethers from food in Finnish children: risk assessment implications. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2012;29(9):1475-88. {{doi|10.1080/19440049.2012.694373}}. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22765049].<br />
# Tuomisto J, Tuomisto JT. Is the fear of dioxin cancer more harmful than dioxin? Toxicol Lett. 2012 May 5;210(3):338-44. {{doi|10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.02.007}}. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22387160].<br />
#; 2013<br />
# Anna K. Karjalainen, Anja Hallikainen, Tero Hirvonen, Hannu Kiviranta, Mikael Knip, Carina Kronberg-Kippilä, Olli Leino, Olli Simell, Harri Sinkko, Jouni T. Tuomisto, Riitta Veijola, Eija-Riitta Venäläinen, Suvi M. Virtanen. Estimated intake levels for Finnish children of methylmercury from fish. Food and Chemical Toxicology: Volume 54, April 2013, Pages 70-77. {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2012.02.074}} [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22425939].<br />
# Leino O, Kiviranta H, Karjalainen AK, Kronberg-Kippilä C, Sinkko H, Larsen EH, Virtanen S, Tuomisto JT. Pollutant concentrations in placenta. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013 Apr;54:59-69. {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2011.10.058}}. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22056334].<br />
# Mikko V. Pohjola, Pasi Pohjola, Marko Tainio, Jouni T. Tuomisto: Perspectives to Performance of Environment and Health Assessments and Models—From Outputs to Outcomes? (Review). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 2621-2642; {{doi|10.3390/ijerph10072621}}<br />
# Leino O, Karjalainen AK, Tuomisto JT. Effects of docosahexaenoic acid and methylmercury on child's brain development due to consumption of fish by Finnish mother during pregnancy: A probabilistic modeling approach. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013 Apr;54:50-8. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.052. Epub 2011 Jun 23. [Epub ahead of print] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21723361] {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.052}}<br />
#; 2014<br />
# Niittynen M, Simanainen U, Pohjanvirta R, Sankari S, Tuomisto JT. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) Increases Bilirubin Formation but Hampers Quantitative Hepatic Conversion of Biliverdin to Bilirubin in Rats with Wild-Type AH Receptor. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2014 Jan 13. doi: 10.1111/bcpt.12191. [Epub ahead of print]<br />
# Gens, Alexandra; Hurley, J. Fintan; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Friedrich, Rainer. Health impacts due to personal exposure to fine particles caused by insulation of residential buildings in Europe. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 84 (2014): 213-221. {{doi|10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.11.054}}<br />
# Sandström, Vilma; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Majaniemi, Sami; Rintala, Teemu; Pohjola, Mikko V.: Evaluating effectiveness of open assessments on alternative biofuel sources. Sustainability: Science, Practice & Policy (2014): 10(1) Published online May 16, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2014.11908132<br />
# Fantke, P., Jolliet, O., Apte, J.S., Cohen, A.J., Evans, J.S., Hänninen, O.O., Hurley, F., Jantunen, M.J., Jerrett, M., Levy, J.I., Loh, M.M., Marshall, J.D., Miller, B.G., Preiss, P., Spadaro, J.V., Tainio, M., Tuomisto, J.T., Weschler, C.J., McKone, T.E., 2014. Health effects of fine particulate matter in life cycle impact assessment: Conclusions from the Basel guidance workshop. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, {{doi|10.1007/s11367-11014-10822-11362}}<br />
# Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Pohjola, Mikko; Pohjola, Pasi. Avoin päätöksentekokäytäntö voisi parantaa tiedon hyödyntämistä. [Open policy practice could improve knowledge use.] Yhteiskuntapolitiikka 1/2014, 66-75. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2014031821621<br />
#; 2015<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Massadata kansanterveyden edistämisessä. [Big data in promotion of public health.] Duodecim 2015;131:2179–87.<br />
# Perez, L; Trueb, S; Cowie, H; Keuken, M P; Mudu, P; Ragettli, M S; Sarigiannis, D A; Tobollik, M; Tuomisto, J; Vienneau, D; Sabel, C; Kunzli, N. Transport-related measures to mitigate climate change in Basel, Switzerland: A health-effectiveness comparison study. Environment international 2015 (85) 111-119. {{doi|10.1016/j.envint.2015.08.002}}<br />
# Clive E. Sabel, Rosemary Hiscock, Arja Asikainen, Jun Bi, Mike Depledge, Sef van den Elshout, Rainer Friedrich, Ganlin Huang, Fintan Hurley, Matti Jantunen, Spyros P. Karakitsios, Menno Keuken, Simon Kingham, Periklis Kontoroupis, Nino Künzli, Miaomiao Liu, Marco Martuzzi, Katie Morton, Pierpaolo Mudu, Marjo Niittynen, Laura Perez, Denis Sarigiannis, Will Stahl-Timmins, Myriam Tobollik, Jouni Tuomisto, Saskia Willers. Public Health impacts of city policies to reduce climate change: findings from the URGENCHE EU-China project. Environmental Health Environmental Health 2016: 15(Suppl 1):S25. {{doi|10.1186/s12940-016-0097-0}}.<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto, Marjo Niittynen, Erkki Pärjälä, Arja Asikainen, Laura Perez, Stephan Trüeb, Matti Jantunen, Nino Künzli, Clive E. Sabel. Building-related health impacts in European and Chinese cities: a scalable assessment method. Environmental Health 2015, 14:93. {{doi|10.1186/s12940-015-0082-z}} [http://www.ehjournal.net/content/14/1/93]<br />
#; 2016<br />
# Tobollik M, Keuken M, Sabel C, Cowie H, Tuomisto JT, Sarigiannis D, Künzli N, Perez L, Mudu P. (2016) Health impact assessment of transport policies in Rotterdam: Decrease of total traffic and increase of electric car use. Environmental Research 146: 350-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.01.014<br />
# Neittaanmäki P, Huttula T, Karvanen J, Frisk T, Tuomisto JT, Simola A, Tuovinen T, Ropponen J (2016) Unicorn–Open science for assessing environmental state, human health and regional economy. Research Ideas and Outcomes 2: e9232. {{doi|10.3897/rio.2.e9232}} (under peer review)<br />
# Tuomisto J, Airaksinen R, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Pekkanen J, Tuomisto JT. A pharmacokinetic analysis and dietary information are necessary to confirm or reject the hypothesis on persistent organic pollutants causing type 2 diabetes. Toxicol Lett. 2016 Aug 26. pii: S0378-4274(16)33126-5. {{doi|10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.08.024}} [http://pubmed.gov/27575567]<br />
#; 2017<br />
# Arja Asikainen, Erkki Pärjälä, Matti Jantunen, Jouni T. Tuomisto and Clive E. Sabel. Effects of Local Greenhouse Gas Abatement Strategies on Air Pollutant Emissions and on Health in Kuopio, Finland. Climate 2017, 5(2), 43; {{doi|10.3390/cli5020043}}<br />
# Tuomisto J, Airaksinen R, Pekkanen J, Tukiainen E, Kiviranta H, Tuomisto JT. (2017) Comparison of questionnaire data and analyzed dioxin concentrations as a measure of exposure in soft-tissue sarcoma studies. Toxicol Lett. 2017 Mar 15;270:8-11. {{doi|10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.02.011}}<br />
#; 2018<br />
# Hanna Tuomisto, Matleena Tuomisto, Jouni T. Tuomisto (2018). How scientists perceive the evolutionary origin of human traits: Results of a survey study. Ecology and Evolution 8: 6:1-16. {{doi|10.1002/ece3.3887}}<br />
#; 2019<br />
# Mia Pihlajamäki, Arja Asikainen, Suvi Ignatius, Päivi Haapasaari. Jouni T. Tuomisto. Forage Fish as Food: Consumer Perceptions on Baltic Herring. Sustainability 2019, ''11''(16), 4298; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11164298<br />
#; 2020<br />
# Tuomisto, J.T., Asikainen, A., Meriläinen, P. et al. Health effects of nutrients and environmental pollutants in Baltic herring and salmon: a quantitative benefit-risk assessment. BMC Public Health 20, 64 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-8094-1<br />
# Tuomisto, J.T., Pohjola, M.V. & Rintala, T. From insight network to open policy practice: practical experiences. Health Res Policy Sys 18, 36 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-020-00547-3<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Yrjölä J, Kolehmainen M, Bonsdorff J, Pekkanen J, Tikkanen T. (2020) An agent-based epidemic model REINA for COVID-19 to identify destructive policies. MedRxiv preprint, submitted 2020-04-09. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.09.20047498<br />
# Rantakokko P, Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J, Airaksinen R, Raitakari O, Karvonen AM, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H. (2020) Estimated PCDD/F TEQ and total TEQ concentrations in the serum of 7–10 year old Finnish children. Chemosphere 257- 127-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127137<br />
# Nevalainen L, Tuomisto JT, Haapasaari P, Lehikoinen A. Spatial aspects of the dioxin risk formation in the Baltic Sea: A systematic review Science of The Total Environment 753 (2021), 142185, 13 pages. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142185<br />
#; 2021<br />
# Päivi Haapasaari, Suvi Ignatius, Mia Pihlajamäki, Andreas Bryhn, Simo Sarkki, Jouni Tuomisto, Lauri Nevalainen, Annukka Lehikoinen, Timo Assmuth, Atso Romakkaniemi, Heikki Peltoneni, Sakari, Kuikka. (2021) Integrated governance for managing multidimensional problems: Potentials, challenges, and arrangements. Marine Policy Volume 123, January 2021, 104276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104276<br />
<br />
==B. Non-refereed scientific articles==<br />
<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, MacDonald E, Tuomisto L. Effect of a single dose of TCDD on the level of histamine in discrete nuclei in rat brain. XIX Meeting of the European Histamine Research Society. Abstracts. Kuopio: University of Kuopio, 1990: 117.<br />
# Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, MacDonald E, Tuomisto L, Tuomisto J. Effect of a single dose of TCDD on the levels of monoamines, their metabolites and tryptophan in discrete hypothalamic nuclei of rat brain. Acta Univ Tamperensis ser B 1990; 33:67.<br />
# Tuomisto J, Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R. TCDD completely reverses the hyperphagia due to VMH lesion. Soc Neurosci Abstr , 1993.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. TCDD reduces feed intake of rats despite hyperphagia by VMH lesion. In: Tuomisto J, Ruuskanen J, editors. Proceedings of the First Finnish Conference of Environmental Sciences. Kuopio: University of Kuopio, 1993: 369-371.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. TCDD reduces feed intake of rats despite hyperphagia by VMH lesion. Pharmacol Toxicol 1993; 73, suppl.II:115.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Laitinen J, Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. TCDD may induce an alternative metabolic route for melatonin in the rat. Hum Exp Toxicol 1994; 13:807.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. Effects of TCDD on spontaneous motor activity of rats and guinea pigs. Hum Exp Toxicol 1994; 13:808.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Characterization of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced changes in plasma tryptophan binding to albumin. Hum Exp Toxicol 1994; 13:808.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. Effects of nutrition and forced feeding on 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) -induced wasting syndrome in rats. In: Saski E, Saarinen T, editors. Helsinki: University of Helsinki, 1995: 153-156.<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Environmental and other attitudes among Finnish scouts and non-scouts. In: Saski E, Saarinen T, editors. Helsinki: University of Helsinki, 1995: 71-72.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. Interactions between TCDD and weight increasing factors. Toxicologist 1995; 15:67.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. TCDD-induced changes in tryptophan (TRP) in rats: Association with TCDD lethality. Toxicologist 1995; 15:67.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. TCDD cancels the effects on body weight of lesions of ventromedical hypothalamic and paraventricular nuclei. Proc Neurosci Abstr 1996; 22, part 2:1409.<br />
# Unkila M, Marjakangas O, Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a) does not play a major role in the acute toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the rat. Joint Meeting of the Finnish Society of Toxicology and the British Toxicology Society 1996.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and lesion of hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus have additive effects on body weight loss. In: Högmander H, Oikari A, editors. Proceedings of the Third Finnish Conference of Environmental Sciences. Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 1997: 291-293.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Laaksonen M, Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto J. Minor changes in leptin levels after 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure. Pharmacol Toxicol 1997; 80, Suppl. III:113.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and lesion of hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus have additive effects on body weight loss. Finnish-Estonian Congress of Toxicology, Tartu, May 22-24 1997;67.<br />
# Viluksela M, Bager Y, Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Flodström S et al. Comparison of liver tumor promoting activity of TCDD in a TCDD-sensitive and a TCDD-resistant rat strain. Pharmacol Toxicol 1997; 80, Suppl. III:152.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Juvonen R, Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Viluksela M, Bergman J et al. Indolol(3,2-b)carbazole (ICZ) is a weaker Ah receptor agonist in vivo than in vitro. Toxicol Lett 1998; suppl. 1/95:102.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. Separation of Ah receptor and another dioxin resistance gene in new rat lines. Toxicol Sci 1998; 42:66.<br />
# Viluksela M, Unkila M, Stahl BU, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Rozman KK et al. Effects of TCDD on the liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity and glucose homeostasis in a TCDD-susceptible and a TCDD-resistant rat strain. Toxicol Sci 1998; 42:381.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Alm S, Juuti S, Kettunen A, Kurttio P, Pekkanen J et al. Pyrkilo method in a complicated environmental health problem: Paakkila asbestos mine case, Finland. In: Kuusisto S, Isoaho S, Puhakka J, editors. Proceedings. Fourth Finnish Conference of Environmental Sciences. Tampere: Tampere University of Technology, 1999: 244-247.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pekkanen J, Alm S, Kurttio P, Venalainen R, Juuti S et al. Deliberation process by an explicit factor-effect-value network (Pyrkilo): Paakkila asbestos mine case, Finland. Epidemiol 1999; 10(4):S114.<br />
# Jämsä T, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Tuukkanen J. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography and three-point bending test in evaluating the effect of dioxins on rat long bones. Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the European Society of Biomechanics. Dublin: 2000: 339.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Celebi C, Simanainen U, Haavisto AM, Skakkebaek NE, Tuomisto J et al. Testicular toxicity of TCDD in a TCDD-sensitive and a TCDD-resistant rat strain: a stereological analysis. Toxicol Sci 2000; 54, suppl:276.<br />
# Viluksela M, Bager Y, Tuomisto JT, Scheu G, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R et al. Liver tumor promoting activity of TCDD in a TCDD-sensitive and a TCDD-resistant rat strain. Toxicol Sci 2000; 54, suppl:276.<br />
# Kattainen H, Tuukkanen J, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Kovero O, Alaluusua S et al. Impairment of molar tooth development after low dose in utero/lactational TCDD exposure in rats. Pharmacol Toxicol 2001; 88, suppl. I:20.<br />
# Kattainen H, Tuukkanen J, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Kovero O, Lukinmaa P-L et al. Toxicological significance of dioxin-induced defects in tooth development. Kuopio University Publications D 2001; 249:57.<br />
# Kiukkonen AP, Viluksela M, Alaluusua S, Sahlberg C, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Response of H/W and L-E rat incisors to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Int Assoc Dentl Res Congress . 2001.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Korkalainen M, McQuire J, Simanainen U, Juvonen R, Tuomisto JT et al. Toxicity of indolo(3,2-b)carbazole (ICZ) in vivo. Kuopio University Publications D 2001; 249:64.<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Centre of Environmental Health Risk Analysis: Working between science and policy. Airnet . 2002.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Tuomisto J. Soft tissue sarcoma and dioxins - A case-control study. Epidemiol 2002; 13(4):S187.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Simanainen U, Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto J. Postnatal development of resistance to acute lethality of TCDD in two TCDD-resistant rat strains. Toxicol Sci 2002; 66:334.<br />
# Viluksela M, Jämsä T, Kattainen H, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J et al. Effects of in utero/lactational exposure to TCDD on bone in rats. Toxicol Sci 2002; 66:170.<br />
# Fletcher N, Schmidt C, Stern N, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R et al. Hepatic retinoid levels in a TCDD-sensitive (Long-Evans) and TCDD-resistant (Han/Wistar) rat strain following long-term low-dose TCDD exposure. Toxicol Sci 2003; 72(S-1):1763.<br />
# Niittynen M, Tuomisto JT, Auriola S, Pohjanvirta R, Syrjala P, Simanainen U et al. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced accumulation of biliverdin and hepatic peliosis in rats. Toxicol Sci 2003; 72(S-1):1756.<br />
# Simanainen U, Niittynen M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. Differences in acute toxicity syndromes of TCDD and hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats. Toxicol Sci 2003; 72(S-1):1753.<br />
# Tainio M, Tuomisto JT. Comparing methodologies of six fine particle risk assessments. In: Honkanen J, Koponen P, editors. Proceedings. Sixth Finnish Conference of Environmental Sciences. Joensuu: University of Joensuu, 2003.<br />
# Tainio M, Tuomisto JT, Aarnio P, Jantunen M, Koistinen K, Hänninen O et al. Estimation of the contributions of different sources to average PM2.5 exposure of the adult population of Helsinki. 13th Annual Conference of International Society of Exposure Analysis. Abstract book. Stresa, Italy: International Society of Exposure Analysis, 2003.<br />
# Tainio M, Tuomisto JT, Aarnio P, Jantunen M, Pekkanen J. Comparison of different bus types and mortality due to fine particulate matter in Helsinki, Finland. World Congress on Risk.Abstracts , 44. 2003.<br />
# Giese N, Fletcher N, Schmidt C, Stern N, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT et al. Altered retinoid metabolism in rat strains with different sensitivity to TCDD toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 197(3):212.<br />
# Hänninen O, Tuomisto JT, Yli-Tuomi T, Jantunen M. Reduction of urban population mortality risk caused by PM2.5 using modern ventilation systems in buildings. 2004.<br />
# Niittynen M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Korkalainen M, Pohjanvirta R. The effect of TCDD on mRNA expression of key heme metabolic enzymes in rats with hepatic biliverdin accumulation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 197(3):215.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Okey AB, Tuomisto J. Rat strain difference-based animal model for mechanistic studies of dioxin toxicity. Toxicology 2004; 194(3):221.<br />
# Simanainen U, Miettinen HM, Haavisto T, Adamsson A, Koistinen J, Tuomisto JT et al. Comparison of sensitivity to male reproductive system effects after fetal and adult tetrachlorodibenzo-P-dioxin (TCDD) exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 197(3):354.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Tainio M, Pekkanen J, Tuomisto J. Comparative risk analysis of dioxins and fine particulate matter. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 197(3):169.<br />
# Viluksela M, Saurola P, Koivusaari J, Finnlund M, Verta M, Erasto P et al. Time trends of persistent halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons in Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) eggs in Finland. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 197(3):216.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M; Pekkanen, J; Tuomisto, J. 2004. Comparative risk analysis of dioxins and fine particulate matter. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 197 (3): 169-169.<br />
# Giese, N; Fletcher, N; Schmidt, C; Stern, N; Viluksela, M; Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Hakansson, H; Nau, H. 2004. Altered retinoid metabolism in rat strains with different sensitivity to TCDD toxicity. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 197 (3): 212-212.<br />
# Niittynen, M; Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Korkalainen, M; Pohjanvirta, R. 2004. The effect of TCDD on mRNA expression of key heme metabolic enzymes in rats with hepatic biliverdin accumulation. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 197 (3): 215-215.<br />
# Viluksela, M; Saurola, P; Koivusaari, J; Finnlund, M; Verta, M; Erasto, P; Tuomisto, JT; Kiviranta, H. 2004. Time trends of persistent halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons in Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) eggs in Finland. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 197 (3): 216-216.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Wilson, A; Cooke, RM; Tainio, M; Evans, JS. 2005. Mortality in Kuwait due to pm from oil fires after the Gulf War: Combining expert elicitation assessments. EPIDEMIOLOGY 16 (5): S74-S75.<br />
# Evans, JS; Wilson, A; Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M; Cooke, RM. 2005. What risk assessment can tell us about the mortality impacts of the Kuwaiti oil fires. EPIDEMIOLOGY 16 (5): S137-S138.<br />
# Hanninen, O; Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M; Jantunen, M. 2006. Five approaches to PM2.5 exposure reduction in a northern metropolitan area. EPIDEMIOLOGY 17 (6): S522-S522, Suppl. S.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M. 2006. Extended causal diagrams in describing environmental health risks. EPIDEMIOLOGY 17 (6): S524-S524, Suppl. S.<br />
# Virtanen, Helena E.; Sundqvist, Erno; Main, Katharina M.; Kiviranta, Hannu; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Tuomisto, Jouko; Vartiainen, Terttu; Skakkebaek, Niels E.; Toppari, Jorma; Grp Nordic Cryptorchidism Study. Congenital cryptorchidism and dioxin levels in breast milk and placenta. Hormone Research 2008 (70): 72.<br />
# Sand, S; Fletcher, N; von Rosen, D; Victorin, K; Viluksela, M; Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Filipsson, AF; Hakansson, H. 2006. Quantitative and statistical analysis of differences in sensitivity between Long-Evans and Han/Wistar rats following long-term exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. TOXICOLOGY LETTERS 164: S74-S74.<br />
# Tuomisto, J; Leino, O; Kiviranta, H; Tuomisto, JT. 2006. Use of intake fraction to improve dioxin risk assessment. TOXICOLOGY LETTERS 164: S148-S149.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT: A saga of industrial pollution. Science 19 July 2013: Vol. 341 no. 6143 pp. 238-239. doi:10.1126/science.1240379 .<br />
# Teemu Rintala, Einari Happonen, Jouni Tuomisto: OpasnetUtils. Utility functions for dealing with data in Opasnet (www.opasnet.org) environment. A software package for R. Version 1.0.0. CRAN, 2013. [28], accessed 19 July 2013.<br />
# Helga Gunnlaugsdottir and Jouni T. Tuomisto. Foreword. Integrated Benefit and Risk Analysis for Assessing Food Safety and Health Benefit; Results from QALIBRA and BENERIS. (Editorial) Food and Chemical Toxicology: Volume 54, April 2013, Pages 1–2. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2011.09.020<br />
# Niittynen M, Pärjälä E, Tuomisto JT. Increased use of biomass in combined heat and power production: health impacts due to PM2.5 emissions. Abstracts of the 2013 Conference of the International Society of Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE), the International Society of Exposure Science (ISES), and the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate (ISIAQ), August 19–23, 2013, Basel, Switzerland. 2013. Environ Health Perspect; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.ehbasel13.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Torras Ortiz S, Niittynen M. Online energy balance tool to assess health impacts of climate policies in cities - case EU (Kuopio, Stuttgart) and China (Suzhou). Abstracts of the 2013 Conference of the International Society of Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE), the International Society of Exposure Science (ISES), and the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate (ISIAQ), August 19–23, 2013, Basel, Switzerland. 2013. Environ Health Perspect; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.ehbasel13.<br />
# Jantunen M, Asikainen A, Niittynen M, Pärjälä E, Tuomisto JT. Conceptual model linking urban GHG policies to health and wellbeing (URGENCHE). Abstracts of the 2013 Conference of the International Society of Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE), the International Society of Exposure Science (ISES), and the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate (ISIAQ), August 19–23, 2013, Basel, Switzerland. 2013. Environ Health Perspect; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.ehbasel13.<br />
<br />
==C. Scientific monographs==<br />
<br />
# Tuomisto J, Vartiainen T, Tuomisto JT. Synopsis on dioxins and PCBs. Kuopio: National Public Health Institute, 1999.<br />
# Tuomisto JT. TCDD: a challenge to mechanistic toxicology [Dissertation]. Kuopio: National Public Health Institute, 1999.<br />
# Tainio M, Tuomisto JT, Aarnio P, Jantunen M, Koistinen K, Hänninen O et al. Eri bussitekniikoiden vaikutus pienhiukkasten aiheuttamaan kuolleisuuteen Pääkaupunkiseudulla vuonna 2020. Monisteita 2004:1. 2004. Helsinki, Ministry of Social Effects and Health. ISBN 952-00-1459-4, ISSN 1237-200X. <br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjola M: Open risk assessment. A new way of providing scientific information for decision-making. Publications of the National Public Health Institute B18/2007. 2007 <br />
# Gunnlaugsdottir, Helga; Tuomisto, Jouni T. Benefit-risk assessment of food. Foreword. Food and Chemical Toxicology 54 (2011): 1-2. {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2011.09.020}} Published:2013-Apr (Epub 2011 Sep 22) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21964196]. <br />
# Tuomisto, Jouko; Vartiainen, Terttu; Tuomisto, Jouni T. Synopsis on dioxins and PCBs. National Institute for Health and Welfare, Report 14/2011.<br />
# Hans Verhagen and Olli Leino (Eds.)Integrated Benefit and Risk Analysis for Assessing Food Safety and Health Benefit; Results from QALIBRA and BENERIS. Volume 54, Pages 1-78 (April 2013). (Jouni Tuomisto has written the Foreword and three original articles in this special issue.)<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto, Marjo Niittynen, Anu Turunen, Sari Ung-Lanki, Hannu Kiviranta, Hannu Harjunpää, Pekka J. Vuorinen, Mervi Rokka, Tiina Ritvanen ja Anja Hallikainen. Itämeren silakka ravintona – Hyöty-haitta-analyysi. ISSN 1797-2981. ISBN 978-952-225-141-1. Eviran tutkimuksia 1/2015.<br />
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==D. Publications intended for professional communities==<br />
<br />
# Carrothers TJ, Wolff SK, Tuomisto JT, Wilson A, Levy JI, Graham JD et al. Fine particulate air pollution in the US: a preliminary analysis of the value of research. In: European Commission, WHO, European Collaborative Action, editors. Role of human exposure assessment in air quality management. Report on the joint workshop. 2004. <br />
# Tuomisto JT. Concepts of science-policy interface: Concepts in current practice and potential areas of development. In: van Bree L, Fudge N, Tuomisto JT, editors. Airnet Science/Policy Interface report. Utrecht, the Netherlands: 2004.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Tainio M. Health impact assessment of primary fine particles (PM2.5) emitted from busses in Helsinkin Metropolitan Area, Finland. In: Hurley F, Sanderson E, editors. Airnet Health Impact Assessment report. Utrecht, the Netherlands: 2004.<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Terveydelle haitalliset yhdyskuntailman saasteet ja toksiset aineet. Kirjassa Koulu M, Tuomisto J. Farmakologia & toksikologia (luku 77). <br />
# Ahtoniemi, Pauliina; Tainio, Marko; Tuomisto, Jouni T; Karvosenoja, Niko; Kupiainen, Kaarle; Porvari, Petri; Karppinen, Ari; Kangas, Leena; Kukkonen, Jaakko. Health risks from nearby sources of fine particulate matter : Domestic wood combustion and road traffic (PILTTI) [Pienhiukkasten lähipäästöjen terveysriskit: puun pienpoltto ja tieliikenne (PILTTI)]. National Institute for Health and Welfare, Report 3/2010. <br />
# Kauppila, Tommi; Komulainen, Hannu; Makkonen, Sari; Tuomisto, Jouni T (eds.). 2013. Metallikaivosalueiden ympäristöriskinarviointiosaamisen kehittäminen: MINERA-hankkeen loppuraportti. [Summary: Improving Environmental Risk Assessments for Metal Mines: Final Report of the MINERA Project.] Geology Survey Finland, Research Report 199. 223 pages. ISBN 978-952-217-231-0 (PDF) [http://www.gtk.fi/tietopalvelut/julkaisut/julkaisut/uusimmat/tiivistelma/TR199.html]<br />
# Tuomisto, Jouni. Toms River A Story of Science and Salvation. SCIENCE 2013-08-15.<br />
# Komulainen, Hannu; Kallio, Antti; Tuomisto, Jouni: Kaivostoiminnan ympäristöterveysriskit. Ympäristö ja Terveys-lehti 45 (2014) 2014-12-15, ISSN 0358-3333. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe201501261260<br />
# Asikainen, Arja; Pärjälä, Erkki; Kettunen, Tapio; Niittynen, Marjo; Tuomisto, Jouni. Kasvihuonekaasupäästöjen paikallisten vähentämistoimenpiteiden vaikutukset Kuopiossa. Ympäristö ja terveys-lehti 45 (2014) 2014-10-13. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2014102345596<br />
# Hänninen, Otto; Kutvonen, Juho; Rumrich, Isabella; Asikainen, Arja; Tuomisto, Jouni. Tupakka, radon ja ympäristöterveys. Ympäristö ja Terveys-lehti 45 (2014) 2014-09-15, ISSN 0358-3333. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe201501051039<br />
# Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Hänninen, Otto; Asikainen, Arja; Pohjola, Mikko. Ympäristöterveysriskien torjunta osana kestävää kehitystä. Ympäristö ja Terveys-lehti 45 (2014). http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2014081832960<br />
# Valtioneuvosto. Kansallinen ilmastonmuutokseen sopeutumissuunnitelma 2022. Valtioneuvoston periaatepäätös 20.11.2014. (J Tuomisto was a member of the expert panel preparing the report.) [http://www.mmm.fi/sopeutumisstrategia][http://www.mmm.fi/images/ymparisto/kq9wae2CD/Kansallinen_ilmastonmuutokseen_sopeutumissuunnitelma_2022_pdf.pdf]<br />
# Hänninen, Otto; Asikainen, Arja; Kutvonen, Juho; Tuomisto, Jouni. Ympäristöterveyshaittojen priorisointi ja parhaiden torjuntatoimenpiteiden määrittäminen. Eläinlääkäripäivät 2014. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2015111117069<br />
# Tuomisto, Jouni; Rintala, Julia; Ordén, Pauli; Tuomisto, Matleena; Rintala, Teemu. Helsingin energiapäätös 2015 - Avoin arviointi terveys-, ilmasto- ja muista vaikutuksista. THL:n työpaperi: 2015_024. THL, Helsinki, 2015. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-302-544-8<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Avoin arviointi. Teoksessa Ympäristöterveyden erityistilanteet. Opas ympäristöterveydenhuollon työntekijöille. STM 2014:21. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-00-3546-4<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Öppen bedömning. I boken Exceptionella situationer inom miljöhälsan - En handbok för arbetstagare inom miljö- och hälsoskyddet. STM 2014:22.<br />
# Tuomisto JT. (2015) [Big data in the promotion of public health]. [Article in Finnish] Duodecim. 2015;131(22):2179-87.<br />
# Jouni Tuomisto. Avoin arviointi - metodi, osallistujat, lähteet ja tulokset (liite 3). Raportissa: Anneli Miettinen, Juho-Matti Paavola, Anna Rotkirch, Minna Säävälä, Arttu Vainio. Perheenyhdistämisen edellytysten tiukentaminen ja sen vaikutukset Suomessa sekä kokemuksia viidestä Euroopan maasta. 21.12.2016 PDF (2,4MBt). Valtioneuvoston selvitys- ja tutkimustoiminnan julkaisusarja 55/2016. 86 s. ISSN 2342-6799 (web) ISBN 978-952-287-313-2 (web) [http://tietokayttoon.fi/julkaisu?pubid=15902]<br />
# Jouni Tuomisto, Raimo Muurinen, Juho-Matti Paavola, Arja Asikainen, Teemu Ropponen, Jussi Nissilä. (2017) Tiedon sitominen päätöksentekoon. Valtioneuvoston selvitys- ja tutkimustoiminnan julkaisusarja 39/2017. [Binding knowledge to decision making. Publications of the Government's analysis, assessment and research activities 39/2017]<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto. Tautitaakka auttaa hahmottamaan ja välttämään terveysriskejä. Liito 4/2017. (Liikunnan ja terveystiedon opettajat ry, Helsinki)<br />
# Tuomisto J., Pohjola M., Asikainen A., Meriläinen P., and Rintala T. (2018). From open assessment to shared understanding: practical experiences. BONUS GOHERR Deliverable D7.4. [http://en.opasnet.org/w/From_open_assessment_to_shared_understanding:_practical_experiences]<br />
# Sonja-Maria Ignatius, Raimo Muurinen, Tero Tikkanen, Jouni Tuomisto & Juha Yrjölä. Collective Action Scheme in the implementation of Carbon-neutral Helsinki 2035. EIT Climate-KIC project: 180618 (Pathfinder). City of Helsinki, Helsinki, 7.2.2019 [https://www.stadinilmasto.fi/files/2018/12/Helsinki_180618_FinalReport_CASintoPractice.pdf]<br />
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==E. Publications intended for the general public, linked to the applicant's research==<br />
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# Jouni Tuomisto, Julia Rintala, Pauli Ordén, Matleena Tuomisto ja Teemu Rintala. Helsingin energiapäätös 2015. Avoin arviointi terveys-, ilmasto- ja muista vaikutuksista. [Helsinki energy decision. An open assessment on health, climate, and other impacts.] Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitoksen työpapereita 2015_24. Helsinki 2015. 59 sivua. ISBN 978-952-302-544-8 (pdf), ISSN 2323-363X http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-302-544-8. <br />
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==F. Public artistic and design activities==<br />
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==G. Theses==<br />
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# Tuomisto JT. TCDD: a challenge to mechanistic toxicology [Dissertation]. Kuopio: National Public Health Institute, 1999. <br />
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==H. Patents and invention disclosures==<br />
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==I. Audiovisual material, ICT software==<br />
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# Tuomisto JT et al. (2015). Opasnet. An English web workspace for providing scientific information to help societal decision-making. http://en.opasnet.org (accessed 10 April 2015. Own contribution: 2511 pages edited, contribution score: 2671.)<br />
# Tuomisto JT et al. (2015). Opasnet. A Finnish web workspace for providing scientific information to help societal decision-making. http://fi.opasnet.org (accessed 10 April 2015. Own contribution: 1576 pages edited, contribution score: 1713.)<br />
# Teemu Rintala, Einari Happonen, Jouni T. Tuomisto. OpasnetUtils. A software package for R software. CRAN project, 2014.[http://www.cran.r-project.org/web/packages/OpasnetUtils/index.html]<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto. Building model. An open source R model for estimating heating-related energy consumption and emissions of city building stock. [http://en.opasnet.org/w/Building_model]<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto. Health impact assessment. An open source R model for estimating health impacts of environmental exposures. [http://en.opasnet.org/w/Health_impact_assessment]<br />
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==Links==<br />
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==Keywords==<br />
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==References==<br />
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<references/><br />
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==Files==<br />
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== Explanations ==<br />
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;D. Publications intended for professional communities: {{comment|# |Article in trade journal; article in a professional manual or guide of professional information system, textbook material; professional conference proceedings; published development or research report or study; textbook, professional manual or guide, dictionary|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:09, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}<br />
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;E. Publications intended for the general public, linked to the applicant's research: {{comment|# |Popularised article, newspaper article; popularised monograph (no letters to editor, short commentaries of self-published works)|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:16, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}<br />
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;F. Public artistic and design activities: {{comment|# |Published independent work of art; public partial realisation of a work of art; public artistic performance or exhibition; model or design adopted for production/use|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:17, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}<br />
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; G. Theses: {{comment|# |Polytechnic thesis, Bachelor's thesis, Master's thesis, polytechnic Master's thesis; Licenciate thesis; doctoral dissertation (monograph); doctoral dissertation (article)|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:08, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}<br />
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;H. Patents and invention disclosures: {{comment|# |Granted patent; invention disclousure|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:18, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}<br />
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;I. Audiovisual material, ICT software: {{comment|# |Audiovisual material, ICT software|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:19, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}</div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Knowledge_crystal&diff=43831Knowledge crystal2022-10-01T10:53:22Z<p>Jouni: texts moved from tietokide.fi website</p>
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<div><noinclude><br />
[[Category:Knowledge crystal]]<br />
[[Category:Open assessment]]<br />
[[op_fi:Tietokide]]<br />
{{progression class|progression=Checked|curator=THL|date=2016-04-09}}<br />
{{variable|moderator=Jouni|stub=Yes}}<br />
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A '''knowledge crystal''' is a web page that aims to answer a specific question by using principles of open science – notably open participation, criticism, and permanent resource locations. Each knowledge crystal aims at finding a good answer or answers with rationale that convinces a critical reader. Arguments and rationale can build on open data, references to scientific research, discussions, calculations or models, or basically anything useful. The concept was originally developed in the National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL).<br />
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Naturally, these open web pages with permanent locations offer a convenient way of checking the current state of understanding about each topic for scientists, policy-makers, journalists and curious citizens alike. This way the project furthers deliberate and structured societal discourse.<br />
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For a presentations about their use, see {{#l:Online collaborative models.pptx}}. Knowledge crystals are extensively used in [[Opasnet]], where they are mainly in forms of [[variable]]s, [[assessment]]s, and [[method]]s. For descriptions of recent use of knowledge crystals, see [[Portal:Variables]].<br />
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Kansalaiskide (Citizen Crystal) project aimed at reshaping information flows and knowledge creation in society by developing methods for the open co-creation of knowledge. Kansalaiskide was one of the five finalists of Uutisraivaaja contest in 2019. Uutisraivaaja is a media innovation contest organized by the Helsingin Sanomat Foundation. The contest seeks ideas for developing media, journalism and the distribution of information at large.<br />
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Knowledge crystals also developed in an open source project of Open Knowledge Finland ry funded by various public and private sources.<br />
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==Question==<br />
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What do knowledge crystals have to be like to<br />
* be useful information odjects in impact assessments as they are,<br />
* contain the answer as open data,<br />
* withstand scientific critique,<br />
* be able to measure the use and usefulness of the knowledge they contain,<br />
* be able to, in an acceptable way, hand out scientific merit to the people involved in producing the content?<br />
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==Answer==<br />
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Knowledge crystals are the basic elements of for example [[Assessment|assessments]]. They always describe a phenomenon of the real world. These can be the descriptions of physical phenomena, like exposure to a chemical, but also for example the population's opinion distribution on immigration. It is in the nature of knowledge crystals they are not final, but their content develops with new information and work put into them. Knowledge crystals are also not tied to any specific assessment, but can be used as parts of multiple assessments. An exception are assessments, that are produced to help with a certain decision, and whose answer doesn't change after the assessment is finished (even though the variables in the assessment may change). Knowledge crystals are also called variables because that's the role they have in assessment models. However, the word variable has so many other meanings that we prefer knowledge crystals in this context.<br />
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Another basic feature of a knowledge crystal is its standardised structure that enables the building of assessment models or different internet applications basing on it. So even though the content is updated as knowledge increases, a knowledge crystal remains in the same, computer-readable format. Usually only raw data is in more or less standard format, while the information object containing interpretations from the data are almost without exception made for humans instead of computers, like articles or reports. This makes the knowledge crystal a rare kind of information object: it is computer-readable interpretation of some specific topic.<br />
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There are different kind of knowledge crystals for different uses, and they are more accurately described on for example the pages [[variable]], [[assessment]] and [[method]]. Here is a short description of the most important qualities of a knowledge crystal.<br />
* Knowledge crystals answer a specific '''research question'''.<br />
* The '''answer''' of a knowledge crystal is the current best synthesis of all available data. Typically it has a descriptive easy-to-read summary and a detailed quantitative ''result'' published as open data. An answer may contain several competing hypotheses, if they hold against scientific criticism. This means it also includes an accurate description of the uncertainty of the answer.<br />
* The '''rationale''' of knowledge crystals includes all information that is required to convince a critical rational observer of the validity of the answer.<br />
* The content of knowledge crystals is produced by crowdsourcing. Anyone can participate.<br />
* Knowledge crystals are aiming to find '''[[shared understanding]]'''. It is a situation, where all participants' views have been described well enough so that people can know fact facts and opinions exist about the topic and what agreements and disagreements exist and why.<br />
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==Rationale==<br />
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=== Different information objects and their usage ===<br />
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Knowledge crystals contain scientific knowledge, but they differ from classic products of scientific research. Here is a short description and comparison.<br />
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'''A scientific article''' is the basic unit of publishing science today. For it a researcher or a research group produces data, i.e. observations about the world. The data is analysed, and in the end interpretations and conclusions are made based on the new results and previous scientific articles. The goal is to publish the article in a peer reviewed journal. Peer review means that a few researches in the field look through the manuscript and back it up before it is published. The peer review system aims to raise the quality of the manuscripts and weed out bad research. It is commonly agreed that the system isn't especially efficient for either purpose, but no one has come up with anything better. Someone has said that the primary product should be the original data, not an article: researchers should publish what they found, instead of writing descriptions about what they think they found.<br />
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'''Expert reports''' are gathered by an expert well familiar with the field in question, and are usually about some specific question like the topic of a future decision. They produce new knowledge but not new data. They are usually not peer reviewed, so they're not well respected among researchers and research funders. However, they are much better suited for decision support, because they answer the actual questions that are relevant to the decision at hand.<br />
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'''Open data''' is usually measured raw data that has been made public for anyone to use. It depends on the case whether the data is well cultured and quality-proofed, but it often has quality issues such as poor meta data. The practises of open data have only begun to take shape in the last few years, because researches haven't been in the habit of publishing raw data before. The problem with supporting decision-making with raw data is that it doesn't involve any interpretations or conclusions, and even less so of the relevant issues. Open data is great raw material for someone who knows how to analyse and interpret it and has the time, but quite useless to anyone else.<br />
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'''The idea of a knowledge crystal''' is to combine the parts of other information products useful to decision support and avoid the bad parts. The idea of a knowledge crystal is to build an information object around a specific research question. The question can be purely scientific, but in the case of decision support it is usually phrased to help precisely the future decision. To answer the question experts gather all possible material that will help answer the question. This includes research articles, expert reports, open data and all other silent knowledge of the experts that is not found in written form. <br />
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The knowledge crystal is worked on from the beginning in an open web-workspace with the help of crowdsourcing, and all information it contains is free to use. The material is structured, assessed and interpreted. The result is an answer that has passed all critique that has come up during the working process. Thus the answer is the best current interpretation of how the thing the question asks is in reality. Criticising the knowledge crystals openly during the work ensures that the answer is scientifically sound. The answer is usually in a computer-readable format for models to use and also in text and picture format for humans. <br />
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The strengths of a knowledge crystal are that it uses all relevant information (not only own data as in an article), interprets the data (unlike open data) and is produced by following the principles of openness and critique (unlike an expert report).<br />
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=== Producing shared understanding by utilising knowledge crystals ===<br />
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''Main article: [[Shared understanding]]<br />
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A key objective of strategic research is to support societal decision making. This should be done already from the beginning by utilising a method called ''open policy practice''. It was developed in THL in 2013 and it is based on long-term experience on decision support in environmental health.<br />
<ref>Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Pohjola, Mikko; Pohjola, Pasi. Avoin päätöksentekokäytäntö voisi parantaa tiedon hyödyntämistä. [Open policy practice could improve knowledge use.] Yhteiskuntapolitiikka 1/2014, 66-75. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2014031821621</ref><br />
<ref>Pohjola MV, Leino O, Kollanus V, Tuomisto JT, Gunnlaugsdóttir H, Holm F, Kalogeras N, Luteijn JM, Magnússon SH, Odekerken G, Tijhuis MJ, Ueland O, White BC, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Environmental health. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 40-55. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21708210]<br />
</ref><br />
The most important principle of open policy practice is to develop ''shared understanding'' about a policy issue at hand. Shared understanding is a situation, where all participants have collaboratively described in writing what is known about the details of the issue, what are objectives of different stakeholders, where there are agreements and where there are disagreements and why. Participation is open and includes decision makers, experts, citizens, and other interested parties.<br />
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Shared understanding is reached by utilising systematic methods of collaborative work and participation. When there is disagreement about facts, resolution is found by using criticism and observations - the building blocks of science. The work is supported by modern internet tools such as open data bases, real-time collaborative editing software, wikis, and online computational models. These have been in active use in [[THL]] for years, and there is good expertise in such work.<br />
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In practice, each research question will have an own internet page on a collaborative web-workspace since the first day of the work. The answer to each question is iteratively built based on existing and new data, analyses, and discussions during the project. Anyone can participate in these discussions at any time, and the team members will moderate the discussions. The answers are updated regularly as new information arises, and the current best answer is available for users as open linked data at any given time. Web pages that are built in this way around relevant research questions are called ''knowledge crystals''.<br />
<ref>Tuomisto JT. Massadata kansanterveyden edistämisessä. [Big data in promotion of public health.] Duodecim 2015;131:2179–87. {{urn|URN:NBN:fi-fe201601071478}} </ref><br />
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It is important to notice, that some of the research questions are designed in a way that they offer practical and direct guidance to relevant and timely policy issues. Knowledge crystal work should actively seek collaboration and contributions from policy makers to develop relevant questions and to include policy perspective to the work. Knowledge crystals are a practical solution to the collaboration need on science-policy interface. This work is supported by more traditional methods of communication and collaboration, such as reports, policy briefs, stakeholder workshops, and press releases.<br />
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<references/><br />
<noinclude><br />
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== See also ==<br />
<br />
The term ''knowledge crystal'' has been used independently in several places in the popular culture. In all cases, it seems to describe a concrete object that has useful information and knowledge in a very condensed form. The term has been used by e.g. [http://rickroderick.org/supermans-knowledge-crystals/ Superman], [http://beardmonkey.net/2015/03/19/dont-buy-knowledge-crystals/ heroes in Middle Earth], [http://biosector01.com/wiki/index.php/Knowledge_Crystal Bionicles], and [https://wiki.guildwars2.com/wiki/Knowledge_Crystal Guild Wars 2]<br />
<br />
* [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/apr/11/the-big-idea-should-we-get-rid-of-the-scientific-paper?CMP=share_btn_tw The Guardian: The big idea: should we get rid of the scientific paper?]<br />
</noinclude></div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=User:Jouni&diff=43830User:Jouni2022-08-15T02:36:43Z<p>Jouni: reordered</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:YMTO]]<br />
'''Articles missing from Julkari:'''<br />
<br />
*22. Pekkanen J, Tuomisto JT. Väestönkasvu on vain yksi taudeista. Duodecim 1998; 114:594.<br />
*48. Tuomisto J, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Viluksela M et al. Dioxin cancer risk - example of hormesis? Non linearity in Biology, Toxicology and Medicine 2004.<br />
* 99. Gens, Alexandra; Hurley, J. Fintan; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Friedrich, Rainer. Health impacts due to personal exposure to fine particles caused by insulation of residential buildings in Europe. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 84 (2014): 213-221.<br />
* 100. Sandström, Vilma; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Majaniemi, Sami; Rintala, Teemu; Pohjola, Mikko V.: Evaluating effectiveness of open assessments on alternative biofuel sources. Sustainability: Science, Practice & Policy (2014): 10(1) Published online May 16, 2014.<br />
* 107. Neittaanmäki P, Huttula T, Karvanen J, Frisk T, Tuomisto JT, Simola A, Tuovinen T, Ropponen J (2016) Unicorn–Open science for assessing environmental state, human health and regional economy. Research Ideas and Outcomes 2: e9232 (under peer review)<br />
<br />
<br />
Jouni Tuomisto<br><br />
chief researcher<br><br />
Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL)<br><br />
P.O.Box 95<br><br />
FI-70701 Kuopio<br><br />
Finland<br />
<br />
=Personal information=<br />
<br />
==Jouni T. Tuomisto==<br />
<br />
: Researcher 1992-2005, KTL<br />
: Post-doc researcher 2000-2001, Harvard School of Public Health<br />
: Academy researcher 2005-2010, Academy of Finland and KTL<br />
: Senior researcher and chief researcher 2010-, THL<br />
<br />
<br />
: Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL)<br />
: Environmental Health<br />
: P.O.Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio<br />
<br />
<br />
: email: firstname.lastname@thl.fi<br />
: phone: +358295246305<br />
: ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9988-1762<br />
<br />
: A longer CV can be found from [[:heande:User:Jouni]].<br />
<br />
==Areas of interest==<br />
<br />
* Destructive policy<br />
* [[Open policy practice]]<br />
* [[Open assessment]]<br />
* Improved methods for risk analysis<br />
* Decision analysis<br />
* Fine particles<br />
* Dioxins and other persistent pollutants<br />
* Energy production and its emissions<br />
* Climate change<br />
<br />
Jouni Tuomisto (adjunct professor, or docent) has medical background (Lic. Med. 1992 and Dr. Med. Sci. 1999 from the University of Kuopio). He has published more than 115 peer-reviewed articles and two web-workspaces. He has over 25 years of research experience in environmental health, has coordinated one large EU project and participated in several others as principal investigator or senior researcher. He started with toxicology but after the doctoral degree focussed on risk assessment and decision analysis as a post-doc in Harvard School of Public Health in 2000-2001. Subsequent topics have been environmental health assessments of fine particles and dioxins and benefit-risk assessments of food. Mathematical methods became more and more important in the work. In 2006, he started to develop new methods for policy support together with Mikko Pohjola. They developed [[open assessment]], which assesses health and other impacts of policies using open work processes where anyone can participate but specific rules for contributions are applied. In 2014 this was further expanded to [[open policy practice]], which covers - in addition to assessments for policy support - also recommended practices for decision making, implementation of decisions, and evaluation and management of these decision processes. <br />
<br />
Tuomisto has implemented these methods and practices in numerous assessments related to decisions about environmental health. To support these assessments and decision making, he has also developed a web-workspace [[Opasnet]], which is freely available for similar assessments in other decision support processes. He has given university courses about open policy practice and trained students to use Opasnet in their work as environmental scientists.<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
<br />
* Med. Lic. 1992<br />
* Dr. Med. Sci. 1999<br />
* Adjunct professor (docent) (field: toxicology, especially risk assessment) 2004<br />
<br />
== Recent research ==<br />
<br />
* [[Goherr assessment]]<br />
* [[Climate change policies and health in Kuopio]]<br />
* [[Climate change policies in Helsinki]]<br />
* [[Energy balance]]<br />
* [[Building model]]<br />
* [[Urgenche]]<br />
* [[Plantlibra]]<br />
* [[:op_fi:Silakan hyöty-riskiarvio]]<br />
* [[:op_fi:Tekaisu]]<br />
<br />
=Curriculum vitae of Jouni Tuomisto (2020-11-09)=<br />
<br />
'''1. Personal information<br />
: Tuomisto, Jouni Tapio (born 1967 in Finland)<br />
: ORCID 0000-0002-9988-1762, website http://en.opasnet.org/w/User:Jouni, email firstname.lastname(at)thl.fi<br />
<br />
'''2. Education and degrees awarded<br />
:2004: Title of docent or adjunct professor (toxicology, especially risk assessment), University of Eastern Finland, Finland (previously University of Kuopio)<br />
:1999: Dr. Med. Sci., University of Kuopio, Finland<br />
:1992: Lic. Med., University of Kuopio, Finland<br />
<br />
'''3. Current positions<br />
:Chief Science Officer, Kausal Ltd, 2020 - <br />
:Chief researcher, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL, Finland) 2012 - <br />
::Team leader in environmental health assessment, Public Health Evaluaton and Projection Unit, THL 1.1.2015 - 31.12.2020<br />
<br />
'''4. Previous work experience<br />
:Unit Head of the Assessment and Modelling Unit, THL 1.9.2010 - 31.12.2014<br />
:Senior researcher, THL (previously National Public Health Institute KTL) 1.6.2005 - 2012<br />
:Academy researcher, 1.8.2005 – 31.7.2010<br />
:Leader of the Risk analysis research group, THL 1.1.2002 - 31.12.2014<br />
:Researcher in KTL 1.1.1999-31.8.2005<br />
:Post-doctoral researcher, Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, Harvard University, Boston, USA 1.9.2000-4.10.2001<br />
:Doctoral student in KTL 1992-1998<br />
:General practitioner, clinical work for about 9 months in 1991-1993<br />
:Military service including the military medical school, 1988.<br />
<br />
'''5. Career breaks: none<br />
<br />
'''6. Personal research funding and grants to own research group<br />
* Kiltova2 funding from the Ministry of Environment (via Finnish Environment Institute) 2020-2021, 10000 €.<br />
* VN-TEAS funding from the Prime Minister's Office: Yhtäköyttä, 2015-2016, 150 000 €, role: coordinator.<br />
* EU BONUS & the Academy of Finland: GOHERR, 2015-2018, 290 000 €, role: principal investigator of THL.<br />
* Ministry of Social Affairs and Health: TEKAISU, 2012-2014, 160 000 €, role: principal investigator of the project.<br />
* EU 7FP: URGENCHE (ID 265114), 2011-2014, 315 855 €, role: principal investigator of THL and a workpackage leader. PLANTLIBRA (ID 245199), 2010-2014, 141 984 €, role: principal investigator of THL.<br />
* EAKR (Aluekehitysrahasto), ERACedu, 2009-2011, 128 600 €, role: principal investigator (deputy) of the National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL).<br />
* Academy of Finland. CLAIH, 2009-2012, 170760 €, role: principal investigator. BIOHER, 2008-2011, 144000 €, role: principal investigator. SCUD (academy researcher position), 2005-2010, totally 735001 €, role: academy researcher. Post-doctoral fellowship, 2000-2001, 138000 FIM.<br />
* European Commission 6FP, HEIMTSA, 2007-2011, role: workpackage leader (principal investigator: Matti Jantunen). BENERIS, 2006-2009, 199 000 €, role: coordinator. INTARESE, 2005-2010 149 000 €, role: workpackage leader.<br />
* Ministry of Environment, PILTTI 2006-2008, 43000, role: coordinator. Kopra fine particle risk assessment project, 2002, 32000 €.<br />
* National Technology Agency of Finland (Tekes), Kopra fine particle risk assessment project (part 2), 2004, 131 400 €, role: workpackage leader.<br />
* YTV, 2003. Kopra fine particle risk assessment project. 8000 €.<br />
* Funding from Finnish Cultural Foundation of Northern Savo and Orion Oyj, 1998-1999, total 140 000 FIM.<br />
<br />
'''7. Leadership and supervision experience<br />
* Supervisor of 5 PhD students: Ph.D. Marko Tainio 2009, Dr.-Ing. Alexandra Gens (née Kuhn) 2012, Ph.D. (Tech.Sc.) Mikko Pohjola 2013, Ph.D. (Tech.Sc.) Olli Leino 2014, Ph.D. Marjo Niittynen 2014.<br />
* Group leader, unit leader, or team leader for 5-15 people in THL (KTL until 2009) since 2006.<br />
<br />
'''8. Teaching experience<br />
* ''Decision analysis and risk management'' course directed to Master of Science and doctoral students in the University of Eastern Finland (6 credit points): I was the developer of the course together with Mikko Pohjola, and I have been the practical leader and the main lecturer of the course every time the course has been organised in 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017. http://en.opasnet.org/w/Darm<br />
* Lecturer on several courses related to toxicology or environmental health in the University of Eastern Finland for many years (5 - 10 lectures per year).<br />
<br />
'''9. Experience of organising scientific meetings<br />
* ''Open assessment workshop'' was organised in 2007, 2008, and 2009 for 20-30 doctoral students and post-doc researchers. The events lasted from 5 to 12 days. I was the main organiser of these events.<br />
<br />
'''10. Patents, inventions, awards and honours: none<br />
<br />
'''11. Other key scientific or academic merits<br />
* At Kausal Ltd, development of health impact assessment models related to climate mitigation actions. Also participation in the development of a scenario tool for developing and evaluating climate policies in cities.<br />
* More than 115 peer reviewed articles; 25 proceedings, reports or book articles; three articles in domestic language; two open web-workspaces for production and dissemination of scientific information to improve decision making; three open source models or software packages; and more than 70 abstracts in scientific meetings.<br />
* Opponent for Patrycja Gradowska (Delft Technological University, Delft, the Netherlands 8 May 2013)<br />
* Evaluator of applications to THL about health promotion, 2012-2014.<br />
* Developer of the open Opasnet website for scientific decision support and open policy practice, 2006 - <br />
* Evaluator of the Juho Vainio Foundation, 2020 -<br />
<br />
'''12. Memberships and positions of trust in scientific societies<br />
* Member of MATINE - the Scientific Advisory Board of Defence, medical division, 2017 -<br />
* Representative of THL in the national coordinating group of climate adaptation (21 May 2012 - 31 Dec 2013).<br />
* Member in a national group evaluating the update of the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive (EIA Directive) (2013).<br />
<br />
'''13. Link to complete CV<br />
:http://en.opasnet.org/w/User:Jouni<br />
<br />
=List of publications=<br />
<br />
: Tuomisto, Jouni Tapio (born 1967 in Finland)<br />
: Scientific publications 2022-08-15<br />
: ORCID 0000-0002-9988-1762, website http://en.opasnet.org/w/User:Jouni, email firstname.lastname(at)kausal.tech<br />
<br />
==Selected publications==<br />
<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Yrjölä J, Kolehmainen M, Bonsdorff J, Pekkanen J, Tikkanen T. (2020) An agent-based epidemic model REINA for COVID-19 to identify destructive policies. MedRxiv preprint, submitted 2020-04-09. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.09.20047498 <br />
# Tuomisto, J.T., Pohjola, M.V. & Rintala, T. From insight network to open policy practice: practical experiences. Health Res Policy Sys 18, 36 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-020-00547-3<br />
# Tuomisto, J.T., Asikainen, A., Meriläinen, P. et al. Health effects of nutrients and environmental pollutants in Baltic herring and salmon: a quantitative benefit-risk assessment. BMC Public Health 20, 64 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-8094-1<br />
# Tuomisto JT et al. (2019). Opasnet. An English web workspace for providing scientific information to help societal decision-making. http://en.opasnet.org (English) and http://fi.opasnet.org (Finnish) (accessed 20 Dec 2019. Own contribution (English + Finnish): 2132+1940 pages edited, contribution score: 3127+2103.)<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto, Marjo Niittynen, Erkki Pärjälä, Arja Asikainen, Laura Perez, Stephan Trüeb, Matti Jantunen, Nino Künzli, Clive E. Sabel. Building-related health impacts in European and Chinese cities: a scalable assessment method. Environmental Health 2015, 14:93. {{doi|10.1186/s12940-015-0082-z}} [http://www.ehjournal.net/content/14/1/93]<br />
# Sandström, Vilma; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Majaniemi, Sami; Rintala, Teemu; Pohjola, Mikko V.: Evaluating effectiveness of open assessments on alternative biofuel sources. Sustainability: Science, Practice & Policy (2014): 10(1) Published online May 16, 2014. [http://sspp.proquest.com/archives/vol10iss2/1207-032.sandstrom.html]<br />
# Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Pohjola, Mikko; Pohjola, Pasi. Avoin päätöksentekokäytäntö voisi parantaa tiedon hyödyntämistä. [Open policy practice could improve knowledge use.] (in Finnish) Yhteiskuntapolitiikka 1/2014, 66-75. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2014031821621<br />
# Mikko V. Pohjola, Pasi Pohjola, Marko Tainio, Jouni T. Tuomisto: Perspectives to Performance of Environment and Health Assessments and Models—From Outputs to Outcomes? (Review). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 2621-2642; doi:10.3390/ijerph10072621 <br />
# Tijhuis, M.J., Pohjola, M.V., Gunnlaugsdóttir, H., Kalogeras, N., Leino, O., Luteijn, J.M., Magnússon, S.H., Odekerken, G., Poto, M., Tuomisto, J.T., Ueland, Ø., White, B.C., Holm, F., Verhagen, H., 2011. Looking beyond Borders: Integrating best practices in benefit-risk analysis into the field of food and nutrition. Food and Chemical Toxicology (2012) 50: 1: 77-93. {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.044}}<br />
# Pohjola MV, Tuomisto JT. Openness in participation, assessment, and policy making upon issues of environment and environmental health: a review of literature and recent project results. Environ Health. 2011 Jun 16;10:58. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21679456]<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto, Andrew Wilson, John S. Evans, Marko Tainio. 2008. Uncertainty in mortality response to airborne fine particulate matter: Combining European air pollution experts. Reliability Engineering and System Safety 93: 732-744. {{doi|10.1016/j.ress.2007.03.002}}<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M. 2005. An economic way of reducing health, environmental, and other pressures of urban traffic: a decision analysis on trip aggregation. BMC PUBLIC HEALTH 5:123. [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/5/123/abstract]<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Tainio, M; Niittynen, M; Verkasalo, P; Vartiainen, T; Kiviranta, H; Pekkanen, J. 2004. Risk-benefit analysis of eating farmed salmon. SCIENCE 305 (5683): 476-476.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Pekkanen, J; Kiviranta, H; Tukiainen, E; Vartiainen, T; Tuomisto, J. 2004. Soft-tissue sarcoma and dioxin: A case-control study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER 108 (6): 893-900.<br />
# Levy, JI; Carrothers, TJ; Tuomisto, JT; Hammitt, JK; Evans, JS. 2001. Assessing the public health benefits of reduced ozone concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 109 (12): 1215-1226.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Viluksela, M; Pohjanvirta, R; Tuomisto, J. 1999. The AH receptor and a novel gene determine acute toxic responses to TCDD: Segregation of the resistant alleles to different rat lines. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 155 (1): 71-81.<br />
<br />
==A. Peer-reviewed scientific articles==<br />
<br />
::; 1991<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Koulu M, Tuomisto L. Effect of A Single Dose of Tcdd on the Level of Histamine in Discrete Nuclei in Rat-Brain. Agents Actions 1991; 33(1-2):154-156.<br />
#; 1993<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Vuolteenaho O, Leppaluoto J, Tuomisto J. Effect of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin (Tcdd) on Plasma and Tissue Beta-Endorphin-Like Immunoreactivity in the Most Tcdd-Susceptible and the Most Tcdd-Resistant Rat Strain. Life Sci 1993; 53(19):1479-1487.<br />
# Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, MacDonald E, Tuomisto L, Koulu M et al. Effect of A Single Lethal Dose of Tcdd on the Levels of Monoamines, Their Metabolites and Tryptophan in Discrete Brain Nuclei and Peripheral-Tissues of Long-Evans Rats. Pharmacol Toxicol 1993; 72(4-5):279-285.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. TCDD reduces selectively plasma ß-endorphin levels in TCDD-susceptible Long-Evans rats but not in TCDD-resistant Han/Wistar rats. Organohalogen Comp 1993; 13:297-300.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Räisänen L, Tuomisto J. Effects of TCDD on motor activity of TCDD-susceptible and -resistant rat strains. Organohalogen Comp 1993; 13:313-315.<br />
#; 1994<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, MacDonald E, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Dose-Response and Time-Course of Alterations in Tryptophan-Metabolism by 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin (Tcdd) in the Most Tcdd-Susceptible and the Most Tcdd-Resistant Rat Strain - Relationship with Tcdd Lethality. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1994; 128(2):280-292.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Modulation of TCDD-induced wasting syndrome by diabetes. Organohalogen Comp 1994; 21:315-318.<br />
#; 1995<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Linden J, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Toxic Equivalency Factors do Not Predict the Acute Toxicities of Dioxins in Rats. Eur J Pharmacol Env Toxicol Pharmacol 1995; 293(4):341-353.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin-Induced Anorexia and Wasting Syndrome in Rats - Aggravation After Ventromedial Hypothalamic-Lesion. Eur J Pharmacol Env Toxicol Pharmacol 1995; 293(4):309-317.<br />
# Unkila M, Ruotsalainen M, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, MacDonald E, Tuomisto JT et al. Effect of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin (Tcdd) on Tryptophan and Glucose-Homeostasis in the Most Tcdd-Susceptible and the Most Tcdd-Resistant Species, Guinea-Pigs and Hamsters. Arch Toxicol 1995; 69(10):677-683.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Alterations in Plasma Tryptophan Binding to Albumin in 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin-Treated Long-Evans Rats. Eur J Pharmacol Env Toxicol Pharmacol 1995; 293(2):115-121.<br />
# Vartiainen T, Lampi P, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Polychlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin and Polychlorodibenzofuran Concentrations in Human Fat Samples in A Village After Pollution of Drinking-Water with Chlorophenols. Chemosphere 1995; 30(8):1429-1438.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Rozman K, Tuomisto J. Effect of TCDD on tryptophan and glucose homeostasis in the most TCDD-susceptible and the most TCDD-resistant species guinea pigs and hamsters. Organohalogen Comp 1995; 25:219-223.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Rozman K, Tuomisto J. Effect of TCDD on tryptophan and glucose homeostasis in the most TCDD-susceptible and the most TCDD-resistant species, guinea pigs and hamsters. Organohalogen Comp 1995; 25:219-223.<br />
#; 1996<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. TCDD blocks the weight increasing effect of paraventricular lesion. Organohalogen Comp 1996; 29:371-374.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. Amelioration of short-term toxicity of TCDD with a fish oil rich in omega-3 fatty acids in Long-Evans rats. Organohalogen Comp 1996; 29:277-280.<br />
# Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. Nitric oxide antagonist N-nitro-L-arginine decreases the lethality of TCDD in mice, but increases it in rats. Organohalogen Comp 1996; 29:272-276.<br />
#; 1998<br />
# Valjakka A, Vartiainen J, Tuomisto L, Tuomisto JT, Olkkonen H, Airaksinen MM. The fasciculus retroflexus controls the integrity of REM sleep by supporting the generation of hippocampal theta rhythm and rapid eye movements in rats. Brain Res Bull 1998; 47(2):171-184.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Simanainen U, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Effect of geldanamycin on the acute toxicity of TCDD. Organohalogen Comp 1998; 37:191-194.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and lesion of dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus have additive effects on body weight loss. Organohalogen Comp 1998; 37:81-83.<br />
# Viluksela M, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Harper PA, Okey AB et al. Characterization of the deviant structure-activity relationship for chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs) in the resistant Han/Wistar rats. Organohalogen Comp 1998; 38:287-290.<br />
# Pekkanen J, Tuomisto JT. Väestönkasvu on vain yksi taudeista. Duodecim 1998; 114:594. <br />
#; 1999<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Karasinska J, Franc MA et al. Physicochemical differences in the AH receptors of the most TCDD-susceptible and the most TCDD-resistant rat strains. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1999; 155(1):82-95.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto J. The AH receptor and a novel gene determine acute toxic responses to TCDD: Segregation of the resistant alleles to different rat lines. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1999; 155(1):71-81.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. TCDD-induced anorexia and wasting syndrome in rats: Effects of diet-induced obesity and nutrition. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 1999; 62(4):735-742.<br />
# Viluksela M, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Stahl BU, Rozman KK et al. Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity, glucose homeostasis and plasma amino acid concentrations in the most TCDD-susceptible and the most TCDD-resistant rat strains. Arch Toxicol 1999; 73(6):323-336.<br />
# Strandman T, Koistinen J, Kiviranta H, Vuorinen PJ, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J et al. Levels of some polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fish and human adipose tissue in Finland. Organohalogen Comp 1999; 40:355-358.<br />
#; 2000<br />
# Kiviranta H, Vartiainen T, Verta M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. High fish-specific dioxin concentrations in Finland. Lancet 2000; 355(9218):1883-1885.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto J. Changes in food intake and food selection in rats after 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2000; 65(3):381-387.<br />
# Viluksela M, Bager Y, Tuomisto JT, Scheu G, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R et al. Liver tumor-promoting activity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in TCDD-sensitive and TCDD-resistant rat strains. Cancer Res 2000; 60(24):6911-6920.<br />
# Kattainen H, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Kovero O, Alaluusua S, Tuomisto J et al. In utero/lactational TCDD exposure impairs the molar tooth development in rats. Organohalogen Comp 2000; 49:229-232.<br />
# Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Kattainen H, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M. Effects of in utero and lactational TCDD exposure on male reproduction pattern in three differentially TCDD sensitive rat lines. Organohalogen Comp 2000; 49:342-344.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Tuomisto J. Soft tissue sarcoma and dioxin exposure in Finnish general population. Organohalogen Comp 2000; 48:107-110.<br />
#; 2001<br />
# Jämsä T, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Tuukkanen J. Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on bone in two rat strains with different aryl hydrocarbon receptor structures. J Bone Miner Res 2001; 16(10):1812-1820.<br />
# Kattainen H, Tuukkanen J, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Kovero O, Lukinmaa PL et al. In utero/lactational 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure impairs molar tooth development in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2001; 174(3):216-224.<br />
# Levy JI, Carrothers TJ, Tuomisto JT, Hammitt JK, Evans JS. Assessing the public health benefits of reduced ozone concentrations. Environ Health Perspect 2001; 109(12):1215-1226.<br />
#; 2002<br />
# Kiukkonen A, Viluksela M, Sahlberg C, Alaluusua S, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J et al. Response of the incisor tooth to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in a dioxin-resistant and a dioxin-sensitive rat strain. Toxicol Sci 2002; 69(2):482-489.<br />
# Niittynen M, Tuomisto JT, Auriola S, Pohjanvirta R, Syrjala P, Simanainen U et al. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced accumulation of biliverdin and hepatic peliosis in rats. Toxicol Sci 2002; 71(1):112-123.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Korkalainen M, McGuire J, Simanainen U, Juvonen R, Tuomisto JT et al. Comparison of acute toxicities of indolo[3,2-b]carbazole (ICZ) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in TCDD-sensitive rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2002; 40(7):1023-1032.<br />
# Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M. Structure-activity relationships and dose responses of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins for short-term effects in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-resistant and -sensitive rat strains. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2002; 181(1):38-47.<br />
# Fletcher N, Stern N, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto J et al. The retinoid response in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-treated Long-Evans and Han/Wistar rats. Organohalogen Comp 2002; 55:437-439.<br />
#; 2003<br />
# Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M. Dose-response analysis of short-term effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in three differentially susceptible rat lines. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2003; 187(2):128-136.<br />
# Stern N, Lind PM, Larsson S, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J et al. TCDD induces trabecular bone loss and bone fragility in a TCDD-sensitive but not in a TCDD-resistant rat strain. Organohalogen Comp 2003; 64:312-315. <br />
#; 2004<br />
# Miettinen HM, Huuskonen H, Partanen AM, Miettinen P, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R et al. Effects of epidermal growth factor receptor deficiency and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlor.odibenzo-p-dioxin on fetal development in mice. Toxicology Letters 2004; 150(3):285-291.<br />
# Simanainen U, Adamsson A, Tuomisto JT, Miettinen HM, Toppari J, Tuomisto J et al. Adult 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure and effects on male reproductive organs in three differentially TCDD-susceptible rat lines. Toxicol Sci 2004; 81(2):401-407.<br />
# Simanainen U, Haavisto T, Tuomisto JT, Paranko J, Toppari J, Tuomisto J et al. Pattern of male reproductive system effects after in utero and lactational 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure in three differentially TCDD-sensitive rat lines. Toxicol Sci 2004; 80(1):101-108.<br />
# Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Syrjala P, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M. Postnatal development of resistance to short-term high-dose toxic effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in TCDD-resistant and -semiresistant rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 196(1):11-19.<br />
# Tuomisto J, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Viluksela M et al. Dioxin cancer risk - example of hormesis? Non linearity in Biology, Toxicology and Medicine 2004.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Tuomisto J. Soft-tissue sarcoma and dioxin: A case-control study. Int J Cancer 2004; 108(6):893-900.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Tainio M, Niittynen M, Verkasalo P, Vartiainen T et al. Risk-benefit analysis of eating farmed salmon. Science 2004; 305(5683):476.<br />
#; 2005<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Pekkanen, J. 2005. Assessing environmental health risks or net health benefits?. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 33 (3): 162-163.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M. 2005. An economic way of reducing health, environmental, and other pressures of urban traffic: a decision analysis on trip aggregation. BMC PUBLIC HEALTH 5:123. [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/5/123/abstract]<br />
# Kiviranta, H; Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Tukiainen, E; Vartiainen, T. 2005. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls in the general population in Finland. CHEMOSPHERE 60 (7): 854-869.<br />
# Fletcher, N; Giese, N; Schmidt, C; Stern, N; Lind, PM; Viluksela, M; Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Nau, H; Hakansson, H. 2005. Altered retinoid metabolism in female long-evans and Han/Wistar rats following long-term 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-treatment. TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES 86 (2): 264-272.<br />
# Hanninen, OO; Palonen, J; Tuomisto, JT; Yli-Tuomi, T; Seppanen, O; Jantunen, MJ. 2005. Reduction potential of urban PM2.5 mortality risk using modern ventilation systems in buildings. INDOOR AIR 15 (4): 246-256.<br />
# Hanninen, OO; Tuomisto, JT; Jantunen, MJ. 2005. Characterization of model error in a simulation of fine particulate matter exposure distributions of the working age population in Helsinki, Finland. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION 55 (4): 446-457.<br />
# Tainio, M; Tuomisto, JT; Hanninen, O; Aarnio, P; Koistinen, KJ; Jantunen, MJ; Pekkanen, J. 2005. Health effects caused by primary fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emitted from buses in the Helsinki metropolitan area, Finland. RISK ANALYSIS 25 (1): 151-160.<br />
#; 2006<br />
# Tuomisto J, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT. Dioxin Cancer Risk - Example of Hormesis? Dose Response. 2006 May 1;3(3):332-341. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18648613]<br />
#; 2007<br />
# van Bree, L; Fudge, N; Tuomisto, JT; Brunekreef, B. 2007. Closing the gap between science and policy on air pollution and health. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES 70 (3-4): 377-381.<br />
# Tainio M, Tuomisto JT, Hanninen O, et al.: Parameter and model uncertainty in a life-table model for fine particles (PM2.5): a statistical modeling study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, 6 (Article 6) AUG 23 2007.<br />
# Cooke RM, Wilson AM, Tuomisto JT, et al. A Probabilistic characterization of the relationship between fine particulate matter and mortality: Elicitation of European experts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 41 (18): 6598-6605 SEP 15 2007. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17948814]<br />
# Niittynen M, Simanainen U, Syrjala P, et al. Differences in acute toxicity syndromes of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats. TOXICOLOGY 235 (1-2): 39-51 JUN 3 2007 2007.<br />
# Kiljunen M, Vanhatalo M, Mantyniemi S, et al. Human dietary intake of organochlorines from Baltic herring: Implications of individual fish variability and fisheries management. AMBIO 36 (2-3): 257-264 APR 2007.<br />
# Main KM, Kiviranta H, Virtanen HE, Sundqvist E, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Vartiainen T, Skakkebaek NE, Toppari J. Flame retardants in placenta and breast milk and cryptorchidism in newborn boys. Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Oct;115(10):1519-26. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17938745]<br />
#; 2008<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto, Andrew Wilson, John S. Evans, Marko Tainio. 2008. Uncertainty in mortality response to airborne fine particulate matter: Combining European air pollution experts. Reliability Engineering and System Safety 93: 732-744. {{doi|10.1016/j.ress.2007.03.002}}<br />
# Niittynen M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R. Effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on heme oxygenase-1, biliverdin IXalpha reductase and delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase 1 in rats with wild-type or variant AH receptor. Toxicology. 2008 Sep 4;250(2-3):132-42. Epub 2008 Jul 10. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18657588]<br />
# Karvosenoja, N (Karvosenoja, Niko); Tainio, M (Tainio, Marko); Kupiainen, K (Kupiainen, Kaarle); Tuomisto, JT (Tuomisto, Jouni T.); Kukkonen, J (Kukkonen, Jaakko); Johansson, M (Johansson, Matti). Evaluation of the emissions and uncertainties of PM2.5 originated from vehicular traffic and domestic wood combustion in Finland. BOREAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH, 13 (5): 465-474 OCT 31 2008.<br />
# Leino O, Tainio M, Tuomisto JT. Comparative risk analysis of dioxins in fish and fine particles from heavy-duty vehicles. Risk Anal. 2008 Feb;28(1):127-40. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18304111]<br />
# Franc MA, Moffat ID, Boutros PC, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Pohjanvirta R, Okey AB. Patterns of dioxin-altered mRNA expression in livers of dioxin-sensitive versus dioxin-resistant rats. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Nov;82(11):809-30. Epub 2008 May 9. Erratum in: Arch Toxicol. 2008 Nov;82(11):831. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18465118]<br />
#; 2009<br />
# Marko Tainio, Mikhail Sofiev, Mika Hujo, Jouni T. Tuomisto, Miranda Loh, Matti J. Jantunen, Ari Karppinen, Leena Kangas, Niko Karvosenoja, Kaarle Kupiainen, Petri Porvari, Jaakko Kukkonen: Evaluation of the European population intake fractions for European and Finnish anthropogenic primary fine particulate matter emissions. Atmospheric Environment 43 (2009) 3052–3059.<br />
# Marko Tainio, Niko Karvosenoja, Petri Porvari, Arjen Raateland, Jouni T. Tuomisto, Matti Johansson, Jaakko Kukkonen, Kaarle Kupiainen: A simple concept for GIS-based estimation of population exposure to primary fine particles from vehicular traffic and domestic wood combustion. Boreal Environment Research 14 (2009): 850-860.<br />
#; 2010<br />
# Sand S, Fletcher N, von Rosen D, Kalantari F, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Falk-Filipsson A, Håkansson H. Quantitative and statistical analysis of differences in sensitivity between Long-Evans and Han/Wistar rats following long-term exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2010 Jul-Aug;57(2-3):136-45. Epub 2010 Feb 4. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20138101]<br />
# Herlin M, Kalantari F, Stern N, Sand S, Larsson S, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Tuukkanen J, Jämsä T, Lind PM, Håkansson H. Quantitative characterization of changes in bone geometry, mineral density and biomechanical properties in two rat strains with different Ah-receptor structures after long-term exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicology. 2010 Jun 29;273(1-3):1-11. Epub 2010 Apr 18. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20403408]<br />
# Hirvonen T, Sinkko H, Hallikainen A, Kiviranta H, Pietinen P, Valsta L, Tuomisto JT. Modelling the intake of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans: impact of energy under-reporting and number of reporting days in dietary surveys. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2010 Aug;27(8):1170-6. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20432100]<br />
# Tainio, M (Tainio, M.); Tuomisto, JT (Tuomisto, J. T.); Pekkanen, J (Pekkanen, J.); Karvosenoja, N (Karvosenoja, N.); Kupiainen, K (Kupiainen, K.); Porvari, P (Porvari, P.); Sofiev, M (Sofiev, M.); Karppinen, A (Karppinen, A.); Kangas, L (Kangas, L.); Kukkonen, J (Kukkonen, J.): Uncertainty in health risks due to anthropogenic primary fine particulate matter from different source types in Finland. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 2010: 44 (17): 2125-2132 {{doi|10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.02.036}}<br />
#; 2011<br />
# Lensu S, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Pohjanvirta R. Characterization of the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-provoked strong and rapid aversion to unfamiliar foodstuffs in rats. Toxicology. 2011 May 10;283(2-3):140-50. Epub 2011 Mar 22. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21435369]<br />
# Lensu S, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M, Niittynen M, Pohjanvirta R. Immediate and highly sensitive aversion response to a novel food item linked to AH receptor stimulation. Toxicol Lett. 2011 Jun 24;203(3):252-7. Epub 2011 Mar 31. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21458548]<br />
# Pohjola MV, Tuomisto JT. Openness in participation, assessment, and policy making upon issues of environment and environmental health: a review of literature and recent project results. Environ Health. 2011 Jun 16;10:58. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21679456]<br />
# Pohjola, M.V., Pohjola, P., Paavola, S., Bauters, M., Tuomisto, J.T., 2011b. Pragmatic knowledge services. Journal of Universal Computer Science 17, 472-497. {{doi|10.3217/jucs-017-03-0472}}<br />
# Niko Karvosenoja, Leena Kangas, Kaarle Kupiainen, Jaakko Kukkonen, Ari Karppinen, Mikhail Sofiev, Marko Tainio, Ville-Veikko Paunu, Pauliina Ahtoniemi, Jouni T. Tuomisto, Petri Porvari. Integrated modeling assessments of the population exposure in Finland to primary PM2.5 from traffic and domestic wood combustion on the resolutions of 1 and 10 km. Air Quality Atmosphere and Health 2011 (4) 3-4: 179-188. {{doi|10.1007/s11869-010-0100-9}}<br />
# Taimisto, Pauliina; Tainio, Marko; Karvosenoja, Niko; Kupiainen, Kaarle; Porvari, Petri; Karppinen, Ari; Kangas, Leena; Kukkonen, Jaakko; Tuomisto, Jouni T. Evaluation of intake fractions for different subpopulations due to primary fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emitted from domestic wood combustion and traffic in Finland. Air Quality Atmosphere and Health 2011 (4) 3-4: 199-209. {{doi|10.1007/s11869-011-0138-3}}<br />
# de Nazelle, Audrey; Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J.; Anto, Josep M.; Brauer, Michael; Briggs, David; Braun-Fahrlander, Charlotte; Cavill, Nick; Cooper, Ashley R.; Desqueyroux, Helene; Fruin, Scott; Hoek, Gerard; Panis, Luc Int; Janssen, Nicole; Jerrett, Michael; Joffe, Michael; Andersen, Zorana Jovanovic; van Kempen, Elise; Kingham, Simon; Kubesch, Nadine; Leyden, Kevin M.; Marshall, Julian D.; Matamala, Jaume; Mellios, Giorgos; Mendez, Michelle; Nassif, Hala; Ogilvie, David; Peiro, Rosana; Perez, Katherine; Rabl, Ari; Ragettli, Martina; Rodriguez, Daniel; Rojas, David; Ruiz, Pablo; Sallis, James F.; Terwoert, Jeroen; Toussaint, Jean-Francois; Tuomisto, Jouni; Zuurbier, Moniek; Lebret, Erik. Improving health through policies that promote active travel: A review of evidence to support integrated health impact assessment. Environment International 2011 (37) 4: 766-777. {{doi|10.1016/j.envint.2011.02.003}}<br />
#; 2012<br />
# Virtanen HE, Koskenniemi JJ, Sundqvist E, Main KM, Kiviranta H, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M, Vartiainen T, Skakkebaek NE, Toppari J. Associations between congenital cryptorchidism in newborn boys and levels of dioxins and PCBs in placenta. Int J Androl. 2012 Jun;35(3):283-93. {{doi|10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01233.x}}. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22150420]. ISSN 0105-6263<br />
# Verhagen H, Tijhuis MJ, Gunnlaugsdottir H, Kalogeras N, Leino O, Luteijn JM, Magnússon SH, Odekerken G, Pohjola MV, Tuomisto JT, Ueland O, White BC, Holm F. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Introduction. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 2-4. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21679738]<br />
# Tijhuis MJ, de Jong N, Pohjola MV, Gunnlaugsdóttir H, Hendriksen M, Hoekstra J, Holm F, Kalogeras N, Leino O, van Leeuwen FX, Luteijn JM, Magnússon SH, Odekerken G, Rompelberg C, Tuomisto JT, Ueland O, White BC, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Food and nutrition. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 5-25. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21679741]<br />
# Luteijn JM, White BC, Gunnlaugsdóttir H, Holm F, Kalogeras N, Leino O, Magnússon SH, Odekerken G, Pohjola MV, Tijhuis MJ, Tuomisto JT, Ueland O, McCarron PA, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Medicines. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 26-32 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21683115]<br />
# Magnússon SH, Gunnlaugsdóttir H, van Loveren H, Holm F, Kalogeras N, Leino O, Luteijn JM, Odekerken G, Pohjola MV, Tijhuis MJ, Tuomisto JT, Ueland O, White BC, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Food microbiology. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 33-39. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21679739]<br />
# Pohjola MV, Leino O, Kollanus V, Tuomisto JT, Gunnlaugsdóttir H, Holm F, Kalogeras N, Luteijn JM, Magnússon SH, Odekerken G, Tijhuis MJ, Ueland O, White BC, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Environmental health. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 40-55. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21708210]<br />
# Kalogeras N, Odekerken-Schröder G, Pennings JM, Gunnlaugsdottir H, Holm F, Leino O, Luteijn JM, Magnússon SH, Pohjola MV, Tijhuis MJ, Tuomisto JT, Ueland O, White BC, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Economics and Marketing-Finance. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 56-66. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21871522]<br />
# Ueland O, Gunnlaugsdottir H, Holm F, Kalogeras N, Leino O, Luteijn JM, Magnússon SH, Odekerken G, Pohjola MV, Tijhuis MJ, Tuomisto JT, White BC, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Consumer perception. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 67-76. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21683114]<br />
# Tijhuis, M.J., Pohjola, M.V., Gunnlaugsdóttir, H., Kalogeras, N., Leino, O., Luteijn, J.M., Magnússon, S.H., Odekerken, G., Poto, M., Tuomisto, J.T., Ueland, Ø., White, B.C., Holm, F., Verhagen, H., 2011. Looking beyond Borders: Integrating best practices in benefit-risk analysis into the field of food and nutrition. Food and Chemical Toxicology (2012) 50: 1: 77-93. {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.044}}<br />
# Karjalainen AK, Hirvonen T, Kiviranta H, Sinkko H, Kronberg-Kippilä C, Virtanen SM, Hallikainen A, Leino O, Knip M, Veijola R, Simell O, Tuomisto JT. Long-term daily intake estimates of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenylethers from food in Finnish children: risk assessment implications. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2012;29(9):1475-88. {{doi|10.1080/19440049.2012.694373}}. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22765049].<br />
# Tuomisto J, Tuomisto JT. Is the fear of dioxin cancer more harmful than dioxin? Toxicol Lett. 2012 May 5;210(3):338-44. {{doi|10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.02.007}}. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22387160].<br />
#; 2013<br />
# Anna K. Karjalainen, Anja Hallikainen, Tero Hirvonen, Hannu Kiviranta, Mikael Knip, Carina Kronberg-Kippilä, Olli Leino, Olli Simell, Harri Sinkko, Jouni T. Tuomisto, Riitta Veijola, Eija-Riitta Venäläinen, Suvi M. Virtanen. Estimated intake levels for Finnish children of methylmercury from fish. Food and Chemical Toxicology: Volume 54, April 2013, Pages 70-77. {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2012.02.074}} [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22425939].<br />
# Leino O, Kiviranta H, Karjalainen AK, Kronberg-Kippilä C, Sinkko H, Larsen EH, Virtanen S, Tuomisto JT. Pollutant concentrations in placenta. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013 Apr;54:59-69. {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2011.10.058}}. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22056334].<br />
# Mikko V. Pohjola, Pasi Pohjola, Marko Tainio, Jouni T. Tuomisto: Perspectives to Performance of Environment and Health Assessments and Models—From Outputs to Outcomes? (Review). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 2621-2642; {{doi|10.3390/ijerph10072621}}<br />
# Leino O, Karjalainen AK, Tuomisto JT. Effects of docosahexaenoic acid and methylmercury on child's brain development due to consumption of fish by Finnish mother during pregnancy: A probabilistic modeling approach. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013 Apr;54:50-8. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.052. Epub 2011 Jun 23. [Epub ahead of print] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21723361] {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.052}}<br />
#; 2014<br />
# Niittynen M, Simanainen U, Pohjanvirta R, Sankari S, Tuomisto JT. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) Increases Bilirubin Formation but Hampers Quantitative Hepatic Conversion of Biliverdin to Bilirubin in Rats with Wild-Type AH Receptor. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2014 Jan 13. doi: 10.1111/bcpt.12191. [Epub ahead of print]<br />
# Gens, Alexandra; Hurley, J. Fintan; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Friedrich, Rainer. Health impacts due to personal exposure to fine particles caused by insulation of residential buildings in Europe. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 84 (2014): 213-221. {{doi|10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.11.054}}<br />
# Sandström, Vilma; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Majaniemi, Sami; Rintala, Teemu; Pohjola, Mikko V.: Evaluating effectiveness of open assessments on alternative biofuel sources. Sustainability: Science, Practice & Policy (2014): 10(1) Published online May 16, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2014.11908132<br />
# Fantke, P., Jolliet, O., Apte, J.S., Cohen, A.J., Evans, J.S., Hänninen, O.O., Hurley, F., Jantunen, M.J., Jerrett, M., Levy, J.I., Loh, M.M., Marshall, J.D., Miller, B.G., Preiss, P., Spadaro, J.V., Tainio, M., Tuomisto, J.T., Weschler, C.J., McKone, T.E., 2014. Health effects of fine particulate matter in life cycle impact assessment: Conclusions from the Basel guidance workshop. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, {{doi|10.1007/s11367-11014-10822-11362}}<br />
# Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Pohjola, Mikko; Pohjola, Pasi. Avoin päätöksentekokäytäntö voisi parantaa tiedon hyödyntämistä. [Open policy practice could improve knowledge use.] Yhteiskuntapolitiikka 1/2014, 66-75. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2014031821621<br />
#; 2015<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Massadata kansanterveyden edistämisessä. [Big data in promotion of public health.] Duodecim 2015;131:2179–87.<br />
# Perez, L; Trueb, S; Cowie, H; Keuken, M P; Mudu, P; Ragettli, M S; Sarigiannis, D A; Tobollik, M; Tuomisto, J; Vienneau, D; Sabel, C; Kunzli, N. Transport-related measures to mitigate climate change in Basel, Switzerland: A health-effectiveness comparison study. Environment international 2015 (85) 111-119. {{doi|10.1016/j.envint.2015.08.002}}<br />
# Clive E. Sabel, Rosemary Hiscock, Arja Asikainen, Jun Bi, Mike Depledge, Sef van den Elshout, Rainer Friedrich, Ganlin Huang, Fintan Hurley, Matti Jantunen, Spyros P. Karakitsios, Menno Keuken, Simon Kingham, Periklis Kontoroupis, Nino Künzli, Miaomiao Liu, Marco Martuzzi, Katie Morton, Pierpaolo Mudu, Marjo Niittynen, Laura Perez, Denis Sarigiannis, Will Stahl-Timmins, Myriam Tobollik, Jouni Tuomisto, Saskia Willers. Public Health impacts of city policies to reduce climate change: findings from the URGENCHE EU-China project. Environmental Health Environmental Health 2016: 15(Suppl 1):S25. {{doi|10.1186/s12940-016-0097-0}}.<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto, Marjo Niittynen, Erkki Pärjälä, Arja Asikainen, Laura Perez, Stephan Trüeb, Matti Jantunen, Nino Künzli, Clive E. Sabel. Building-related health impacts in European and Chinese cities: a scalable assessment method. Environmental Health 2015, 14:93. {{doi|10.1186/s12940-015-0082-z}} [http://www.ehjournal.net/content/14/1/93]<br />
#; 2016<br />
# Tobollik M, Keuken M, Sabel C, Cowie H, Tuomisto JT, Sarigiannis D, Künzli N, Perez L, Mudu P. (2016) Health impact assessment of transport policies in Rotterdam: Decrease of total traffic and increase of electric car use. Environmental Research 146: 350-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.01.014<br />
# Neittaanmäki P, Huttula T, Karvanen J, Frisk T, Tuomisto JT, Simola A, Tuovinen T, Ropponen J (2016) Unicorn–Open science for assessing environmental state, human health and regional economy. Research Ideas and Outcomes 2: e9232. {{doi|10.3897/rio.2.e9232}} (under peer review)<br />
# Tuomisto J, Airaksinen R, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Pekkanen J, Tuomisto JT. A pharmacokinetic analysis and dietary information are necessary to confirm or reject the hypothesis on persistent organic pollutants causing type 2 diabetes. Toxicol Lett. 2016 Aug 26. pii: S0378-4274(16)33126-5. {{doi|10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.08.024}} [http://pubmed.gov/27575567]<br />
#; 2017<br />
# Arja Asikainen, Erkki Pärjälä, Matti Jantunen, Jouni T. Tuomisto and Clive E. Sabel. Effects of Local Greenhouse Gas Abatement Strategies on Air Pollutant Emissions and on Health in Kuopio, Finland. Climate 2017, 5(2), 43; {{doi|10.3390/cli5020043}}<br />
# Tuomisto J, Airaksinen R, Pekkanen J, Tukiainen E, Kiviranta H, Tuomisto JT. (2017) Comparison of questionnaire data and analyzed dioxin concentrations as a measure of exposure in soft-tissue sarcoma studies. Toxicol Lett. 2017 Mar 15;270:8-11. {{doi|10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.02.011}}<br />
#; 2018<br />
# Hanna Tuomisto, Matleena Tuomisto, Jouni T. Tuomisto (2018). How scientists perceive the evolutionary origin of human traits: Results of a survey study. Ecology and Evolution 8: 6:1-16. {{doi|10.1002/ece3.3887}}<br />
#; 2019<br />
# Mia Pihlajamäki, Arja Asikainen, Suvi Ignatius, Päivi Haapasaari. Jouni T. Tuomisto. Forage Fish as Food: Consumer Perceptions on Baltic Herring. Sustainability 2019, ''11''(16), 4298; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11164298<br />
#; 2020<br />
# Tuomisto, J.T., Asikainen, A., Meriläinen, P. et al. Health effects of nutrients and environmental pollutants in Baltic herring and salmon: a quantitative benefit-risk assessment. BMC Public Health 20, 64 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-8094-1<br />
# Tuomisto, J.T., Pohjola, M.V. & Rintala, T. From insight network to open policy practice: practical experiences. Health Res Policy Sys 18, 36 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-020-00547-3<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Yrjölä J, Kolehmainen M, Bonsdorff J, Pekkanen J, Tikkanen T. (2020) An agent-based epidemic model REINA for COVID-19 to identify destructive policies. MedRxiv preprint, submitted 2020-04-09. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.09.20047498<br />
# Rantakokko P, Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J, Airaksinen R, Raitakari O, Karvonen AM, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H. (2020) Estimated PCDD/F TEQ and total TEQ concentrations in the serum of 7–10 year old Finnish children. Chemosphere 257- 127-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127137<br />
# Nevalainen L, Tuomisto JT, Haapasaari P, Lehikoinen A. Spatial aspects of the dioxin risk formation in the Baltic Sea: A systematic review Science of The Total Environment 753 (2021), 142185, 13 pages. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142185<br />
#; 2021<br />
# Päivi Haapasaari, Suvi Ignatius, Mia Pihlajamäki, Andreas Bryhn, Simo Sarkki, Jouni Tuomisto, Lauri Nevalainen, Annukka Lehikoinen, Timo Assmuth, Atso Romakkaniemi, Heikki Peltoneni, Sakari, Kuikka. (2021) Integrated governance for managing multidimensional problems: Potentials, challenges, and arrangements. Marine Policy Volume 123, January 2021, 104276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104276<br />
<br />
==B. Non-refereed scientific articles==<br />
<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, MacDonald E, Tuomisto L. Effect of a single dose of TCDD on the level of histamine in discrete nuclei in rat brain. XIX Meeting of the European Histamine Research Society. Abstracts. Kuopio: University of Kuopio, 1990: 117.<br />
# Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, MacDonald E, Tuomisto L, Tuomisto J. Effect of a single dose of TCDD on the levels of monoamines, their metabolites and tryptophan in discrete hypothalamic nuclei of rat brain. Acta Univ Tamperensis ser B 1990; 33:67.<br />
# Tuomisto J, Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R. TCDD completely reverses the hyperphagia due to VMH lesion. Soc Neurosci Abstr , 1993.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. TCDD reduces feed intake of rats despite hyperphagia by VMH lesion. In: Tuomisto J, Ruuskanen J, editors. Proceedings of the First Finnish Conference of Environmental Sciences. Kuopio: University of Kuopio, 1993: 369-371.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. TCDD reduces feed intake of rats despite hyperphagia by VMH lesion. Pharmacol Toxicol 1993; 73, suppl.II:115.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Laitinen J, Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. TCDD may induce an alternative metabolic route for melatonin in the rat. Hum Exp Toxicol 1994; 13:807.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. Effects of TCDD on spontaneous motor activity of rats and guinea pigs. Hum Exp Toxicol 1994; 13:808.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Characterization of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced changes in plasma tryptophan binding to albumin. Hum Exp Toxicol 1994; 13:808.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. Effects of nutrition and forced feeding on 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) -induced wasting syndrome in rats. In: Saski E, Saarinen T, editors. Helsinki: University of Helsinki, 1995: 153-156.<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Environmental and other attitudes among Finnish scouts and non-scouts. In: Saski E, Saarinen T, editors. Helsinki: University of Helsinki, 1995: 71-72.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto J. Interactions between TCDD and weight increasing factors. Toxicologist 1995; 15:67.<br />
# Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. TCDD-induced changes in tryptophan (TRP) in rats: Association with TCDD lethality. Toxicologist 1995; 15:67.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. TCDD cancels the effects on body weight of lesions of ventromedical hypothalamic and paraventricular nuclei. Proc Neurosci Abstr 1996; 22, part 2:1409.<br />
# Unkila M, Marjakangas O, Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a) does not play a major role in the acute toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the rat. Joint Meeting of the Finnish Society of Toxicology and the British Toxicology Society 1996.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and lesion of hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus have additive effects on body weight loss. In: Högmander H, Oikari A, editors. Proceedings of the Third Finnish Conference of Environmental Sciences. Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 1997: 291-293.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Laaksonen M, Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto J. Minor changes in leptin levels after 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure. Pharmacol Toxicol 1997; 80, Suppl. III:113.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and lesion of hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus have additive effects on body weight loss. Finnish-Estonian Congress of Toxicology, Tartu, May 22-24 1997;67.<br />
# Viluksela M, Bager Y, Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R, Flodström S et al. Comparison of liver tumor promoting activity of TCDD in a TCDD-sensitive and a TCDD-resistant rat strain. Pharmacol Toxicol 1997; 80, Suppl. III:152.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Juvonen R, Tuomisto JT, Unkila M, Viluksela M, Bergman J et al. Indolol(3,2-b)carbazole (ICZ) is a weaker Ah receptor agonist in vivo than in vitro. Toxicol Lett 1998; suppl. 1/95:102.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. Separation of Ah receptor and another dioxin resistance gene in new rat lines. Toxicol Sci 1998; 42:66.<br />
# Viluksela M, Unkila M, Stahl BU, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto JT, Rozman KK et al. Effects of TCDD on the liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity and glucose homeostasis in a TCDD-susceptible and a TCDD-resistant rat strain. Toxicol Sci 1998; 42:381.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Alm S, Juuti S, Kettunen A, Kurttio P, Pekkanen J et al. Pyrkilo method in a complicated environmental health problem: Paakkila asbestos mine case, Finland. In: Kuusisto S, Isoaho S, Puhakka J, editors. Proceedings. Fourth Finnish Conference of Environmental Sciences. Tampere: Tampere University of Technology, 1999: 244-247.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pekkanen J, Alm S, Kurttio P, Venalainen R, Juuti S et al. Deliberation process by an explicit factor-effect-value network (Pyrkilo): Paakkila asbestos mine case, Finland. Epidemiol 1999; 10(4):S114.<br />
# Jämsä T, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Tuukkanen J. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography and three-point bending test in evaluating the effect of dioxins on rat long bones. Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the European Society of Biomechanics. Dublin: 2000: 339.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Celebi C, Simanainen U, Haavisto AM, Skakkebaek NE, Tuomisto J et al. Testicular toxicity of TCDD in a TCDD-sensitive and a TCDD-resistant rat strain: a stereological analysis. Toxicol Sci 2000; 54, suppl:276.<br />
# Viluksela M, Bager Y, Tuomisto JT, Scheu G, Unkila M, Pohjanvirta R et al. Liver tumor promoting activity of TCDD in a TCDD-sensitive and a TCDD-resistant rat strain. Toxicol Sci 2000; 54, suppl:276.<br />
# Kattainen H, Tuukkanen J, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Kovero O, Alaluusua S et al. Impairment of molar tooth development after low dose in utero/lactational TCDD exposure in rats. Pharmacol Toxicol 2001; 88, suppl. I:20.<br />
# Kattainen H, Tuukkanen J, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Kovero O, Lukinmaa P-L et al. Toxicological significance of dioxin-induced defects in tooth development. Kuopio University Publications D 2001; 249:57.<br />
# Kiukkonen AP, Viluksela M, Alaluusua S, Sahlberg C, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Response of H/W and L-E rat incisors to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Int Assoc Dentl Res Congress . 2001.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Korkalainen M, McQuire J, Simanainen U, Juvonen R, Tuomisto JT et al. Toxicity of indolo(3,2-b)carbazole (ICZ) in vivo. Kuopio University Publications D 2001; 249:64.<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Centre of Environmental Health Risk Analysis: Working between science and policy. Airnet . 2002.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pekkanen J, Kiviranta H, Tukiainen E, Vartiainen T, Tuomisto J. Soft tissue sarcoma and dioxins - A case-control study. Epidemiol 2002; 13(4):S187.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Simanainen U, Viluksela M, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto J. Postnatal development of resistance to acute lethality of TCDD in two TCDD-resistant rat strains. Toxicol Sci 2002; 66:334.<br />
# Viluksela M, Jämsä T, Kattainen H, Simanainen U, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J et al. Effects of in utero/lactational exposure to TCDD on bone in rats. Toxicol Sci 2002; 66:170.<br />
# Fletcher N, Schmidt C, Stern N, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R et al. Hepatic retinoid levels in a TCDD-sensitive (Long-Evans) and TCDD-resistant (Han/Wistar) rat strain following long-term low-dose TCDD exposure. Toxicol Sci 2003; 72(S-1):1763.<br />
# Niittynen M, Tuomisto JT, Auriola S, Pohjanvirta R, Syrjala P, Simanainen U et al. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced accumulation of biliverdin and hepatic peliosis in rats. Toxicol Sci 2003; 72(S-1):1756.<br />
# Simanainen U, Niittynen M, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Viluksela M, Tuomisto J. Differences in acute toxicity syndromes of TCDD and hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats. Toxicol Sci 2003; 72(S-1):1753.<br />
# Tainio M, Tuomisto JT. Comparing methodologies of six fine particle risk assessments. In: Honkanen J, Koponen P, editors. Proceedings. Sixth Finnish Conference of Environmental Sciences. Joensuu: University of Joensuu, 2003.<br />
# Tainio M, Tuomisto JT, Aarnio P, Jantunen M, Koistinen K, Hänninen O et al. Estimation of the contributions of different sources to average PM2.5 exposure of the adult population of Helsinki. 13th Annual Conference of International Society of Exposure Analysis. Abstract book. Stresa, Italy: International Society of Exposure Analysis, 2003.<br />
# Tainio M, Tuomisto JT, Aarnio P, Jantunen M, Pekkanen J. Comparison of different bus types and mortality due to fine particulate matter in Helsinki, Finland. World Congress on Risk.Abstracts , 44. 2003.<br />
# Giese N, Fletcher N, Schmidt C, Stern N, Viluksela M, Tuomisto JT et al. Altered retinoid metabolism in rat strains with different sensitivity to TCDD toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 197(3):212.<br />
# Hänninen O, Tuomisto JT, Yli-Tuomi T, Jantunen M. Reduction of urban population mortality risk caused by PM2.5 using modern ventilation systems in buildings. 2004.<br />
# Niittynen M, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Korkalainen M, Pohjanvirta R. The effect of TCDD on mRNA expression of key heme metabolic enzymes in rats with hepatic biliverdin accumulation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 197(3):215.<br />
# Pohjanvirta R, Unkila M, Tuomisto JT, Viluksela M, Okey AB, Tuomisto J. Rat strain difference-based animal model for mechanistic studies of dioxin toxicity. Toxicology 2004; 194(3):221.<br />
# Simanainen U, Miettinen HM, Haavisto T, Adamsson A, Koistinen J, Tuomisto JT et al. Comparison of sensitivity to male reproductive system effects after fetal and adult tetrachlorodibenzo-P-dioxin (TCDD) exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 197(3):354.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Tainio M, Pekkanen J, Tuomisto J. Comparative risk analysis of dioxins and fine particulate matter. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 197(3):169.<br />
# Viluksela M, Saurola P, Koivusaari J, Finnlund M, Verta M, Erasto P et al. Time trends of persistent halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons in Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) eggs in Finland. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 197(3):216.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M; Pekkanen, J; Tuomisto, J. 2004. Comparative risk analysis of dioxins and fine particulate matter. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 197 (3): 169-169.<br />
# Giese, N; Fletcher, N; Schmidt, C; Stern, N; Viluksela, M; Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Hakansson, H; Nau, H. 2004. Altered retinoid metabolism in rat strains with different sensitivity to TCDD toxicity. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 197 (3): 212-212.<br />
# Niittynen, M; Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Korkalainen, M; Pohjanvirta, R. 2004. The effect of TCDD on mRNA expression of key heme metabolic enzymes in rats with hepatic biliverdin accumulation. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 197 (3): 215-215.<br />
# Viluksela, M; Saurola, P; Koivusaari, J; Finnlund, M; Verta, M; Erasto, P; Tuomisto, JT; Kiviranta, H. 2004. Time trends of persistent halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons in Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) eggs in Finland. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 197 (3): 216-216.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Wilson, A; Cooke, RM; Tainio, M; Evans, JS. 2005. Mortality in Kuwait due to pm from oil fires after the Gulf War: Combining expert elicitation assessments. EPIDEMIOLOGY 16 (5): S74-S75.<br />
# Evans, JS; Wilson, A; Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M; Cooke, RM. 2005. What risk assessment can tell us about the mortality impacts of the Kuwaiti oil fires. EPIDEMIOLOGY 16 (5): S137-S138.<br />
# Hanninen, O; Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M; Jantunen, M. 2006. Five approaches to PM2.5 exposure reduction in a northern metropolitan area. EPIDEMIOLOGY 17 (6): S522-S522, Suppl. S.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M. 2006. Extended causal diagrams in describing environmental health risks. EPIDEMIOLOGY 17 (6): S524-S524, Suppl. S.<br />
# Virtanen, Helena E.; Sundqvist, Erno; Main, Katharina M.; Kiviranta, Hannu; Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Tuomisto, Jouko; Vartiainen, Terttu; Skakkebaek, Niels E.; Toppari, Jorma; Grp Nordic Cryptorchidism Study. Congenital cryptorchidism and dioxin levels in breast milk and placenta. Hormone Research 2008 (70): 72.<br />
# Sand, S; Fletcher, N; von Rosen, D; Victorin, K; Viluksela, M; Tuomisto, JT; Tuomisto, J; Filipsson, AF; Hakansson, H. 2006. Quantitative and statistical analysis of differences in sensitivity between Long-Evans and Han/Wistar rats following long-term exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. TOXICOLOGY LETTERS 164: S74-S74.<br />
# Tuomisto, J; Leino, O; Kiviranta, H; Tuomisto, JT. 2006. Use of intake fraction to improve dioxin risk assessment. TOXICOLOGY LETTERS 164: S148-S149.<br />
# Tuomisto, JT: A saga of industrial pollution. Science 19 July 2013: Vol. 341 no. 6143 pp. 238-239. doi:10.1126/science.1240379 .<br />
# Teemu Rintala, Einari Happonen, Jouni Tuomisto: OpasnetUtils. Utility functions for dealing with data in Opasnet (www.opasnet.org) environment. A software package for R. Version 1.0.0. CRAN, 2013. [28], accessed 19 July 2013.<br />
# Helga Gunnlaugsdottir and Jouni T. Tuomisto. Foreword. Integrated Benefit and Risk Analysis for Assessing Food Safety and Health Benefit; Results from QALIBRA and BENERIS. (Editorial) Food and Chemical Toxicology: Volume 54, April 2013, Pages 1–2. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2011.09.020<br />
# Niittynen M, Pärjälä E, Tuomisto JT. Increased use of biomass in combined heat and power production: health impacts due to PM2.5 emissions. Abstracts of the 2013 Conference of the International Society of Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE), the International Society of Exposure Science (ISES), and the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate (ISIAQ), August 19–23, 2013, Basel, Switzerland. 2013. Environ Health Perspect; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.ehbasel13.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Torras Ortiz S, Niittynen M. Online energy balance tool to assess health impacts of climate policies in cities - case EU (Kuopio, Stuttgart) and China (Suzhou). Abstracts of the 2013 Conference of the International Society of Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE), the International Society of Exposure Science (ISES), and the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate (ISIAQ), August 19–23, 2013, Basel, Switzerland. 2013. Environ Health Perspect; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.ehbasel13.<br />
# Jantunen M, Asikainen A, Niittynen M, Pärjälä E, Tuomisto JT. Conceptual model linking urban GHG policies to health and wellbeing (URGENCHE). Abstracts of the 2013 Conference of the International Society of Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE), the International Society of Exposure Science (ISES), and the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate (ISIAQ), August 19–23, 2013, Basel, Switzerland. 2013. Environ Health Perspect; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.ehbasel13.<br />
<br />
==C. Scientific monographs==<br />
<br />
# Tuomisto J, Vartiainen T, Tuomisto JT. Synopsis on dioxins and PCBs. Kuopio: National Public Health Institute, 1999.<br />
# Tuomisto JT. TCDD: a challenge to mechanistic toxicology [Dissertation]. Kuopio: National Public Health Institute, 1999.<br />
# Tainio M, Tuomisto JT, Aarnio P, Jantunen M, Koistinen K, Hänninen O et al. Eri bussitekniikoiden vaikutus pienhiukkasten aiheuttamaan kuolleisuuteen Pääkaupunkiseudulla vuonna 2020. Monisteita 2004:1. 2004. Helsinki, Ministry of Social Effects and Health. ISBN 952-00-1459-4, ISSN 1237-200X. <br />
# Tuomisto JT, Pohjola M: Open risk assessment. A new way of providing scientific information for decision-making. Publications of the National Public Health Institute B18/2007. 2007 <br />
# Gunnlaugsdottir, Helga; Tuomisto, Jouni T. Benefit-risk assessment of food. Foreword. Food and Chemical Toxicology 54 (2011): 1-2. {{doi|10.1016/j.fct.2011.09.020}} Published:2013-Apr (Epub 2011 Sep 22) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21964196]. <br />
# Tuomisto, Jouko; Vartiainen, Terttu; Tuomisto, Jouni T. Synopsis on dioxins and PCBs. National Institute for Health and Welfare, Report 14/2011.<br />
# Hans Verhagen and Olli Leino (Eds.)Integrated Benefit and Risk Analysis for Assessing Food Safety and Health Benefit; Results from QALIBRA and BENERIS. Volume 54, Pages 1-78 (April 2013). (Jouni Tuomisto has written the Foreword and three original articles in this special issue.)<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto, Marjo Niittynen, Anu Turunen, Sari Ung-Lanki, Hannu Kiviranta, Hannu Harjunpää, Pekka J. Vuorinen, Mervi Rokka, Tiina Ritvanen ja Anja Hallikainen. Itämeren silakka ravintona – Hyöty-haitta-analyysi. ISSN 1797-2981. ISBN 978-952-225-141-1. Eviran tutkimuksia 1/2015.<br />
<br />
==D. Publications intended for professional communities==<br />
<br />
# Carrothers TJ, Wolff SK, Tuomisto JT, Wilson A, Levy JI, Graham JD et al. Fine particulate air pollution in the US: a preliminary analysis of the value of research. In: European Commission, WHO, European Collaborative Action, editors. Role of human exposure assessment in air quality management. Report on the joint workshop. 2004. <br />
# Tuomisto JT. Concepts of science-policy interface: Concepts in current practice and potential areas of development. In: van Bree L, Fudge N, Tuomisto JT, editors. Airnet Science/Policy Interface report. Utrecht, the Netherlands: 2004.<br />
# Tuomisto JT, Tainio M. Health impact assessment of primary fine particles (PM2.5) emitted from busses in Helsinkin Metropolitan Area, Finland. In: Hurley F, Sanderson E, editors. Airnet Health Impact Assessment report. Utrecht, the Netherlands: 2004.<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Terveydelle haitalliset yhdyskuntailman saasteet ja toksiset aineet. Kirjassa Koulu M, Tuomisto J. Farmakologia & toksikologia (luku 77). <br />
# Ahtoniemi, Pauliina; Tainio, Marko; Tuomisto, Jouni T; Karvosenoja, Niko; Kupiainen, Kaarle; Porvari, Petri; Karppinen, Ari; Kangas, Leena; Kukkonen, Jaakko. Health risks from nearby sources of fine particulate matter : Domestic wood combustion and road traffic (PILTTI) [Pienhiukkasten lähipäästöjen terveysriskit: puun pienpoltto ja tieliikenne (PILTTI)]. National Institute for Health and Welfare, Report 3/2010. <br />
# Kauppila, Tommi; Komulainen, Hannu; Makkonen, Sari; Tuomisto, Jouni T (eds.). 2013. Metallikaivosalueiden ympäristöriskinarviointiosaamisen kehittäminen: MINERA-hankkeen loppuraportti. [Summary: Improving Environmental Risk Assessments for Metal Mines: Final Report of the MINERA Project.] Geology Survey Finland, Research Report 199. 223 pages. ISBN 978-952-217-231-0 (PDF) [http://www.gtk.fi/tietopalvelut/julkaisut/julkaisut/uusimmat/tiivistelma/TR199.html]<br />
# Tuomisto, Jouni. Toms River A Story of Science and Salvation. SCIENCE 2013-08-15.<br />
# Komulainen, Hannu; Kallio, Antti; Tuomisto, Jouni: Kaivostoiminnan ympäristöterveysriskit. Ympäristö ja Terveys-lehti 45 (2014) 2014-12-15, ISSN 0358-3333. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe201501261260<br />
# Asikainen, Arja; Pärjälä, Erkki; Kettunen, Tapio; Niittynen, Marjo; Tuomisto, Jouni. Kasvihuonekaasupäästöjen paikallisten vähentämistoimenpiteiden vaikutukset Kuopiossa. Ympäristö ja terveys-lehti 45 (2014) 2014-10-13. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2014102345596<br />
# Hänninen, Otto; Kutvonen, Juho; Rumrich, Isabella; Asikainen, Arja; Tuomisto, Jouni. Tupakka, radon ja ympäristöterveys. Ympäristö ja Terveys-lehti 45 (2014) 2014-09-15, ISSN 0358-3333. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe201501051039<br />
# Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Hänninen, Otto; Asikainen, Arja; Pohjola, Mikko. Ympäristöterveysriskien torjunta osana kestävää kehitystä. Ympäristö ja Terveys-lehti 45 (2014). http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2014081832960<br />
# Valtioneuvosto. Kansallinen ilmastonmuutokseen sopeutumissuunnitelma 2022. Valtioneuvoston periaatepäätös 20.11.2014. (J Tuomisto was a member of the expert panel preparing the report.) [http://www.mmm.fi/sopeutumisstrategia][http://www.mmm.fi/images/ymparisto/kq9wae2CD/Kansallinen_ilmastonmuutokseen_sopeutumissuunnitelma_2022_pdf.pdf]<br />
# Hänninen, Otto; Asikainen, Arja; Kutvonen, Juho; Tuomisto, Jouni. Ympäristöterveyshaittojen priorisointi ja parhaiden torjuntatoimenpiteiden määrittäminen. Eläinlääkäripäivät 2014. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2015111117069<br />
# Tuomisto, Jouni; Rintala, Julia; Ordén, Pauli; Tuomisto, Matleena; Rintala, Teemu. Helsingin energiapäätös 2015 - Avoin arviointi terveys-, ilmasto- ja muista vaikutuksista. THL:n työpaperi: 2015_024. THL, Helsinki, 2015. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-302-544-8<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Avoin arviointi. Teoksessa Ympäristöterveyden erityistilanteet. Opas ympäristöterveydenhuollon työntekijöille. STM 2014:21. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-00-3546-4<br />
# Tuomisto JT. Öppen bedömning. I boken Exceptionella situationer inom miljöhälsan - En handbok för arbetstagare inom miljö- och hälsoskyddet. STM 2014:22.<br />
# Tuomisto JT. (2015) [Big data in the promotion of public health]. [Article in Finnish] Duodecim. 2015;131(22):2179-87.<br />
# Jouni Tuomisto. Avoin arviointi - metodi, osallistujat, lähteet ja tulokset (liite 3). Raportissa: Anneli Miettinen, Juho-Matti Paavola, Anna Rotkirch, Minna Säävälä, Arttu Vainio. Perheenyhdistämisen edellytysten tiukentaminen ja sen vaikutukset Suomessa sekä kokemuksia viidestä Euroopan maasta. 21.12.2016 PDF (2,4MBt). Valtioneuvoston selvitys- ja tutkimustoiminnan julkaisusarja 55/2016. 86 s. ISSN 2342-6799 (web) ISBN 978-952-287-313-2 (web) [http://tietokayttoon.fi/julkaisu?pubid=15902]<br />
# Jouni Tuomisto, Raimo Muurinen, Juho-Matti Paavola, Arja Asikainen, Teemu Ropponen, Jussi Nissilä. (2017) Tiedon sitominen päätöksentekoon. Valtioneuvoston selvitys- ja tutkimustoiminnan julkaisusarja 39/2017. [Binding knowledge to decision making. Publications of the Government's analysis, assessment and research activities 39/2017]<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto. Tautitaakka auttaa hahmottamaan ja välttämään terveysriskejä. Liito 4/2017. (Liikunnan ja terveystiedon opettajat ry, Helsinki)<br />
# Tuomisto J., Pohjola M., Asikainen A., Meriläinen P., and Rintala T. (2018). From open assessment to shared understanding: practical experiences. BONUS GOHERR Deliverable D7.4. [http://en.opasnet.org/w/From_open_assessment_to_shared_understanding:_practical_experiences]<br />
# Sonja-Maria Ignatius, Raimo Muurinen, Tero Tikkanen, Jouni Tuomisto & Juha Yrjölä. Collective Action Scheme in the implementation of Carbon-neutral Helsinki 2035. EIT Climate-KIC project: 180618 (Pathfinder). City of Helsinki, Helsinki, 7.2.2019 [https://www.stadinilmasto.fi/files/2018/12/Helsinki_180618_FinalReport_CASintoPractice.pdf]<br />
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==E. Publications intended for the general public, linked to the applicant's research==<br />
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# Jouni Tuomisto, Julia Rintala, Pauli Ordén, Matleena Tuomisto ja Teemu Rintala. Helsingin energiapäätös 2015. Avoin arviointi terveys-, ilmasto- ja muista vaikutuksista. [Helsinki energy decision. An open assessment on health, climate, and other impacts.] Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitoksen työpapereita 2015_24. Helsinki 2015. 59 sivua. ISBN 978-952-302-544-8 (pdf), ISSN 2323-363X http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-302-544-8. <br />
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==F. Public artistic and design activities==<br />
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==G. Theses==<br />
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# Tuomisto JT. TCDD: a challenge to mechanistic toxicology [Dissertation]. Kuopio: National Public Health Institute, 1999. <br />
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==H. Patents and invention disclosures==<br />
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==I. Audiovisual material, ICT software==<br />
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# Tuomisto JT et al. (2015). Opasnet. An English web workspace for providing scientific information to help societal decision-making. http://en.opasnet.org (accessed 10 April 2015. Own contribution: 2511 pages edited, contribution score: 2671.)<br />
# Tuomisto JT et al. (2015). Opasnet. A Finnish web workspace for providing scientific information to help societal decision-making. http://fi.opasnet.org (accessed 10 April 2015. Own contribution: 1576 pages edited, contribution score: 1713.)<br />
# Teemu Rintala, Einari Happonen, Jouni T. Tuomisto. OpasnetUtils. A software package for R software. CRAN project, 2014.[http://www.cran.r-project.org/web/packages/OpasnetUtils/index.html]<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto. Building model. An open source R model for estimating heating-related energy consumption and emissions of city building stock. [http://en.opasnet.org/w/Building_model]<br />
# Jouni T. Tuomisto. Health impact assessment. An open source R model for estimating health impacts of environmental exposures. [http://en.opasnet.org/w/Health_impact_assessment]<br />
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==Links==<br />
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==Keywords==<br />
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==References==<br />
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<references/><br />
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==Files==<br />
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== Explanations ==<br />
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;D. Publications intended for professional communities: {{comment|# |Article in trade journal; article in a professional manual or guide of professional information system, textbook material; professional conference proceedings; published development or research report or study; textbook, professional manual or guide, dictionary|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:09, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}<br />
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;E. Publications intended for the general public, linked to the applicant's research: {{comment|# |Popularised article, newspaper article; popularised monograph (no letters to editor, short commentaries of self-published works)|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:16, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}<br />
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;F. Public artistic and design activities: {{comment|# |Published independent work of art; public partial realisation of a work of art; public artistic performance or exhibition; model or design adopted for production/use|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:17, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}<br />
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; G. Theses: {{comment|# |Polytechnic thesis, Bachelor's thesis, Master's thesis, polytechnic Master's thesis; Licenciate thesis; doctoral dissertation (monograph); doctoral dissertation (article)|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:08, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}<br />
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;H. Patents and invention disclosures: {{comment|# |Granted patent; invention disclousure|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:18, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}<br />
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;I. Audiovisual material, ICT software: {{comment|# |Audiovisual material, ICT software|--[[User:Lhiq|Lhiq]] 16:19, 11 September 2013 (EEST)}}</div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Knowledge_crystal&diff=43829Knowledge crystal2022-05-24T04:27:10Z<p>Jouni: /* See also */</p>
<hr />
<div><noinclude><br />
[[Category:Knowledge crystal]]<br />
[[Category:Open assessment]]<br />
[[op_fi:Tietokide]]<br />
{{progression class|progression=Checked|curator=THL|date=2016-04-09}}<br />
{{variable|moderator=Jouni|stub=Yes}}<br />
</noinclude><br />
'''Knowledge crystals''' are current best answers to specific research questions. They are produced and distributed openly using crowdsourcing and scientific criticism. For a presentations about their use, see {{#l:Online collaborative models.pptx}}. Knowledge crystals are extensively used in [[Opasnet]], where they are mainly in forms of [[variable]]s, [[assessment]]s, and [[method]]s. For descriptions of recent use of knowledge crystals, see [[Portal:Variables]].<br />
<br />
==Question==<br />
<br />
What do knowledge crystals have to be like to<br />
* be useful information odjects in impact assessments as they are,<br />
* contain the answer as open data,<br />
* withstand scientific critique,<br />
* be able to measure the use and usefulness of the knowledge they contain,<br />
* be able to, in an acceptable way, hand out scientific merit to the people involved in producing the content?<br />
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==Answer==<br />
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Knowledge crystals are the basic elements of for example [[Assessment|assessments]]. They always describe a phenomenon of the real world. These can be the descriptions of physical phenomena, like exposure to a chemical, but also for example the population's opinion distribution on immigration. It is in the nature of knowledge crystals they are not final, but their content develops with new information and work put into them. Knowledge crystals are also not tied to any specific assessment, but can be used as parts of multiple assessments. An exception are assessments, that are produced to help with a certain decision, and whose answer doesn't change after the assessment is finished (even though the variables in the assessment may change). Knowledge crystals are also called variables because that's the role they have in assessment models. However, the word variable has so many other meanings that we prefer knowledge crystals in this context.<br />
<br />
Another basic feature of a knowledge crystal is its standardised structure that enables the building of assessment models or different internet applications basing on it. So even though the content is updated as knowledge increases, a knowledge crystal remains in the same, computer-readable format. Usually only raw data is in more or less standard format, while the information object containing interpretations from the data are almost without exception made for humans instead of computers, like articles or reports. This makes the knowledge crystal a rare kind of information object: it is computer-readable interpretation of some specific topic.<br />
<br />
There are different kind of knowledge crystals for different uses, and they are more accurately described on for example the pages [[variable]], [[assessment]] and [[method]]. Here is a short description of the most important qualities of a knowledge crystal.<br />
* Knowledge crystals answer a specific '''research question'''.<br />
* The '''answer''' of a knowledge crystal is the current best synthesis of all available data. Typically it has a descriptive easy-to-read summary and a detailed quantitative ''result'' published as open data. An answer may contain several competing hypotheses, if they hold against scientific criticism. This means it also includes an accurate description of the uncertainty of the answer.<br />
* The '''rationale''' of knowledge crystals includes all information that is required to convince a critical rational observer of the validity of the answer.<br />
* The content of knowledge crystals is produced by crowdsourcing. Anyone can participate.<br />
* Knowledge crystals are aiming to find '''[[shared understanding]]'''. It is a situation, where all participants' views have been described well enough so that people can know fact facts and opinions exist about the topic and what agreements and disagreements exist and why.<br />
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==Rationale==<br />
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=== Different information objects and their usage ===<br />
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Knowledge crystals contain scientific knowledge, but they differ from classic products of scientific research. Here is a short description and comparison.<br />
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'''A scientific article''' is the basic unit of publishing science today. For it a researcher or a research group produces data, i.e. observations about the world. The data is analysed, and in the end interpretations and conclusions are made based on the new results and previous scientific articles. The goal is to publish the article in a peer reviewed journal. Peer review means that a few researches in the field look through the manuscript and back it up before it is published. The peer review system aims to raise the quality of the manuscripts and weed out bad research. It is commonly agreed that the system isn't especially efficient for either purpose, but no one has come up with anything better. Someone has said that the primary product should be the original data, not an article: researchers should publish what they found, instead of writing descriptions about what they think they found.<br />
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'''Expert reports''' are gathered by an expert well familiar with the field in question, and are usually about some specific question like the topic of a future decision. They produce new knowledge but not new data. They are usually not peer reviewed, so they're not well respected among researchers and research funders. However, they are much better suited for decision support, because they answer the actual questions that are relevant to the decision at hand.<br />
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'''Open data''' is usually measured raw data that has been made public for anyone to use. It depends on the case whether the data is well cultured and quality-proofed, but it often has quality issues such as poor meta data. The practises of open data have only begun to take shape in the last few years, because researches haven't been in the habit of publishing raw data before. The problem with supporting decision-making with raw data is that it doesn't involve any interpretations or conclusions, and even less so of the relevant issues. Open data is great raw material for someone who knows how to analyse and interpret it and has the time, but quite useless to anyone else.<br />
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'''The idea of a knowledge crystal''' is to combine the parts of other information products useful to decision support and avoid the bad parts. The idea of a knowledge crystal is to build an information object around a specific research question. The question can be purely scientific, but in the case of decision support it is usually phrased to help precisely the future decision. To answer the question experts gather all possible material that will help answer the question. This includes research articles, expert reports, open data and all other silent knowledge of the experts that is not found in written form. <br />
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The knowledge crystal is worked on from the beginning in an open web-workspace with the help of crowdsourcing, and all information it contains is free to use. The material is structured, assessed and interpreted. The result is an answer that has passed all critique that has come up during the working process. Thus the answer is the best current interpretation of how the thing the question asks is in reality. Criticising the knowledge crystals openly during the work ensures that the answer is scientifically sound. The answer is usually in a computer-readable format for models to use and also in text and picture format for humans. <br />
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The strengths of a knowledge crystal are that it uses all relevant information (not only own data as in an article), interprets the data (unlike open data) and is produced by following the principles of openness and critique (unlike an expert report).<br />
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=== Producing shared understanding by utilising knowledge crystals ===<br />
<br />
''Main article: [[Shared understanding]]<br />
<br />
A key objective of strategic research is to support societal decision making. This should be done already from the beginning by utilising a method called ''open policy practice''. It was developed in THL in 2013 and it is based on long-term experience on decision support in environmental health.<br />
<ref>Tuomisto, Jouni T.; Pohjola, Mikko; Pohjola, Pasi. Avoin päätöksentekokäytäntö voisi parantaa tiedon hyödyntämistä. [Open policy practice could improve knowledge use.] Yhteiskuntapolitiikka 1/2014, 66-75. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2014031821621</ref><br />
<ref>Pohjola MV, Leino O, Kollanus V, Tuomisto JT, Gunnlaugsdóttir H, Holm F, Kalogeras N, Luteijn JM, Magnússon SH, Odekerken G, Tijhuis MJ, Ueland O, White BC, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Environmental health. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50: 1: 40-55. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21708210]<br />
</ref><br />
The most important principle of open policy practice is to develop ''shared understanding'' about a policy issue at hand. Shared understanding is a situation, where all participants have collaboratively described in writing what is known about the details of the issue, what are objectives of different stakeholders, where there are agreements and where there are disagreements and why. Participation is open and includes decision makers, experts, citizens, and other interested parties.<br />
<br />
Shared understanding is reached by utilising systematic methods of collaborative work and participation. When there is disagreement about facts, resolution is found by using criticism and observations - the building blocks of science. The work is supported by modern internet tools such as open data bases, real-time collaborative editing software, wikis, and online computational models. These have been in active use in [[THL]] for years, and there is good expertise in such work.<br />
<br />
In practice, each research question will have an own internet page on a collaborative web-workspace since the first day of the work. The answer to each question is iteratively built based on existing and new data, analyses, and discussions during the project. Anyone can participate in these discussions at any time, and the team members will moderate the discussions. The answers are updated regularly as new information arises, and the current best answer is available for users as open linked data at any given time. Web pages that are built in this way around relevant research questions are called ''knowledge crystals''.<br />
<ref>Tuomisto JT. Massadata kansanterveyden edistämisessä. [Big data in promotion of public health.] Duodecim 2015;131:2179–87. {{urn|URN:NBN:fi-fe201601071478}} </ref><br />
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It is important to notice, that some of the research questions are designed in a way that they offer practical and direct guidance to relevant and timely policy issues. Knowledge crystal work should actively seek collaboration and contributions from policy makers to develop relevant questions and to include policy perspective to the work. Knowledge crystals are a practical solution to the collaboration need on science-policy interface. This work is supported by more traditional methods of communication and collaboration, such as reports, policy briefs, stakeholder workshops, and press releases.<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<noinclude><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
The term ''knowledge crystal'' has been used independently in several places in the popular culture. In all cases, it seems to describe a concrete object that has useful information and knowledge in a very condensed form. The term has been used by e.g. [http://rickroderick.org/supermans-knowledge-crystals/ Superman], [http://beardmonkey.net/2015/03/19/dont-buy-knowledge-crystals/ heroes in Middle Earth], [http://biosector01.com/wiki/index.php/Knowledge_Crystal Bionicles], and [https://wiki.guildwars2.com/wiki/Knowledge_Crystal Guild Wars 2]<br />
<br />
* [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/apr/11/the-big-idea-should-we-get-rid-of-the-scientific-paper?CMP=share_btn_tw The Guardian: The big idea: should we get rid of the scientific paper?]<br />
</noinclude></div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=From_open_assessment_to_shared_understanding:_practical_experiences&diff=43828From open assessment to shared understanding: practical experiences2022-03-17T04:45:33Z<p>Jouni: article citation added</p>
<hr />
<div>{{nugget|moderator=Jouni}}<br />
<br />
'''From insight network to open policy practice: practical experiences''' is a manuscript of a scientific article. The main point is to offer a comprehensive summary of the methods developed at THL/environmental health to support informed societal decision making, and evaluate their use and usability in practical examples in 2006-2018. The manuscript was published in 2020:<br />
<br />
Tuomisto, J.T., Pohjola, M.V. & Rintala, T. From insight network to open policy practice: practical experiences. Health Res Policy Sys 18, 36 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-020-00547-3<br />
<br />
'''Title page<br />
<br />
'''From insight network to open policy practice: practical experiences<br />
<br />
Short title: From insight network to open policy practice<br />
<br />
Jouni T. Tuomisto<sup>1*</sup> ORCID 0000-0002-9988-1762, Mikko Pohjola<sup>1,2</sup> 0000-0001-9006-6510, Teemu Rintala<sup>1,3</sup> ORCID 0000-0003-1849-235X. <br />
<br />
<sup>1</sup> Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland <br />
<br />
<sup>2</sup> Kisakallio Sport Institute, Lohja, Finland<br />
<br />
<sup>3</sup> Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland<br />
<br />
<sup>*</sup> Corresponding author<br />
<br />
Email: jouni.tuomisto[]thl.fi<br />
<br />
<br />
This article describes a decision support method called open policy practice. It has mostly been developed in Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL, Finland) during the last 15 years. Each assessment, case study, and method has been openly described and also typically published in scientific journals. However, this is the first comprehensive summary of open policy practice as a whole (since 2007) and thus gives a valuable overview, rationale, and evaluation for several methodological choices we have made. We have combined methods from several disciplines, including toxicology, exposure sciences, impact assessment, statistical and Bayesian methods, argumentation theory, ontologies, and co-creation to produce a coherent method for scientific decision support.<br />
<br />
The article is currently under peer review. You can read about the main topics of the article from Opasnet pages [[Open policy practice]], [[Shared understanding]], [[Open assessment]], and [[Properties of good assessment]].<br />
<br />
== Abstract ==<br />
<br />
'''Background''' <br />
<br />
Evidence-informed decision making and better use of scientific information in societal decisions has been an area of development for decades but is still topical. Decision support work can be viewed from the perspective of information collection, synthesis, and flow between decision makers, experts, and stakeholders. Open policy practice is a coherent set of methods for such work. It has been developed and utilised mostly in Finnish and European contexts.<br />
<br />
'''Methods'''<br />
<br />
An overview of open policy practice is given, and theoretical and practical properties are evaluated based on properties of good policy support. The evaluation is based on information from several assessments and research projects developing and applying open policy practice and the authors' practical experiences. The methods are evaluated against their capability of producing quality of content, applicability, and efficiency in policy support, as well as how well they support close interaction among participants and understanding of each other's views.<br />
<br />
'''Results'''<br />
<br />
The evaluation revealed that methods and online tools work as expected, as demonstrated by the assessments and policy support processes conducted. The approach improves the availability of information and especially of relevant details. Experts are ambivalent about the acceptability of openness: it is an important scientific principle, but it goes against many current research and decision making practices. However, co-creation and openness are megatrends that are changing science, decision making and the society at large. Against many experts' fears, open participation has not caused problems in performing high-quality assessments. On the contrary, a key challenge is to motivate and help more experts, decision makers, and citizens to participate and share their views. Many methods within open policy practice have also been used widely in other contexts. <br />
<br />
'''Conclusions'''<br />
<br />
Open policy practice proved to be a useful and coherent set of methods. It guided policy processes toward more collaborative approach, whose purpose was wider understanding rather than winning a debate. There is potential for merging open policy practice with other open science and open decision process tools. Active facilitation, community building and improving the user-friendliness of the tools were identified as key solutions for improving usability of the method in the future.<br />
<br />
;Keywords: environmental health, decision support, open assessment, open policy practice, shared understanding, policy making, collaboration, evaluation, knowledge crystal, impact assessment<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
This article describes and evaluates ''open policy practice'', a set of methods and tools for improving evidence-informed policy making. Evidence-informed decision support has been a hot and evolving topic for a long time, and its importance is not diminishing any time soon. In this article, decision support is defined as knowledge work that is performed during the whole decision process (ideating possible actions, assessing impacts, deciding between options, implementing decisions, and evaluating outcomes) and that aims to produce better decisions and outcomes<ref name="pohjola2013">Pohjola M. Assessments are to change the world. Prerequisites for effective environmental health assessment. Helsinki: National Institute for Health and Welfare Research 105; 2013. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-245-883-4. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref>. Here, "assessment of impacts" means ex ante consideration about what will happen if a particular decision is made, and "evaluation of outcomes" means ex post consideration about what did happen after a decision was implemented.<br />
<br />
The area is complex, and the key players — decision makers, experts, and citizens or other stakeholders — all have different views on the process, their own roles in it, and how information should be used in the process. For example, researchers often think of information as a way to find the truth, while politicians see information as one of the tools to promote political agendas ultimately based on values.<ref name="jussila2012">Jussila H. Päätöksenteon tukena vai hyllyssä pölyttymässä? Sosiaalipoliittisen tutkimustiedon käyttö eduskuntatyössä. [Supporting decision making or sitting on a shelf? The use of sociopolitical research information in the Finnish Parliament.] Helsinki: Sosiaali- ja terveysturvan tutkimuksia 121; 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10138/35919. Accessed 1 Feb 2020. (in Finnish)</ref> Therefore, a successful method should provide functionalities for each of the key groups. <br />
<br />
In the late 1970's, the focus was on scientific knowledge and an idea that political ambitions should be separated from objective assessments especially in the US. Since the 1980's, risk assessment has been a key method to assess human risks of environmental and occupational chemicals<ref>National Research Council. Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process. Washington DC: National Academy Press; 1983.</ref>. National Research Council specifically developed a process that could be used by all federal US agencies. The report emphasised the importance of scientific knowledge in decision making and scientific methods, such as critical use of data, as integral parts of assessments. Criticism based on observations and rationality is a central idea in the scientific method<ref name="popper1963">Popper K. Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge, 1963, ISBN 0-415-04318-2</ref>. The report also clarified the use of causality: the purpose of an assessment is to clarify and quantify a causal path where an exposure to a chemical or other agent leads to a health risk via pathological changes described by the dose-response function of that chemical.<br />
<br />
The approach was designed for single chemicals rather than for complex societal issues. This shortcoming was approached in another report that acknowledged this complexity and offered deliberation with stakeholders as a solution, in addition to scientific analysis<ref name="nrc1996">National Research Council. Understanding risk. Informing decisions in a democratic society. Washington DC: National Academy Press; 1996.</ref>. An idea was to explicate the intentions of the decision maker but also those of the public. Also, mutual learning about the topic was seen important. There are models for describing facts and values in a coherent dual system<ref>von Winterfeldt D. Bridging the gap between science and decision making. PNAS 2013;110:3:14055-14061. http://www.pnas.org/content/110/Supplement_3/14055.full</ref>. However, practical assessments have found it difficult to successfully perform deliberation on a routine basis<ref name="pohjola2012">Pohjola MV, Leino O, Kollanus V, Tuomisto JT, Gunnlaugsdóttir H, Holm F, Kalogeras N, Luteijn JM, Magnússon SH, Odekerken G, Tijhuis MJ, Ueland O, White BC, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: Environmental health. Food Chem Toxicol. 2012;50:40-55.</ref>. Indeed, citizens often complain that even if they have been formally listened to during a process, the processes need more openness, as their concerns have not contributed to the decisions made<ref>Doelle M, Sinclair JA. (2006) Time for a new approach to public participation in EA: Promoting cooperation and consensus for sustainability. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 26: 2: 185-205 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2005.07.013.</ref>.<br />
<br />
Western societies have shown a megatrend of increasing openness in many sectors, including decision-making and research. Openness of scientific publishing is increasing and many research funders also demand publishing of data, and research societies are starting to see the publishing of data as a scientific merit in itself<ref name="tsv2020"/>. It has been widely acknowledged that the current mainstream of proprietary (as contrast to open access) scientific publishing is a hindrance to spreading ideas and ultimately science<ref>Eysenbach G. Citation Advantage of Open Access Articles. PLoS Biol 2006: 4; e157. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040157</ref>. Also governments have been active in opening data and statistics to wide use (data.gov.uk). Governance practices have been developed towards openness and inclusiveness, promoted by international initiatives such as Open Government Partnership (www.opengovpartnership.org).<br />
<br />
As an extreme example, a successful hedge fund Bridgewater Associates implements radical openness and continuous criticism of all ideas presented by its workers rather than letting organisational status determine who is heard<ref name="dalio2017">Dalio R. Principles: Life and work. New York: Simon & Shuster; 2017. ISBN 9781501124020</ref>. In a sense, they are implementing the scientific method in much more rigorous way than what is typically done in science. <br />
<br />
In the early 2000's, several important books and articles were published about mass collaboration<ref>Tapscott D, Williams AD. Wikinomics. How mass collaboration changes everything. USA: Portfolio; 2006. ISBN 1591841380</ref>, wisdom of crowds<ref>Surowiecki J. The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many Are Smarter Than the Few and How Collective Wisdom Shapes Business, Economies, Societies and Nations. USA: Doubleday; Anchor; 2004. ISBN 9780385503860</ref>, crowdsourcing in the government<ref name="noveck2010">Noveck, BS. Wiki Government - How Technology Can Make Government Better, Democracy Stronger, and Citizens More Powerful. Brookings Institution Press; 2010. ISBN 9780815702757</ref>, and co-creation<ref name="mauser2013">Mauser W, Klepper G, Rice M, Schmalzbauer BS, Hackmann H, Leemans R, Current HM. Transdisciplinary global change research: the co-creation of knowledge for sustainability. Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2013;5:420–431; doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2013.07.001</ref>. A common idea of the authors was that voluntary, self-organised groups had knowledge and capabilities that could be much more effectively harnessed in the society than what was happening at the time. Large collaborative projects have shown that in many cases, they are very effective ways to produce high-quality information, as long as quality control systems are functional. In software development, Linux operating system, Git software, and Github platform are examples of this. Also Wikipedia, the largest and most used encyclopedia in the world, has demonstrated that self-organised groups can indeed produce high-quality content<ref>Giles J. Internet encyclopaedias go head to head. Nature 2005;438:900–901 doi:10.1038/438900a</ref>.<br />
<br />
The five principles of collaboration, openness, causality, criticism, and intentionality (Table 1) were seen as potentially important for environmental health assessment in Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL; at that time National Public Health Institute, KTL), and they were adopted in the methodological decision support work of the Centre of Excellence for Environmental Health Risk Analysis (2002-2007). Open policy practice has been developed during the last twenty years especially to improve environmental health assessments<sup>a</sup>. Developers have come from several countries in projects mostly funded by EU and the Academy of Finland (see Funding and Acknowledgements).<br />
<br />
Materials for the development, testing, and evaluation of open policy practice were collected from several sources.<br />
<br />
Research projects about assessing environmental health risks were an important platform to develop, test, and implement assessment methods and policy practices. Important projects are listed in Funding. Especially the sixth framework programme of EU and its INTARESE and HEIMTSA projects (2005-2011) enabled active international collaboration around environmental health assessment methods. <br />
<br />
Assessment cases were performed in research projects and in support for national or municipality decision making in Finland. Methods and tools were developed side by side with practical assessment work (Appendix S1). <br />
<br />
Literature searches were performed to scientific and policy literature and websites. Concepts and methods similar to those in open policy practice were sought. Data was searched from Pubmed, Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar, and the Internet. In addition, a snowball method was used: found documents were used to screen their references and authors' other publications to identify new publications. Articles that describe large literature searches and their results include<ref name="pohjola2013"/><ref name="pohjola2012"/><ref name="pohjola2013b"/><ref name="pohjola2011"/>.<br />
<br />
Open risk assessment workshops were organised as spin-offs of several of these projects for international doctoral students in 2007, 2008, and 2009. The workshops offered a place to share, discuss, and criticise ideas.<br />
<br />
A master's course ''Decision Analysis and Risk Management'' (6 credit points) was organised by the University of Eastern Finland (previously University of Kuopio) in 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017. The course taught open policy practice and tested its methods in course work.<br />
<br />
Finally, general expertise and understanding was developed during practical experiences and long-term follow-up of international and national politics.<br />
<br />
The development and selection of methods and tools to open policy practice has roughly followed this iterative pattern, where an idea is improved during each iteration, or sometimes rejected. <br />
* A need is identified for improving knowledge practices of a decision process or scientific policy support. This need typically arises from scientific literature, project work or news media.<br />
* A solution idea is developed in aim to tackle the need.<br />
* It is checked whether the idea fits logically in the current framework of open policy practice.<br />
* The idea is discussed in a project team to develop it further and gain acceptance.<br />
* A practical solution (web tool, checklist or similar) is produced.<br />
* The solution is piloted in an assessment or policy process.<br />
* The solution is added into the recommended set of methods of open policy practice.<br />
* The method is updated based on practical experience.<br />
<br />
Development of open policy practice started with focus on opening the expert work in policy assessments. In 2007, this line of research produced a summary report about the new methods and tools developed to facilitate assessments<ref name="ora2007">Tuomisto JT, Pohjola M, editors. Open Risk Assessment. A new way of providing scientific information for decision-making. Helsinki: Publications of the National Public Health Institute B18; 2007. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-740-736-6.</ref>. Later, a wider question about ''open policy practice''<sup>b</sup> emerged: how to organise evidence-informed decision making in a situation where the five principles are used as the starting point? The question was challenging, especially as it was understood that societal decision making is rarely a single event, but often consists of several interlinked decisions at different time points and sometimes by several decision-making bodies. Therefore, it was seen more as a leadership guidance rather than advice about a single decision.<br />
<br />
This article gives the first comprehensive, peer-reviewed description about the current methods and tools of open policy practice since the 2007 report<ref name="ora2007"/>. Case studies have been published along the way, and the key methods have been described in different articles. Also, all methods and tools have been developed online and the full material has been available at Opasnet (http://en.opasnet.org) for interested readers since each piece was first written.<br />
<br />
The purpose of this article is to critically evaluate the performance of open policy practice. Does open policy practice have the properties of good policy support? And does it enable policy support according to the five principles in Table 1? <br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+'''Table 1. Principles of open policy practice. (COCCI principles)<br />
!Principle || Description<br />
|----<br />
| Collaboration || Knowledge work is performed together in aim to produce shared information.<br />
|----<br />
| Openness || All work and all information is openly available to anyone interested for reading and contributing all the time. If there are exceptions, these must be publicly justified. <br />
|----<br />
| Causality || The focus is on understanding and describing the causal relations between the decision options and the intended outcomes. The aim is to predict what impacts will likely occur if a particular decision option is chosen.<br />
|----<br />
| Criticism || All information presented can be criticised based on relevance and accordance to observations. The aim is to reject ideas, hypotheses — and ultimately decision options — that do not hold against critique. <br />
|----<br />
| Intentionality || The decision makers explicate their objectives and decision options under consideration. Also values of other participants or stakeholders are documented and considered. <br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Open policy practice==<br />
<br />
[[image:Information flow within open policy practice.svg|thumb|400px|Figure 1. Information flows in open policy practice. Open assessments and web-workspaces have an important role as information hubs. They collect relevant information for particular decision processes and organise and synthesise it into useful formats especially for decision makers but also for anyone. The information hub works more effectively if all stakeholders contribute to one place, or alternatively facilitators collect their contributions there.]]<br />
In this section, open policy practice is described in its current state. First, an overview is given, and then each part is described in more detail.<br />
<br />
''Open policy practice'' is a set of methods to support and perform societal decision making in an open society, and it is the overarching concept covering all methods, tools, practices, and terms presented in this article<ref>Tuomisto JT, Pohjola M, Pohjola P. Avoin päätöksentekokäytäntö voisi parantaa tiedon hyödyntämistä. [Open policy practice could improve knowledge use.] Yhteiskuntapolitiikka 2014;1:66-75. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2014031821621 (in Finnish). Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref>. Its theoretical foundation is on the graph theory<ref name="bondy2008">Bondy, J. A.; Murty, U. S. R. (2008). Graph Theory. Springer. ISBN 978-1-84628-969-9.</ref> and systematic information structures. Open policy practice especially focuses on promoting the openness, flow and use of information in decision processes (Figure 1). Its purpose is to give practical guidance for the whole decision process from ideating possible actions to assessing impacts, deciding between options, implementing decisions, and finally to evaluating outcomes. It aims to be applicable to all kinds of societal decision situations in any administrative area or discipline. An ambitious objective of open policy practice is to be so effective that a citizen can observe improvements in decisions and outcomes, and so reliable that a citizen is reluctant to believe claims that are in contradiction with shared understanding produced by open policy practice.<br />
<br />
Open policy practice is based on the five principles presented in Table 1. The principles can be met if the purpose of policy support is set to produce '''shared understanding''' (a situation where different facts, values, and disagreements related to a decision situation are understood and documented). The description of shared understanding (and consequently improved actions) is thus the main output of open policy practice (see also Figure 2). It is a product that guides the decision and is the basis for evaluation of outcomes.<br />
<br />
This guidance is formalised as '''evaluation and management''' of the work and knowledge content during a decision process. It defines the criteria against which the knowledge process needs to be evaluated and managed. It contains methods to look at what is being done, whether the work is producing the intended knowledge and outputs, and what needs to be changed. Each task is evaluated before, during, and after the actual execution, and the work is iteratively managed based on this.<br />
<br />
The '''execution''' of a decision process is about collecting, organising and synthesising scientific knowledge and values in order to achieve objectives by informing the decision maker and stakeholders. A key part is open assessment that typically estimates the impacts of the planned decision options. Assessment and knowledge production is also performed during the implementation and evaluation steps. Execution also contains the acts of making and implementing decisions; however, they are so case-specific processes depending on the topic, decision maker, and the societal context that they are not discussed in this article.<br />
<br />
[[image:Open policy practice.png|thumb|400px|Figure 2. The three parts of open policy practice. The timeline goes roughly from left to right, but all work should be seen as iterative processes. Shared understanding as the main output is in the middle, expert-driven information production is a part of execution. Evaluation and management gives guidance to the execution.]] <br />
<br />
=== Shared understanding ===<br />
<br />
Shared understanding is a situation where all participants' views about a particular topic have been understood, described and documented well enough so that people can know what facts, opinions, reasonings, and values exist and what agreements and disagreements exist and why. Shared understanding is produced in collaboration by decision makers, experts, and stakeholders. Each group brings in their own knowledge and concerns. Shared understanding aims to reflect all the five principles of open policy practice. This creates requirements to the methods that can be used to produce shared understanding.<br />
<br />
Shared understanding is always about a particular topic and produced by a particular group of participants. Depending on the participants, the results might differ, but with an increasing number of participants, it putatively approaches a shared understanding of the society as a whole. Ideally, each participant agrees that the written description correctly contains their own thinking about the topic. Participants should even be able to correctly explain what other thoughts there are and how they differ from their own. Ideally any participant can learn, understand, and explain any thought represented in the group. Importantly, there is no need to agree on things, just to agree on what the disagreements are about. Therefore, shared understanding is not the same as consensus or agreement.<br />
<br />
Shared understanding has potentially several purposes that all aim to improve the quality of societal decisions. It helps people understand complex policy issues. It helps people see their own thoughts from a wider perspective and thus increase acceptance of decisions. It improves trust in decision makers; but it may also deteriorate trust if the actions of a decision maker are not understandable based on shared understanding. It dissects each difficult detail into separate discussions and then collects statements into an overview; this helps to allocate the time resources of participants efficiently to critical issues. It improves awareness of new ideas. It releases the full potential of the public to prepare, inform, and make decisions. How well these purposes have been fulfilled in practice in assessments are discussed in Results.<br />
<br />
'''Test of shared understanding<br />
<br />
''Test of shared understanding'' can be used to evaluate how well shared understanding has been achieved. In a successful case, all participants of a decision process give positive answers to the questions in Table 2. In a way, shared understanding is a metric for evaluating how well decision makers have embraced the knowledge base of the decision situation.<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+'''Table 2. Test of shared understanding.<br />
! Question !! Who is asked?<br />
|----<br />
| Is all relevant and important information described?<br />
|rowspan="4"|All participants of the decision processes (including knowledge gathering processes)<br />
|----<br />
| Are all relevant and important value judgements described? (Those of all participants, not just decision makers.)<br />
|----<br />
| Are the decision maker's decision criteria described?<br />
|----<br />
| Is the decision maker's rationale from the criteria to the decision described?<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Everything that is done aims to offer better understanding about impacts of the decision related to the decision maker's objectives. However, conclusions may be sensitive to initial values, and ignoring stakeholders' views may cause trouble at a later stage. Therefore, other values in the society are also included in shared understanding.<br />
<br />
Shared understanding may have different levels of ambition. On an easy level, shared understanding is taken as general guidance and an attitude towards other people's opinions. Main points and disagreements are summarised in writing, so that an outsider is able to understand the overall picture. <br />
<br />
On an ambitious level, the idea of documenting all opinions and their reasonings is taken literally. Participants' views are actively elicited and tested to see whether a facilitator is able to reproduce their thought processes. The objective here is to document the thinking in such a detailed way that a participant's views on the key questions of a policy can be anticipated from the description they have given. This is done by using insight networks, knowledge crystals, and other methods (see below). Written documentation with an available and usable structure is crucial, as it allows participation without being physically present. It also spreads shared understanding to decision makers and to those who were not involved in discussions. <br />
<br />
Good descriptions of shared understanding are able to quickly and easily incorporate new information or scenarios from the participants. They can be examined using different premises, i.e., a user should be able to quickly update the knowledge base, change the point of view, or reanalyse how the situation would look like with alternative valuations. Ideally, a user interface would allow the user to select input values with intuitive menus and sliders and would show impacts of changes instantly. <br />
<br />
Shared understanding as the key objective gives guidance to the policy process in general. But it also creates requirements that can be described as quality criteria for the process and used to evaluate and manage the work.<br />
<br />
=== Evaluation and management ===<br />
<br />
Evaluation is about following and checking the plans and progress of the decisions and implementation. Management is about adjusting work and updating actions based on evaluation to ensure that objectives are reached. Several criteria were developed in open policy practice to evaluate and describe the decision support work. Their purpose is to help participants focus on the most important parts of open policy practice.<br />
<br />
Guidance exists about crowdsourced policymaking<ref>Aitamurto T, Landemore H. Five design principles for crowdsourced policymaking: Assessing the case of crowdsourced off-road traffic law in Finland. Journal of Social Media for Organizations. 2015;2:1:1-19.</ref>, and similar ideas have been utilised in open assessment.<br />
<br />
'''Properties of good policy support<br />
<br />
There is a need to evaluate an assessment work before, during, and after it is done<ref name="pohjola2013b">Pohjola MV, Pohjola P, Tainio M, Tuomisto JT. Perspectives to Performance of Environment and Health Assessments and Models—From Outputs to Outcomes? (Review). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013;10:2621-2642 doi:10.3390/ijerph10072621</ref>. A key question is, what makes good policy support and what criteria should be used (see Table 3)<ref name="sandstrom2014">Sandström V, Tuomisto JT, Majaniemi S, Rintala T, Pohjola MV. Evaluating effectiveness of open assessments on alternative biofuel sources. Sustainability: Science, Practice & Policy 2014;10;1. doi:10.1080/15487733.2014.11908132 Assessment: http://en.opasnet.org/w/Biofuel_assessments. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref>.<br />
<br />
Fulfilling all these criteria is of course not a guarantee that the outcomes of a decision will be successful. But the properties listed have been found to be important determinants of the success of decision processes. In projects utilising open policy practice, poor performance of specific properties could be linked to particular problems observed. Evaluating these properties before or during a decision process could help to analyse what exactly is wrong, as problems with such properties are by then typically visible. Thus, using this evaluation scheme proactively makes it possible to manage the decision making process towards higher quality of content, applicability, and efficiency.<br />
<br />
{|{{prettytable}}<br />
|+ '''Table 3. Properties of good policy support. Here, "assessment" can be viewed as a particular expert work producing a report about a specific question, or as a wider description of shared understanding about a whole policy process. Assessment work is done before, during, and after the actual decision.<br />
|-----<br />
! Category<br />
! Description<br />
! Guiding questions <br />
! Related principles<br />
|-----<br />
| Quality of content<br />
| Specificity, exactness and correctness of information. Correspondence between questions and answers.<br />
| How exact and specific are the ideas in the assessment? How completely does the (expected) answer address the assessment question? Are all important aspects addressed? Is there something unnecessary?<br />
| Openness, causality, criticism<br />
|-----<br />
| rowspan="4"| Applicability<br />
| ''Relevance'': Correspondence between output and its intended use.<br />
| How well does the assessment address the intended needs of the users? Is the assessment question good in relation to the purpose of the assessment?<br />
| Collaboration, openness, criticism, intentionality<br />
|-----<br />
| ''Availability'': Accessibility of the output to users in terms of e.g. time, location, extent of information, extent of users.<br />
| Is the information provided by the assessment available when, where and to whom is needed?<br />
| Openness<br />
|-----<br />
| ''Usability'': Potential of the information in the output to generate understanding among its user(s) about the topic of assessment.<br />
| Are the intended users able to understand what the assessment is about? Is the assessment useful for them?<br />
| Collaboration, openness, causality, intentionality<br />
|-----<br />
| ''Acceptability'': Potential of the output being accepted by its users. Fundamentally a matter of its making and delivery, not its information content. <br />
| Is the assessment (both its expected results and the way the assessment is planned to be made) acceptable to the intended users?<br />
| Collaboration, openness, criticism, intentionality<br />
|-----<br />
| Efficiency<br />
| Resource expenditure of producing the assessment output either in one assessment or in a series of assessments. <br />
| How much effort is needed for making the assessment? Is it worth spending the effort, considering the expected results and their applicability for the intended users? Are the assessment results useful also in some other use?<br />
| Collaboration, openness<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Quality of content'' refers to the output of an assessment, typically a report, model or summary presentation. Its quality is obviously an important property. If the facts are plain wrong, it is more likely to misguide than lead to good decisions. Specificity, exactness, and correctness describe how large the remaining uncertainties are and how close the answers probably are to the truth (compared to some golden standard). In some statistical texts, similar concepts have been called precision and accuracy, although with decision support they should be understood in a flexible rather than strictly statistical sense.<ref>Cooke RM. Experts in Uncertainty: Opinion and Subjective Probability in Science. New York: Oxford University Press; 1991.</ref> Coherence means that the answers given are those to the questions asked.<br />
<br />
''Applicability'' is an important aspect of evaluation. It looks at properties that affect how well the decision support can and will be applied. It is independent of the quality of content, i.e. despite high quality, an assessment may have very poor applicability. The opposite may also be true, as sometimes faulty assessments are actively used to promote policies. However, usability typically decreases rapidly if the target audience evaluates an assessment to be of poor quality.<br />
<br />
Relevance asks whether a good question was asked to support decisions. Identification of good questions requires lots of deliberation between different groups, including decision makers and experts, and online forums may potentially help in this.<br />
<br />
Availability is a more technical property and describes how easily a user can find the information when needed. A typical problem is that a potential user does not know that a piece of information exists even if it could be easily accessed. <br />
<br />
Usability may differ from user to user, depending on e.g. background knowledge, interest, or time available to learn the content.<br />
<br />
Acceptability is a very complex issue and most easily detectable when it fails. A common situation is that stakeholders feel that they have not been properly heard and therefore any output from decision support is perceived faulty. Doubts about the credibility of the assessor also fall into this category.<br />
<br />
''Efficiency'' evaluates resource use when performing an assessment or other decision support. Money and time are two common measures for this. Often it is most useful to evaluate efficiency before an assessment is started. Is it realistic to produce new important information given the resources and schedule available? If more/less resources were available, what value would be added/lost? Another aspect in efficiency is that if assessments are done openly, reuse of information becomes easier and the marginal cost and time of a new assessment decreases.<br />
<br />
All properties of decision support, not just efficiency or quality of content, are meant to guide planning, execution, and evaluation of the whole decision support work. If they are always kept in mind, they can improve daily work.<br />
<br />
'''Settings of assessments<br />
<br />
Sometimes, a decision process or an assessment may be missing a clear understanding of what should be done and why. An assessment may even be launched in a hope that it will somehow reveal what the objectives or other important factors are. ''Settings of assessments'' (Table 4) are used to explicate these so that useful decision support can be provided<ref name="pohjola2014">Pohjola MV. Assessment of impacts to health, safety, and environment in the context of materials processing and related public policy. In: Bassim N, editor. Comprehensive Materials Processing Vol. 8. Elsevier Ltd; 2014. pp 151–162. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-096532-1.00814-1</ref>. Examining the sub-attributes of an assessment question can also help: <br />
* Research question: the actual question of an open assessment<br />
* Boundaries: temporal, geographical, and other limits within which the question is considered<br />
* Decisions and scenarios: decisions and options to assess and scenarios to consider<br />
* Timing: the schedule of the assessment work<br />
* Participants: people who will or should contribute to the assessment<br />
* Users and intended use: users of the final assessment report and purposes of the use<br />
<br />
{|{{prettytable}}<br />
|+ '''Table 4. Important settings for environmental health and other impact assessments within the context public policy making.<br />
|----<br />
! Attribute<br />
! Guiding questions<br />
! Example categories<br />
|-----<br />
| Impacts<br />
| <br />
* Which impacts are addressed in assessment?<br />
* Which impacts are the most significant?<br />
* Which impacts are the most relevant for decision making?<br />
| Environment, health, cost, equity<br />
|-----<br />
| Causes<br />
| <br />
* Which causes of impacts are recognized in assessment?<br />
* Which causes of impacts are the most significant?<br />
* Which causes of impacts are the most relevant for decision making?<br />
| Production, consumption, transport, heating, power production, everyday life<br />
|-----<br />
| Problem owner<br />
| <br />
* Who has the interest, responsibility and/or means to assess the issue?<br />
* Who actually conducts the assessment?<br />
* Who has the interest, responsibility and/or power to make decisions and take actions upon the issue?<br />
* Who are affected by the impacts?<br />
| Policy maker, industry, business, expert, consumer, public<br />
|-----<br />
| Target users<br />
| <br />
* Who are the intended users of assessment results?<br />
* Who needs the assessment results?<br />
* Who can make use of the assessment results?<br />
| Policy maker, industry, business, expert, consumer, public<br />
|-----<br />
| Interaction <br />
| <br />
* What is the degree of openness in assessment (and management)? (See Table 5.)<br />
* How does assessment interact with the intended use of its results? (See Table 6.)<br />
* How does assessment interact with other actors in its context?<br />
| Isolated, informing, participatory, joint, shared<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Interaction and openness<br />
<br />
In open policy practice, the method itself is designed to facilitate openness in all its dimensions. The ''dimensions of openness'' help to identify if and how the work deviates from the ideal of openness, so that the work can be improved in this respect (Table 5)<ref name="pohjola2011">Pohjola MV, Tuomisto JT. Openness in participation, assessment, and policy making upon issues of environment and environmental health: a review of literature and recent project results. Environmental Health 2011;10:58 http://www.ehjournal.net/content/10/1/58.</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+ '''Table 5. Dimensions of openness in decision making.<br />
! Dimension<br />
! Description<br />
|-----<br />
| Scope of participation<br />
| Who is allowed to participate in the process?<br />
|-----<br />
| Access to information<br />
| What information about the issue is made available to participants?<br />
|-----<br />
| Timing of openness<br />
| When are participants invited or allowed to participate?<br />
|-----<br />
| Scope of contribution<br />
| Which aspects of the issue are participants invited or allowed to contribute to?<br />
|-----<br />
| Impact of contribution<br />
| How much are participant contributions allowed to have influence on the outcomes? How much weight is given to participant contributions?<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Openness can also be examined based on how intensive it is and what kind of collaboration between decision makers, experts, and stakeholders is aimed for<ref name="pohjola2012"/><ref>van Kerkhoff L, Lebel L. Linking knowledge and action for sustainable development. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 2006. 31:445-477. doi:10.1146/annurev.energy.31.102405.170850</ref>. Different approaches are described in Table 6. <br />
<br />
{|{{prettytable}}<br />
|+ '''Table 6. Categories of interaction within the knowledge-policy interaction framework.<br />
! Category<br />
! Description<br />
|-----<br />
| Isolated<br />
| Assessment and use of assessment results are strictly separated. Results are provided for intended use, but users and stakeholders can not interfere with the making of the assessment.<br />
|-----<br />
| Informing<br />
| Assessments are designed and conducted according to specified needs of intended use. Users and limited groups of stakeholders may have a minor role in providing information to the assessment, but mainly serve as recipients of assessment results.<br />
|-----<br />
| Participatory<br />
| Broader inclusion of participants is emphasized. Participation is, however, treated as an add-on alongside the actual processes of assessment and/or use of assessment results.<br />
|-----<br />
| Joint<br />
| Involvement and exchange of summary-level information among multiple actors is emphasised in scoping, management, communication, and follow-up of assessment. On the level of assessment practice, actions by different actors in different roles (assessor, manager, stakeholder) remain separate.<br />
|-----<br />
| Shared<br />
| Different actors engage in open collaboration upon determining assessment questions, seeking answers to them, and implementing answers in practice. However, the actors involved in an assessment retain their roles and responsibilities.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
These evaluation methods guide the actual execution of a decision process.<br />
<br />
=== Execution and open assessment ===<br />
<br />
''Execution'' is the work during a decision process, including ideating possible actions, assessing impacts, deciding between options, implementing decisions, and evaluating outcomes. Execution is guided by information produced in evaluation and management. The focus of this article is on knowledge processes that support decisions. Therefore, methods to reach or implement a decision are not discussed here.<br />
<br />
''Open assessment'' is a method for performing impact assessments using insight networks, knowledge crystals, and web-workspaces (see below). Open assessment is an important part of execution and the main knowledge production method in open policy practice.<br />
<br />
An assessment aims to quantify important objectives, and especially compare differences in impacts resulting from different decision options. In an assessment, current scientific information is used to answer policy-relevant questions that inform decision makers about the impacts of different options.<br />
<br />
Open assessments are typically performed before a decision is made (but e.g. the city of Helsinki has used both ex ante and ex post approaches with its climate strategy<ref name="hnh2035"/>). The focus is by necessity on expert knowledge and how to organise it, although prioritisation is only possible if the objectives and valuations of the decision maker and stakeholders are known. For a list of major open assessments, see Appendix S1. <br />
<br />
As a research topic, open assessment attempts to answer this question: "How can factual information and value judgements be organised for improving societal decision making in a situation where open participation is allowed?" As can be seen, openness, participation, and values are taken as given premises. This was far from common practice but not completely new, when the first open assessments were performed in the early 2000's<ref name="nrc1996"/>.<br />
<br />
Since the beginning, the main focus has been to think about information and information flows, rather than jurisdictions, political processes, or hierarchies. So, open assessment deliberately focuses on impacts and objectives rather than questions about procedures or mandates of decision support. The premise is that if the information production and dissemination are completely open, the process can be generic, and an assessment can include information from any contributor and inform any kind of decision-making body. Of course, quality control procedures and many other issues must be functional under these conditions.<br />
<br />
==== Co-creation ====<br />
<br />
''Co-creation'' is a method for producing open contents in collaboration, and in this context specifically knowledge production by self-organised groups. It is a discipline in itself<ref name="mauser2013"/>, and guidance about how to manage and facilitate co-creation can be found elsewhere. Here, only a few key points are raised about facilitation and structured discussion.<br />
<br />
Information has to be collected, organised, and synthesised; facilitators need to motivate and help people to share their information. This requires dedicated work and skills that are not typically available among experts nor decision makers. Co-creation also contains practices and methods, such as motivating participation, facilitating discussions, clarifying and organising argumentation, moderating contents, using probabilities and expert judgement for describing uncertainties, or developing insight networks (see below) or quantitative models. Sometimes the skills needed are called interactional expertise.<br />
<br />
Facilitation helps people participate and interact in co-creation processes using hearings, workshops, online questionnaires, wikis, and other tools. In addition to practical tools, facilitation implements principles that have been seen to motivate participation<ref name="noveck2010"/>. Three are worth mentioning here, because they have been shown to significantly affect the motivation to participate. <br />
* ''Grouping'': Facilitation methods are used to promote the participants' feeling of being important members of a group that has a meaningful, shared purpose.<br />
* ''Trust'': Facilitation builds trust among people that they can safely express their ideas and concerns, and that other members of the group support participation even if they disagree on the substance.<br />
* ''Respect'': Contributions are systematically evaluated according to their merit so that each participant receives the respect they deserve based on their contributions as individuals or members of a group.<br />
<br />
''Structured discussions'' are synthesised and reorganised discussions, where the purpose is to highlight key statements, and argumentations that lead to acceptance or rejectance of these statements. Discussions can be organised according to pragma-dialectical argumentation rules<ref>Eemeren FH van, Grootendorst R. A systematic theory of argumentation: The pragma-dialectical approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2004.</ref> or argumentation framework<ref>Dung PM. (1995) On the acceptability of arguments and its fundamental role in nonmonotonic reasoning, logic programming, and n–person games. Artificial Intelligence. 77 (2): 321–357. doi:10.1016/0004-3702(94)00041-X.</ref>, so that arguments form a hierarchical thread pointing to a main statement or statements. Attack arguments are used to invalidate other arguments by showing that they are either untrue or irrelevant in their context; defend arguments are used to protect from attacks; and comments are used to clarify issues. For an example, see Figure S2-5 in Appendix S2 and links thereof. <br />
<br />
The discussions can be natural discussions that are reorganised afterwards or online discussions where the structure of contributions is governed by the tools used. A test environment exists for structured argumentation<ref>Hastrup T. Knowledge crystal argumentation tree. https://dev.tietokide.fi/?Q10. Web tool. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref>, and Opasnet has R functions for analysing structured discussions written on wiki pages.<br />
<br />
==== Insight networks ====<br />
<br />
''Insight networks'' are graphs as defined by the graph theory<ref name="bondy2008"/>. In an insight network, actions, objectives, and other issues are depicted with nodes, and their causal and other relations are depicted with arrows (aka edges). An example is shown in Figure 3, which describes a potential dioxin-related decision to clean up emissions from waste incineration. The logic of such a decision can be described as a chain or network of causally dependent issues: Reduced dioxin emissions to air improve air quality and dioxin deposition into the Baltic Sea; this has a favourable effect on concentrations in the Baltic herring; this reduces human exposures to dioxins via fish; and this helps to achieve an ultimate objective of reduced health risks from dioxin. Insight networks aim to facilitate understanding, analysing, and discussing complex policy issues.<br />
<br />
[[image:Bioaccumulation of dioxin.svg|thumb|500px|Figure 3. Insight network about dioxins, Baltic fish, and health as described in the BONUS GOHERR project<ref name="goherr2020">Tuomisto JT, Asikainen A, Meriläinen P et Haapasaari P. Health effects of nutrients and environmental pollutants in Baltic herring and salmon: a quantitative benefit-risk assessment. BMC Public Health 20, 64 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-8094-1 Assessment: http://en.opasnet.org/w/Goherr_assessment, data archive: https://osf.io/brxpt/. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref>. Decisions are shown as red rectangles, decision makers and stakeholders as yellow hexagons, decision objectives as yellow diamonds, and substantive issues as blue nodes. The relations are written on the diagram as predicates of sentences where the subject is at the tail of the arrow and the object is at the tip of the arrow. For other insight networks, see Appendix S2.]]<br />
Causal modelling and causal graphs as such are old ideas, and there are various methods developed for them, both qualitative and quantitative. However, the additional ideas with insight networks were that a) also all non-causal issues can and should be linked to the causal core in some way, if they are relevant to the decision, and therefore b) they can be effectively used in clarifying one's ideas, contributing, and then communicating a whole decision situation rather than just the causal core. In other words, a participant in a policy discussion should be able to make a reasonable connection between what they are saying and some node in an insight network developed for that policy issue. If they are not able to make such a link, their point is probably irrelevant.<br />
<br />
The first implementations of insight networks were about toxicology of dioxins<ref name="tuomisto1999">Tuomisto JT. TCDD: a challenge to mechanistic toxicology [Dissertation]. Kuopio: National Public Health Institute A7; 1999.</ref> and restoration of a closed asbestos mine area<ref name="paakkila1999">Tuomisto JT, Pekkanen J, Alm S, Kurttio P, Venäläinen R, Juuti S et al. Deliberation process by an explicit factor-effect-value network (Pyrkilo): Paakkila asbestos mine case, Finland. Epidemiol 1999;10(4):S114.</ref><sup>c</sup>. In the early cases, the main purpose was to give structure to discussion about and examination of an issue rather than to be a backbone for quantitative models. In later implementations, such as in the composite traffic assessment<ref name="tuomisto2005">Tuomisto JT; Tainio M. An economic way of reducing health, environmental, and other pressures of urban traffic: a decision analysis on trip aggregation. BMC PUBLIC HEALTH 2005;5:123. http://biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/5/123/abstract Assessment: http://en.opasnet.org/w/Cost-benefit_assessment_on_composite_traffic_in_Helsinki. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref> or BONUS GOHERR project<ref name="goherr2020"/>, diagrams have been used for both purposes. Most open assessments discussed later (and listed in Appendix S1) have used insight networks to structure and illustrate their content.<br />
<br />
==== Knowledge crystals ====<br />
<br />
''Knowledge crystals'' are web pages where specific research ''questions'' are collaboratively ''answered'' by producing ''rationale'' with any data, facts, values, reasoning, discussion, models, or other information that is needed to convince a critical, rational reader (Table 7).<br />
<br />
Knowledge crystals have a few distinct features. The web page of a knowledge crystal has a permanent identifier or URL and an explicit topic, or question, which does not change over time. A user may come to the same page several times and find an up-to-date answer to the same topic. The answer changes as new information becomes available, and anyone is allowed to bring in new relevant information as long as certain rules of co-creation are followed. In a sense, the answer of a knowledge crystal is never final but it is always usable. <br />
<br />
Knowledge crystal is a practical information structure that was designed to comply with the principles of open policy practice. Open data principles are used when possible<ref>Open Knowledge International. The Open Definition. http://opendefinition.org/. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref>. For example, openness and criticism are implemented by allowing anyone to contribute but only after critical examination. Knowledge crystals differ from open data, which contains little to no interpretation, and scientific articles, which are not updated. Rationale is the place for new information and discussions, and resolutions about new information may change the answer.<br />
<br />
The purpose of knowledge crystals is to offer a versatile information structure for nodes in an insight network that describes a complex policy issue. They handle research questions of any topic and describe all causal and non-causal relations from other nodes (i.e. the nodes that may affect the answer of the node under scrutiny). They contain information as necessary: text, images, mathematics, or other forms, both quantitative and qualitative. They handle facts or values depending on the questions, and withstand misconceptions and fuzzy thinking as well. Finally, they are intended to be found online by anyone interested, and their main message to be understood and used even by a non-expert.<br />
<br />
{|{{prettytable}}<br />
|+'''Table 7. The ''attributes'' of a knowledge crystal.<br />
! Attribute<br />
! Description<br />
|-----<br />
| '''Name'''<br />
| An identifier for the knowledge crystal. Each page has a permanent, unique name and identifier or URL.<br />
|-----<br />
| '''Question'''<br />
| A research question that is to be answered. It defines the scope of the knowledge crystal. Assessments have specific sub-attributes for questions (see section Settings of assessments)<br />
|-----<br />
| '''Answer'''<br />
| An understandable and useful answer to the question. It is the current best synthesis of all available data. Typically it has a descriptive easy-to-read summary and a detailed quantitative ''result'' published as open data. An answer may contain several competing hypotheses, if they all hold against scientific critique. This way, it may include an accurate description of the uncertainty of the answer, often in a probabilistic way.<br />
|-----<br />
| '''Rationale'''<br />
| Any information that is necessary to convince a critical rational reader that the answer is credible and usable. It presents to a reader the information required to derive the answer and explains how it is formed. It may have different sub-attributes depending on the page type, some examples are listed below.<br />
* '''Data''' tell about direct observations (or expert judgements) about the topic.<br />
* '''Dependencies''' tell what is known about how upstream knowledge crystals (i.e. causal parents) affect the answer. Dependencies may describe functional or probabilistic relationships. In an insight network, dependencies are described as arrows pointing toward the knowledge crystal.<br />
* '''Calculations''' are an operationalisation of how to calculate or derive the answer. It uses algebra, computer code, or other explicit methods if possible.<br />
* '''Discussions''' are structured or unstructured discussions about the details of the substance, or about the production of substantive information. On a wiki, discussions are typically located on the talk page of the substance page.<br />
|----<br />
| Other<br />
| In addition to attributes, it is practical to have clarifying subheadings on a knowledge crystal page. These include: See also, Keywords, References, Related files<br />
|}<br />
<br />
There are different types of knowledge crystals for different uses. ''Variables'' contain substantive topics such as emissions of a pollutant, food consumption or other behaviour of an individual, or disease burden in a population (for examples, see Figure 3 and Appendix S2.) ''Assessments'' describe the information needs of particular decision situations and work processes designed to answer those needs. They may also describe whole models (consisting of variables) for simulating impacts of a decision. ''Methods'' describe specific procedures to organise or analyse information. The question of a method typically starts with "How to...". For a list of all knowledge crystal types used at Opasnet web-workspace, see Appendix S3.<br />
<br />
Openness and collaboration are promoted by design: knowledge crystals are modular, re-usable, and readable for humans and machines. This enables their direct use in several assessment models or internet applications, which is important for the efficiency of the work. Methods are used to standardise and facilitate the work across assessments.<br />
<br />
==== Open web-workspaces ====<br />
<br />
Insight networks, knowledge crystals, and open assessments are information objects that were not directly applicable at any web-workspace available at the time of development. Therefore, web-workspaces have been developed specifically for open policy practice. There are two major web-workspaces for this purpose: Opasnet (designed for expert-driven open assessments) and Climate Watch (designed for evaluation and management of climate mitigation policies).<br />
<br />
'''Opasnet<br />
<br />
''Opasnet'' is an open wiki-based web-workspace and prototype for performing open policy practice, launched in 2006. It is designed to offer functionalities and tools for performing open assessments so that most if not all work can be done openly online. Its name is a short version of ''Open Assessors' Network'' and also from Finnish word for guide, "opas". The purpose was to test and learn co-creation among environmental health experts and start opening the assessment process to interested stakeholders. <br />
<br />
Opasnet is based on MediaWiki platform because of its open-source code, wide use and abundance of additional packages, long-term prospects, functionalities for good research practices (e.g. talk pages for meta-level discussions), and full and automatic version control. Two language versions of Opasnet exist. English Opasnet (en.opasnet.org) contains all international projects and most scientific information. Finnish Opasnet (fi.opasnet.org) contains mostly project material for Finnish projects and pages targeted for Finnish audiences. A project wiki Heande (short for Health, the Environment, and Everything) requires a password and contains information that can not (yet) be published, but the open alternatives are preferred.<br />
<br />
Opasnet facilitates simultaneous development of theoretical framework, assessment practices, assessment work, and supporting tools. This includes e.g. information structures, assessment methods, evaluation criteria, and online software models and libraries.<br />
<br />
For modelling functionalities, the statistical software R is used via an R–Mediawiki interface. R code can be written directly to a wiki page and run by clicking a button. The resulting objects can be stored to the server and fetched later by a different code. Complex models can be run with a web browser without installing anything. The server has automatic version control and archival of the model description, data, code, and results.<br />
<br />
An R package ''OpasnetUtils'' is available (CRAN repository cran.r-project.org) to support knowledge crystals and impact assessment models. It contains the necessary functions and information structures. Specific functionalities facilitate reuse and explicit quantitation of uncertainties: Scenarios can be defined at a wiki page or via a model user interface, and these scenarios can then be run without changing the model code. If input values are uncertain, uncertainties are automatically propagated through the model using Monte Carlo simulation.<br />
<br />
For data storage, ''Opasnet Base'', a MongoDB no-sql database, is used. Each dataset must be linked to a single wiki page, which contains all the necessary descriptions and metadata about the data. Data can be uploaded to the database via a wiki page or a file uploader. The database has an open application programming interface for data retrieval.<br />
<br />
For more details, see Appendix S4.<br />
<br />
'''Climate Watch<br />
<br />
[[File:System architecture of Climate Watch.png|thumb|600px|Figure 4. System architecture of the Climate Watch web-workspace.]]<br />
Climate Watch is a web-workspace primarily for evaluating and managing climate mitigation actions (Figure 4). It was originally developed in 2018-2019 by the city of Helsinki for its climate strategy. Already from the beginning, scalability was a key priority: the web-workspace was made generic enough so that it could be easily used by other municipalities in Finland and globally, and used for evaluation and management of other topics than climate mitigation.<br />
<br />
Climate Watch is described in more detail by Ignatius and coworkers<ref>Ignatius S-M, Tuomisto JT, Yrjölä J, Muurinen R. (2020) From monitoring into collective problem solving: City Climate Tool. EIT Climate-KIC project: 190996 (Partner Accelerator).</ref>. In brief, Climate Watch consists of actions that aim to reduce climate emissions, and indicators that are supposedly affected by the actions and give insights about progress. Actions and indicators are knowledge crystals, and they are causally connected, thus forming an insight network. Each action and indicator has one or more contact people who are responsible for the reporting of progress (and sometimes for actually implementing the actions). <br />
<br />
The requirements for choosing the technologies were wide availability, ease of development, and an architecture based on open application programming interfaces or APIs. The public-facing user interface uses the NextJS framework (https://nextjs.org/). It provides support for server-side rendering and search engine optimisation which is based on the React user interface framework (https://reactjs.org/). The backend is built using the Django web framework (https://www.djangoproject.com/) which provides the contact people with an administrator user interface. The data flows to the Climate Watch interface over a GraphQL API (https://graphql.org/). GraphQL is a standard that has the most traction in the web development community because of its flexibility and performance.<br />
<br />
Opasnet and Climate Watch have functional similarities but different technical solutions. The user interfaces for end-users and administrators in Climate Watch have similar purposes as MediaWiki in Opasnet; and while impact assessment and model development are performed by using R at Opasnet, Climate Watch uses Python, Dash, and Jupyter.<br />
<br />
==== Open policy ontology ====<br />
<br />
''Open policy ontology'' is used to describe all the information structures and policy content in a systematic, coherent, and unambiguous way. The ontology is based on the concepts of open linked data and resource description framework (RDF) by the World Wide Web Consortium<ref>W3C. Resource Description Framework (RDF). https://www.w3.org/RDF/. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref>.<br />
<br />
The ontology is based on vocabularies with specified terms and meanings. Also the relations of terms are explicit. Resource description framework is based on the idea of triples, which have three parts: subject, predicate (or relation), and object. These can be thought as sentences: an item (subject) is related to (predicate) another item or value (object), thus forming a claim. Claims can further be specified using qualifiers and backed up by references. Insight networks can be documented as triples, and a set of triples using this ontology can be visualised as diagrams of insight network. Triple databases enable wide, decentralised linking of various sources and information. <br />
<br />
Open policy ontology (see Appendix S3) describes all information objects and terms described above, making sure that there is a relevant item type or relation to every critical piece of information that is described in an insight network, open assessment, or shared understanding. "Critical piece of information" means something that is worth describing as a separate node, so that it can be more easily found, understood, and used. A node itself may contain large amounts of information and data, but for the purpose of producing shared understanding about a particular decision, there is no need to highlight the node's internal data on an insight network. <br />
<br />
The ontology was used with indicator production in the climate strategy of Helsinki<ref name="hnh2035">City of Helsinki. The Carbon-neutral Helsinki 2035 Action Plan. Publications of the Central Administration of the City of Helsinki 2018:4. http://carbonneutralcities.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Carbon_neutral_Helsinki_Action_Plan_1503019_EN.pdf Assessment: https://ilmastovahti.hel.fi. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref> and a visualisation project of insight networks<ref>Tuomisto JT. Näkemysverkot ympäristöpäätöksenteon tukena [Insight networks supporting the environmental policy making](in Finnish) Kokeilunpaikka. Website. https://www.kokeilunpaikka.fi/fi/kokeilu/nakemysverkot-ymparistopaatoksenteon-tukena. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref>.<br />
<br />
For a full description of the current vocabulary in the ontology, see Appendix S3 and Figures S2-3 and S2-4 in Appendix S2.<br />
<br />
==== Novel concepts ====<br />
<br />
This section presents novel concepts that have been identified as useful for a particular need and conceptually coherent with open policy practice. However, they have not been thoroughly tested in practical assessments of policy support.<br />
<br />
''Value profile'' is a documented list of values, preferences, and choices of a participant. Voting advice applications are online tools that ask electoral candidates about their values, world views, or decisions they would make if elected. The voters can then answer the same questions and analyse which candidates share their values. Nowadays, such applications are routinely developed by all major media houses for every national election in Finland. Thus, voting advice applications produce a kind of value profile. However, these tools are not used to collect value profiles from the public for actual decision making or between elections although such information could be used in decision support. Value profiles are mydata, i.e. data of an individual where they themself can decide who is able see and use it. This requires trusted and secure information systems. <br />
<br />
''Archetype'' is an internally coherent value profile of an anonymised group of people. Coherence means that when two values are in conflict, the value profile describes which one to prefer. Archetypes are published as open data describing the number of supporters but not their identities. People may support an archetype in full or by declaring partial support to some specific values. Archetypes aim to save effort in gathering value data from the public, as when archetypes are used, not everyone needs to answer all possible questions. It also increases security since there is no need to handle individual people's potentially sensitive value profiles, when open aggregated data about archetypes suffices.<br />
<br />
Political strategy papers typically contain explicit values of that organisation, aggregated in some way from their members' individual values. The strategic values are then used in the organisation in a normative way, implying that the members should support these values in their membership roles. An archetype differs from this, because it is descriptive rather than normative and a "membership" in an archetype does not imply any rights or responsibilities. Yet, political parties could use also archetypes to describe the values of their members.<br />
<br />
The use of archetypes is based on an assumption that although their potential number is very large, most of a population's values relevant for a particular policy can be covered with a manageable amount of archetypes. As a comparison, there are usually from two to a dozen significant political parties in a democratic country rather than hundreds. There is also research on human values showing that they can be systematically evaluated using a fairly small amount (e.g., 4, 10, or 19) of different dimensions<ref>Schwartz SH, Cieciuch J, Vecchione M, Davidov E, Fischer R, Beierlein C, Ramos A, Verkasalo M, Lönnqvist J-E. Refining the theory of basic individual values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2012: 103; 663–688. doi: 10.1037/a0029393.</ref>. <br />
<br />
''Paradigms'' are collections of rules to describe inferences that participants would make from data in the system. For example, scientific paradigm has rules about criticism and a requirement that statements must be backed up by data or references. Participants are free to develop paradigms with any rules of their choosing, as long as they can be documented and operationalised within the system. For example, a paradigm may state that when in conflict, priority is given to the opinion presented by a particular authority. Hybrid paradigms are also allowed. For example, a political party may follow the scientific paradigm in most cases but when economic assessments are ambiguous, the party chooses an interpretation that emphasises the importance of an economically active state (or alternatively market approach with a passive state).<br />
<br />
''Destructive policy'' is a policy that a) is actually being implemented or planned, making it politically relevant, b) causes significant harm to most or all stakeholder groups, as measured using their own interests and objectives, and c) has a feasible, less harmful alternative. Societal benefits are likely to be greater if a destructive policy is identified and abandoned, compared with a situation where an assessment only focuses on showing that one good policy option is slightly better than another one.<br />
<br />
There are a few mechanisms that may explain why destructive policies exist. First, a powerful group can dominate the policymaking to their own benefit, causing harm to others. Second, the "prisoner's dilemma" or "tragedy of commons" makes a globally optimal solution to be unoptimal for each stakeholder group, thus draining support from it. Third, the issue is so complex that the stability of the whole system is threatened by changes<ref>Bostrom N. (2019) The Vulnerable World Hypothesis. Global Policy 10: 4: 455-476. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12718.</ref>. Advice about destructive policies may produce support for paths out of these frozen situations.<br />
<br />
An analysis of destructive policies attempts to systematically analyse policy options and identify, describe, and motivate rejection of those that appear destructive. The tentative questions for such an analysis include the following.<br />
* Are there relevant policy options or practices that are not being assessed?<br />
* Do the policy options have externalities that are not being assessed?<br />
* Are there relevant priorities among stakeholders that are not being assessed?<br />
* Is there strong opposition against some options among the experts or stakeholders? What is the reasoning for and science behind the opposition?<br />
* Is there scientific evidence that an option is unable to reach the objectives or is significantly worse than another option?<br />
<br />
The current political actions to mitigate the climate crisis are so far from the global sustainability goals that there must be some destructive policies in place. Identification of destructive policies often requires that an assessor looks out of the box and is not restricted to default research questions. In this example, such questions could be: "What is such a policy B that fulfils the objectives of the current policy A but with less climate emissions?", and "Can we reject the null hypothesis that A is better than B in the light of data and all major archetypes?" This approach has a premise that rejection is more effective than confirmation; an idea that was already presented by Karl Popper<ref name="popper1963"/>. <br />
<br />
Parts of open policy practice have been used in several assessments. In this article, we will evaluate how these methods have performed.<br />
<br />
== Methods ==<br />
<br />
The methods of open policy practice were critically evaluated. The open assessments performed (Appendix S1) were used as the material for evaluation. The properties of good policy support (Table 3) were used as evaluation criteria in a similar way as in a previous evaluation<ref name="sandstrom2014"/>. In addition, open policy practice as a whole was evaluated using the categories of interaction (Table 6) and the test of shared understanding (Table 2) as criteria<ref name="pohjola2014"/>. Key questions in the evaluations were the following. Does open policy practice have the properties of good policy support? And does it enable policy support according to the five principles of open policy practice in Table 1? For each method within open policy practice, these questions were asked: In what way could the method materialise improvements in the property considered? Are there evidence or experiences showing that improvement has actually happened in practice? Has the method shown disadvantages or side effects when implemented? <br />
<br />
== Results ==<br />
<br />
Different methods of open policy practice were evaluated for their potential or observed advantages and disadvantages according to the properties of good policy support. Major advantages are listed on Table 8. Some advantages, as well as disadvantages and problems, are discussed in more detail in the text. The text is organised along the properties of good policy support, categories of interaction, and test of shared understanding. <br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+'''Table 8. Methods evaluated based on properties of good policy support. Background colours: white: no anticipated benefit, yellow: potential benefit, green: actual benefit observed in open policy practice materials. Numbers in parentheses refer to the assessments in Appendix S1, Table S1-1. The last row contains general suggestions to improve policy support with respect to each property.<br />
|----<br />
! Method<br />
! Quality of content<br />
! Relevance<br />
! Availability<br />
! Usability<br />
! Acceptability<br />
! Efficiency<br />
|----<br />
| Co-creation<br />
| style="background: #74AF592F|Participants bring new info (2, 3, 25, 26)<br />
| style="background: #74AF592F|New questions are identified during collaborative work (6, 11)<br />
| style="background: #74AF592F|Draft results raise awareness during work (2, 8, 27)<br />
| style="background: #FBB8482F|Readers ask clarifying questions and learn and create understanding through collaboration<br />
| style="background: #74AF592F|Participants are committed to conclusions (2, 8, 27)<br />
| style="background: #FBB8482F|Collaboration integrates communication to decision makers and stakeholders (users) into the making, which saves time and effort <br />
|----<br />
| Open assessment<br />
| style="background: #74AF592F| It combines functionalities of other methods and enables peer-reviewed assessment models (4, 5, 16)<br />
| style="background: #74AF592F| End-user discussions improve assessment (16, 26, 27)<br />
| style="background: #FBB8482F| It is available as draft since the beginning <br />
| style="background: #74AF592F| Standard structure facilitates use (8-9)<br />
| style="background: #74AF592F| Openness was praised (3, 8, 9, 21)<br />
| style="background: #74AF592F| Scope can be widened incrementally (12-16)<br />
|----<br />
| Insight network<br />
| style="background: #74AF592F| It brings structure to assessment and helps causal reasoning (8, 9, 11, 16, 17)<br />
| style="background: #74AF592F| It helps and clarifies discussions between decision makers and experts (8, 9)<br />
| <br />
| style="background: #FBB8482F| Readers see what is excluded<br />
| style="background: #FBB8482F| It helps to check whether important issues are missing<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Knowledge crystal<br />
| style="background: #74AF592F| They streamline work and provide tools for quantitative assessments (e.g. 3, 23, 24)<br />
| style="background: #74AF592F| They clarify questions (1, 6)<br />
| style="background: #FBB8482F| It is mostly easy to see where information should be found<br />
| style="background: #FBB8482F| Summaries help to understand<br />
| style="background: #FBB8482F| They make the intentionality visible by describing the assessment question<br />
| style="background: #74AF592F| Answers can be reused across assessments (12–16, 23-24)<br />
|----<br />
| Web-workspace<br />
| style="background: #74AF592F|Its structure supports high-quality content production when moderated (8, 9)<br />
| style="background: #74AF592F|It combines user needs and open policy practice (8, 9)<br />
| style="background: #74AF592F|It offers an easy approach to and archive of materials (16, 21, 23, 26)<br />
| style="background: #74AF592F|The user needs guided the functions developed (8)<br />
| <br />
| style="background: #FBB8482F|It offers a place to document shared understanding and distribute information broadly.<br />
|----<br />
| Structured discussion<br />
| style="background: #74AF592F| It helps to moderate discussion and discourages low-quality contributions (2, 30)<br />
| style="background: #74AF592F| It guides focus on important topics (16, 30)<br />
| <br />
| style="background: #FBB8482F| Threads help to focus reading<br />
| style="background: #74AF592F| User feedback has been positive: it helps to focus on key issues (8, 30)<br />
| style="background: #FBB8482F| Structure discourages redundancy<br />
|----<br />
| Open policy ontology<br />
| <br />
| style="background: #74AF592F|It gives structure to insight networks and structured discussions (8, 16, 30)<br />
| <br />
| style="background: #FBB8482F|Ontology clarifies issues and relations<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| Value profile and archetype <br />
| <br />
| style="background: #74AF592F| Value profiles help to prioritise (8)<br />
| <br />
| style="background: #FBB8482F| Voting advice applications may offer an example<br />
| style="background: #FBB8482F| Stakeholders' values are better heard<br />
| style="background: #FBB8482F| Archetypes are effective summaries<br />
|----<br />
| Paradigm<br />
| style="background: #FBB8482F| It motivates clear reasoning<br />
| style="background: #FBB8482F| It systematically describes conflicting reasonings<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| style="background: #FBB8482F| Stakeholders' reasonings are better heard<br />
| style="background: #FBB8482F| It helps to analyse inferences of different groups<br />
|----<br />
| Analysis of destructive policies<br />
| <br />
| style="background: #74AF592F| It widens the scope (3, 8)<br />
| <br />
| style="background: #FBB8482F| It emphasises mistakes to be avoided<br />
| style="background: #FBB8482F| Focus is on everyone's problems<br />
| style="background: #FBB8482F| Lessons learned can be reused in other decisions<br />
|----<br />
| '''Suggestions by open policy practice<br />
| Work openly, invite criticism. Use tools and moderation to encourage high-quality contributions (Table 1.) <br />
| Acknowledge the need for and potential of co-creation, discussion, and revised scoping. Invite all to policy support work. Characterize the setting (Table 4.)<br />
| Design processes and information to be open from the beginning. Use open web-workspaces. (Table 5.)<br />
| Invite participation from the problem owner and user groups early on. Use user feedback to visualise, clarify, and target content (Table 6.)<br />
| Be open. Clarify reasoning. Acknowledge disagreements. Use the test of shared understanding (Table 2.)<br />
| Combine information production, synthesis, and use to a co-creation process to save time and resources. Use shared information objects with open license, e.g. knowledge crystals.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Quality of content ===<br />
<br />
Open policy practice aims at high-quality information for decision makers. One of the ideas is that openness and co-creation enable external experts to see and criticise the content at all times so that corrections can be made. Participation among decision makers, stakeholders, and experts outside an assessment team is typically less common than ideally and requires special effort. The participation has been remarkably higher in projects where special emphasis and effort has been put to dissemination and facilitation, such as the Climate Watch and the Transport and communications strategy (assessments 8 and 26 in Table S1-1). Resources should be allocated to facilitation already when planning a policy process to ensure useful co-creation. <br />
<br />
Participation is a challenge also in Wikipedia, where only a few percent of readers ever contribute, and the fraction of active contributors is even smaller<ref name="wikipedians">Wikipedia: Wikipedians. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedians. Accessed 1 Feb 2020</ref>. Indeed, the quality of content in Wikipedia is better in topics that are popular and have a lot of contributors.<br />
<br />
Active participation did not solve quality control on behalf of the assessors, and it had to be taken care of by usual means. In any case, open policy practice does not restrict the use of common quality control methods and therefore it has at least the same potential to produce high-quality assessments as those using the common methods. The quality of open assessments has been acceptable for publishing in peer-reviewed scientific journals. <br />
<br />
=== Relevance ===<br />
<br />
What is relevant for a decision process can be a highly disputed topic. The shared interaction implies that stakeholders can and should participate in discussions about relevance and revision of scoping when necessary. In other words, everyone is invited to policy support work. The setting of an assessment (Table 4) helps participants to see, what the assessment is about.<br />
<br />
The analysis of destructive policies can be used as a method to focus on critical aspects of an assessment and thus increase relevance. For example, Climate Watch has an impact assessment tool<ref>Climate Watch. Impact and scenario tool. https://skenaario.hnh.fi/. Website. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref> that dynamically simulates the total greenhouse gas emissions of Helsinki based on scenarios provided by the user. The tool is able to demonstrate destructive policies: for example, if the emission factor of district heating production does not significantly decrease in ten years, it will be impossible to reach the emission targets of Helsinki. Thus, there are sets of solutions that could be chosen because of their appealing details but that would not reduce the emission factor. The tool explicitly demonstrates that these solutions fail to reach the objectives. It also demonstrates that the emission factor is a critical variable that must be evaluated and managed carefully to avoid destructive outcomes.<br />
<br />
Other examples include the Helsinki energy decision assessment (assessment 3 in Table S1-1). It showed that residential wood combustion was a devastating way to heat houses in urban areas and health risks were much larger than with any other heating method. Yet, this is a popular practice in Finland, and there is clearly a need for dissemination about this destructive practice. Also, a health benefit–risk assessment showed that whatever policy is chosen with dioxins and young women, it should not reduce Baltic fish consumption in other population subgroups (assessment 16 in Table S1-1). This is because the dioxin health risk, while small, is concentrated in the population subgroup of young women, while all other subgroups would clearly benefit from increased fish intake.<br />
<br />
=== Availability ===<br />
<br />
The tools and web-workspaces presented in this article facilitated availability of information. In addition, many policy processes were designed in such a way that information was open from the beginning. Increased openness in the society has increased demands to make information available in situations where experts used to keep details to themselves. For example, source codes of assessment models have increasingly been made openly available, and Opasnet made that possible for these assessments.<br />
<br />
Timing of availability is critical in a policy process, and assessment results are preferably available early on. This is a major challenge, because political processes may proceed rapidly and change focus, and quantitative assessments take time. A positive example of agility was a dioxin assessment model that had been developed in several projects during a few years (assessment 16 in Table S1-1)<ref name="goherr2020"/>. When European Food Safety Authority released their new estimates about dioxin impacts on sperm concentration<ref>EFSA. Risk for animal and human health related to the presence of dioxins and dioxin‐like PCBs in feed and food. EFSA Journal 2018;16:5333. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5333</ref>, the assessment model was updated and new sperm concentration results were produced within days. This was possible because the existing dioxin model was modular and using knowledge crystals, so it was rerun after updates in just one part about sperm effects.<br />
<br />
Availability of previous versions may be critical. Many experts were reluctant to make their texts available in draft assessments if other people were able edit them, but this fear was often alleviated by the fact that previous versions were always available if needed in Opasnet version control. Availability was also improved as information was produced in a proper format for archiving, backups were produced automatically, and it was easy to produce a snapshot of a final assessment. It was not necessary to copy information from one repository to another, but in a few cases, the final assessments were stored in external open data repositories.<br />
<br />
In structured discussion, hierarchical threads increased availability, because a reader did not need to read further if they agreed with the topmost arguments (assessment 30 in Table S1-1). On the other hand, any thread could be individually scrutinised to the last detail if needed.<br />
<br />
=== Usability ===<br />
<br />
Co-creation activities demonstrated the utility of participation and feedback (assessments 6, 8, Table S1-1). Even with good substance knowledge, an assessor cannot know the aspects and concerns a decision maker may have. Usability of information was clearly improved when problem owners and user groups were invited to participate early on. User feedback proved to be very useful to visualise, clarify, and target content.<br />
<br />
The climate strategy of Helsinki (assessment 8, Table S1-1) took the usability challenge seriously and developed Climate Watch website from scratch based on open source code modules and intensive user testing and service design. Insight networks and knowledge crystals were basic building blocks of the system architecture. It received almost exclusively positive feedback from both users and experts. Also, a lot of emphasis was put on building a user community, and city authorities, other municipalities, and research institutes have shown interest in collaboration. In contrast, Opasnet was designed as generic tool for all kinds of assessments but without an existing end-user demand. As a result, the penetration of Climate Watch has been much quicker.<br />
<br />
Insight network provides a method to illustrate and analyse a complex decision situation, while knowledge crystals offer help in describing quantitative nuances within the nodes or arrows, such as functional or probabilistic relations or estimates. There are tools with both graphical and modelling functionalities, e.g. Hugin (Hugin Expert A/S, Aalborg, Denmark) for Bayesian belief networks and Analytica® (Lumina Decision Systems Inc, Los Gatos, CA, USA) for Monte Carlo simulation. However, these tools are designed for a single desktop user rather than for open co-creation. In addition, they have limited possibilities for adding non-causal nodes and links or free-format discussions about the topics.<br />
<br />
Insight networks were often complex and therefore better suited for detailed expert or policy work rather than for general dissemination. Other dissemination methods were needed as well. This was true also for knowledge crystals, although page summaries helped dissemination.<br />
<br />
A knowledge crystal is typically structured so that it starts with a summary, then describes a research question and gives a more detailed answer, and finally provides a user with relevant and increasingly detailed information in a rationale. This increased the usability of a page among different user groups. On the other hand, some people found this structure confusing as they did not expect to see all the details of an assessment. Users were unsure about the status of a knowledge crystal page and whether some information was up to date or still missing. This was because many pages were work in progress rather than finalised products. This was clarified by adding status declarations on the tops of pages. Declaring drafts as drafts helped also experts who were uncomfortable in showing their own work before it was fully complete.<br />
<br />
Voting advice applications share properties with value profiles and archetypes, and offer material for concept development. The popularity of these applications implies that there is a societal need for value analysis and aggregation. The data has been used to understand differences between individuals and political groups in Finland. With more nuanced data, a set of archetypes can probably be developed to describe common and important values in the population. Some of them may have potential to increase in popularity and form kind of virtual parties that represent population's key values.<br />
<br />
Value profiles and paradigms were tested on structured discussions and shared understanding descriptions (assessment 30, Table S1-1). Also Helsinki tested value profiles in prioritising the development of Climate Watch. They were found to be promising and conceptually sound ideas in this context. Data that resembles value profiles are being collected by social media companies, but the data are used to inform marketing actions, often without the individual's awareness, so they are not mydata. In contrast, the purpose of value profile data is to inform societal decisions with consent from its owner rather than nudge the voter to act according to a social media company's wishes. The recent microtargeting activities by Cambridge Analytica and AggregateIQ to use value-profile-like data proved to be very effective in influencing voting decisions<ref name="ukparliament2019">UK Parliament. (2019) Disinformation and 'fake news': Final report. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmcumeds/1791/179102.htm. Accessed 1 Feb 2020</ref>. Value profiles are clearly severely underutilised as a tool to inform decisions. We are not aware of systems that would collect value profile data for actual democratic policy support between elections.<br />
<br />
=== Acceptability ===<br />
<br />
A major factor increasing acceptability was whether the stakeholders thought that they had been given all relevant information and whether their concerns had been heard. This emphasised the need to be open and clarify reasonings of different stakeholders. It was also found important to acknowledge disagreements. The test of shared understanding (Table 2.) appeared to be a useful tool in documenting these aspects.<br />
<br />
Experts were often reluctant to participate in open assessments because they had concerns about the acceptability of the process. They thought that expertise is not given proper weight, if open participation is allowed. They feared that strong lobbying groups hijack the process. They feared that self-organised groups produce low-quality information or even malevolent dis-information. They often demanded the final say as the ultimate quality criteria, rather than trusted that data, reasoning, and critical discussion would do a better job. In brief, experts commonly thought that it is simply easier and more efficient to produce high-quality information in closed expert groups.<br />
<br />
In a vaccine-related assessment (2, Table S1-1), comments and critique were received from both drug industry and vaccine citizen organisations by using active facilitation, and they were all very matter-of-fact. This was interesting, as the same topics caused outrage in social media, but this was not seen on structured assessments. This was possibly because the questions asked were specific and typically required some background knowledge of the topic. Interestingly, one of the most common objections and fears against open assessment was that citizen contributions are ill-informed and malevolent. The experience with open assessments showed that they were not.<br />
<br />
=== Efficiency ===<br />
<br />
Open policy practice combines information production, synthesis, and use to a single co-creation endeavour covering a whole policy process. When successful, this approach saved time and resources because of parallel work and rapid feedback and guidance. However, not all open assessments were optimally designed to maximise co-creation between decision makers and experts. Rather, efficiency was typically achieved when knowledge crystals improved structure and reuse and thus saved resources in assessment modelling.<br />
<br />
A common solution to co-operation needs seemed to be a strict division of tasks. Detailed understanding of and contributions to other groups' work and models remained low or non-existent. This was typical in large assessment projects (assessments 4, 5, 7, Table S1-1). On the other hand, most researchers were happy in their own niche and did not expect that other experts could or should learn the details of their work. Consequently, the perceived need for shared tools or open data was often low, which hindered mutual sharing, learning, and reuse.<br />
<br />
The implementation phase of Climate Watch, which started in December 2018, involved also citizens, decision-makers, and other municipalities. It was the largest case study so far using open policy practice. It combined existing and produced new climate emission models for municipalities. A long-term objective was to collect detailed input data ideally about the whole country and offer all models to all municipalities, thus maximising reuse.<br />
<br />
An important skill in open policy practice was to learn to identify important pieces of relevant information (such as scientific facts, publications, discussions etc.) and to add that information into a proper place in an insight network by using open policy ontology and a reasonable amount of work. The more there was user need for a piece of information, the more time was worth producing it. An ontology helped to do this in practice so that the output was understandable for both humans and computers.<br />
<br />
Accumulation of scientific merit was a key motivator for researchers. Policy support work typically did not result in scientific articles. When researchers evaluated the efficiency of their own work, they preferred tasks that produced articles in addition to societal benefit. The same reasoning was seen with open assessments and knowledge crystals, resulting in reluctance to participate. Win-win situations could be found, if policy processes were actively developed into containing research aspects, so that new information would be produced for decision makers but also for scientific audiences.<br />
<br />
=== Categories of interaction ===<br />
<br />
Assessment methods have changed remarkably in forty years. During the last decades, the trend has been from isolated to more open approaches, but all categories of interaction (Table 6) are still in use<ref name="pohjola2012"/>. The trend among the open assessments (Appendix S1) seemed also to go for more participatory processes. Enabling participation was not enough, as interaction required facilitation and active invitation of decision-makers, experts, and stakeholders. Although openness and participation were available in all the open assessments in theory, only a minority of them actually had enough resources for facilitation to realise good co-creation in practice. In the first open assessments in the early 2000's, people were not familiar even with the concepts of co-creation. In recent examples, especially in the Helsinki climate strategy (assessment 8, Table S1-1), co-creation and openness were insisted by decision-makers, civil servants, and experts alike. There was also political will to give resources for co-creation and facilitation. This resulted in actual shared interaction between all groups.<br />
<br />
The example in Helsinki produced interest and enthusiasm in both climate activists and other municipalities. The activists started to self-organise evaluation and monitoring using Climate Watch and ask explanations from civil servants whose actions were delayed. Several municipalities expressed their interest to start using Climate Watch in their own climate work, thus indicating that they had adopted the principles of openness and collaboration. This implies that although the popularity of co-creation increased slowly during previous years, good experiences and awareness increase the rate of change, thus resulting in supra-linear progress in interaction.<br />
<br />
=== Test of shared understanding ===<br />
<br />
Shared understanding clarified complex issues and elicited implicit valuations and reasonings in the open assessments. It facilitated rational discussion about a decision and explicated values of stakeholders e.g. about vaccines (assessments 1, 2 in Table S1-1). It also created political pressure against options that were not well substantiated, e.g. about health effects of food (assessment 31, Table S1-1). Shared understanding was approached even when a stakeholder was ignorant of or even hostile to new insights, or not interested in participating, such as in trip aggregation assessment or health benefit-risk assessment of Baltic fish (assessments 11 and 16, Table S1-1). Then, there was an attempt to describe stakeholders' views based on what other people know about their values. Everyone's views are seen as important policy-relevant information that may inform decision making.<br />
<br />
Shared understanding was a well accepted idea among many decision makers in Finland. This was observed in collaboration with Prime Minister's Office of Finland (assessment 27, Table S1-1). Many civil servants in ministries liked the idea that sometimes it is better to aim to understanding rather than consensus. They soon adopted the easy version of the term and started to use it in their own discussions and publications<ref>Dufva M, Halonen M, Kari M, Koivisto T, Koivisto R, Myllyoja J. Kohti jaettua ymmärrystä työn tulevaisuudesta [Toward a shared understanding of the future of work]. Helsinki: Prime Minister's Office: Publications of the Govenrment's analysis, assessment and research activities 33; 2017. (in Finnish) http://tietokayttoon.fi/julkaisu?pubid=18301. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref><ref>Oksanen K. Valtioneuvoston tulevaisuusselonteon 1. osa. Jaettu ymmärrys työn murroksesta [Government Report on the Future Part 1. A shared understanding of the transformation of work] Prime Minister’s Office Publications 13a; 2017. (in Finnish) http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-287-432-0. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref>.<br />
<br />
However, shared understanding was not unanimously accepted. Experts were often reluctant to start scientific discussions with citizens, especially if there were common or strong false beliefs about the topic among the public. In such cases, a typical argument was that the role of an expert is to inform and, if possible, suppress false beliefs rather than engage in producing common descriptions about differing views. The target seemed to be to convince the opponent rather than increase understanding among the audience.<br />
<br />
The test of shared understanding was a useful tool to recognise when not all values, causal chains or decision makers' rationale were known and documented. Yet, lack of time or resources often prevented further facilitation, information collection, or expansion of the scope of an assessment.<br />
<br />
== Discussion ==<br />
<br />
This article presents methods and tools designed for decision support. Many of them have already been successfully used, while others have been identified as important parts of open policy practice but have not been extensively tested.<br />
<br />
The discussion is organised around the five principles of open policy practice: collaboration, openness, causality, criticism, and intentionality. The principles are looked at in the light of popularity, acceptance, and lessons learned from practical experience.<br />
<br />
The five principles are not unique for open policy practice; on the contrary, they have been borrowed from various disciplines (for reviews, see <ref name="pohjola2012"/><ref name="pohjola2013"/>). The aim was to use solid principles to build a coherent set of methods that gives practical guidance to decision support. It is reassuring that many principles from the original collection<ref name="ora2007"/> have increased in popularity in the society. There are also studies comparing parts of open policy practice to other existing methods<ref>Pohjola MV, Pohjola P, Paavola S, Bauters M, Tuomisto JT. (2011) Pragmatic knowledge services. Journal of Universal Computer Science 17, 472-497. https://doi.org/10.3217/jucs-017-03-0472.</ref><br />
<br />
The results showed that the methods connected the five principles quite well to the properties of good policy support (Table 8). Open collaboration indeed resulted in high-quality content when knowledge crystals, web-workspaces and co-creation were utilised. End-user interaction and structured discussions helped to revise scoping and content, thus improving relevance and usability. Acknowledging disagreements and producing shared understanding created acceptability. And openly shared information objects such as data and models improved availability and efficiency. <br />
<br />
The experiences about open policy practice demonstrate that it works as expected when the participants are committed to '''collaborate''' using the methods, practices, and tools. However, there have been less participants in most open assessments than what had been hoped for. This can partly be affected by own actions, as reader and contributor numbers clearly went up with active facilitation or marketing with large media coverage and public interest. Some other reasons cannot be easily affected directly, such as inertia to change established practices or lack of scientific merit. Thus, a major long-term challenge is to build an attractive assessor community, culture, and incentives for decision support.<br />
<br />
The GovLab in New York is an example of such activity (www.thegovlab.org). They have expert networks, training, projects, and data sources available to improve policy support. There is a need for similar tools and training designed to facilitate a change elsewhere. New practices could also be promoted by developing ways to give scientific — or political — merit and recognition more directly based on online co-creation contributions. The current publication counts and impact factors — or public votes — are very indirect measures of scientific or societal importance of the information or policies produced.<br />
<br />
Knowledge crystals offer a collaboration forum for updating scientific understanding about a topic in a quicker and easier way than publishing scientific articles. Knowledge crystals are designed to be updated based on continuous discussion about the scientific issues (or valuations, depending on the topic) aiming to back up conclusions. In contrast, scientific articles are expected to stay permanently unchanged after publication. Articles offer little room for deliberation about the interpretation or meaning of the results after a manuscript is submitted: reviewer comments are often not published, and further discussion about an article is rare and mainly occurs only if serious problems are found. Indeed, the current scientific publishing system is poor in correcting errors via deliberation<ref>Allison DB, Brown AW, George BJ, Kaiser KA. Reproducibility: A tragedy of errors. Nature 2016;530:27–29. doi:10.1038/530027a</ref>. <br />
<br />
Shared understanding is difficult to achieve if the decision maker, media environment, or some political groups are indifferent about or even hostile against scientific knowledge or public values. For many interest groups, non-public lobbying, demonstrations and even spreading faulty information are attractive ways of influencing the outcome of a decision. These are problematic methods from the perspective of open policy practice, because they reduce the availability of important information in decision processes. <br />
<br />
Further studies are needed on how open, information-based processes could be developed to be more tempting to groups that previously have preferred other methods. A key question is whether shared understanding is able to offer acceptable solutions to disagreeing parties and alleviate political conflict. Another question is whether currently under-represented groups have better visibility in such open processes. Also, more information is needed about how hostile contributions get handled, when they occur; fortunately, they were very rare in the open assessments.<br />
<br />
There is no data about open policy practice usage in a hostile environment. Yet, open policy practice can be collaboratively used even without support from a decision maker or an important stakeholder. Although their objectives values are important for an assessment, these may be either deduced indirectly from their actions, or even directly replaced by the objectives of the society at large. Thus, open policy practice is arguably a robust set of methods that can be used to bypass non-democratic power structures and focus on the needs of the public even in a non-optimal collaboration environment.<br />
<br />
There is still a lot to learn about using co-created information in decision making. Experiences so far have demonstrated that decision making can be more evidence-informed than what it typically is, and several tools promoting this change are available.<br />
<br />
'''Openness''' in science is a guiding principle and current megatrend, and its importance has been accepted much more widely during recent years. Yet, the practices in research are changing slowly, and many current practices are actually in conflict with openness. For example, it is common to hide expert work until it has been finalised and published, to publish in journals where content is not freely available, and to not open the data used. <br />
<br />
A demand to produce assessments openly and describe all reasoning and data already from the beginning was often seen as an unreasonable requirement and made experts reluctant to participate. This observation raised two opposite conclusions: either that openness should be incentivised and promoted actively in all research and expert work<ref name="tsv2020">Federation of Finnish Learned Societies. (2020) Declaration for Open Science and Research (Finland) 2020-2025. https://avointiede.fi/fi/julistus. Accessed 1 Feb 2020</ref>, including decision support; or that openness as an objective hinders expert work and should be rejected. The latter conclusion was strong among experts in the early open assessments, but the former one has gained popularity.<br />
<br />
There are several initiatives to open scientific processes, such as Open Science Foundation (www.osf.io). These are likely to promote change in science at large and indirectly also in scientific support of decision making.<br />
<br />
Among experts, '''causality''' was seen as a backbone of impact modelling. In political arenas, causal discourse was not as prominent, as it was often noticed that there was actually little solid information about the most policy-relevant causal chains, and therefore values dominated policy discussions. Climate Watch was the most ambitious endeavour in the study material to quantify all major causal connections of a climate action plan. The approach was supported by the city administration and stakeholders alike. Causal quantification created an additional resource need that was not originally budgeted. It is not yet known, how Helsinki, other cities, and research institutes will distribute the resources and tasks of causal modelling and information produced. Yet, actions in the national energy and climate plans total 260 billion euro per year in EU<ref>European Commission. (2019) Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions united in delivering the energy union and climate action - setting the foundations for a successful clean energy transition. COM/2019/285 final https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52019DC0285. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref>. So, even minor improvements in the efficiency or effectiveness of climate actions would make causal assessments worthwhile.<br />
<br />
'''Criticism''' has a central role in the scientific method. It is applied in practical situations, because rejecting poor statements is easier and more efficient than trying to prove statements true<ref name="popper1963"/>. Most critique in open assessments was verbal or written discussion between participants, focussing on particular, often detailed topics. Useful information structures have been found for criticism, notably structured discussions that can target any part of an assessment (scope, data, premises, analyses, structure, results etc).<br />
<br />
The current practices of open criticism in research are far from optimal, as criticism rarely happens. Pre-publishing peer review is almost the only time when scientific work is criticised by people outside the research group, and those are typically not open. A minute fraction of published works are criticised openly in journals; a poor work is simply not cited and subsequently forgotten. Interestingly, some administrative processes follow scientific principles better than many research processes do: for example, environmental impact assessment has a compulsory process for open criticism at both design and result phases<ref name="yva">European Parliament. Directive 2014/52/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 amending Directive 2011/92/EU on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment Text with EEA relevance. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2014/52/oj Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref>.<br />
<br />
'''Intentionality''' requires that the objectives and values of stakeholders in general and decision makers in particular are understood. In the studied assessments, some values were always identified and documented. But it was not common to systematically describe all relevant values, or even ensure that the assessed objectives were actually the most important ones for the decision maker. There is clearly a need prioritise facilitation and interaction about values.<br />
<br />
In shared understanding, some claims were found unsubstantiated or clearly false. On the societal level, open policy practice aimed to increase political pressure against decisions based on poor ideas by explicating the problems and informing the public about them. The purpose was not to pressure individuals to reject their unsubstantiated thoughts. Personal beliefs were understood rather than threatened, because the aim was to build acceptance and facilitated contributions. However, it is not known what happens with very sensitive personal topics, because there were no such issues in the studied assessments.<br />
<br />
Politics in western democracies is typically based on a premise that ultimately the citizens decide about things by voting. Therefore, in a sense, people can not vote "wrong". In contrast, open policy practice is based on a premise that the objectives of the citizens are the ultimate guiding principle, and it is a matter of discussion, assessment, and other information work to suggest which paths should or should not be taken to reach these objectives. This thinking is close to James Madison's ideas about democracy in Federalist 63 from 1788.<ref>James Fishkin. (2011) When the people speak. Democratic deliberation and public consultancy. Publisher: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199604432</ref>. In this context, people vote wrong if they vote for an option that is incapable of delivering the outcomes that they want. <br />
<br />
If people are well-informed and have time and capability of considering different alternatives, the two premises lead to similar outcomes. However, recent policy research has shown that this prerequisite is often not met, and people can be and increasingly are being mislead, especially with modern microtargeting tools<ref name="ukparliament2019"/>. The need for protecting people and decision making from misleading information has been recognised.<br />
<br />
Public institutions such as independent justice system, free press, and honest civil servants provide protection against misleading activities and disruptive policies. These democratic institutions have deteriorated globally and in some countries particularly, even in places with good track record<ref>Freedom House. (2019) Freedom in the World 2019 https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2019. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref>.<br />
<br />
Destructive policies may be an effective way to inform stakeholders in a grim societal environment. Open policy practice may not be very effective in choosing the best alternative among good ones, but it is probably more effective in identifying and rejecting poor alternatives, i.e. destructive policies, which is often more important. This is expected to result in more stable and predictable policies. It is possible to focus on disseminating information about what actions especially should not be taken, why, and how it is known. In such discourse, the message can be practical, short, clear, and rationale is available for anyone interested. Practical experiments are needed to tell, whether this could reduce the support of destructive policies among the public. <br />
<br />
Further research is also needed to study other aspects of destructive policies: Can such policies be unambiguously recognised? Is shared understanding about them convincing enough among decision makers to change policies? Does it cause objections about science being biased and partisan? Does open policy practice prevent destructive policies from gaining political support?<br />
<br />
== Conclusions ==<br />
<br />
In conclusion, open policy practice works technically as expected. Open assessments can be performed openly online. They do not fail due to reasons many people think they will, namely low quality contributions, malevolent attacks or chaos caused by too many uninformed participants; these phenomena are very rare. Shared understanding has proved to be a useful concept that guides policy processes toward more collaborative approach, whose purpose is wider understanding rather than winning.<br />
<br />
However, open policy practice has not been adopted in expert work or decision support as expected. A key hindrance has been that <br />
the initial cost of learning and adopting new tools and practices has been higher than what an expert is willing to pay for participation in a single assessment, even if its impacts on the overall process are positive. The increased availability, acceptability, and inter-assessment efficiency have not yet been fully recognised by the scientific or policy community.<br />
<br />
Active facilitation, community building and improving the user-friendliness of the tools were identified as key solutions in improving usability of the method in the future.<br />
<br />
== List of abbreviations ==<br />
<br />
* THL: Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (government research institute in Finland)<br />
* IEHIAS: Integrated Environmental Health Impact Assessment System (a website)<br />
* RDF: resource description framework<br />
<br />
== Declarations ==<br />
<br />
* Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable<br />
* Consent for publication: Not applicable<br />
* Availability of data and materials: The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available at the Opasnet repository, http://en.opasnet.org/w/Open_policy_practice<br />
* Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.<br />
* Funding: This work resulted from the BONUS GOHERR project (Integrated governance of Baltic herring and salmon stocks involving stakeholders, 2015-2018) that was supported by BONUS (Art 185), funded jointly by the EU, the Academy of Finland and and the Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning. Previous funders of the work: Centre of Excellence for Environmental Health Risk Analysis 2002-2007 (Academy of Finland), Beneris 2006-2009 (EU FP6 Food-CT-2006-022936), Intarese 2005-2011 (EU FP6 Integrated project in Global Change and Ecosystems, project number 018385), Heimtsa 2007-2011 EU FP6 (Global Change and Ecosystems project number GOCE-CT-2006-036913-2), Plantlibra 2010-2014 (EU FP7-KBBE-2009-3 project 245199), Urgenche 2011-2014 (EU FP7 Call FP7-ENV-2010 Project ID 265114), Finmerac 2006-2008 (Finnish Funding Agency for Innovation TEKES), Minera 2010-2013 (European Regional Development Fund), Scud 2005-2010 (Academy of Finland, grant 108571), Bioher 2008-2011 (Academy of Finland, grant 124306), Claih 2009-2012 (Academy of Finland, grant 129341), Yhtäköyttä 2015-2016 (Prime Minister's Office, Finland), Ympäristöterveysindikaattori 2018 (Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, Finland). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.<br />
* Authors' contributions: JT and MP jointly developed the open assessment method and open policy practice. JT launched Opasnet web-workspace and supervised its development. TR developed OpasnetUtils software package from an original idea by JT and implemented several assessment models. All authors participated in several assessments and discussions about methods. JT wrote the first manuscript draft based on materials from MP and TR. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.<br />
* Acknowledgements: We thank Einari Happonen and Juha Villman for their work on developing Opasnet, and Juha Yrjölä and Tero Tikkanen for developing Climate Watch; and Arja Asikainen, John S. Evans, Alexanda Gens, Patrycja Gradowska, Päivi Haapasaari, Sonja-Maria Ignatius, Suvi Ignatius, Matti Jantunen, Anne Knol, Sami Majaniemi, Päivi Meriläinen, Kaisa Mäkelä, Raimo Muurinen, Jussi Nissilä, Juha Pekkanen, Mia Pihlajamäki, Teemu Ropponen, Kalle Ruokolainen, Simo Sarkki, Marko Tainio, Peter Tattersall, Hanna Tuomisto, Jouko Tuomisto, Matleena Tuomisto, and Pieta Tuomisto for crucial and inspiring discussions about methods and their implementation, and promoting these ideas on several forums.<br />
<br />
== Endnotes ==<br />
<br />
'''<sup>a</sup>''' This paper has its foundations on environmental health, but the idea of decision support necessarily looks at aspects seen relevant from the point of view of the decision maker, not from that of an expert in a particular field. Therefore, this article and also the method described are deliberately taking a wide view and covering all areas of expertise. However, all practical case studies have their main expertise needs in public health, and often specifically in environmental health. '''<sup>b</sup>''' Whenever this article presents a term in italic (e.g. ''open assessment''), it indicates that there is a page at the Opasnet web-workspace describing that term and that it can be accessed using a respective link (e.g. http://en.opasnet.org/w/Open_assessment). '''<sup>c</sup>''' Insight network was originally called ''pyrkilo'' (and at some point also ''extended causal diagram''). The word and concept pyrkilo was coined in 1997. In Finnish, pyrkilö means "an object or process that tends to produce or aims at producing certain kinds of products." The reasoning for using the word was that pyrkilo diagrams and related structured information such as models tend to improve understanding and thus decisions. The first wiki website was also called Pyrkilo, but the name was soon changed to Opasnet.<br />
<br />
== References and notes ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Figures and tables ==<br />
<br />
Move them here for submission.<br />
<br />
== Appendix S1: Open assessments performed ==<br />
<br />
A number of open assessments have been performed in several research projects (see the funding declaration) and health assessments since 2004. Some assessments have also been done on international ''Kuopio Risk Assessment Workshops'' for doctoral students in 2007, 2008, and 2009 and on a Master's course ''Decision Analysis and Risk Management'' (6 credit points), organised by the University of Eastern Finland (previously University of Kuopio) in 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017. <br />
<br />
More assessments can be found at Opasnet page ''Category:Assessments''. <br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+'''Table S1-1. Some environmental health assessments performed using open assessment. References give links to both an assessment page and a scientific publication as applicable.<br />
|----<br />
! Topic<br />
! #<br />
! Assessment<br />
! Year<br />
! Project<br />
|----<br />
| rowspan="2"|Vaccine effectiveness and safety<br />
| 1<br />
| Assessment of the health impacts of H1N1 vaccination<ref>Assessment: http://en.opasnet.org/w/Assessment_of_the_health_impacts_of_H1N1_vaccination. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref> <br />
| 2011<br />
| In-house, collaboration with Decision Analysis and Risk Management course<br />
|----<br />
| 2<br />
| Tendering process for pneumococcal conjugate vaccine<ref>Assessment: http://en.opasnet.org/w/Tendering_process_for_pneumococcal_conjugate_vaccine. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref> <br />
| 2014<br />
| In-house, collaboration with the National Vaccination Expert Group<br />
|----<br />
| rowspan="7"|Energy production, air pollution and climate change<br />
| 3<br />
| Helsinki energy decision<ref>Tuomisto JT, Rintala J, Ordén P, Tuomisto HM, Rintala T. Helsingin energiapäätös 2015. Avoin arviointi terveys-, ilmasto- ja muista vaikutuksista. [Helsinki energy decision 2015. An open assessment on health, climate, and other impacts]. Helsinki: National Institute for Health and Welfare. Discussionpaper 24; 2015. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-302-544-8 Assessment: http://en.opasnet.org/w/Helsinki_energy_decision_2015. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref><br />
| 2015<br />
| In-house, collaboration with city of Helsinki<br />
|----<br />
| 4<br />
| Climate change policies and health in Kuopio<ref>Asikainen A, Pärjälä E, Jantunen M, Tuomisto JT, Sabel CE. Effects of Local Greenhouse Gas Abatement Strategies on Air Pollutant Emissions and on Health in Kuopio, Finland. Climate 2017;5(2):43; doi:10.3390/cli5020043 Assessment: http://en.opasnet.org/w/Climate_change_policies_and_health_in_Kuopio. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref> <br />
| 2014<br />
| Urgenche, collaboration with city of Kuopio<br />
|----<br />
| 5<br />
| Climate change policies in Basel<ref>Tuomisto JT, Niittynen M, Pärjälä E, Asikainen A, Perez L, Trüeb S, Jantunen M, Künzli N, Sabel CE. Building-related health impacts in European and Chinese cities: a scalable assessment method. Environmental Health 2015;14:93. doi:10.1186/s12940-015-0082-z Assessment: http://en.opasnet.org/w/Climate_change_policies_in_Basel. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref> <br />
| 2015<br />
| Urgenche, collaboration with city of Basel<br />
|----<br />
| 6<br />
| Availability of raw material for biodiesel production<ref name="sandstrom2014">Sandström V, Tuomisto JT, Majaniemi S, Rintala T, Pohjola MV. Evaluating effectiveness of open assessments on alternative biofuel sources. Sustainability: Science, Practice & Policy 2014;10;1. doi:10.1080/15487733.2014.11908132 Assessment: http://en.opasnet.org/w/Biofuel_assessments. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref><br />
| 2012<br />
| Jatropha, collaboration with Neste Oil<br />
|---<br />
| 7<br />
| Health impacts of small scale wood burning<ref>Taimisto P, Tainio M, Karvosenoja N, Kupiainen K, Porvari P, Karppinen A, Kangas L, Kukkonen J, Tuomisto JT. Evaluation of intake fractions for different subpopulations due to primary fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emitted from domestic wood combustion and traffic in Finland. Air Quality Atmosphere and Health 2011;4:3-4:199-209. doi:10.1007/s11869-011-0138-3 Assessment: http://en.opasnet.org/w/BIOHER_assessment. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref> <br />
| 2011<br />
| Bioher, Claih<br />
|----<br />
| 8<br />
| Climate strategy of Helsinki: Carbon neutral Helsinki 2035 action plan<ref name="hnh2035">City of Helsinki. The Carbon-neutral Helsinki 2035 Action Plan. Publications of the Central Administration of the City of Helsinki 2018:4. http://carbonneutralcities.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Carbon_neutral_Helsinki_Action_Plan_1503019_EN.pdf Assessment: https://ilmastovahti.hel.fi. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref><br />
| 2018<br />
| In-house, collaboration with city of Helsinki<br />
|----<br />
| 9<br />
| Climate mitigation of the social affairs and health sector in Finland<ref>Tuomisto JT. (2020) Climate emissions of the social affairs and health sector in Finland and potential mitigation actions. Assessment: https://hnpolut.dokku.teamy.fi. Accessed 1 Feb 2020</ref><br />
| 2020<br />
| In-house, commissioned by the Prime Minister<br />
|----<br />
| rowspan="2"|Health, climate, and economic effects of traffic <br />
| 10<br />
| Gasbus - health impacts of Helsinki bus traffic<ref>Tainio M, Tuomisto JT, Hanninen O, Aarnio P, Koistinen, KJ, Jantunen MJ, Pekkanen J. Health effects caused by primary fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emitted from buses in the Helsinki metropolitan area, Finland. RISK ANALYSIS 2005;25:1:151-160. Assessment: http://en.opasnet.org/w/Gasbus_-_health_impacts_of_Helsinki_bus_traffic. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref><br />
| 2004<br />
| Collaboration with Helsinki Metropolitan Area<br />
|----<br />
| 11<br />
| Cost-benefit assessment on composite traffic in Helsinki<ref name="tuomisto2005">Tuomisto JT; Tainio M. An economic way of reducing health, environmental, and other pressures of urban traffic: a decision analysis on trip aggregation. BMC PUBLIC HEALTH 2005;5:123. http://biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/5/123/abstract Assessment: http://en.opasnet.org/w/Cost-benefit_assessment_on_composite_traffic_in_Helsinki. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref> <br />
| 2005<br />
| In-house<br />
|----<br />
| rowspan="5"|Risks and benefits of fish consumption<br />
| 12<br />
| Benefit-risk assessment of Baltic herring in Finland<ref>Tuomisto JT, Niittynen M, Turunen A, Ung-Lanki S, Kiviranta H, Harjunpää H, Vuorinen PJ, Rokka M, Ritvanen T, Hallikainen A. Itämeren silakka ravintona – Hyöty-haitta-analyysi. [Baltic herring as food - a benefit-risk analysis] ISBN 978-952-225-141-1. Helsinki: Eviran tutkimuksia 1; 2015 (in Finnish). Assessment: http://fi.opasnet.org/fi/Silakan_hy%C3%B6ty-riskiarvio. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref> <br />
| 2015<br />
| Collaboration with Finnish Food Safety Authority<br />
|----<br />
| 13<br />
| Benefit-risk assessment of methyl mercury and omega-3 fatty acids in fish<ref>Leino O, Karjalainen AK, Tuomisto JT. Effects of docosahexaenoic acid and methylmercury on child's brain development due to consumption of fish by Finnish mother during pregnancy: A probabilistic modeling approach. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013;54:50-8. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.052. Assessment: http://en.opasnet.org/w/Benefit-risk_assessment_of_methyl_mercury_and_omega-3_fatty_acids_in_fish. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref> <br />
| 2009<br />
| Beneris<br />
|----<br />
| 14<br />
| Benefit-risk assessment of fish consumption for Beneris<ref>Gradowska PL. Food Benefit-Risk Assessment with Bayesian Belief Networks and Multivariable Exposure-Response. Delft: Delft University of Technology (doctoral dissertation); 2013. https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid:9ced4cb2-9809-4b58-af25-34e458e8ea23/datastream/OBJ Assessment: http://en.opasnet.org/w/Benefit-risk_assessment_of_fish_consumption_for_Beneris. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref> <br />
| 2008<br />
| Beneris<br />
|----<br />
| 15<br />
| Benefit-risk assessment on farmed salmon<ref>Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Tainio M, Niittynen M, Verkasalo P, Vartiainen T et al. Risk-benefit analysis of eating farmed salmon. Science 2004;305(5683):476. Assessment: http://en.opasnet.org/w/Benefit-risk_assessment_on_farmed_salmon. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref> <br />
| 2004<br />
| In-house<br />
|----<br />
| 16<br />
| Benefit-risk assessment of Baltic herring and salmon intake<ref name="goherr2020">Tuomisto JT, Asikainen A, Meriläinen P et Haapasaari P. Health effects of nutrients and environmental pollutants in Baltic herring and salmon: a quantitative benefit-risk assessment. BMC Public Health 20, 64 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-8094-1 Assessment: http://en.opasnet.org/w/Goherr_assessment, data archive: https://osf.io/brxpt/. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref> <br />
| 2018<br />
| BONUS GOHERR<br />
|----<br />
| rowspan="2"| Dioxins, fine particles <br />
| 17<br />
| TCDD: A challenge to mechanistic toxicology<ref name="tuomisto1999">Tuomisto JT. TCDD: a challenge to mechanistic toxicology [Dissertation]. Kuopio: National Public Health Institute A7; 1999.</ref><br />
| 1999<br />
| EC ENV4-CT96-0336<br />
|----<br />
| 18<br />
| Comparative risk assessment of dioxin and fine particles<ref>Leino O, Tainio M, Tuomisto JT. Comparative risk analysis of dioxins in fish and fine particles from heavy-duty vehicles. Risk Anal. 2008;28(1):127-40. Assessment: http://en.opasnet.org/w/Comparative_risk_assessment_of_dioxin_and_fine_particles. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref><br />
| 2007<br />
| Beneris<br />
|----<br />
| Plant-based food supplements<br />
| 19<br />
| Compound intake estimator<ref>Assessment: http://en.opasnet.org/w/Compound_intake_estimator. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref> <br />
| 2014<br />
| Plantlibra<br />
|----<br />
| rowspan="3"| Health and ecological risks of mining<br />
| 20<br />
| Paakkila asbestos mine<ref name="paakkila1999">Tuomisto JT, Pekkanen J, Alm S, Kurttio P, Venäläinen R, Juuti S et al. Deliberation process by an explicit factor-effect-value network (Pyrkilo): Paakkila asbestos mine case, Finland. Epidemiol 1999;10(4):S114.</ref><br />
| 1999<br />
| In-house<br />
|----<br />
| 21<br />
| Model for site-specific health and ecological assessments in mines<ref>Kauppila T, Komulainen H, Makkonen S, Tuomisto JT, editors. Metallikaivosalueiden ympäristöriskinarviointiosaamisen kehittäminen: MINERA-hankkeen loppuraportti. [Summary: Improving Environmental Risk Assessments for Metal Mines: Final Report of the MINERA Project.] Helsinki: Geology Survey Finland, Research Report 199; 2013. 223 p. ISBN 978-952-217-231-0. Assessment: http://fi.opasnet.org/fi/Minera-malli. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref> <br />
| 2013<br />
| Minera<br />
|----<br />
| 22<br />
| Risks of water from mine areas <ref>Assessment: http://fi.opasnet.org/fi/Kaivosvesien_riskit_(KAVERI-malli). Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref><br />
| 2018<br />
| Kaveri<br />
|----<br />
| rowspan="2"| Water safety <br />
| 23<br />
| Water Guide for assessing health risks of drinking water contamination<ref>Assessment: http://en.opasnet.org/w/Water_guide. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref> <br />
| 2013<br />
| Conpat<br />
|----<br />
| 24<br />
| Bathing Water Guide for assessing health risks of bathing water contamination<ref>Assessment: http://en.opasnet.org/w/Bathing_water_guide. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref> <br />
| 2019<br />
| Water Guide update<br />
|----<br />
| rowspan="2"|Organisational assessments <br />
| 25<br />
| Analysis and discussion about research strategies or organisational changes within THL <br />
| 2017<br />
| In-house<br />
|----<br />
| 26<br />
| Transport and communication strategy in digital Finland<ref>Liikenne ja viestintä digitaalisessa <br />
Suomessa. Liikenne- ja viestintäministeriön tulevaisuuskatsaus 2014 [Transport and and communication in digital Finland] Helsinki: Ministry of Transport and Communication; 2014. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-243-420-3 Assessment: http://fi.opasnet.org/fi/Liikenne_ja_viestint%C3%A4_digitaalisessa_Suomessa_2020. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref> <br />
| 2014<br />
| Collaboration with the Ministry of Transport and Communications of Finland<br />
|----<br />
| rowspan="2"|Information use in government or municipality decision support<br />
| 27<br />
| Case studies: Assessment of immigrants' added value; Real-time co-editing, Fact-checking, Information design<ref>Tuomisto JT, Muurinen R, Paavola J-M, Asikainen A, Ropponen T, Nissilä J. Tiedon sitominen päätöksentekoon. [Binding knowledge to decision making] Helsinki: Publications of the Government's analysis, assessment and research activities 39; 2017. ISBN 978-952-287-386-6 http://tietokayttoon.fi/julkaisu?pubid=19001. Assessment: http://fi.opasnet.org/fi/Maahanmuuttoarviointi. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref> <br />
| 2016<br />
| Yhtäköyttä, collaboration with Prime Minister's Office<br />
|----<br />
| 28<br />
| Evaluation of forest strategy process for Puijo, Kuopio<ref>Kajanus M, Ollikainen T, Partanen J, Vänskä I. Kävijätutkimukseen perustuva Puijon virkistysmetsien hoito- ja käyttösuunnitelma. [Forest strategy for recreational forests at Puijo, Kuopio, based on visitor study.] (in Finnish) Kuopion kaupunki, Metsätoimisto; 2010. http://fi.opasnet.org/fi-opwiki/images/8/8a/Puijo-loppuraportti.pdf. Assessment: http://fi.opasnet.org/fi/Puijon_metsien_k%C3%A4ytt%C3%B6suunnitelman_p%C3%A4%C3%A4t%C3%B6ksenteko Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref> <br />
|2012<br />
|In-house<br />
|----<br />
| Indicator development<br />
| 29<br />
| Environmental health indicators in Finland<ref>Tuomisto JT, Asikainen A, Korhonen A, Lehtomäki H. Teemasivu ympäristöterveys [Portal: Environmental health]. A website, THL, 2018. [http://fi.opasnet.org/fi/Teemasivu:Ymp%C3%A4rist%C3%B6terveys]</ref><br />
| 2018<br />
| Ympäristöterveysindikaattori<br />
|----<br />
| Structuring discussions<br />
| 30<br />
| Developing and testing tools and practices for structured argumentation<ref>Hastrup T. Knowledge crystal argumentation tree. https://dev.tietokide.fi/?Q10. Web tool. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref><br />
| 2019<br />
| Citizen Crystal<br />
|----<br />
| Food safety and diet<br />
| 31<br />
| Health risks of chemical and microbial contaminants and dietary factors in food in Finland<ref><br />
Suomi J, Haario, P et al. Costs and Risk Assessment of the Health Effects of the Food System. Publications of the Government´s analysis, assessment and research activities 2019:64. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-287-797-0. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref><br />
| 2019<br />
| Ruori, collaboration with e.g. Ministry of Agriculture and Prime Minister's Office<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== References for assessments ===<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Appendix S2: Examples of insight networks ==<br />
<br />
<gallery widths=400 heights=300><br />
File:Why dioxin is a problem.svg|Figure S2-1. Insight network about dioxins in Baltic fish. The focus is on reasoning and value judgements and their connections to causal chains about dioxins and health.<br />
File:Legend for extended causal diagrams.svg|Figure S2-2. Legend for main object types used in insight networks. The actual colours and formatting depend on the capabilities of the software used.<br />
File:Open policy ontology network items.png|Figure S2-3. Items in open policy ontology shown in an insight network format. All relations are of types 'has subclass' or 'has part'.<br />
File:Open policy ontology network relations.png|Figure S2-4. Relations in open policy ontology shown in an insight network format. In this graph, relations are shown as nodes, and the arcs between relations are of types 'has subclass', 'has part', or 'inverse'.<br />
File:Risks of open government.svg|Figure S2-5. Structured discussion about risks of open governance. The original discussion was held in Finnish and can be found from http://fi.opasnet.org/fi/Keskustelu:Jaettu_ymm%C3%A4rrys. Trapezoids are statements. Light blue is an opening fact statement ('Openness causes serious problems to the quality of policy making.'), and blue is closing fact statement that is updated based on the discussion ('Openness causes serious problems to the quality of policy making, if it is too tightly connected to impulsive thinking in social media.'). Orange arguments are true and gray are false. Red arrow is an attack, green is a defense, and gray is irrelevant (Accessed 1 Feb 2020).<br />
File:Structured discussion on an argumentation tool.png|Figure S2-6. Structured discussion at an argumentation tool (https://dev.tietokide.fi/?Q10. Accessed 1 Feb 2020)<br />
File:Helsinki energy decision 2015.png|Figure S2-6. Insight network about the assessment model for Helsinki energy decision 2015.<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== Appendix S3: Open policy ontology ==<br />
<br />
[[Shared understanding]] aims at producing a description of different views, opinions, and facts related to a specific topic such as a decision process. The open policy ontology describes the information structures that are needed to document shared understanding of a complex decision situation. The purpose of the structure is to help people identify hidden premises, beliefs, and values and explicate possible discrepancies. This is expected to produce better understanding among participants. <br />
<br />
The basic structure of a shared understanding is a network of items and relations between them. This network uses [[:en:Resource description framework|Resource description framework]], which is an ontology standard used to describe many Internet contents. Items and relations (aka properties) are collectively called resources. Each item is typically of one of the types mentioned below. This information is documented using property '''[https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P31 instance of]''' (e.g. [[Goherr assessment]] is instance of assessment). <br />
<br />
Items are written descriptions of the actual things (people, tasks, publications, or phenomena), and on this page these descriptions rather than the actual things are discussed. Different item types have different levels of standardisation and internal structure. For example, [[knowledge crystal]]s are web pages that always have headings question, answer and rationale, and the information is organised under those headings. Some other items describe e.g. statements that are free-text descriptions about how a particular thing is or should be (according to a participant), and yet some others are metadata about publications. A common feature is that all items contain information that is relevant for a decision.<br />
<br />
In the open policy ontology, each item may have lengthy texts, graphs, analyses or even models inside them. However, the focus here is on how the items are related to each other. The actual content is often referred to as one key sentence only (description). Each item also has a unique identifier URI that is used for automatic handling of data.<br />
<br />
The most important items are [[knowledge crystal]]s and they are described here.<br />
* '''[[Assessment]]''' describes a particular decision situation and focuses on estimating impacts of different options. Its purpose is to support the making of that decision. Unlike other knowledge crystals, assessments typically have a defined start and end dates and they are closed after the decision is made. They also have contextually and situationally defined goals`to be able to better serve the needs of the decision makers of the decision.<br />
* '''[[Variable]]''' answers a particular factual or ethical question that is typically needed in one or more assessments. The answer of a variable is continually updated as new information arises, but its question remains constant in time. Variable is the basic building block of assessments. In R, variables are typically implemented using ovariable objects from OpasnetUtils package.<br />
* '''[[Method]]''' tells how to systematically implement a particular information task. Method is the basic building block for describing the assessment work (not reality, like variables). In practice, methods are "how-to-do" descriptions about how information should be produced, collected, analysed, or synthesised in an assessment. Typically, methods contain a software code or another algorithm to actually perform the method easily. In R, methods are typically ovariables that require some context-specific upstream information about dependencies before it can be calculated.<br />
<br />
There are also other important classes of items:<br />
* '''Publication''' is any documentation that contains useful information related to a decision. Publications that are commonly used at Opasnet include encyclopedia article, lecture, nugget, and study. Other publications at Opasnet are typically uploaded as files.<br />
** '''[[Encyclopedia article]]''' is an object that describes a topic like in Wikipedia rather than answers a specific research question. They do not have a predefined attribute structure.<br />
** '''[[Lecture]]''': Lecture contains a piece of information that is to be mediated to a defined audience and with a defined learning objective. It can also be description of a process during which the audience learns, instead of being a passive recipient of information.<br />
** '''[[Nugget]]''' is an object that is not editable by other people than a dedicated author (group) and is not expected to be updated once finalised. They do not have a predefined attribute structure.<br />
** '''[[Study]]''' describes a research study and its answers, i.e. observational or other data obtained in the study. The research questions are described as the question of the information object, and the study methods are described as the rationale of the object. Unlike in an article, introduction or discussion may be missing, and unlike in a variable, the answer and rationale of the study are more or less fixed after the work is done; this is because the interpretations of the results typically happen elsewhere, e.g. in variables for which a study contains useful information.<br />
* '''[[Discussion]]''' is a hierarchically structured documentation of a discussion about a defined statement or statements.<br />
* '''Stakeholder''' page is used to describe a person or group that is relevant for a decision or decision process; they may be an actor that has an active role in decision making or is a target of impacts. Contributors of Opasnet are described on their own user pages; other stakeholders may have their page on the main namespace.<br />
* '''Process''' describes elements of a decision process.<br />
* '''Action''' describes what, who and when should act to e.g. perform an assessment, make a decision, or implement policies.<br />
<br />
Relations show different kinds of connections between items.<br />
* '''Causal link''' tells that the subject may change the object (e.g. affects, increases, decreases, prevents).<br />
* '''Participatory link''' describes a stakeholder's particular role related to the object (participates, negotiates, decides).<br />
* '''Operational link''' tells that the subject has some kind of practical relation to the object (executes, offers, tells).<br />
* '''Evaluative link''' tells that the subject shows preference or relevance about the object (has truthlikeness, value, popularity, finds important).<br />
* '''Referential link''' tells that the object is used as a reference of a kind for the subject (makes relevant; associates to; has reference, has tag, has category).<br />
* '''Argumentative link''' occurs between statements that defend or attack each other (attack, defend, comment).<br />
* '''Property link''' connects an evaluative (acceptability, usability), a logical (opposite, inverse) or set theory (has subclass, has part) property to the subject.<br />
<br />
=== Item types ===<br />
<br />
This ontology is specifically about decision making, and therefore actions (and decisions to act) are handled explicitly. However, any natural, social, ethical or other phenomena may relate to a decision and therefore the vocabulary has to be very generic.<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+'''Table S3-1. Item types used in open policy ontology.<br />
|----<br />
! Class|| English name|| Finnish name|| Description<br />
|----<br />
|| || resource|| resurssi|| All items and relations are resources<br />
|----<br />
|| resource|| item|| asia|| Relevant pieces of information related policy making. Sometimes also refers to the real-life things that the information is about. Items are shown as nodes in insight networks.<br />
|----<br />
|| resource|| relation|| relaatio|| Information about how items are connected to each other. Relations are shown as edges in insight networks.<br />
|----<br />
|| item|| substance|| ilmiö|| Items about a substantive topic or phenomenon itself: What issues relate to a decision? What causal connections exist between issues? What scientific knowledge exist about the issues? What actions can be chosen? What are the impacts of these actions? What are the objectives and how can they be reached? What values and preferences exist?<br />
|----<br />
|| item|| stakeholder|| sidosryhmä|| Items about people or organisations who have a particular role in a policy process, either as actors or targets of impacts: Who participates in a policy process? Who should participate? Who has necessary skills for contributing? Who has the authority to decide? Who is affected by a decision?<br />
|----<br />
|| item|| process|| prosessi|| Items about doing or happening in relation with a topic, especially information about how a decision will be made): What will be decided? When will it be decided? How is the decision prepared? What political realities and restrictions exist?<br />
|----<br />
|| item|| action|| toiminta|| Items about organising decision support (impact assessment, decision making, implementation, and evaluation): What tasks are needed to collect and organise necessary information? How is information work organised? How and when are decisions implemented? Actions are also important afterwards to distribute merit and evaluate the process: Who did what? How did information evolve and by whom? <br />
|----<br />
|| item|| information object|| tieto-olio|| A specified structure containing information about substance, stakeholders, processes, methods, or actions.<br />
|----<br />
|| information object|| knowledge crystal|| tietokide|| information object with a standardised structure and contribution rules<br />
|----<br />
|| knowledge crystal|| assessment|| arviointi|| Describes a decision situation and typically provides relevant information to decision makers before the decision is made (or sometimes after the decision about its implementation or success). It is mostly about the knowledge work, i.e. tasks for decision support.<br />
|----<br />
|| knowledge crystal|| variable|| muuttuja|| Describes a real-world topic that is relevant for the decision situation. It is about the substance of the topic.<br />
|----<br />
|| knowledge crystal|| method|| metodi|| Describes how information should be managed or analysed so that it answers the policy-relevant questions asked. How to perform information work? What methods are available for a task? How to participate in a decision process? How to use statistical and other methods and tools? How to motivate participation? How to measure merit of contributions? <br />
|----<br />
|| information object|| discussion part|| keskustelun osa|| Information object that is used to organise discussions into a specified structure. The purpose of the structure is to help validation of statements and facilitate machine learning.<br />
|----<br />
|| information object|| discussion|| keskustelu|| Discussion, or structured argumentation, describes arguments about a particular statement and a synthesis about an acceptable statement. In a way, discussion is (a documentation of) a process of analysing the validity of a statement.<br />
|----<br />
|| discussion|| fact discussion|| faktakeskustelu|| Discussion that can be resolved based on scientific knowledge.<br />
|----<br />
|| discussion|| value discussion|| arvokeskustelu|| Discussion that can be resolved based on ethical knowledge.<br />
|----<br />
|| discussion part|| statement|| väite|| Proposition claiming that something is true or ethically good. A statement may be developed in a discussion by adding and organising related argumentation (according to pragma-dialectics), or by organising premises and inference rules (according to Perelman).<br />
|----<br />
|| statement|| value statement|| arvoväite|| Proposition claiming that something is ethically good, better than something else, prioritised over something, or how things should be.<br />
|----<br />
|| statement|| fact statement|| faktaväite|| Proposition claiming how things are or that something is true.<br />
|----<br />
|| value statement|| true value statement|| tosi arvoväite|| A statement that has not been successfully invalidated.<br />
|----<br />
|| value statement|| false value statement|| epätosi arvoväite|| A statement that has been successfully invalidated.<br />
|----<br />
|| fact statement|| true fact statement|| tosi faktaväite|| <br />
|----<br />
|| fact statement|| false fact statement|| epätosi faktaväite|| <br />
|----<br />
|| statement|| true statement|| tosi väite|| <br />
|----<br />
|| statement|| false statement|| epätosi väite|| <br />
|----<br />
|| statement|| opening statement|| avausväite|| A statement that is the basis for a structured discussion, a priori statement.<br />
|----<br />
|| statement|| closing statement|| lopetusväite|| A statement that is the resolution of a structured discussion, a posteriori statement. Closing statement becomes an opening statement when the discussion is opened again.<br />
|----<br />
|| opening statement|| fact opening statement|| avausfaktaväite|| <br />
|----<br />
|| closing statement|| fact closing statement|| lopetusfaktaväite|| <br />
|----<br />
|| opening statement|| value opening statement|| avausarvoväite|| <br />
|----<br />
|| closing statement|| value closing stetement|| lopetusarvoväite|| <br />
|----<br />
|| discussion part|| argument|| argumentti|| A statement that has also contains a relation to its target as an integral part. Due to this relation, arguments appear inside discussions and target directly or indirectly the opening statement. <br />
|----<br />
|| discussion part|| argumentation|| väittely|| Hierarchical list of arguments related to a particular statement.<br />
|----<br />
|| information object|| knowledge crystal part|| tietokideosa|| This is shown separately to illustrate that the objects are actually linked by has part rather than has subclass relation.<br />
|----<br />
|| knowledge crystal part|| question|| kysymys|| A research question asked in a knowledge crystal. The purpose of a knowledge crystal is to answer the question.<br />
|----<br />
|| knowledge crystal part|| answer|| vastaus|| An answer or set of answers to the question of a knowledge crystal, based on any relevant information and inference rules.<br />
|----<br />
|| knowledge crystal part|| rationale|| perustelut|| Any data, discussions, calculations or other information needed to convince a critical rational reader that the answer of a knowledge crystal is good.<br />
|----<br />
|| knowledge crystal part|| answer part|| vastausosa|| This is shown separately to illustrate that the objects are actually linked by has part rather than has subclass relation.<br />
|----<br />
|| answer part|| result|| tulos|| The actual, often numerical result to the question, conditional on relevant indices.<br />
|----<br />
|| answer part|| index|| indeksi|| A list of possible values for a descriptor. Typically used in describing the result of an ovariable.<br />
|----<br />
|| answer part|| conclusion|| päätelmä|| In an assessment, a textual interpretation of the result. Typically a conclusion is about what decision options should or should not be rejected and why based on the result.<br />
|----<br />
|| knowledge crystal part|| ovariable|| ovariable|| A practical implementation of a knowledge crystal in modelling code. Ovariable takes in relevant information about data and dependencies and calculates the result. Typically implemented in R using OpasnetUtils package and ovariable object type.<br />
|----<br />
|| ovariable|| key ovariable|| avainovariable|| An ovariable that is shown on an insight network even if some parts are hidden due to practical reasons.<br />
|----<br />
|| information object|| publication|| julkaisu|| Any published report, book, web page or similar permanent piece of information that can be unambiguously referenced.<br />
|----<br />
|| publication|| nugget|| tiedomuru|| An object that is not editable by other people than a dedicated author (group).<br />
|----<br />
|| substance|| topic|| aihe|| A description of an area of interest. It defines boundaries of a content rather than defines the content itself, which is done by statements. When the information structure is improved, a topic often develops into a question of a knowledge crystal, while a statement develops into an answer of a variable.<br />
|----<br />
|| priority|| objective|| tavoite|| A desired outcome of a decision. In shared understanding description, it is a topic (or variable) that has value statements attached to it.<br />
|----<br />
|| substance|| risk factor|| riskitekijä|| <br />
|----<br />
|| substance|| indicator|| indikaattori|| Piece of information that describes a particular substantive item in a practical and often standard way.<br />
|----<br />
|| indicator|| risk indicator|| riski-indikaattori|| Indicator about (health) risk or outcome<br />
|----<br />
|| information object|| data|| tietoaineisto|| <br />
|----<br />
|| information object|| graph|| kuvaaja|| Graphical representation of a piece of information. Typically is related to an information object with ''describes'' relation.<br />
|----<br />
|| work|| data work|| tietotyö|| <br />
|----<br />
|| work|| data use|| tiedon käyttö|| <br />
|----<br />
|| substance|| priority|| prioriteetti|| <br />
|----<br />
|| substance|| expense|| kustannus|| <br />
|----<br />
|| substance|| health impact|| terveysvaikutus|| <br />
|----<br />
|| stakeholder|| decision maker|| päättäjä|| <br />
|----<br />
|| stakeholder|| public officer|| virkamies|| <br />
|----<br />
|| stakeholder|| assessor|| arvioija|| <br />
|----<br />
|| stakeholder|| expert|| asiantuntija|| <br />
|----<br />
|| stakeholder|| citizen|| kansalainen|| <br />
|----<br />
|| stakeholder|| agent|| toimija|| <br />
|----<br />
|| action|| task|| toimenpide|| action to be taken when the option has been selected<br />
|----<br />
|| action|| decision|| päätös|| action to be taken when the option is yet to be selected. Describes a particular event where a decision maker chooses among defined alternatives. This may also be a part of an assessment under heading Decisions and scenarios.<br />
|----<br />
|| action|| work|| työ|| continuous actions of the same kind and typically independent of the decision at hand. If the decision changes work routines, the action to make this change happen is called task.<br />
|----<br />
|| work|| prevention|| ennaltaehkäisy|| trying to prevent something<br />
|----<br />
|| work|| treatment|| hoito|| trying to fix something when something has already happened<br />
|----<br />
|| work|| support|| tuki|| work that aids in the completion of the selected option, in whatever way<br />
|----<br />
|| method|| open policy practice|| avoin päätöksentekokäytäntö|| framework for planning, making, and implementing decisions<br />
|----<br />
|| method|| open assessment|| avoin arviointi|| method answering this question: How can factual and value information be organised for supporting societal decision making when open participation is allowed?<br />
|----<br />
|| method|| analysis|| analyysi|| <br />
|----<br />
|| method|| reporting|| raportointi|| <br />
|----<br />
|| method|| measurement|| mittaus|| <br />
|----<br />
|| publication|| study|| tutkimus|| <br />
|----<br />
|| publication|| encyclopedia article|| ensyklopedia-artikkeli|| An object that describes a topic rather than answers a specific research question.<br />
|----<br />
|| publication|| lecture|| luento|| Contains a piece of information that is to be mediated to a defined audience and with a defined learning objective.<br />
|----<br />
|| method|| procedure|| toimintamalli|| <br />
|----<br />
|| method|| principle|| periaate|| a short generic guidance for information work to ensure that the work is done properly. They especially apply to the execution phase.<br />
|----<br />
|| principle|| intentionality|| tavoitteellisuus|| See Table 3 for explanations.<br />
|----<br />
|| principle|| causality|| syysuhteiden kuvaus||<br />
|----<br />
|| principle|| criticism|| kritiikki||<br />
|----<br />
|| principle|| permanent resource locations|| kohteellisuus||<br />
|----<br />
|| principle|| openness|| avoimuus||<br />
|----<br />
|| principle|| reuse|| uusiokäyttö||<br />
|----<br />
|| principle|| use of knowledge crystals|| tietokiteiden käyttö||<br />
|----<br />
|| principle|| grouping|| ryhmäytyminen|| Facilitation methods are used to promote the participants' feeling of being an important member of a group that has a meaningful purpose.<br />
|----<br />
|| principle|| respect|| arvostus|| Contributions are systematically documented and their merit evaluated so that each participant receives the respect they deserve based on their contributions. <br />
|----<br />
|| objective|| expense objective|| kustannustavoite|| <br />
|----<br />
|| process|| step|| jakso|| one of sequential time intervals when a particular kind of work is done in decision support. In the next step, the nature of the work changes.<br />
|----<br />
|| step|| impact assessment|| vaikutusarviointi|| the first step in a decision process. Helps in collecting necessary information for making a decision.<br />
|----<br />
|| step|| decision making|| päätöksenteko|| the second step in a decision process. When the decision maker actually chooses between options.<br />
|----<br />
|| step|| implementation|| toimeenpano|| the third step in a decision process. When the chosen option is put in action.<br />
|----<br />
|| step|| evaluation|| evaluointi|| the fourth step in a decision process. When the outcomes of the implementation are evaluated.<br />
|----<br />
|| process|| phase|| vaihe|| one part of a decision work process where focus is on particular issues or methods. Typically phases overlap temporally.<br />
|----<br />
|| phase|| shared understanding|| jaettu ymmärrys|| documenting of all relevant views, facts, values, and opinions about a decision situation in such a way that agreements and disagreements can be understood<br />
|----<br />
|| phase|| execution|| toteutus|| production of necessary information for a decision at hand<br />
|----<br />
|| phase|| evaluation and management|| seuranta ja ohjaus|| ensuring that all work related to a decision will be, is, and has been done properly<br />
|----<br />
|| phase|| co-creation|| yhteiskehittäminen|| helping people to participate, contribute, and become motivated about the decision work<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Relation types ===<br />
<br />
Relations are edges between items (or nodes). A relation I is said to be an inverse of relation R, iff, for all items subject and object, claim "subject R object" is always equal to claim "object I subject".<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+'''Table S3-2. Relation types used in open policy ontology.<br />
|----<br />
! Class|| English name|| Finnish name|| English inverse|| Finnish inverse|| Description<br />
|----<br />
|| relation|| participatory link|| osallisuuslinkki|| || || The subject is a stakeholder that has a particular role related to an object<br />
|----<br />
|| relation|| operational link|| toimintolinkki|| || || The subject has some kind of practical relation to the object (a fairly wide class)<br />
|----<br />
|| relation|| evaluative link|| arvostuslinkki|| || || The subject shows preference or relevance about the object<br />
|----<br />
|| relation|| referential link|| viitelinkki|| || || The subject is used as a reference of a kind for the object<br />
|----<br />
|| relation|| argumentative link|| argumentaatiolinkki|| || || The subject is used as an argument to criticise the object.<br />
|----<br />
|| relation|| causal link|| syylinkki|| || || The subject has causal effect on the object (or vice versa in the case of an inverse relation)<br />
|----<br />
|| relation|| property link|| ominaisuuslinkki|| || || The object describes a defined property of the subject.<br />
|----<br />
|| causal link|| negative causal link|| negatiivinen syylinkki|| || || The subject reduces or diminishes the object.<br />
|----<br />
|| causal link|| positive causal link|| positiivinen syylinkki|| || || The subject increases or enhances the object.<br />
|----<br />
|| negative causal link|| decreases|| vähentää|| is decreased by|| vähentyy|| <br />
|----<br />
|| positive causal link|| increases|| lisää|| is increased by|| lisääntyy|| <br />
|----<br />
|| negative causal link|| worsens|| huonontaa|| is worsened by|| huonontuu|| <br />
|----<br />
|| positive causal link|| improves|| parantaa|| is improved by|| parantuu|| <br />
|----<br />
|| negative causal link|| prevents|| estää|| is prevented by|| estyy|| <br />
|----<br />
|| positive causal link|| enhances|| edistää|| is enhanced by|| edistyy|| <br />
|----<br />
|| negative causal link|| impairs|| heikentää|| is impaired by|| heikentyy|| <br />
|----<br />
|| positive causal link|| sustains|| ylläpitää|| is sustained by|| ylläpitäytyy|| <br />
|----<br />
|| causal link|| affects|| vaikuttaa|| is affected by|| vaikuttuu|| <br />
|----<br />
|| causal link|| indirectly affects|| vaikuttaa epäsuorasti|| indirectly affected by|| vaikuttuu epäsuorasti|| <br />
|----<br />
|| causal link|| cause of|| syy|| caused by|| johtuu|| Wikidata property P1542<br />
|----<br />
|| causal link|| immediate cause of|| välitön syy|| immediately caused by|| johtuu välittömästi|| Wikidata property P1536<br />
|----<br />
|| causal link|| contributing factor of|| vaikuttava tekijä|| || || Wikidata property P1537<br />
|----<br />
|| participatory link|| performs|| toteuttaa|| performer|| toteuttajana|| who does a task?<br />
|----<br />
|| participatory link|| decides|| päättää|| decider|| päätäjänä|| <br />
|----<br />
|| participatory link|| asks|| kysyy|| asker|| kysyjänä|| <br />
|----<br />
|| participatory link|| participates|| osallistuu|| participant|| osallistujana|| <br />
|----<br />
|| participatory link|| accepts|| hyväksyy|| accepted by|| hyväksyjänä|| <br />
|----<br />
|| participatory link|| develops|| kehittää|| developed by|| kehittäjänä|| <br />
|----<br />
|| participatory link|| proposes|| ehdottaa|| proposed by|| ehdottajana|| <br />
|----<br />
|| participatory link|| answers|| vastaa|| answered by|| vastaajana|| <br />
|----<br />
|| participatory link|| responsible for|| vastuussa|| responsibility of|| vastuullisena|| <br />
|----<br />
|| participatory link|| negotiates|| neuvottelee|| negotiated by|| neuvottelijana|| <br />
|----<br />
|| participatory link|| recommends|| suosittelee|| recommended by|| suosittelijana|| <br />
|----<br />
|| participatory link|| controls|| kontrolloi|| controlled by|| kontrolloijana|| <br />
|----<br />
|| participatory link|| claims|| väittää|| claimed by|| väittäjänä|| <br />
|----<br />
|| participatory link|| owns|| omistaa|| owned by|| omistajana|| <br />
|----<br />
|| participatory link|| does|| tekee|| done by|| tekijänä|| <br />
|----<br />
|| participatory link|| maintains|| ylläpitää|| maintained by|| ylläpitäjänä|| <br />
|----<br />
|| participatory link|| oversees|| valvoo|| overseen by|| valvojana|| <br />
|----<br />
|| operational link|| has option|| omistaa vaihtoehdon|| option for|| vaihtoehtona|| <br />
|----<br />
|| operational link|| has index|| omistaa indeksin|| index for|| indeksinä|| <br />
|----<br />
|| operational link|| tells|| kertoo|| told by|| kertojana|| <br />
|----<br />
|| operational link|| describes|| kuvaa|| described by|| kuvaajana|| <br />
|----<br />
|| operational link|| maps|| kartoittaa|| mapped by|| kartjoittajana|| <br />
|----<br />
|| operational link|| contains data|| sisältää dataa|| data contained in|| data sisältyy|| <br />
|----<br />
|| operational link|| data for|| on datana|| gets data from|| saa datansa|| <br />
|----<br />
|| operational link|| uses|| käyttää|| is used by|| on käytettävänä|| an input (object) for a process (subject)<br />
|----<br />
|| operational link|| produces|| tuottaa|| is produced by|| tuottajana|| Object is an output of a process produced by a stakeholder (subject)<br />
|----<br />
|| operational link|| provides|| varustaa|| is provided by|| varustajana|| <br />
|----<br />
|| operational link|| about|| aiheesta|| || || a task is about a topic. This overlaps with has topic; merge them?<br />
|----<br />
|| property link|| logical link|| looginen linkki|| || || Relations based on logic <br />
|----<br />
|| property link|| set theory link|| joukko-oppilinkki|| || || Relations based on set theory<br />
|----<br />
|| set theory link|| part of|| osana|| has part|| sisältää osan|| is a part of a bigger entity, e.g. Venus is part of Solar System. Wikidata property P361 (part of) &amp; P527 (has part). Previously there were relations about a decision: substance of, decision process of, stakeholder of, method of, task of, irrelevant to. But these are depreciated and replaced by has part, because the class of the object makes specific relations redundant.<br />
|----<br />
|| set theory link|| context for|| kontekstina|| has context|| omistaa kontekstin||<br />
|----<br />
|| set theory link|| has subclass|| omistaa alajoukon|| subclass of|| alajoukkona|| Wikidata property P279<br />
|----<br />
|| set theory link|| has instance|| omistaa instanssin|| instance of|| instanssina|| Object belongs to a set defined by the subject and inherits the properties of the set. Sysnonym for has item, which is depreciated. Wikidata property P31<br />
|----<br />
|| logical link|| opposite|| vastakohta|| || || subject is opposite of object, e.g. black is opposite of white. Wikidata property P461; it is its own inverse<br />
|----<br />
|| logical link|| inverse|| toisinpäin|| || || a sentence is equal to another sentence where subject and object switch places and has the inverse relation. This is typically needed in preprocessing of insight networks, and it rarely is explicitly shown of graphs. Wikidata property P1696; it is its own inverse<br />
|----<br />
|| logical link|| if - then|| jos - niin|| if not - then not|| jos ei - niin ei|| If subject is true, then object is true. Also the negation is possible: if - then not. This links to logical operators and, or, not, equal, exists, for all; but it is not clear how they should be used in an insight network.<br />
|----<br />
|| operational link|| prepares|| valmistelee|| prepared by|| valmistelijana|| <br />
|----<br />
|| operational link|| pays|| kustantaa|| paid by|| kustantajana|| <br />
|----<br />
|| operational link|| rationale for|| perustelee|| has rationale|| perusteltuu|| <br />
|----<br />
|| operational link|| offers|| tarjoaa|| offered by|| tarjoajana|| <br />
|----<br />
|| operational link|| executes|| suorittaa|| executed by|| suorittajana|| <br />
|----<br />
|| operational link|| irrelevant to|| epärelevantti asiassa|| || || If there is no identified relation (or chain of relations) between a subject and an object, it implies that the subject is irrelevant to the object. However, sometimes people may (falsely) think that it is relevant, and this relation is used to explicate the irrelevance.<br />
|----<br />
|| evaluative link|| finds important|| kokee tärkeäksi|| is found important|| tärkeäksi kokijana|| <br />
|----<br />
|| evaluative link|| makes relevant|| tekee relevantiksi|| is made relevant|| relevantiksi tekijänä|| if the subject is valid in the given context, then the object is relevant. This typically goes between arguments, from a variable to value statement or from a value statement to a fact statement. This is a synonym of 'valid defend of type relevance'.<br />
|----<br />
|| evaluative link|| makes irrelevant|| tekee epärelevantiksi|| is made irrelevant|| epärelevantiksi tekijänä|| Opposite of 'makes relevant'. Synonym of 'valid attack of type relevance'.<br />
|----<br />
|| evaluative link|| makes redundant|| tekee turhaksi|| is made redundant|| turhaksi tekijänä|| Everything that is said in the object is already said in the subject. This depreciates the object because it brings no added value. However, it is kept for archival reasons and to demonstrate that the statement was heard.<br />
|----<br />
|| evaluative link|| has opinion|| on mieltä|| || || Subject (typically a stakeholder) supports the object (typically a value or fact statement). This is preferred over 'values' and 'finds important' because it is more generic without loss of meaning.<br />
|----<br />
|| evaluative link|| values|| arvostaa|| valued by|| arvostajana|| A stakeholder (subject) gives value or finds an object important. Object may be a topic or statement. Depreciated, use 'has opinion' instead.<br />
|----<br />
|| evaluative link|| has truthlikeness|| on totuudellinen|| || || A subjective probability that subject is true. Object is a numeric value between 0 and 1. Typically this has a qualifier 'according to X' where X is the person or archetype who has assigned the probability.<br />
|----<br />
|| evaluative link|| has preference|| mieltymys|| preference of|| mieltymyksenä|| Subject is better than object in a moral sense.<br />
|----<br />
|| evaluative link|| has popularity|| on suosiossa|| || || A measure based on likes given by users.<br />
|----<br />
|| evaluative link|| has objective|| omaa tavoitteen|| objective of|| tavoitteena|| <br />
|----<br />
|| argumentative link|| agrees|| samaa mieltä|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|| argumentative link|| disagrees|| eri mieltä|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|| argumentative link|| comments|| kommentoi|| commented by|| kommentoijana|| <br />
|----<br />
|| argumentative link|| defends|| puolustaa|| defended by|| puolustajana|| <br />
|----<br />
|| argumentative link|| attacks|| hyökkää|| attacked by|| hyökkääjänä|| <br />
|----<br />
|| argumentative link|| relevant argument|| relevantti argumentti|| || || Argument is relevant in its context.<br />
|----<br />
|| argumentative link|| irrelevant argument|| epärelevantti argumentti|| || || Argument is irrelevant in its context.<br />
|----<br />
|| argumentative link|| joke about|| vitsi aiheesta|| provokes joke|| kirvoittaa vitsin|| This relation is used to describe that the subject should not be taken as information, even though it may be relevant. Jokes are allowed because they may help in creating new ideas and perspectives to an issue.<br />
|----<br />
|| referential link|| topic of|| aiheena|| has topic|| aiheesta|| This is used when the object is a publication and the subject is a (broad) topic rather than a statement. In such situations, it is not meaningful to back up the subject with references. Useful in describing the contents of a publication, or identifying relevant literature for a topic.<br />
|----<br />
|| referential link|| discussed in|| kerrotaan|| discusses|| kertoo|| <br />
|----<br />
|| referential link|| reference for|| viitteenä|| has reference|| viite|| Subject is a reference that backs up statements presented in the object. Used in the same way as references in scientific literature are used.<br />
|----<br />
|| referential link|| states|| väittää|| stated in|| väitetään kohteessa|| Describes the source of a statement; may also refer to a person.<br />
|----<br />
|| referential link|| tag for|| täginä|| has tag|| omistaa tägin|| Subject is a keyword, type, or class for object. Used in classifications.<br />
|----<br />
|| referential link|| category for|| kategoriana|| has category|| kuuluu kategoriaan|| <br />
|----<br />
|| referential link|| associates with|| liittyy|| || || Subject is associated with object in some undefined way. This is a weak relation and does not affect the outcomes of inferences, but it may be useful to remind users that an association exists and it should be clarified more precisely. This is its own inverse.<br />
|----<br />
|| referential link|| answers question|| vastaa kysymykseen|| has answer|| vastaus|| Used between a statement (answer) and a topic (question). In knowledge crystals, the relation is embedded in the object structure.<br />
|----<br />
|| irrelevant argument|| irrelevant comment|| epärelevantti kommentti|| || || Inverses are not needed, because the relation is always tied with an argument (the subject).<br />
|----<br />
|| irrelevant argument|| irrelevant attack|| epärelevantti hyökkäys|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|| irrelevant argument|| irrelevant defense|| epärelevantti puolustus|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|| relevant argument|| relevant comment|| relevantti kommentti|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|| relevant argument|| relevant attack|| relevantti hyökkäys|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|| relevant argument|| relevant defense|| relevantti puolustus|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|| property link|| evaluative property|| arviointiominaisuus|| || || characteristic of a product or work that tells whether it is fit for its purpose. Especially used for assessments and assessment work.<br />
|----<br />
|| evaluative property|| property of decision support|| päätöstuen ominaisuus|| || || What makes an assessment or decision support process fit for its purpose?<br />
|----<br />
|| evaluative property|| setting of assessment|| arvioinnin kattavuus|| || || See Table 5.<br />
|----<br />
|| setting of assessment|| impacts|| vaikutukset|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|| setting of assessment|| causes|| syyt|| || ||<br />
|----<br />
|| setting of assessment|| problem owner|| asianomistaja|| || ||<br />
|----<br />
|| setting of assessment|| target users|| kohderyhmä|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|| setting of assessment|| interaction|| vuorovaikutus|| || ||<br />
|----<br />
|| interaction|| dimension of openness|| avoimuuden ulottuvuus|| || || See Table 6.<br />
|----<br />
|| dimension of openness|| scope of participation|| osallistumisen avoimuus|| || ||<br />
|----<br />
|| dimension of openness|| access to information|| tiedon avoimuus|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|| dimension of openness|| timing of openness|| osallistumisen ajoitus|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|| dimension of openness|| scope of contribution|| osallistumisen kattavuus|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|| dimension of openness|| impact of contribution|| osallistumisen vaikutus|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|| interaction|| category of interaction|| vuorovaikutuksen luokka|| || || See Table 2. How does assessment interact with the intended use of its results? Possible values: isolated (eristetty), informing (tiedottava), participatory (osallistava), joint (yhteistyöhakuinen), shared (jaettu).<br />
|----<br />
|| property of decision support|| quality of content|| sisällön laatu|| || || See Table 4.<br />
|----<br />
|| quality of content|| informativeness|| tarkkuus|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|| quality of content|| calibration|| harhattomuus|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|| quality of content|| coherence|| sisäinen yhdenmukaisuus|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|| property of decision support|| applicability|| sovellettavuus|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|| applicability|| relevance|| merkityksellisyys|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|| applicability|| availability|| saatavuus|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|| applicability|| usability|| käytettävyys|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|| applicability|| acceptability|| hyväksyttävyys|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|| property of decision support|| efficiency|| tehokkuus|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|| efficiency|| intra-assessment efficiency|| sisäinen tehokkuus|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|| efficiency|| inter-assessment efficiency|| ulkoinen tehokkuus|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Appendix S4: Workspace tools: OpasnetUtils package and Opasnet Base ==<br />
<br />
=== Ovariable ===<br />
<br />
Ovariable is an object class that is used in R to operationalise knowledge crystals. In essence, impact assessment models are built using ovariables as the main tool to organise, analyse, and synthesise data and causal relations between items. The purpose of ovariables is to offer a standardised, generalised, and modular solution to modelling. Standardised means that all ovariables have the same overall structure, and this makes it possible to develop generalised functions and processes to manipulate them. Modular structure of a model makes it possible to change pieces within the model without braking the overall structure of functionality. For example, it is possible to take an existing health impact model, replace the ovariable that estimates the exposure of the target population with a new one, and produce results that are otherwise comparable to the previous results but differ based on exposure.<br />
<br />
What is the structure of an ovariable such that<br />
* it complies with the requirements of [[variable]] and<br />
* it is able to implement probabilistic descriptions of multidimensional variables and<br />
* it is able to implement different [[scenario]]s?<br />
<br />
An ovariable contains the current best answer in a machine-readable format (including uncertainties when relevant) to the question asked by the respective knowledge crystal. In addition, it contains the information needed to derive the current best answer. The respective knowledge crystal typically has an own page at Opasnet, and the code to produce the ovariable is located on that page under subheading Calculations.<br />
<br />
It is useful to clarify terms here. ''Answer'' is the overall answer to the question asked (including an evaluated ovariable), and it is the reason for producing the knowledge crystal page in the first place. Answer is typically located near the top of the page to emphasise its importance. An answer may contain text, tables, or graphs on the web page. It typically also contains an R code for evaluating the respective ovariable. ''Output'' is the key part (technically a slot) of the answer within an ovariable and contains the details of what the reader wants to know about the answer. All other parts of the ovariable are needed to produce the output or understand its meaning. Finally, ''Result'' is the key column of the Output table (technically a data frame) and contains the actual numerical values for the answer. <br />
<br />
'''Slots<br />
<br />
The ovariable is a class S4 object defined by OpasnetUtils in R software system. An ovariable has the following separate ''slots'' that can be accessed using X@slot (where X is the name of the ovariable):<br />
<br />
;@name<br />
*Name of <self> (the ovariable object) is useful since R's S4 classes doesn't support self reference. It is used to identify relevant data structures as well as to set up hooks for modifiers such as scenario adjustments.<br />
<br />
;@output<br />
* The current best answer to the question asked. <br />
* A single data frame (a 2D table type in R)<br />
* Not defined until <self> is evaluated.<br />
* Possible types of columns:<br />
** ''Result'' is the column that contains the actual values of the answer to the question of the respective knowledge crystal. There is always a result column, but its name may vary; it is of type <self>Result.<br />
** ''Indices'' are columns that define or restrict the Result in some way. For example, the Result can be given separately for males and females, and this is expressed by an index column ''Sex'', which contains locations ''Male'' and ''Female''. So, the Result contains (at least) one row for males and one for females. If there are several indices, the number of rows is typically the product of numbers of locations in each index. Consequently, the output may become very large with several indices.<br />
** ''Iter'' is a special kind of index used in Monte Carlo simulations. Iter contains the number of the iteration. In Monte Carlo, the model is typically run 1000 or 10000 times.<br />
** ''Unit'' contains the unit of the Result. It may be the same for all rows, but it may also vary from one row to another. Unit is not an index.<br />
** Other, non-index columns can exist. Typically, they are information that were used for some purpose during the evolution of the ovariable, but they may be unimportant in the current ovariable if they have been inherited from parent ovariables. Due to these other columns, the output may sometimes be rather wide.<br />
<br />
;@data<br />
* A single data frame that defines <self> as such.<br />
* ''data'' slot contains data about direct measurements or estimates of the output. Typically, when data is used, the output can be directly derived from the information given, with possibly some manipulations such as dropping out unnecessary rows or interpreting given ranges or textual expressions as probability distributions.<br />
* Probability distributions are interpreted by ''OpasnetUtils/Interpret''. <br />
<br />
;@marginal<br />
*A logical vector that indicates full marginal indices (and not parts of joint distributions, result columns, or units or other row-specific descriptions) of output.<br />
<br />
;@formula<br />
* A function that defines <self> using objects from dependencies as inputs. <br />
* Returns either a data frame or an ovariable, which is then used as the output of the ovariable.<br />
* Formula and dependencies slots are always used together. They estimate the answer indirectly in cases when there is knowledge about how this variable depends on the results of other variables (called parents). The slot dependencies is a table of parent variables and their identifiers, and formula is a function that takes the outputs of those parents, applies the defined code to them, and in this way produces the output for this variable.<br />
<br />
;@dependencies<br />
* A data frame that contains names and tokens or identifiers for model runs of variables required for <self> evaluation (list of causal parents). The following columns may be used:<br />
** Name: name of an ovariable or a constant found in the global environment (.GlobalEnv).<br />
** Key: the run key (typically a 16-character alphanumeric string) of a model run that is stored to Opasnet server. Key to be used in objects.get() function to fetch the dependent object.<br />
** Ident: Page identifier and rcode name to be used in objects.latest() function where the newest run contains the dependent object. Syntax: "Op_en6007/answer".<br />
** Also other columns are allowed (e.g. Description), and they may contain additional information about parents.<br />
* Dependencies is a way of enabling references in ovariables by using function OpasnetUtils/ComputeDependencies. It creates variables in .GlobalEnv environment so that they are available to expressions in formula.<br />
* Dependent ovariables are fetched and evaluated (only once by default) upon <self> evaluation.<br />
<br />
;@ddata<br />
* A string containing an Opasnet identifier e.g. "Op_en1000". May also contain a subset specification e.g. "Op_en1000/dataset".<br />
* This identifier is used to download data from the Opasnet database for the data slot (by default, only if empty) upon <self> evaluation. <br />
* By default, the data defined by ddata is downloaded when an ovariable is created. However, it is also possible to create and save an ovariable in such a way that the data is downloaded only when the ovariable is evaluated.<br />
<br />
;@meta<br />
* A list of descriptive information of the object. Typical information include date created, username of the creator, page identifier for the Opasnet page with the ovariable code, and identifier of the model run where the object was created.<br />
* Other meta information can be added manually.<br />
<br />
=== OpasnetUtils and operations with ovariables ===<br />
<br />
OpasnetUtils is an R package found in CRAN repository (cran.r-project.org). It contains tools for open assessment and modelling at Opasnet, especially for utilising ovariables as modelled representations of knowledge crystals. Typically, ovariables are defined at Opasnet pages, and their data and evaluated output are stored to Opasnet server. There are also special user interface tools to enable user inputs before an R code is run on an Opasnet page; for further instructions, see http://en.opasnet.org/w/R-tools. However, ovariables can be used independently for building modular assessment models without any connection to Opasnet.<br />
<br />
The example code shows some of the most important functionalities. Each operation is followed by an explanatory comment after # character.<br />
<br />
install.packages("OpasnetUtils") # Install the package OpasnetUtils. This is done only once per computer.<br />
<br />
library(OpasnetUtils) # Open the package. This is done once per R session.<br />
<br />
objects.latest("Op_en4004", code_name="conc_mehg") # Fetch ovariables stored by code conc_mehg at Opasnet page Mercury concentrations in fish in Finland (with identifier 4004)<br />
<br />
conc_mehg <- EvalOutput(conc_mehg) # Evaluate the output of ovariable conc_mehg (methyl mercury concentrations in fish) that was just fetched.<br />
<br />
dat <- opbase.data("Op_en4004", subset="Kerty database") # Download data from Kerty database on the same page and put that to data.frame dat<br />
<br />
a <- Ovariable("a", data=data.frame(Fish=c("Herring","Salmon"), Result=c(1,3))) # Define ovariable for scaling salmon results with factor 3.<br />
<br />
mehg_scaled <- conc_mehg * a # Multiply methyl mercury concentrations by the scaling factor.<br />
<br />
An ovariable is well defined when there is enough data, code or links to evaluate the output. Ovariables often have upstream dependencies whose output affect the output of the ovariable at hand. Therefore, ovariables are usually stored in a well defined but unevaluated format (i.e. without output). This makes it possible to use the same ovariable in different contexts, and the output varies depending on the upstream dependencies. On the other hand, it is possible to store all evaluated ovariables of a whole assessment model. This makes it possible to archive all details of a certain model version for future scrutiny.<br />
<br />
Ovariables have an efficient index handling, which makes it possible to do arithmetic operations such as sums and products in a very simple way with ovariables. The basic idea is that if the outputs of two ovariables have two columns by the same name, they are automatically merged (or joined, using the SQL vocabulary) so that rows are merged iff they have the same location values in those two columns. The same principle applies to all pairs of columns by the same name. After the merge, the arithmetic operation is performed, row by row, to the Result columns of each ovariable. This results in an intuitive handling of outputs using a short and straightforward code.<br />
<br />
Recursion is another important property of ovariables. When an ovariable is evaluated, a code checks whether it has upstream dependencies. If it does, those ovariables are fetched and evaluated first, and recursively the dependencies of those ovariables are fetched also, until all dependencies have been evaluated. Case-specific adjustments can be done to this recursion by fetching some upstream ovariables before the first ovariable is evaluated; if an upstream ovariable exists already in the global environment, the existing object is used and the respective stored object is not fetched (dependencies are only fetched if they do not already exist; this is to avoid unnecessary computation).<br />
<br />
'''Decisions and other upstream commands<br />
<br />
The general idea of ovariables is such that their code should not be modified to match a specific model but rather define the knowledge crystal in question as extensively as possible under it's scope. In other words, it should answer its question in a reusable way so that the question and answer would be useful in many different situations. (Of course, this should be kept in mind already when the question is defined.) To match the scope of specific models, ovariables can be modified without changing the ovariable code by supplying commands upstream. A typical decision command is to make a new decision index with two scenarios, "business as usual" and "policy" and use the original ovariable result for business as usual and adjust the result for the policy e.g. by adding or multiplying it by a constant reflecting the impact of the policy on the ovariable. Such adjustments can be done on the assessment level without a need to change the ovariable definition in any way.<br />
<br />
Evaluating a latent ovariable triggers first the evaluation of its unevaluated parent ovariables (listed in dependencies) since their results are needed to evaluate the child. This chain of evaluation calls forms a recursion tree in which each upstream variable is evaluated exactly once (cyclical dependencies are not allowed). Decision commands about upstream variables are checked and applied upon their evaluation and then propagated downstream to the first variable being evaluated. For example, decisions in decision analysis can be supplied this way: <br />
#pick an endpoint ovariable<br />
#make decision variables for any upstream ovariables (this means that you create new scenarios with particular deviations from the actual or business-as-usual answer of that ovariable)<br />
#evaluate endpoint ovariable<br />
#optimize between options defined in decisions.<br />
<br />
Other commands include: collapse of marginal columns by sums, means or sampling to reduce data size; and passing input from model level without redefining a whole ovariable.<br />
<br />
=== Opasnet Base ===<br />
<br />
Opasnet Base is a storage database for all kinds of data needed in open assessments. It may contain parameter values for models, which are typically shown as small tables on knowledge crystal pages, from which they are automatically stored to the database. It may also contain large dataset such as research datasets or population datasets of thousands or even millions of rows, and they are uploaded to the database using an importer interface. Each table has its own structure and may or may not share column names with other tables; however, if a table is directly used as data slot for an ovariable, it must have a Result column.<br />
<br />
Technically, Opasnet Base is a noSQL database using MongoDB software. Metadata of the tables is stored in a MySQL database. This structure offers the speed, searchability, and structural flexibility that a large amount of non-standard data requires. The database also offers version control, as old versions of a data table are kept in the database when new data is uploaded.<br />
<br />
The database also contains data about model runs that have been performed at Opasnet, if objects were stored during that model run. This makes it possible to fetch objects produced by a particular code on a particular knowledge crystal page. Typically the newest version is fetched, but information about the old versions are kept as well. The objects stored are not located in MongoDB but on server files that can be accessed with a key. It is also possible to save objects in a non-public way so that the key is not stored in the database and is only given to the person who ran the code. Due to disc storage reasons, Opasnet does not guarantee that stored objects will be kept permanently; therefore, it is a good practice to store final assessment runs with all objects to another location for permanent archival.<br />
<br />
There are several ways to access database content.<br />
* If the data is on an Opasnet page, simply go to that page, e.g. http://en.opasnet.org/w/Mercury_concentrations_in_fish_in_Finland#Data<br />
* Use a link to the Opasnet Base interface, e.g. http://en.opasnet.org/w/Special:Opasnet_Base?id=op_en4004.mercury_in_baltic_herring<br />
* Use a function in R: dat <- opbase.data("Op_en4004", subset="Mercury in Baltic herring")<br />
* Use a function in R for stored objects: objects.latest("Op_en4004", code_name="conc_mehg")<br />
<br />
For further instructions, see http://en.opasnet.org/w/Opasnet_Base_UI for user interface and http://en.opasnet.org/w/Table2Base for the wiki interface of small tables.<br />
<br />
== Appendix S5: Tools to help in shared understanding ==<br />
<br />
There are lots of software and platforms to support decision making. Some of them have been listed here. The focus is on open source software solutions when available. Many examples come from Finland, as we have practical experience about them. The list aims to cover different functionalities and show examples rather than give an exhaustive list of all possibilities; such lists may be found from Wikipedia, e.g. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_project_management_software. All links were accessed 1 Feb 2020.<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+'''Table S5-1. Useful functionalities and software in open policy practice.<br />
! Item<br />
! Functionality or process phase<br />
! Tool or software<br />
|----<br />
!rowspan="2"|Decision process<br />
| Information-based decision support<br />
| There is no single tool covering the whole decision process. Development work is needed. An interesting pilot software is being developed by the city of Helsinki for comprehensively managing and evaluating their ambitious [https://ilmastovahti.hel.fi Climate Watch] and its impacts.<br />
|----<br />
| Initiative<br />
| Several websites for launching, editing, and signing citizen initiatives at municipality or national level: [https://www.kansalaisaloite.fi Kansalaisaloite] (Citizen Initiative), [https://www.nuortenideat.fi Nuortenideat] (Ideas of the Young), [https://www.kuntalaisaloite.fi Kuntalaisaloite] (Municipality Initiatives). Similar tools could be used also for initiatives launched by Members of Parliament or the Government.<br />
|----<br />
!rowspan="6"|Substance<br />
| Content management<br />
| Diary systems, file and content management systems. Lots of individual solutions, mostly proprietary. VAHVA project by the Finnish Government will provide knowledge and tools for content management.<br />
|----<br />
| Research data and analyses<br />
| [https://avaa.tdata.fi/web/avaa/etusivu AVAA], [https://openscience.fi/ida IDA], [https://www.fairdata.fi/en/ Fairdata] and other data management tools help in managing research data from an original study to archival. [https://www.avoindata.fi/en Avoin data] (open data in Finland), platform for publishing open data. [http://findikaattori.fi/en Findicator]: indicators from all sectors of the society. [https://datahub.io/ Datahub] for open data sharing. Tools for separate analysis tasks are numerous, e.g. [[:en:QGIS|QGIS]] for geographical data. Several research fields have their own research and article databases, such as [https://arxiv.org/ ArXiv.org] (articles about physics, mathematics and other fields). [[:en:List of biological databases|Several biological databases]].<br />
|----<br />
| Public discussion, argumentation, statements<br />
| [https://www.otakantaa.fi Otakantaa], Facebook, Twitter, blogs, and other social media forums for discussion. Websites for fact checking: [https://faktabaari.fi/in-english/ Factbar], [https://fullfact.org Fullfact], [https://fullfact.org/blog/2016/dec/need-to-know/ Need to know project for fact checking]. [http://agoravoting.org Agoravoting] is an open voting system. [https://www.lausuntopalvelu.fi Lausuntopalvelu] collects statements from the public and organisations related to planned legislation and Government programs in Finland. [https://unanimous.ai/what-is-si/ Swarm AI] for collective intelligence<br />
|----<br />
| News<br />
| News feeds (open source) [[:en:CommaFeed|CommaFeed]], [[:en:Tiny Tiny RSS|Tiny Tiny RSS]]. Semantic, automated information searches, e.g. [http://www.leiki.com/urldemo?http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/12/science/space/after-a-two-year-trek-nasa-mars-rover-reaches-its-mountain-lab.html Leiki].<br />
|----<br />
| Description and assessment of decision situations and relevant causal connections<br />
| [[Opasnet]] for performing [[Open assessment]]s and impact assessments. [[Knowledge crystal]]s as integral parts of models and assessments. [http://sysdyn.simantics.org/ Simantics System Dynamics] in semantic models. [https://jupyter.org/ Jupyter notebooks] for collaborative model development. [[:en:Wikidata|Wikidata]], [[:en:Wikipedia|Wikipedia]] as storages of structured data and information.<br />
|----<br />
| Laws and regulations<br />
| [http://data.finlex.fi/en/main Semantic Finlex] contains the whole Finnish legislation and e.g. the decisions by the Supreme Court in a semantic structure.<br />
|----<br />
!rowspan="4"|Methods<br />
| Preparation of documents, co-creation, real-time co-editing<br />
| Several co-editing tools, e.g. Hackpad, MS Office365, Google Docs, Etherpad, Dropbox Paper, MediaWiki and [[:en:Git|Git]]. These tools enable the opening of the planning and writing phase of a decision. E.g. the climate strategy of Helsinki was co-created online with Google Docs and Sheets in 2018.<br />
|----<br />
| Development and spreading good practices<br />
| [https://www.innokyla.fi/en/home InnoVillage] helps to develop practices faster, when everyone's guidance is available online and can be commented. <br />
|----<br />
| Organising systems for information and discussions<br />
| Decentralised social networking protocol [https://www.w3.org/blog/news/archives/6785 Activitypub]<br />
Tools: [https://fullfact.org/blog/2016/aug/automated-factchecking/ Full Fact automated fact checking] [[:en:Compendium (software)|Compendium]]. Vocabularies and semantic tools: [[:en:Resource Description Framework|Resourse Description Framework (RDF)]], [https://finto.fi/en/ Finto] (Finnish Thesaurus and Ontology Service), [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12069-0_1 AIF-RDF Ontology] using Conceptual Graphics User Interface COGUI. These act as a basis for organising, condensing and spreading knowledge.<br />
|----<br />
| Information design, visualisations<br />
| Interactive and static visualisations from complex data. [https://shiny.rstudio.com/ Shiny], [http://rich-iannone.github.io/DiagrammeR/index.html Diagrammer], [https://www.gapminder.org/ Gapminder], [https://www.lucify.com Lucify] [https://plot.ly Plotly] [http://js.cytoscape.org/ Cytoscape]<br />
|----<br />
!rowspan="3"|Work<br />
| Work processes in decision making, research etc: follow-up, documentation<br />
| [https://dev.hel.fi/paatokset/ Ahjo] decision repository and [https://dev.hel.fi/projects/openahjo/ Openahjo] interface document and retrieve decisions that have been done in the city of Helsinki. [[:en:Git|Git]] enables reporting of both research and decision processes. There are several new platforms for improving science, such as [https://osf.io/ Open Science Framework] for facilitating open collaboration in research. [https://www.omidyar.com/ Omidyar Network] is a philantropic investment firm supporting e.g. governance and citizen engagement.<br />
|----<br />
| Co-creation, experiments, crowdsourcing<br />
| [https://www.kokeilunpaikka.fi/en/ Kokeilun paikka] promotes experiments when applicable information is needed but not available. [http://sociocracy30.org/ Sociocracy 3.0] provides learning material and principles for open collaboration in organisations of any size.<br />
|----<br />
| Project management<br />
| There are lots of project management software, mainly targeted for enterprise use but somewhat applicable in decision making or research. Some examples: [[:en:OpenProject|OpenProject]], [[:en:Project Management Body of Knowledge|Project Management Body of Knowledge]], [[:en:Comparison of project management software|Comparison of project management software]], [http://www.fingertip.org/ Fingertip].<br />
|----<br />
!rowspan="1"|Stakeholders<br />
| Expert services<br />
| [https://www.researchgate.net/home ResearchGate] [https://solved.fi/ Solved] and other expert networks.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* {{#l:From open assessment to shared understanding.zip}}<br />
* [[Shared information objects in policy support]], a previous version of this manuscript<br />
* [[:heande:User talk:Jouni#Fingetrip notes]]<br />
* [http://bigthink.com/paul-ratner/how-to-disagree-well-7-of-the-best-and-worst-ways-to-argue 7 of the best and worst ways to argue]<br />
* [[Shared understanding]]<br />
* [[Open policy ontology]]<br />
* [[Open assessment]]<br />
* [[Open policy practice]]<br />
* [[Properties of good assessment]]<br />
* [[:op_fi:Yhtäköyttä-hankkeen loppuraportti]]<br />
* [[:op_fi:Valassafari]].<br />
* [[:op_fi:Hiilineutraali Helsinki 2035]]<br />
* [[Insight network]]<br />
* [[Open policy practice]]<br />
* [[Shared understanding]]<br />
* [[Discussion]]<br />
* [[Evaluating performance of environmental health assessments]]<br />
* [[Benefit-risk assessment of Baltic herring and salmon intake]]<br />
* [[:op_fi:Jaetun ymmärryksen menetelmä]]<br />
* [[:op_fi:Yhtäköyttä-hankkeen loppuraportti]]<br />
* [[:en:Graph theory]]<br />
* Helsinki climate program 2035<br />
** [[:op_fi:Helsingin ohjelmalliset energiatehokkuus- ja ilmastotoimenpiteet ja -tavoitteet]]<br />
** [[:op_fi:Helsingin strategiset energiatehokkuus- ja ilmastotavoitteet]]<br />
** [https://dev.hel.fi/projects/openahjo/ OpenAhjo]<br />
** [https://dev.hel.fi/about/ Hel Dev people]<br />
* Daniel K. Walco, Jane L. Risen. The Empirical Case for Acquiescing to Intuition [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0956797617723377]<br />
* [www.opasnet.org/testiwiki/index.php/Item:Q18 Testi-DRF:action]<br />
* Study: Wikipedia as accurate as Britannica. The journal Nature says the open-access encyclopedia is about as accurate as the old standby.[https://www.cnet.com/news/study-wikipedia-as-accurate-as-britannica/]<br />
* Tutkijat pelkäävät jakaa dataansa, vaikka avoimuus voisi lievittää pelkoa [http://www.tahsaatio.fi/tutkijat-pelkaavat-jakaa-dataansa-vaikka-avoimuus-voisi-lievittaa-pelkoa/#.WkjZPDNnHH0.twitter]<br />
** Laine, H., (2017). Afraid of Scooping – Case Study on Researcher Strategies against Fear of Scooping in the Context of Open Science. Data Science Journal. 16, p.29. http://doi.org/10.5334/dsj-2017-029<br />
* MILDRED. The research data infrastructure for open data in the Univesity of Helsinki [http://blogs.helsinki.fi/mildred/files/2016/09/RDA-poster-final-2016-09-01.pdf]<br />
* The Availability of Research Data Declines Rapidly with Article Age [http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(13)01400-0]<br />
* This is Not a Boundary Object: Reflections on the Origin of a Concept. Susan Leigh Star [http://resolver.ebscohost.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=info%3aofi%2ffmt%3akev%3amtx%3actx&rft_val_fmt=info%3aofi%2ffmt%3akev%3amtx%3ajournal&rft.atitle=This+is+Not+a+Boundary+Object%3a+Reflections+on+the+Origin+of+a+Concept&rft.aufirst=Susan+Leigh&rft.aulast=Star&rft.date=2010&rft.eissn=1552-8251&rft.epage=617&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0162-2439&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=SCIENCE+TECHNOLOGY+%26+HUMAN+VALUES&rft.pages=601-617&rft.spage=601&rft.stitle=SCI+TECHNOL+HUM+VAL&rft.volume=35&rfr_id=info%3asid%2fwww.isinet.com%3aWoK%3aWOS&rft_id=info%3adoi%2f10.1177%2f0162243910377624&linksourcecustid=13556&site=ftf-live]<br />
* There's no such thing as 'sound science' [https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-easiest-way-to-dismiss-good-science-demand-sound-science/]<br />
* Metayliopisto [http://metayliopisto.fi/systeemi-selittaa/systeemin-ominaisuudet/intentionaalisuus/]<br />
* [[:File:Use of risk assessment in the society.ppt]]<br />
* The politics of evidence revisited [https://paulcairney.wordpress.com/2018/01/04/the-politics-of-evidence-revisited/]<br />
<br />
=== Parts not used ===<br />
<br />
* Political extremism is supported by an illusion of understanding<ref>Philip M. Fernbach, Todd Rogers, Craig R. Fox, Steven A. Sloman. (2013) Political Extremism Is Supported by an Illusion of Understanding. Psychological Science Volume: 24 issue: 6, page(s): 939-946. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612464058</ref><br />
* [[:en:Political polarization]]<br />
* U.S. media polarization and the 2020 election: a nation divided [https://www.journalism.org/2020/01/24/u-s-media-polarization-and-the-2020-election-a-nation-divided/].<br />
* WIRED: Psychological microtargeting could actually save politics [https://www.wired.co.uk/article/psychological-microtargeting-cambridge-analytica-facebook]<br />
* PLOS blogs: Future of open series [https://blogs.plos.org/plos/category/future-of-open-series/]<br />
<br />
None of the websites and tools described in this article offer a complete environment for open topic-wise scientific information production and discussion that would also support decision making. Opasnet works well for online assessments, but it is not optimised for documenting policy discussions or scientific work in real time. Climate Watch was designed to implement open policy practice in a specific context of municipality climate action plans. There are plans to generalise the functionalities for wider use base. This could be achieved by merging the functionalities of e.g. Opasnet, Open Science Framework, open data repositories, and discussion forums. Even if different tasks would happen at separate websites, they could form an integrated system (by using e.g. standard interfaces and permanent resource locations) to be used by decision makers, experts, stakeholders, and machines. Resource description framework and ontologies could be helpful in organising such a complex system.<br />
<br />
Boundary object is a concept for managing information work within a heterogeneous group of participants<ref>Star SL, Griesemer JR. Institutional Ecology, 'Translations' and Boundary Objects: Amateurs and Professionals in Berkeley's Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907-39. Social Studies of Science, 1989; 19 387-420.</ref>. As people come from different disciplines, they see things differently and use different words to describe things. Boundary objects are common words or concepts that are similar enough across disciplines so that they help understanding but allow specific interpretations within disciplines or by individuals. Several dioxin-related knowledge crystals were successfully used as boundary objects in BONUS GOHERR project (Table S1-1) to produce shared understanding among authorities, fishers, and researchers from public health, marine biology, and social sciences.<ref>GOHERR VIITE työpajapaperi##</ref><br />
<br />
Shared understanding aims to bring different views together. This is something that is needed especially during this time of polarisation<ref>Pew Research Center. (2020). U.S. Media Polarization and the 2020 Election: A Nation Divided. https://www.journalism.org/2020/01/24/u-s-media-polarization-and-the-2020-election-a-nation-divided/</ref>. The open assessments performed have identified more agreements even about heated topics that what seems to be case based on social media. The pneumococcus case is an example of this.<br />
<br />
Presenting also controversial and unpopular ideas is a prerequisite for a complete shared understanding. Thus, a community producing shared understanding should cherish and respect such activity and promote contributions even if they are incompatible with scientific or another paradigms. This is challenging to both someone presenting such claims and someone else personally against the presented idea. It helps if all parties have faith in the process and its capability to produce fair conclusions<ref>Rodriguez‐Sanchez C, Schuitema G, Claudy M, Sancho‐Esper F. (2018) How trust and emotions influence policy acceptance: The case of the Irish water charges. British Journal of Social Psychology 57: 3: 610-629. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12242</ref>. Therefore, the society should promote the acceptability of open decision processes, open participation, and diverse contributions. Such attitude prevails in the climate strategy of Helsinki, but it was present already five years earlier in Transport and communication strategy in digital Finland (Table S1-1).<br />
<br />
Openness does not mean that any kind of organisation or individual is equally prone or capable of using assessment information. Such equity issues are considered as a separate question and are not dealt with in this generic examination. <br />
<br />
Openness is crucial because a priori it is impossible to know who may have important factual information or value judgements about the topic.<br />
<br />
Open platforms for deliberation of decisions are available (otakantaa.fi, kansalaisaloite.fi), and sharing of code is routinely done via large platforms (ubuntu.com, cran.r-project.org). Also generic online tools such as Google Drive (drive.google.com), Slack (slack.com), and others have familiarised people with online collaboration and idea that information is accessible from anywhere.<br />
<br />
ArXiv.org is a famous example of preprint servers offering a place for publishing and discussing manuscripts before peer review<ref>Cornell University Library. arXiv.org. https://arxiv.org/. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref>. Such websites, as well as open access journals, have increased during recent years as the importance of availability of scientific information has been understood. Using open data storages (ida.fairdata.fi) for research results are often required by research funders.<br />
<br />
Aumann's agreement theorem shows that rational Bayesians demonstrates that rational agents with common knowledge of each other's beliefs cannot agree to disagree, because they necessarily end up updating their posterior with that of the other<ref>Aumann RJ. (1976) Agreeing to Disagree. The Annals of Statistics. 4 (6): 1236–1239. doi:10.1214/aos/1176343654.</ref>. In this thinking, shared understanding can be seen as an intermediate phase where the disagreements have been identified but the posteriors have not yet been updated to reflect the data that is possessed by the other person.<br />
<br />
Acquiescence, i.e. situations where people know that their choice is irrational but they choose it anyway<ref>Walco DK, Risen, JL. The Empirical Case for Acquiescing to Intuition. PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017;28:12:1807-1820. doi:10.1177/0956797617723377</ref><br />
<br />
There is a new political movement (Liike Nyt https://liikenyt.fi/) in Finland that claims that their member of parliament will vote whatever a public online discussion concludes. This approach is potentially close to co-created policy recommendations based on shared understanding. However, they are - at least so far - not using novel information tools or concepts to synthesise public discussions. Instead, they use social media groups and online polls. VIIDEN TÄHDEN LIIKE?<br />
<br />
Also, we hypothesise that only a few major paradigms will emerge, and those are ones whose applicability is wide and independent of the discipline. Scientific paradigm is expected to be one of them, and it will be interesting to see what else emerges. People commonly reason against some unintuitive rules of the scientific method (e.g. they try to prove a hypothesis right rather than wrong) but it is not clear whether this will cause a need to develop a paradigm for an alternative approach. It is even not clear whether people are willing to accept the idea that there could be different, competing rules for reasoning in a single assessment or decision process.<br />
<br />
Indeed, only 7 % of people contributing to Wikipedia do it for professional reasons<ref>Pande M. Wikipedia editors do it for fun: First results of our 2011 editor survey. 2011. https://blog.wikimedia.org/2011/06/10/wikipedia-editors-do-it-for-fun-first-results-of-our-2011-editor-survey/. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref>.<br />
<br />
Omidyar Network is an organisation that gives grants to non-profit organisations and also invest in startups that promote e.g. governance and citizen engagement<ref>Omidyar Network. A world of positive returns. http://www.omidyar.com. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref>. As an example, they support tools to improve discussion online with annotations<ref>Hypothesis. Annotate the web, with anyone, anywhere. https://web.hypothes.is/. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref>, an objective similar to with structured discussions.<br />
<br />
Additional references to pragma-dialectics<ref>Eemeren FH van. Reasonableness and effectiveness in argumentative discourse. Fifty contributions to the development of pragma-dialectics. Springer International Publishing Switzerland, 2015. ISBN 978-3-319-20954-8. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20955-5</ref>.<br />
<br />
Some experts and politicians seem to see criticism as a threat that should be pre-emptively avoided by only publishing finalised products. In contrast, agile processes publish their draft products as soon as possible and use criticism as a source of useful and relevant information. <br />
<br />
Open Science Framework is a project that aims to increase reproducibility in science by developing structured protocols for reproducing research studies, documenting study designs and results online, and producing open source software and preprint services to support this<ref>Open Science Framework. https://osf.io/. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.</ref>. The Framework maintains a web-workspace for documenting research as it unfolds rather than only afterwards in articles.<br />
<br />
Our own experience is the same, and we have not seen hijacking, malevolent behaviour or low-quality junk contributions. However, some robots produce unrelated advertisement material at Opasnet pages, but that is easy to identify and remove, and it has not become a problem.<br />
<br />
'''TO DO<br />
<br />
* A specific link should be available to mean the object itself rather than its description. http://en.opasnet.org/entity/...? <br />
* All terms and principles should be described at Opasnet at their own pages. Use italics to refer to these pages.<br />
* Upload Tuomisto 1999 thesis to Julkari. And Paakkila 1999<br />
<br />
Suggested editors: Daniel Angus, Özlem Uzuner, Sergio Villamayor Tomás, Frédéric Mertens</div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=ERF_of_waterborne_microbes&diff=43827ERF of waterborne microbes2022-02-06T08:59:10Z<p>Jouni: /* Data */ typo corrected</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Drinking water]]<br />
[[Category:Water guide]]<br />
{{variable|moderator=Heta}}<br />
[[Category:Contains R code]]<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
What are the dose-response functions of pathogens in drinking water?<br />
<br />
== Answer ==<br />
<br />
<rcode embed=1><br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
objects.latest("Op_en7948", code_name = "variable")<br />
<br />
oprint(AnnosVaste)<br />
<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
=== Data ===<br />
<br />
<t2b name="ERF" index="Exposure agent,Response,Exposure,Exposure unit,ER function,Scaling,Observation" locations="Threshold,ERF" desc="Description" unit="-"><br />
campylobacter|campylobacter infection|ingestion|?|beta poisson approximation|None|0.011|0.024|<br />
rotavirus|rotavirus infection|ingestion|?|exact beta poisson|None|0.191|0.167|<br />
norovirus|norovirus infection|ingestion|?|exact beta poisson|None|0.055|0.04|<br />
sapovirus|sapovirus infection|ingestion|?|exact beta poisson|None|0.055|0.04|<br />
cryptosporidium|cryptosporidium infection|ingestion|?|exact beta poisson|None|0.176|0.115|<br />
giardia|giardia infection|ingestion|?|exponential|None|0|0.0199|<br />
E.coli O157:H7|E.coli O157:H7 infection|ingestion|?|exact beta poisson|None|9.16|0.157|E. coli O157:H7 strain<br />
</t2b><br />
<br />
<br />
<t2b name="Probability of illness, given infection" index="Response, Illness, Subgroup" obs="Result" unit="probability"><br />
giardia infection|gastroenteritis||1<br />
cryptosporidium infection|gastroenteritis||0.71<br />
cryptosporidium infection|death|Age:0-4|0.00000070645<br />
cryptosporidium infection|death|Age:5-9|0<br />
cryptosporidium infection|death|Age:10-14|0<br />
cryptosporidium infection|death|Age:15-64|0.000014839<br />
cryptosporidium infection|death|Age:65-79|0.0011644<br />
cryptosporidium infection|death|Age:80+|0.0011644<br />
norovirus infection|gastroenteritis||0.7<br />
norovirus infection|death|Age:0-4|0.000002058<br />
norovirus infection|death|Age:5-9|0<br />
norovirus infection|death|Age:10-14|0<br />
norovirus infection|death|Age:15-64|0<br />
norovirus infection|death|Age:65-79|0.000168<br />
norovirus infection|death|Age:80+|0.000168<br />
sapovirus infection|gastroenteritis||0.7<br />
sapovirus infection|death|Age:0-4|0.000002058<br />
sapovirus infection|death|Age:5-9|0<br />
sapovirus infection|death|Age:10-14|0<br />
sapovirus infection|death|Age:15-64|0<br />
sapovirus infection|death|Age:65-79|0.000168<br />
sapovirus infection|death|Age:80+|0.000168<br />
rotavirus infection|gastroenteritis||0.5<br />
rotavirus infection|death|Age:0-4|0.00001917<br />
rotavirus infection|death|Age:5-9|0<br />
rotavirus infection|death|Age:10-14|0<br />
rotavirus infection|death|Age:15-64|0<br />
rotavirus infection|death|Age:65-79|0<br />
rotavirus infection|death|Age:80+|0<br />
campylobacter infection|gastroenteritis||0.323<br />
campylobacter infection|clinical Guillian-Barré syndrome||0.000066<br />
campylobacter infection|residual Guillian Barré syndrome||0.000066<br />
campylobacter infection|reactive arthritis||0.0066<br />
campylobacter infection|death||0.000131<br />
E.coli O157:H7 infection|gastroenteritis||0.4346<br />
E.coli O157:H7 infection|hemorrhagic colitis||0.3854<br />
E.coli O157:H7 infection|haemolytic uraemic syndrome||0.0082<br />
E.coli O157:H7 infection|end stage renal disease||0.0009676<br />
E.coli O157:H7 infection|death||0.00062238<br />
</t2b><br />
<br />
{{argument|relat1=attack|id=arg6688|type=truth|content=Find out the units of the parameters to understand the functions precisely.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 12:54, 11 July 2019 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{argument|relat1=comment|id=arg2087|type=truth|content=The ERF and Threshold numbers in the tables correspond to parameters called alpha and beta respectively in the papers cited below in the cases of campylo, rota, noro and crypto. The equations alpha and beta are used in in the papers don't (seem to) match the equations below. At least for campylo the equations are significantly more complicated. For giardia the value in ERF does seem to be used in the paper it's from in the way the exponential equation shows. In the paper it's marked as r, the probability of infection. The equation in the paper uses "mean number per portion" where Dose is in this equation. ''E.coli'' is the biggest mystery: I wasn't able to find the numbers in the table above from the paper sited for it at all. |sign=--[[User:Heta|Heta]] ([[User talk:Heta|talk]]) 10:32, 12 July 2019 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
In these equations, Param1 and Param2 are in ERF and Threshold, respectively.<br />
* Beta Poisson approximation: 1-(1+Dose/Param2)^-Param1<br />
* Exact beta Poisson: 1-exp(-(Param1/(Param1+Param2))*Dose)<br />
* Exponential: 1-exp(-Param1*Dose)<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
| Pathogen<br />
| Reference<br />
|----<br />
| Campylobacter<br />
| <ref>Teunis, P., van den Brandhof, W., Nauta, M., Wagenaar, J., van den Kerkhof, H. and van Pelt, W. 2005. A reconsideration of the Campylobacter dose–response relation. Epidemiol. Infec. 133, 583-592. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268805003912 </ref> <ref name="WHO">WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality 2017. ISBN 978-92-4-154995-0 [https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/254637/9789241549950-eng.pdf?sequence=1]</ref><br />
|----<br />
| Rotavirus<br />
| <ref>Teunis, P. F. M. and Havelaar, A. 2000. "The beta Poisson dose‐response model is not a single hit model."Risk Analysis 20(4): 513-520. https://doi.org/10.1111/0272-4332.204048</ref> <ref name="WHO"/><br />
|----<br />
| Norovirus<br />
| <ref>Teunis P.F.M., Moe, C.L., Liu, P., Miller, S.E., Lindesmith, L., Baric, R.S., Le Pendu, J., Calderon, R.L. 2008. Norwalk Virus: How Infectious is It? Journal of Medical Virology 80:1468-1476. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.21237</ref><br />
|----<br />
| Sapovirus<br />
| <ref>Teunis P.F.M., Moe, C.L., Liu, P., Miller, S.E., Lindesmith, L., Baric, R.S., Le Pendu, J., Calderon, R.L. 2008. Norwalk Virus: How Infectious is It? Journal of Medical Virology 80:1468-1476. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.21237</ref><br />
|----<br />
| Cryptosporidium<br />
| <ref>Teunis, P.F.M., Chappell, C.L., Okhuysen, P.C. 2002. Cryptosporidium Dose Response Studies: Variation Between Isolates. Risk Analysis 22(1) 175-183 https://doi.org/10.1111/0272-4332.00014</ref><ref name="WHO"/><br />
|----<br />
| Giardia<br />
| <ref>Teunis, P.F.M., van der Heijden, O.G., van der Giessen, J.W.B., Havelaar, A.H. 1996. The dose-response relation in human volunteers for gastro-intestinal pathogens. RIVM report No. 284550002. http://hdl.handle.net/10029/9966 </ref><br />
|----<br />
| ''E.coli'' O157:H7<br />
| <ref>Teunis, P., Takumi, K. and Shinagawa, K. 2004. "Dose response for infection by Escherichia coli O157:H7<br />
from outbreak data." Risk Analysis 24(2): 401‐407. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00441.x</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Calculations ===<br />
<br />
<rcode name="P_illness" label="Initiate P_illness" embed=1><br />
# This is code Op_en7948/P_illness on page [[ERF of waterborne microbes]]<br />
<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
objects.latest("Op_en2031", code_name="subgrouping") # [[ERF]] subgrouping<br />
<br />
P_illness <- Ovariable("P_illness", ddata = "Op_en7948", subset="Probability of illness, given infection")<br />
P_illness@data <- subgrouping(P_illness@data)<br />
<br />
objects.store(P_illness)<br />
cat("Ovariable P_illness stored.\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
<rcode name="ERF_micr2" label="Initiate ovariable ERF_micr" embed=1><br />
# This is code Op_en7948/ERF_micr2 on page [[ERF of waterborne microbes]]<br />
# Note! This version has ERF and threshold in the same ovariable.<br />
<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
ERF_micr <- Ovariable("ERF_micr", ddata = "Op_en7948", subset="ERF")<br />
colnames(ERF_micr@data) <- gsub(" ", "_", colnames(ERF_micr@data))<br />
<br />
objects.store(ERF_micr)<br />
cat("Ovariable ERF_micr stored.\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
<br />
<rcode name="ERF_micr" label="Initiate ovariables ERF_micr, threshold_micr" embed=1><br />
# This is code Op_en7948/ERF_micr on page [[ERF of waterborne microbes]]<br />
<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
d <- opbase.data("Op_en7948")[-1]<br />
<br />
colnames(d) <- gsub(" ", "_", colnames(d))<br />
d$Result <- ifelse(d$Result == "", "0", as.character(d$Result))<br />
<br />
ERF_micr <- Ovariable("ERF_micr", data = d[d$Observation == "ERF", colnames(d) != "Observation"])<br />
<br />
threshold_micr <- Ovariable("threshold_micr", data = d[d$Observation == "Threshold", colnames(d) != "Observation"])<br />
<br />
objects.store(ERF_micr, threshold_micr)<br />
cat("Ovariables ERF_micr, threshold_micr stored.\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
{{argument|relat1=attack|id=arg5268|type=truth|content=The code below is old and does not work with the new ERF table.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 12:54, 11 July 2019 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
<rcode <br />
name="variable" <br />
label="Initialize variable" <br />
><br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
f.exact.beta.poisson <- function(Dose, Param1, Param2, ...) 1 - exp(-(Param1 / (Param1 + Param2)) * Dose)<br />
f.beta.poisson.approx <- function(Dose, Param1, Param2, ...) 1 - (1 + Dose / Param2)^(-Param1)<br />
f.exponential <- function(Dose, Param1, ...) 1 - exp(-Param1 * Dose)<br />
f.alt.exponential <- function(Dose, Param1, Param2, ...) 1 - (1 + (Dose / Param1))^(Param2)<br />
<br />
EFR <- Ovariable("ERF", data = tidy(opbase.data("Op_fi2653")))<br />
<br />
objects.store(ERF, f.exact.beta.poisson, f.beta.poisson.approx, f.exponential, f.alt.exponential)<br />
<br />
cat("Ovariable ERF and functions f.exact.beta.poisson, f.beta.poisson.approx, f.exponential and f.alt.exponential saved.\n")<br />
<br />
oprint(ERF)<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Water guide]]<br />
* [[HIA]]<br />
* http://wiki.camra.msu.edu/index.php?title=Dose_response_assessment<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{eracedu}}</div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Kausal_Paths&diff=43826Kausal Paths2021-10-14T13:33:42Z<p>Jouni: /* See also */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Jouni|stub=Yes}}<br />
'''Kausal Paths''' is a web platform for managing and assessing city-level climate mitigation. It is produced by [https://kausal.tech Kausal Ltd]. The most [https://tampere.paths.kausal.tech advanced version] is used by the city of Tampere.<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
What properties should Kausal Paths have, and how can the functionalities of [[Opasnet]] be transferred to Kausal Paths?<br />
<br />
== Answer ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
=== Calculations ===<br />
<br />
==== Export health impact assessment data from Opasnet ====<br />
<br />
<rcode label="Export ERF data"><br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
openv.setN(0)<br />
<br />
objects.latest("Op_en2031", code_name="ERF2")<br />
ERFchoice <- 1<br />
<br />
ERF@formula <- function (...) <br />
{<br />
out <- OpasnetUtils::combine(ERF_env, ERF_omega3, ERF_mehg, <br />
ERF_diox, ERF_vit, ERF_micr, ERF_pfas)<br />
# out$Exposure_unit <- NULL<br />
# out$Exposure <- NULL<br />
if ("Iter" %in% colnames(out@output)) {<br />
out@output <- fillna(out@output, marginals = "Iter")<br />
}<br />
out <- unkeep(out * ERFchoice, cols = c("ERFchoiceSource", <br />
"ERFchoiceResult"))<br />
marginals <- colnames(out@output)[out@marginal]<br />
coln <- colnames(out@output)<br />
out@output <- subgrouping(out@output, subg = "Subgroup")<br />
out@marginal <- colnames(out@output) %in% union(marginals, <br />
setdiff(colnames(out@output), coln))<br />
return(out)<br />
}<br />
<br />
ERF <- EvalOutput(ERF)<br />
<br />
write.csv(ERF@output, "exposure_response_functions.csv", row.names = FALSE)<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
'''Online modelling<br />
* [https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.norm.html#scipy.stats.norm Probability distributions in python with scipy]<br />
* https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/handle/10024/163343<br />
* https://cytoscape.org/cytoscape-tutorials/presentations/bioc2018_Rcy3_intro.html#/<br />
* https://www.edureka.co/blog/bayesian-networks/<br />
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_network<br />
* https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-68996-6_4 Bayesian models with discrete and continuous nodes<br />
* https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/25742558.2020.1721401 Chen-G class distributions<br />
* https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0377221707001701<br />
* https://cryptpad.fr/pad/#/2/pad/edit/6Y6aWeCUVjSQ1fk-FsRNcvT9/<br />
* https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8276278<br />
* Syke-yhteistyö https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1lh18aLI_VMGjkIZEpVF0dNcNQGYJXHua6ALeAJTlV64/edit#slide=id.ge9d0526785_1_0<br />
* Modelling in Tampere<br />
** https://trepo.tuni.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/119069/JoronenJuulia.pdf?sequence=3 Kulkutapajakauman kustannus-hyötyanalyysi<br />
** https://www.ilmastopaneeli.fi/autokalkulaattori/<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Synthetic data<br />
* [https://www.kt.fi/tilastot-ja-julkaisut/henkilostotilastot/kunta-tyonantajana Municipality as employer]<br />
* [https://vm.fi/kuntien-ja-kuntayhtymien-talousarviot-ja-taloussuunnitelmat Budgets of municipalities]<br />
* [https://teaviisari.fi/teaviisari/fi/hyodyntaminen Teaviisari, using]<br />
* [https://teaviisari.fi/teaviisari/fi/tulokset?view=NAKOKULMA&y=2019&y=2017&y=2015&y=2013&y=2011&r=KUNTA398&r=KOKOMAA&chartType=line&cmp=r Teaviisari, example]<br />
* https://thl.fi/fi/tilastot-ja-data/aineistot-ja-palvelut/avoin-data#TEAviisari THL Open data<br />
<br />
'''Sustainable energy<br />
* https://researchportal.helsinki.fi/en/persons/barry-gills<br />
* https://tem.fi/-/hiisi-hanke-lisatoimia-tarvitaan-kaikilla-paastosektoreilla-2035-tavoitteen-saavuttamiseksi<br />
* https://ym.fi/vapaaehtoiset-paastokompensaatiot<br />
* https://www.epressi.com/tiedotteet/ymparisto-ja-luonto/paastokompensaation-vastuullisuus-edellyttaa-valtion-vahvaa-roolia.html<br />
* https://www.luke.fi/projektit/hima-hiilikompensaation-tietopalvelu/<br />
* https://www.edilex.fi/artikkelit/21042<br />
* https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/38154/43500/MethodCO2.pdf/1a4da156-c65b-4c3a-b2fd-c80061d2aec8<br />
* https://media.sitra.fi/2021/09/27161409/enabling-cost-efficient-electrification-in-finland.pdf Sitra: Sustainable electricity in Finland<br />
* https://co2data.fi Database of construction material footprints and handprints<br />
* https://ihkuallianssi.fi/opinnaytetyo-anni/ Data interfaces in infra and construction business: connecting planning and accounting<br />
<br />
'''Climate work and sustainability in cities<br />
* https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/100-climate-neutral-cities-2030-and-citizens_en<br />
* https://www.ecowelfare.fi/<br />
* https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-qa-the-ipccs-sixth-assessment-report-on-climate-science<br />
* https://app.wedonthavetime.org/posts/9a673e78-80d7-4eee-a70b-b83f01d906ec<br />
* https://app.wedonthavetime.org/home/all<br />
* https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11892283<br />
* https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/121802<br />
* http://extra.lansstyrelsen.se/rus/Sv/statistik-och-data/nationell-emissionsdatabas/Pages/default.aspx<br />
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_boundaries<br />
* https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-020-0403-x<br />
* https://phys.org/news/2021-06-software-sustainable-cities.html<br />
* https://naturalcapitalproject.stanford.edu/software/urban-invest<br />
* https://www.vantaa.fi/instancedata/prime_product_julkaisu/vantaa/embeds/vantaawwwstructure/140089_ResurssiviisaudenTiekartta-18.6.2018-final.pdf<br />
* https://www.kuopio.fi/documents/7369547/8607985/Resurssiviisausohjelman+seuranta+2020+%28pdf%29/8107a69a-a76a-4762-acf3-06a7d0f82b26<br />
* https://www.kotka.fi/2021/03/kotkan-ja-kouvolan-kaupunkien-ilmasto-ja-ymparistotyota-kehitetaan-ymparistoministerion-tuella/<br />
* https://www.kouvola.fi/asuminen-ja-ymparisto/luonto-ja-ymparisto/ymparistoohjelma/<br />
* https://www.kouvola.fi/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Ymparisto2030ymparistoohjelma10022020.pdf<br />
* https://www.kuopio.fi/strategia<br />
* https://www.kuopio.fi/documents/7369547/8830694/Hyvinvoiva+Kuopio/5ec37750-b90b-4fdd-846f-5c2e27f2bd2b<br />
* https://www.kuopio.fi/documents/7369547/8039202/Vaikutusten_ennakkoarviointi_2018.pdf/9f8d67ab-1654-490d-9446-acc2847e8732<br />
* https://www.kuopio.fi/documents/7369547/8830694/Resurssiviisas+Kuopio/90bade7d-7dbd-4013-ad1e-fc17328a6611<br />
* https://www.kuntaliitto.fi/yhdyskunnat-ja-ymparisto/ymparisto/ilmastonmuutos/ilmastokunnat<br />
* https://www.kuntaliitto.fi/yhdyskunta-tekniikka-ja-ymparisto-sahkopostilistat<br />
* https://finnwatch.org/fi/uutiset/867-paeaestoekompensaation-vastuullisuus-edellyttaeae-valtion-vahvaa-roolia<br />
* https://www.francis-project.eu/<br />
* http://climatebase.org/<br />
* https://citiesracetoresilience.org/join/ Cities' race to resilience<br />
* https://www.fisunetwork.fi/fi-FI FISU: resurssiviisaat kunnat<br />
* https://media.sitra.fi/2021/05/26093010/sitra-missa-mennaan-kuntien-ilmasto-ja-luontotyossa.pdf Sitra: Missä mennään kuntien ilmastotyössä?<br />
* https://daringcities.org/about/ ICLEI: Daring Cities<br />
* Futureproofed:<br />
** https://lund.futureproofed.com/measures Lund<br />
** https://sv.futureproofed.com/cities/how-it-works How it works<br />
<br />
'''Open decision making<br />
* https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/transformation/are-evidence-based-decisions-impossible-in-politics/<br />
* what decisions are difficult to make in a democracy<br />
* https://www.jstor.org/stable/2376584?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents<br />
* https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/theory-of-democracy<br />
* https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/theory-of-democracy<br />
* https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliberative_democracy<br />
<br />
'''Data protection<br />
* https://tietosuoja.fi/-/tietosuojavaltuutetun-toimisto-pyytaa-kommentteja-uudesta-tietosuojan-vaikutustenarviointia-koskevasta-ohjeesta<br />
<br />
'''People and planet conference<br />
* https://www2.helsinki.fi/en/conferences/people-and-planet/registration<br />
<br />
'''Open science <br />
* https://plos.org/commit-to-openness/?utm_medium=email&utm_source=internal&utm_campaign=scientistsforopenscience&utm_content=scientistsforopenscience<br />
* https://www.science.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1150473 electronic publication and narrowing of scholarship<br />
* https://www.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/fulltext/S1364-6613(19)30242-6?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1364661319302426%3Fshowall%3Dtrue#relatedArticles Fast lane to slow science<br />
* https://www.chronicle.com/article/the-scientific-paper-is-outdated/ The scientific paper is outdated<br />
* https://www.pnas.org/content/118/41/e2021636118 Slowed progress in canonical fields of science<br />
* https://vm.fi/tapahtumat/2021-10-27/verkkotilaisuus-tiedon-hyodyntamisen-ja-avaamisen-hankkeen-puolivaliseminaari VM: Tiedon hyödyntämisen ja avaamisen hanke<br />
* https://direct.mit.edu/books/oa-monograph/5131/Open-Knowledge-InstitutionsReinventing Open knowledge institutions: Reinventing universities<br />
<br />
'''Open government<br />
* https://www.frank-timme.de/verlag/verlagsprogramm/buch/verlagsprogramm/bd-8-camilla-lindholmulla-vanhatalo-eds-easy-language-in-europe/backPID/easy-plain-accessible.html<br />
* https://www.kotus.fi/kielitieto/hyva_virkakieli/ajankohtaista_virkakielesta/kotus_suosittaa_virastoille_tekstien_selkeyttamista.36588.news<br />
* https://www.eoppiva.fi/koulutukset/tekoaly-yhteiskunnassa/<br />
* https://www.eoppiva.fi/koulutukset/nakokulmia-ihmiskeskeisyyteen/<br />
* https://vm.fi/tekoalyohjelma-auroraai<br />
* https://www.kotus.fi/ohjeet/nimistonsuunnittelun_ohjeita<br />
* https://www.kotus.fi/palvelut/kielitoimiston_koulutus_ja_konsultointi/hyvan_virkakielen_verkkokurssipaketti<br />
<br />
'''Citizens and society<br />
* https://avoinhallinto.fi/tapahtumat/kansalaisjarjestoakatemia/<br />
* https://vastapaino.fi/sivu/tuote/neljas-sektori/3005429<br />
* https://uprighthc.com/human-capital-consulting<br />
* https://www.dariah.eu/2021/02/11/helsinki-digital-humanities-hackathon-dhh21-2/<br />
* https://knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu/participatory-democracy_en EU Competence center of participatory democracy<br />
<br />
'''Contacts<br />
* [https://www.paiviabernethy.com/bio Päivi Abernethy]<br />
<br />
'''Tietopolitiikka, avoin tiede<br />
* https://www.eoppiva.fi/koulutukset/tiedon-aarella-johdatus-tietopolitiikkaan/<br />
* https://direct.mit.edu/books/monograph/5131/Open-Knowledge-InstitutionsReinventing<br />
* https://tietopolitiikka.fi/<br />
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Brain<br />
<br />
'''Standard indicators<br />
* https://github.com/openENTRANCE/nomenclature/tree/master/nomenclature/definitions/variable/technology<br />
* https://sdgs.un.org/topics/multi-stakeholder-partnerships-and-voluntary-commitments<br />
* https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal17<br />
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_2<br />
* https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1uchz5BoM6JF-ru2DgZY6lfsjxC4eN9PWL7-Y-hE72v4/edit#slide=id.ge3c106ffe4_0_87<br />
* https://www.c40.org/press_releases/cities-committed-race-to-zero<br />
<br />
'''COP26<br />
* https://ukcop26.org/pre-cop/the-youth-summit/<br />
* https://www.cities-and-regions.org/cop26/<br />
<br />
==Keywords==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Kausal_Paths&diff=43825Kausal Paths2021-10-14T11:22:30Z<p>Jouni: /* See also */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Jouni|stub=Yes}}<br />
'''Kausal Paths''' is a web platform for managing and assessing city-level climate mitigation. It is produced by [https://kausal.tech Kausal Ltd]. The most [https://tampere.paths.kausal.tech advanced version] is used by the city of Tampere.<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
What properties should Kausal Paths have, and how can the functionalities of [[Opasnet]] be transferred to Kausal Paths?<br />
<br />
== Answer ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
=== Calculations ===<br />
<br />
==== Export health impact assessment data from Opasnet ====<br />
<br />
<rcode label="Export ERF data"><br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
openv.setN(0)<br />
<br />
objects.latest("Op_en2031", code_name="ERF2")<br />
ERFchoice <- 1<br />
<br />
ERF@formula <- function (...) <br />
{<br />
out <- OpasnetUtils::combine(ERF_env, ERF_omega3, ERF_mehg, <br />
ERF_diox, ERF_vit, ERF_micr, ERF_pfas)<br />
# out$Exposure_unit <- NULL<br />
# out$Exposure <- NULL<br />
if ("Iter" %in% colnames(out@output)) {<br />
out@output <- fillna(out@output, marginals = "Iter")<br />
}<br />
out <- unkeep(out * ERFchoice, cols = c("ERFchoiceSource", <br />
"ERFchoiceResult"))<br />
marginals <- colnames(out@output)[out@marginal]<br />
coln <- colnames(out@output)<br />
out@output <- subgrouping(out@output, subg = "Subgroup")<br />
out@marginal <- colnames(out@output) %in% union(marginals, <br />
setdiff(colnames(out@output), coln))<br />
return(out)<br />
}<br />
<br />
ERF <- EvalOutput(ERF)<br />
<br />
write.csv(ERF@output, "exposure_response_functions.csv", row.names = FALSE)<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
'''Online modelling<br />
* [https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.norm.html#scipy.stats.norm Probability distributions in python with scipy]<br />
* https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/handle/10024/163343<br />
* https://cytoscape.org/cytoscape-tutorials/presentations/bioc2018_Rcy3_intro.html#/<br />
* https://www.edureka.co/blog/bayesian-networks/<br />
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_network<br />
* https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-68996-6_4 Bayesian models with discrete and continuous nodes<br />
* https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/25742558.2020.1721401 Chen-G class distributions<br />
* https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0377221707001701<br />
* https://cryptpad.fr/pad/#/2/pad/edit/6Y6aWeCUVjSQ1fk-FsRNcvT9/<br />
* https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8276278<br />
* Syke-yhteistyö https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1lh18aLI_VMGjkIZEpVF0dNcNQGYJXHua6ALeAJTlV64/edit#slide=id.ge9d0526785_1_0<br />
* Modelling in Tampere<br />
** https://trepo.tuni.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/119069/JoronenJuulia.pdf?sequence=3 Kulkutapajakauman kustannus-hyötyanalyysi<br />
** https://www.ilmastopaneeli.fi/autokalkulaattori/<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Synthetic data<br />
* [https://www.kt.fi/tilastot-ja-julkaisut/henkilostotilastot/kunta-tyonantajana Municipality as employer]<br />
* [https://vm.fi/kuntien-ja-kuntayhtymien-talousarviot-ja-taloussuunnitelmat Budgets of municipalities]<br />
* [https://teaviisari.fi/teaviisari/fi/hyodyntaminen Teaviisari, using]<br />
* [https://teaviisari.fi/teaviisari/fi/tulokset?view=NAKOKULMA&y=2019&y=2017&y=2015&y=2013&y=2011&r=KUNTA398&r=KOKOMAA&chartType=line&cmp=r Teaviisari, example]<br />
* https://thl.fi/fi/tilastot-ja-data/aineistot-ja-palvelut/avoin-data#TEAviisari THL Open data<br />
<br />
'''Sustainable energy<br />
* https://researchportal.helsinki.fi/en/persons/barry-gills<br />
* https://tem.fi/-/hiisi-hanke-lisatoimia-tarvitaan-kaikilla-paastosektoreilla-2035-tavoitteen-saavuttamiseksi<br />
* https://ym.fi/vapaaehtoiset-paastokompensaatiot<br />
* https://www.epressi.com/tiedotteet/ymparisto-ja-luonto/paastokompensaation-vastuullisuus-edellyttaa-valtion-vahvaa-roolia.html<br />
* https://www.luke.fi/projektit/hima-hiilikompensaation-tietopalvelu/<br />
* https://www.edilex.fi/artikkelit/21042<br />
* https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/38154/43500/MethodCO2.pdf/1a4da156-c65b-4c3a-b2fd-c80061d2aec8<br />
* https://media.sitra.fi/2021/09/27161409/enabling-cost-efficient-electrification-in-finland.pdf Sitra: Sustainable electricity in Finland<br />
<br />
'''Climate work and sustainability in cities<br />
* https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/100-climate-neutral-cities-2030-and-citizens_en<br />
* https://www.ecowelfare.fi/<br />
* https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-qa-the-ipccs-sixth-assessment-report-on-climate-science<br />
* https://app.wedonthavetime.org/posts/9a673e78-80d7-4eee-a70b-b83f01d906ec<br />
* https://app.wedonthavetime.org/home/all<br />
* https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11892283<br />
* https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/121802<br />
* http://extra.lansstyrelsen.se/rus/Sv/statistik-och-data/nationell-emissionsdatabas/Pages/default.aspx<br />
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_boundaries<br />
* https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-020-0403-x<br />
* https://phys.org/news/2021-06-software-sustainable-cities.html<br />
* https://naturalcapitalproject.stanford.edu/software/urban-invest<br />
* https://www.vantaa.fi/instancedata/prime_product_julkaisu/vantaa/embeds/vantaawwwstructure/140089_ResurssiviisaudenTiekartta-18.6.2018-final.pdf<br />
* https://www.kuopio.fi/documents/7369547/8607985/Resurssiviisausohjelman+seuranta+2020+%28pdf%29/8107a69a-a76a-4762-acf3-06a7d0f82b26<br />
* https://www.kotka.fi/2021/03/kotkan-ja-kouvolan-kaupunkien-ilmasto-ja-ymparistotyota-kehitetaan-ymparistoministerion-tuella/<br />
* https://www.kouvola.fi/asuminen-ja-ymparisto/luonto-ja-ymparisto/ymparistoohjelma/<br />
* https://www.kouvola.fi/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Ymparisto2030ymparistoohjelma10022020.pdf<br />
* https://www.kuopio.fi/strategia<br />
* https://www.kuopio.fi/documents/7369547/8830694/Hyvinvoiva+Kuopio/5ec37750-b90b-4fdd-846f-5c2e27f2bd2b<br />
* https://www.kuopio.fi/documents/7369547/8039202/Vaikutusten_ennakkoarviointi_2018.pdf/9f8d67ab-1654-490d-9446-acc2847e8732<br />
* https://www.kuopio.fi/documents/7369547/8830694/Resurssiviisas+Kuopio/90bade7d-7dbd-4013-ad1e-fc17328a6611<br />
* https://www.kuntaliitto.fi/yhdyskunnat-ja-ymparisto/ymparisto/ilmastonmuutos/ilmastokunnat<br />
* https://www.kuntaliitto.fi/yhdyskunta-tekniikka-ja-ymparisto-sahkopostilistat<br />
* https://finnwatch.org/fi/uutiset/867-paeaestoekompensaation-vastuullisuus-edellyttaeae-valtion-vahvaa-roolia<br />
* https://www.francis-project.eu/<br />
* http://climatebase.org/<br />
* https://citiesracetoresilience.org/join/ Cities' race to resilience<br />
* https://www.fisunetwork.fi/fi-FI FISU: resurssiviisaat kunnat<br />
* https://media.sitra.fi/2021/05/26093010/sitra-missa-mennaan-kuntien-ilmasto-ja-luontotyossa.pdf Sitra: Missä mennään kuntien ilmastotyössä?<br />
* https://daringcities.org/about/ ICLEI: Daring Cities<br />
* Futureproofed:<br />
** https://lund.futureproofed.com/measures Lund<br />
** https://sv.futureproofed.com/cities/how-it-works How it works<br />
<br />
'''Open decision making<br />
* https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/transformation/are-evidence-based-decisions-impossible-in-politics/<br />
* what decisions are difficult to make in a democracy<br />
* https://www.jstor.org/stable/2376584?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents<br />
* https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/theory-of-democracy<br />
* https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/theory-of-democracy<br />
* https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliberative_democracy<br />
<br />
'''Data protection<br />
* https://tietosuoja.fi/-/tietosuojavaltuutetun-toimisto-pyytaa-kommentteja-uudesta-tietosuojan-vaikutustenarviointia-koskevasta-ohjeesta<br />
<br />
'''People and planet conference<br />
* https://www2.helsinki.fi/en/conferences/people-and-planet/registration<br />
<br />
'''Open science <br />
* https://plos.org/commit-to-openness/?utm_medium=email&utm_source=internal&utm_campaign=scientistsforopenscience&utm_content=scientistsforopenscience<br />
* https://www.science.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1150473 electronic publication and narrowing of scholarship<br />
* https://www.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/fulltext/S1364-6613(19)30242-6?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1364661319302426%3Fshowall%3Dtrue#relatedArticles Fast lane to slow science<br />
* https://www.chronicle.com/article/the-scientific-paper-is-outdated/ The scientific paper is outdated<br />
* https://www.pnas.org/content/118/41/e2021636118 Slowed progress in canonical fields of science<br />
* https://vm.fi/tapahtumat/2021-10-27/verkkotilaisuus-tiedon-hyodyntamisen-ja-avaamisen-hankkeen-puolivaliseminaari VM: Tiedon hyödyntämisen ja avaamisen hanke<br />
* https://direct.mit.edu/books/oa-monograph/5131/Open-Knowledge-InstitutionsReinventing Open knowledge institutions: Reinventing universities<br />
<br />
'''Open government<br />
* https://www.frank-timme.de/verlag/verlagsprogramm/buch/verlagsprogramm/bd-8-camilla-lindholmulla-vanhatalo-eds-easy-language-in-europe/backPID/easy-plain-accessible.html<br />
* https://www.kotus.fi/kielitieto/hyva_virkakieli/ajankohtaista_virkakielesta/kotus_suosittaa_virastoille_tekstien_selkeyttamista.36588.news<br />
* https://www.eoppiva.fi/koulutukset/tekoaly-yhteiskunnassa/<br />
* https://www.eoppiva.fi/koulutukset/nakokulmia-ihmiskeskeisyyteen/<br />
* https://vm.fi/tekoalyohjelma-auroraai<br />
* https://www.kotus.fi/ohjeet/nimistonsuunnittelun_ohjeita<br />
* https://www.kotus.fi/palvelut/kielitoimiston_koulutus_ja_konsultointi/hyvan_virkakielen_verkkokurssipaketti<br />
<br />
'''Citizens and society<br />
* https://avoinhallinto.fi/tapahtumat/kansalaisjarjestoakatemia/<br />
* https://vastapaino.fi/sivu/tuote/neljas-sektori/3005429<br />
* https://uprighthc.com/human-capital-consulting<br />
* https://www.dariah.eu/2021/02/11/helsinki-digital-humanities-hackathon-dhh21-2/<br />
* https://knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu/participatory-democracy_en EU Competence center of participatory democracy<br />
<br />
'''Contacts<br />
* [https://www.paiviabernethy.com/bio Päivi Abernethy]<br />
<br />
'''Tietopolitiikka, avoin tiede<br />
* https://www.eoppiva.fi/koulutukset/tiedon-aarella-johdatus-tietopolitiikkaan/<br />
* https://direct.mit.edu/books/monograph/5131/Open-Knowledge-InstitutionsReinventing<br />
* https://tietopolitiikka.fi/<br />
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Brain<br />
<br />
'''Standard indicators<br />
* https://github.com/openENTRANCE/nomenclature/tree/master/nomenclature/definitions/variable/technology<br />
* https://sdgs.un.org/topics/multi-stakeholder-partnerships-and-voluntary-commitments<br />
* https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal17<br />
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_2<br />
* https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1uchz5BoM6JF-ru2DgZY6lfsjxC4eN9PWL7-Y-hE72v4/edit#slide=id.ge3c106ffe4_0_87<br />
* https://www.c40.org/press_releases/cities-committed-race-to-zero<br />
<br />
'''COP26<br />
* https://ukcop26.org/pre-cop/the-youth-summit/<br />
* https://www.cities-and-regions.org/cop26/<br />
<br />
==Keywords==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Kausal_Paths&diff=43824Kausal Paths2021-10-14T07:29:32Z<p>Jouni: /* See also */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Jouni|stub=Yes}}<br />
'''Kausal Paths''' is a web platform for managing and assessing city-level climate mitigation. It is produced by [https://kausal.tech Kausal Ltd]. The most [https://tampere.paths.kausal.tech advanced version] is used by the city of Tampere.<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
What properties should Kausal Paths have, and how can the functionalities of [[Opasnet]] be transferred to Kausal Paths?<br />
<br />
== Answer ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
=== Calculations ===<br />
<br />
==== Export health impact assessment data from Opasnet ====<br />
<br />
<rcode label="Export ERF data"><br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
openv.setN(0)<br />
<br />
objects.latest("Op_en2031", code_name="ERF2")<br />
ERFchoice <- 1<br />
<br />
ERF@formula <- function (...) <br />
{<br />
out <- OpasnetUtils::combine(ERF_env, ERF_omega3, ERF_mehg, <br />
ERF_diox, ERF_vit, ERF_micr, ERF_pfas)<br />
# out$Exposure_unit <- NULL<br />
# out$Exposure <- NULL<br />
if ("Iter" %in% colnames(out@output)) {<br />
out@output <- fillna(out@output, marginals = "Iter")<br />
}<br />
out <- unkeep(out * ERFchoice, cols = c("ERFchoiceSource", <br />
"ERFchoiceResult"))<br />
marginals <- colnames(out@output)[out@marginal]<br />
coln <- colnames(out@output)<br />
out@output <- subgrouping(out@output, subg = "Subgroup")<br />
out@marginal <- colnames(out@output) %in% union(marginals, <br />
setdiff(colnames(out@output), coln))<br />
return(out)<br />
}<br />
<br />
ERF <- EvalOutput(ERF)<br />
<br />
write.csv(ERF@output, "exposure_response_functions.csv", row.names = FALSE)<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
'''Online modelling<br />
* [https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.norm.html#scipy.stats.norm Probability distributions in python with scipy]<br />
* https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/handle/10024/163343<br />
* https://cytoscape.org/cytoscape-tutorials/presentations/bioc2018_Rcy3_intro.html#/<br />
* https://www.edureka.co/blog/bayesian-networks/<br />
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_network<br />
* https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-68996-6_4 Bayesian models with discrete and continuous nodes<br />
* https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/25742558.2020.1721401 Chen-G class distributions<br />
* https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0377221707001701<br />
* https://cryptpad.fr/pad/#/2/pad/edit/6Y6aWeCUVjSQ1fk-FsRNcvT9/<br />
* https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8276278<br />
* Syke-yhteistyö https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1lh18aLI_VMGjkIZEpVF0dNcNQGYJXHua6ALeAJTlV64/edit#slide=id.ge9d0526785_1_0<br />
* Modelling in Tampere<br />
** https://trepo.tuni.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/119069/JoronenJuulia.pdf?sequence=3 Kulkutapajakauman kustannus-hyötyanalyysi<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Synthetic data<br />
* [https://www.kt.fi/tilastot-ja-julkaisut/henkilostotilastot/kunta-tyonantajana Municipality as employer]<br />
* [https://vm.fi/kuntien-ja-kuntayhtymien-talousarviot-ja-taloussuunnitelmat Budgets of municipalities]<br />
* [https://teaviisari.fi/teaviisari/fi/hyodyntaminen Teaviisari, using]<br />
* [https://teaviisari.fi/teaviisari/fi/tulokset?view=NAKOKULMA&y=2019&y=2017&y=2015&y=2013&y=2011&r=KUNTA398&r=KOKOMAA&chartType=line&cmp=r Teaviisari, example]<br />
* https://thl.fi/fi/tilastot-ja-data/aineistot-ja-palvelut/avoin-data#TEAviisari THL Open data<br />
<br />
'''Sustainable energy<br />
* https://researchportal.helsinki.fi/en/persons/barry-gills<br />
* https://tem.fi/-/hiisi-hanke-lisatoimia-tarvitaan-kaikilla-paastosektoreilla-2035-tavoitteen-saavuttamiseksi<br />
* https://ym.fi/vapaaehtoiset-paastokompensaatiot<br />
* https://www.epressi.com/tiedotteet/ymparisto-ja-luonto/paastokompensaation-vastuullisuus-edellyttaa-valtion-vahvaa-roolia.html<br />
* https://www.luke.fi/projektit/hima-hiilikompensaation-tietopalvelu/<br />
* https://www.edilex.fi/artikkelit/21042<br />
* https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/38154/43500/MethodCO2.pdf/1a4da156-c65b-4c3a-b2fd-c80061d2aec8<br />
* https://media.sitra.fi/2021/09/27161409/enabling-cost-efficient-electrification-in-finland.pdf Sitra: Sustainable electricity in Finland<br />
<br />
'''Climate work and sustainability in cities<br />
* https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/100-climate-neutral-cities-2030-and-citizens_en<br />
* https://www.ecowelfare.fi/<br />
* https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-qa-the-ipccs-sixth-assessment-report-on-climate-science<br />
* https://app.wedonthavetime.org/posts/9a673e78-80d7-4eee-a70b-b83f01d906ec<br />
* https://app.wedonthavetime.org/home/all<br />
* https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11892283<br />
* https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/121802<br />
* http://extra.lansstyrelsen.se/rus/Sv/statistik-och-data/nationell-emissionsdatabas/Pages/default.aspx<br />
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_boundaries<br />
* https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-020-0403-x<br />
* https://phys.org/news/2021-06-software-sustainable-cities.html<br />
* https://naturalcapitalproject.stanford.edu/software/urban-invest<br />
* https://www.vantaa.fi/instancedata/prime_product_julkaisu/vantaa/embeds/vantaawwwstructure/140089_ResurssiviisaudenTiekartta-18.6.2018-final.pdf<br />
* https://www.kuopio.fi/documents/7369547/8607985/Resurssiviisausohjelman+seuranta+2020+%28pdf%29/8107a69a-a76a-4762-acf3-06a7d0f82b26<br />
* https://www.kotka.fi/2021/03/kotkan-ja-kouvolan-kaupunkien-ilmasto-ja-ymparistotyota-kehitetaan-ymparistoministerion-tuella/<br />
* https://www.kouvola.fi/asuminen-ja-ymparisto/luonto-ja-ymparisto/ymparistoohjelma/<br />
* https://www.kouvola.fi/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Ymparisto2030ymparistoohjelma10022020.pdf<br />
* https://www.kuopio.fi/strategia<br />
* https://www.kuopio.fi/documents/7369547/8830694/Hyvinvoiva+Kuopio/5ec37750-b90b-4fdd-846f-5c2e27f2bd2b<br />
* https://www.kuopio.fi/documents/7369547/8039202/Vaikutusten_ennakkoarviointi_2018.pdf/9f8d67ab-1654-490d-9446-acc2847e8732<br />
* https://www.kuopio.fi/documents/7369547/8830694/Resurssiviisas+Kuopio/90bade7d-7dbd-4013-ad1e-fc17328a6611<br />
* https://www.kuntaliitto.fi/yhdyskunnat-ja-ymparisto/ymparisto/ilmastonmuutos/ilmastokunnat<br />
* https://www.kuntaliitto.fi/yhdyskunta-tekniikka-ja-ymparisto-sahkopostilistat<br />
* https://finnwatch.org/fi/uutiset/867-paeaestoekompensaation-vastuullisuus-edellyttaeae-valtion-vahvaa-roolia<br />
* https://www.francis-project.eu/<br />
* http://climatebase.org/<br />
* https://citiesracetoresilience.org/join/ Cities' race to resilience<br />
* https://www.fisunetwork.fi/fi-FI FISU: resurssiviisaat kunnat<br />
* https://media.sitra.fi/2021/05/26093010/sitra-missa-mennaan-kuntien-ilmasto-ja-luontotyossa.pdf Sitra: Missä mennään kuntien ilmastotyössä?<br />
* https://daringcities.org/about/ ICLEI: Daring Cities<br />
* Futureproofed:<br />
** https://lund.futureproofed.com/measures Lund<br />
** https://sv.futureproofed.com/cities/how-it-works How it works<br />
<br />
'''Open decision making<br />
* https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/transformation/are-evidence-based-decisions-impossible-in-politics/<br />
* what decisions are difficult to make in a democracy<br />
* https://www.jstor.org/stable/2376584?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents<br />
* https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/theory-of-democracy<br />
* https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/theory-of-democracy<br />
* https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliberative_democracy<br />
<br />
'''Data protection<br />
* https://tietosuoja.fi/-/tietosuojavaltuutetun-toimisto-pyytaa-kommentteja-uudesta-tietosuojan-vaikutustenarviointia-koskevasta-ohjeesta<br />
<br />
'''People and planet conference<br />
* https://www2.helsinki.fi/en/conferences/people-and-planet/registration<br />
<br />
'''Open science <br />
* https://plos.org/commit-to-openness/?utm_medium=email&utm_source=internal&utm_campaign=scientistsforopenscience&utm_content=scientistsforopenscience<br />
* https://www.science.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1150473 electronic publication and narrowing of scholarship<br />
* https://www.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/fulltext/S1364-6613(19)30242-6?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1364661319302426%3Fshowall%3Dtrue#relatedArticles Fast lane to slow science<br />
* https://www.chronicle.com/article/the-scientific-paper-is-outdated/ The scientific paper is outdated<br />
* https://www.pnas.org/content/118/41/e2021636118 Slowed progress in canonical fields of science<br />
* https://vm.fi/tapahtumat/2021-10-27/verkkotilaisuus-tiedon-hyodyntamisen-ja-avaamisen-hankkeen-puolivaliseminaari VM: Tiedon hyödyntämisen ja avaamisen hanke<br />
* https://direct.mit.edu/books/oa-monograph/5131/Open-Knowledge-InstitutionsReinventing Open knowledge institutions: Reinventing universities<br />
<br />
'''Open government<br />
* https://www.frank-timme.de/verlag/verlagsprogramm/buch/verlagsprogramm/bd-8-camilla-lindholmulla-vanhatalo-eds-easy-language-in-europe/backPID/easy-plain-accessible.html<br />
* https://www.kotus.fi/kielitieto/hyva_virkakieli/ajankohtaista_virkakielesta/kotus_suosittaa_virastoille_tekstien_selkeyttamista.36588.news<br />
* https://www.eoppiva.fi/koulutukset/tekoaly-yhteiskunnassa/<br />
* https://www.eoppiva.fi/koulutukset/nakokulmia-ihmiskeskeisyyteen/<br />
* https://vm.fi/tekoalyohjelma-auroraai<br />
* https://www.kotus.fi/ohjeet/nimistonsuunnittelun_ohjeita<br />
* https://www.kotus.fi/palvelut/kielitoimiston_koulutus_ja_konsultointi/hyvan_virkakielen_verkkokurssipaketti<br />
<br />
'''Citizens and society<br />
* https://avoinhallinto.fi/tapahtumat/kansalaisjarjestoakatemia/<br />
* https://vastapaino.fi/sivu/tuote/neljas-sektori/3005429<br />
* https://uprighthc.com/human-capital-consulting<br />
* https://www.dariah.eu/2021/02/11/helsinki-digital-humanities-hackathon-dhh21-2/<br />
* https://knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu/participatory-democracy_en EU Competence center of participatory democracy<br />
<br />
'''Contacts<br />
* [https://www.paiviabernethy.com/bio Päivi Abernethy]<br />
<br />
'''Tietopolitiikka, avoin tiede<br />
* https://www.eoppiva.fi/koulutukset/tiedon-aarella-johdatus-tietopolitiikkaan/<br />
* https://direct.mit.edu/books/monograph/5131/Open-Knowledge-InstitutionsReinventing<br />
* https://tietopolitiikka.fi/<br />
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Brain<br />
<br />
'''Standard indicators<br />
* https://github.com/openENTRANCE/nomenclature/tree/master/nomenclature/definitions/variable/technology<br />
* https://sdgs.un.org/topics/multi-stakeholder-partnerships-and-voluntary-commitments<br />
* https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal17<br />
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_2<br />
* https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1uchz5BoM6JF-ru2DgZY6lfsjxC4eN9PWL7-Y-hE72v4/edit#slide=id.ge3c106ffe4_0_87<br />
* https://www.c40.org/press_releases/cities-committed-race-to-zero<br />
<br />
'''COP26<br />
* https://ukcop26.org/pre-cop/the-youth-summit/<br />
* https://www.cities-and-regions.org/cop26/<br />
<br />
==Keywords==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Kausal_Paths&diff=43823Kausal Paths2021-10-14T07:10:23Z<p>Jouni: /* See also */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Jouni|stub=Yes}}<br />
'''Kausal Paths''' is a web platform for managing and assessing city-level climate mitigation. It is produced by [https://kausal.tech Kausal Ltd]. The most [https://tampere.paths.kausal.tech advanced version] is used by the city of Tampere.<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
What properties should Kausal Paths have, and how can the functionalities of [[Opasnet]] be transferred to Kausal Paths?<br />
<br />
== Answer ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
=== Calculations ===<br />
<br />
==== Export health impact assessment data from Opasnet ====<br />
<br />
<rcode label="Export ERF data"><br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
openv.setN(0)<br />
<br />
objects.latest("Op_en2031", code_name="ERF2")<br />
ERFchoice <- 1<br />
<br />
ERF@formula <- function (...) <br />
{<br />
out <- OpasnetUtils::combine(ERF_env, ERF_omega3, ERF_mehg, <br />
ERF_diox, ERF_vit, ERF_micr, ERF_pfas)<br />
# out$Exposure_unit <- NULL<br />
# out$Exposure <- NULL<br />
if ("Iter" %in% colnames(out@output)) {<br />
out@output <- fillna(out@output, marginals = "Iter")<br />
}<br />
out <- unkeep(out * ERFchoice, cols = c("ERFchoiceSource", <br />
"ERFchoiceResult"))<br />
marginals <- colnames(out@output)[out@marginal]<br />
coln <- colnames(out@output)<br />
out@output <- subgrouping(out@output, subg = "Subgroup")<br />
out@marginal <- colnames(out@output) %in% union(marginals, <br />
setdiff(colnames(out@output), coln))<br />
return(out)<br />
}<br />
<br />
ERF <- EvalOutput(ERF)<br />
<br />
write.csv(ERF@output, "exposure_response_functions.csv", row.names = FALSE)<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
'''Online modelling<br />
* [https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.norm.html#scipy.stats.norm Probability distributions in python with scipy]<br />
* https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/handle/10024/163343<br />
* https://cytoscape.org/cytoscape-tutorials/presentations/bioc2018_Rcy3_intro.html#/<br />
* https://www.edureka.co/blog/bayesian-networks/<br />
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_network<br />
* https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-68996-6_4 Bayesian models with discrete and continuous nodes<br />
* https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/25742558.2020.1721401 Chen-G class distributions<br />
* https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0377221707001701<br />
* https://cryptpad.fr/pad/#/2/pad/edit/6Y6aWeCUVjSQ1fk-FsRNcvT9/<br />
* https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8276278<br />
* Syke-yhteistyö https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1lh18aLI_VMGjkIZEpVF0dNcNQGYJXHua6ALeAJTlV64/edit#slide=id.ge9d0526785_1_0<br />
<br />
'''Synthetic data<br />
* [https://www.kt.fi/tilastot-ja-julkaisut/henkilostotilastot/kunta-tyonantajana Municipality as employer]<br />
* [https://vm.fi/kuntien-ja-kuntayhtymien-talousarviot-ja-taloussuunnitelmat Budgets of municipalities]<br />
* [https://teaviisari.fi/teaviisari/fi/hyodyntaminen Teaviisari, using]<br />
* [https://teaviisari.fi/teaviisari/fi/tulokset?view=NAKOKULMA&y=2019&y=2017&y=2015&y=2013&y=2011&r=KUNTA398&r=KOKOMAA&chartType=line&cmp=r Teaviisari, example]<br />
<br />
'''Sustainable energy<br />
* https://researchportal.helsinki.fi/en/persons/barry-gills<br />
* https://tem.fi/-/hiisi-hanke-lisatoimia-tarvitaan-kaikilla-paastosektoreilla-2035-tavoitteen-saavuttamiseksi<br />
* https://ym.fi/vapaaehtoiset-paastokompensaatiot<br />
* https://www.epressi.com/tiedotteet/ymparisto-ja-luonto/paastokompensaation-vastuullisuus-edellyttaa-valtion-vahvaa-roolia.html<br />
* https://www.luke.fi/projektit/hima-hiilikompensaation-tietopalvelu/<br />
* https://www.edilex.fi/artikkelit/21042<br />
* https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/38154/43500/MethodCO2.pdf/1a4da156-c65b-4c3a-b2fd-c80061d2aec8<br />
* https://media.sitra.fi/2021/09/27161409/enabling-cost-efficient-electrification-in-finland.pdf Sitra: Sustainable electricity in Finland<br />
<br />
'''Climate work and sustainability in cities<br />
* https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/100-climate-neutral-cities-2030-and-citizens_en<br />
* https://www.ecowelfare.fi/<br />
* https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-qa-the-ipccs-sixth-assessment-report-on-climate-science<br />
* https://app.wedonthavetime.org/posts/9a673e78-80d7-4eee-a70b-b83f01d906ec<br />
* https://app.wedonthavetime.org/home/all<br />
* https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11892283<br />
* https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/121802<br />
* http://extra.lansstyrelsen.se/rus/Sv/statistik-och-data/nationell-emissionsdatabas/Pages/default.aspx<br />
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_boundaries<br />
* https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-020-0403-x<br />
* https://phys.org/news/2021-06-software-sustainable-cities.html<br />
* https://naturalcapitalproject.stanford.edu/software/urban-invest<br />
* https://www.vantaa.fi/instancedata/prime_product_julkaisu/vantaa/embeds/vantaawwwstructure/140089_ResurssiviisaudenTiekartta-18.6.2018-final.pdf<br />
* https://www.kuopio.fi/documents/7369547/8607985/Resurssiviisausohjelman+seuranta+2020+%28pdf%29/8107a69a-a76a-4762-acf3-06a7d0f82b26<br />
* https://www.kotka.fi/2021/03/kotkan-ja-kouvolan-kaupunkien-ilmasto-ja-ymparistotyota-kehitetaan-ymparistoministerion-tuella/<br />
* https://www.kouvola.fi/asuminen-ja-ymparisto/luonto-ja-ymparisto/ymparistoohjelma/<br />
* https://www.kouvola.fi/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Ymparisto2030ymparistoohjelma10022020.pdf<br />
* https://www.kuopio.fi/strategia<br />
* https://www.kuopio.fi/documents/7369547/8830694/Hyvinvoiva+Kuopio/5ec37750-b90b-4fdd-846f-5c2e27f2bd2b<br />
* https://www.kuopio.fi/documents/7369547/8039202/Vaikutusten_ennakkoarviointi_2018.pdf/9f8d67ab-1654-490d-9446-acc2847e8732<br />
* https://www.kuopio.fi/documents/7369547/8830694/Resurssiviisas+Kuopio/90bade7d-7dbd-4013-ad1e-fc17328a6611<br />
* https://www.kuntaliitto.fi/yhdyskunnat-ja-ymparisto/ymparisto/ilmastonmuutos/ilmastokunnat<br />
* https://www.kuntaliitto.fi/yhdyskunta-tekniikka-ja-ymparisto-sahkopostilistat<br />
* https://finnwatch.org/fi/uutiset/867-paeaestoekompensaation-vastuullisuus-edellyttaeae-valtion-vahvaa-roolia<br />
* https://www.francis-project.eu/<br />
* http://climatebase.org/<br />
* https://citiesracetoresilience.org/join/ Cities' race to resilience<br />
* https://www.fisunetwork.fi/fi-FI FISU: resurssiviisaat kunnat<br />
* https://media.sitra.fi/2021/05/26093010/sitra-missa-mennaan-kuntien-ilmasto-ja-luontotyossa.pdf Sitra: Missä mennään kuntien ilmastotyössä?<br />
* https://daringcities.org/about/ ICLEI: Daring Cities<br />
* Futureproofed:<br />
** https://lund.futureproofed.com/measures Lund<br />
** https://sv.futureproofed.com/cities/how-it-works How it works<br />
<br />
'''Open decision making<br />
* https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/transformation/are-evidence-based-decisions-impossible-in-politics/<br />
* what decisions are difficult to make in a democracy<br />
* https://www.jstor.org/stable/2376584?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents<br />
* https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/theory-of-democracy<br />
* https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/theory-of-democracy<br />
* https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliberative_democracy<br />
<br />
'''Data protection<br />
* https://tietosuoja.fi/-/tietosuojavaltuutetun-toimisto-pyytaa-kommentteja-uudesta-tietosuojan-vaikutustenarviointia-koskevasta-ohjeesta<br />
<br />
'''People and planet conference<br />
* https://www2.helsinki.fi/en/conferences/people-and-planet/registration<br />
<br />
'''Open science <br />
* https://plos.org/commit-to-openness/?utm_medium=email&utm_source=internal&utm_campaign=scientistsforopenscience&utm_content=scientistsforopenscience<br />
* https://www.science.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1150473 electronic publication and narrowing of scholarship<br />
* https://www.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/fulltext/S1364-6613(19)30242-6?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1364661319302426%3Fshowall%3Dtrue#relatedArticles Fast lane to slow science<br />
* https://www.chronicle.com/article/the-scientific-paper-is-outdated/ The scientific paper is outdated<br />
* https://www.pnas.org/content/118/41/e2021636118 Slowed progress in canonical fields of science<br />
* https://vm.fi/tapahtumat/2021-10-27/verkkotilaisuus-tiedon-hyodyntamisen-ja-avaamisen-hankkeen-puolivaliseminaari VM: Tiedon hyödyntämisen ja avaamisen hanke<br />
* https://direct.mit.edu/books/oa-monograph/5131/Open-Knowledge-InstitutionsReinventing Open knowledge institutions: Reinventing universities<br />
<br />
'''Open government<br />
* https://www.frank-timme.de/verlag/verlagsprogramm/buch/verlagsprogramm/bd-8-camilla-lindholmulla-vanhatalo-eds-easy-language-in-europe/backPID/easy-plain-accessible.html<br />
* https://www.kotus.fi/kielitieto/hyva_virkakieli/ajankohtaista_virkakielesta/kotus_suosittaa_virastoille_tekstien_selkeyttamista.36588.news<br />
* https://www.eoppiva.fi/koulutukset/tekoaly-yhteiskunnassa/<br />
* https://www.eoppiva.fi/koulutukset/nakokulmia-ihmiskeskeisyyteen/<br />
* https://vm.fi/tekoalyohjelma-auroraai<br />
* https://www.kotus.fi/ohjeet/nimistonsuunnittelun_ohjeita<br />
* https://www.kotus.fi/palvelut/kielitoimiston_koulutus_ja_konsultointi/hyvan_virkakielen_verkkokurssipaketti<br />
<br />
'''Citizens and society<br />
* https://avoinhallinto.fi/tapahtumat/kansalaisjarjestoakatemia/<br />
* https://vastapaino.fi/sivu/tuote/neljas-sektori/3005429<br />
* https://uprighthc.com/human-capital-consulting<br />
* https://www.dariah.eu/2021/02/11/helsinki-digital-humanities-hackathon-dhh21-2/<br />
* https://knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu/participatory-democracy_en EU Competence center of participatory democracy<br />
<br />
'''Contacts<br />
* [https://www.paiviabernethy.com/bio Päivi Abernethy]<br />
<br />
'''Tietopolitiikka, avoin tiede<br />
* https://www.eoppiva.fi/koulutukset/tiedon-aarella-johdatus-tietopolitiikkaan/<br />
* https://direct.mit.edu/books/monograph/5131/Open-Knowledge-InstitutionsReinventing<br />
* https://tietopolitiikka.fi/<br />
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Brain<br />
<br />
'''Standard indicators<br />
* https://github.com/openENTRANCE/nomenclature/tree/master/nomenclature/definitions/variable/technology<br />
* https://sdgs.un.org/topics/multi-stakeholder-partnerships-and-voluntary-commitments<br />
* https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal17<br />
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_2<br />
* https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1uchz5BoM6JF-ru2DgZY6lfsjxC4eN9PWL7-Y-hE72v4/edit#slide=id.ge3c106ffe4_0_87<br />
* https://www.c40.org/press_releases/cities-committed-race-to-zero<br />
<br />
'''COP26<br />
* https://ukcop26.org/pre-cop/the-youth-summit/<br />
* https://www.cities-and-regions.org/cop26/<br />
<br />
==Keywords==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Kausal_Paths&diff=43822Kausal Paths2021-10-14T06:28:30Z<p>Jouni: /* See also */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Jouni|stub=Yes}}<br />
'''Kausal Paths''' is a web platform for managing and assessing city-level climate mitigation. It is produced by [https://kausal.tech Kausal Ltd]. The most [https://tampere.paths.kausal.tech advanced version] is used by the city of Tampere.<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
What properties should Kausal Paths have, and how can the functionalities of [[Opasnet]] be transferred to Kausal Paths?<br />
<br />
== Answer ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
=== Calculations ===<br />
<br />
==== Export health impact assessment data from Opasnet ====<br />
<br />
<rcode label="Export ERF data"><br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
openv.setN(0)<br />
<br />
objects.latest("Op_en2031", code_name="ERF2")<br />
ERFchoice <- 1<br />
<br />
ERF@formula <- function (...) <br />
{<br />
out <- OpasnetUtils::combine(ERF_env, ERF_omega3, ERF_mehg, <br />
ERF_diox, ERF_vit, ERF_micr, ERF_pfas)<br />
# out$Exposure_unit <- NULL<br />
# out$Exposure <- NULL<br />
if ("Iter" %in% colnames(out@output)) {<br />
out@output <- fillna(out@output, marginals = "Iter")<br />
}<br />
out <- unkeep(out * ERFchoice, cols = c("ERFchoiceSource", <br />
"ERFchoiceResult"))<br />
marginals <- colnames(out@output)[out@marginal]<br />
coln <- colnames(out@output)<br />
out@output <- subgrouping(out@output, subg = "Subgroup")<br />
out@marginal <- colnames(out@output) %in% union(marginals, <br />
setdiff(colnames(out@output), coln))<br />
return(out)<br />
}<br />
<br />
ERF <- EvalOutput(ERF)<br />
<br />
write.csv(ERF@output, "exposure_response_functions.csv", row.names = FALSE)<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
'''Online modelling<br />
* [https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.norm.html#scipy.stats.norm Probability distributions in python with scipy]<br />
* https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/handle/10024/163343<br />
* https://cytoscape.org/cytoscape-tutorials/presentations/bioc2018_Rcy3_intro.html#/<br />
* https://www.edureka.co/blog/bayesian-networks/<br />
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_network<br />
* https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-68996-6_4 Bayesian models with discrete and continuous nodes<br />
* https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/25742558.2020.1721401 Chen-G class distributions<br />
* https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0377221707001701<br />
* https://cryptpad.fr/pad/#/2/pad/edit/6Y6aWeCUVjSQ1fk-FsRNcvT9/<br />
* https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8276278<br />
* Syke-yhteistyö https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1lh18aLI_VMGjkIZEpVF0dNcNQGYJXHua6ALeAJTlV64/edit#slide=id.ge9d0526785_1_0<br />
<br />
'''Synthetic data<br />
* [https://www.kt.fi/tilastot-ja-julkaisut/henkilostotilastot/kunta-tyonantajana Municipality as employer]<br />
* [https://vm.fi/kuntien-ja-kuntayhtymien-talousarviot-ja-taloussuunnitelmat Budgets of municipalities]<br />
* [https://teaviisari.fi/teaviisari/fi/hyodyntaminen Teaviisari, using]<br />
* [https://teaviisari.fi/teaviisari/fi/tulokset?view=NAKOKULMA&y=2019&y=2017&y=2015&y=2013&y=2011&r=KUNTA398&r=KOKOMAA&chartType=line&cmp=r Teaviisari, example]<br />
<br />
'''Sustainable energy<br />
* https://researchportal.helsinki.fi/en/persons/barry-gills<br />
* https://tem.fi/-/hiisi-hanke-lisatoimia-tarvitaan-kaikilla-paastosektoreilla-2035-tavoitteen-saavuttamiseksi<br />
* https://ym.fi/vapaaehtoiset-paastokompensaatiot<br />
* https://www.epressi.com/tiedotteet/ymparisto-ja-luonto/paastokompensaation-vastuullisuus-edellyttaa-valtion-vahvaa-roolia.html<br />
* https://www.luke.fi/projektit/hima-hiilikompensaation-tietopalvelu/<br />
* https://www.edilex.fi/artikkelit/21042<br />
<br />
'''Climate work and sustainability in cities<br />
* https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/100-climate-neutral-cities-2030-and-citizens_en<br />
* https://www.ecowelfare.fi/<br />
* https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-qa-the-ipccs-sixth-assessment-report-on-climate-science<br />
* https://app.wedonthavetime.org/posts/9a673e78-80d7-4eee-a70b-b83f01d906ec<br />
* https://app.wedonthavetime.org/home/all<br />
* https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11892283<br />
* https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/121802<br />
* http://extra.lansstyrelsen.se/rus/Sv/statistik-och-data/nationell-emissionsdatabas/Pages/default.aspx<br />
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_boundaries<br />
* https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-020-0403-x<br />
* https://phys.org/news/2021-06-software-sustainable-cities.html<br />
* https://naturalcapitalproject.stanford.edu/software/urban-invest<br />
* https://www.vantaa.fi/instancedata/prime_product_julkaisu/vantaa/embeds/vantaawwwstructure/140089_ResurssiviisaudenTiekartta-18.6.2018-final.pdf<br />
* https://www.kuopio.fi/documents/7369547/8607985/Resurssiviisausohjelman+seuranta+2020+%28pdf%29/8107a69a-a76a-4762-acf3-06a7d0f82b26<br />
* https://www.kotka.fi/2021/03/kotkan-ja-kouvolan-kaupunkien-ilmasto-ja-ymparistotyota-kehitetaan-ymparistoministerion-tuella/<br />
* https://www.kouvola.fi/asuminen-ja-ymparisto/luonto-ja-ymparisto/ymparistoohjelma/<br />
* https://www.kouvola.fi/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Ymparisto2030ymparistoohjelma10022020.pdf<br />
* https://www.kuopio.fi/strategia<br />
* https://www.kuopio.fi/documents/7369547/8830694/Hyvinvoiva+Kuopio/5ec37750-b90b-4fdd-846f-5c2e27f2bd2b<br />
* https://www.kuopio.fi/documents/7369547/8039202/Vaikutusten_ennakkoarviointi_2018.pdf/9f8d67ab-1654-490d-9446-acc2847e8732<br />
* https://www.kuopio.fi/documents/7369547/8830694/Resurssiviisas+Kuopio/90bade7d-7dbd-4013-ad1e-fc17328a6611<br />
* https://www.kuntaliitto.fi/yhdyskunnat-ja-ymparisto/ymparisto/ilmastonmuutos/ilmastokunnat<br />
* https://www.kuntaliitto.fi/yhdyskunta-tekniikka-ja-ymparisto-sahkopostilistat<br />
* https://finnwatch.org/fi/uutiset/867-paeaestoekompensaation-vastuullisuus-edellyttaeae-valtion-vahvaa-roolia<br />
* https://www.francis-project.eu/<br />
* http://climatebase.org/<br />
<br />
'''Open decision making<br />
* https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/transformation/are-evidence-based-decisions-impossible-in-politics/<br />
* what decisions are difficult to make in a democracy<br />
* https://www.jstor.org/stable/2376584?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents<br />
* https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/theory-of-democracy<br />
* https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/theory-of-democracy<br />
* https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliberative_democracy<br />
<br />
'''Data protection<br />
* https://tietosuoja.fi/-/tietosuojavaltuutetun-toimisto-pyytaa-kommentteja-uudesta-tietosuojan-vaikutustenarviointia-koskevasta-ohjeesta<br />
<br />
'''People and planet conference<br />
* https://www2.helsinki.fi/en/conferences/people-and-planet/registration<br />
<br />
'''Open science <br />
* https://plos.org/commit-to-openness/?utm_medium=email&utm_source=internal&utm_campaign=scientistsforopenscience&utm_content=scientistsforopenscience<br />
<br />
'''Open government<br />
* https://www.frank-timme.de/verlag/verlagsprogramm/buch/verlagsprogramm/bd-8-camilla-lindholmulla-vanhatalo-eds-easy-language-in-europe/backPID/easy-plain-accessible.html<br />
* https://www.kotus.fi/kielitieto/hyva_virkakieli/ajankohtaista_virkakielesta/kotus_suosittaa_virastoille_tekstien_selkeyttamista.36588.news<br />
* https://www.eoppiva.fi/koulutukset/tekoaly-yhteiskunnassa/<br />
* https://www.eoppiva.fi/koulutukset/nakokulmia-ihmiskeskeisyyteen/<br />
* https://vm.fi/tekoalyohjelma-auroraai<br />
* https://www.kotus.fi/ohjeet/nimistonsuunnittelun_ohjeita<br />
* https://www.kotus.fi/palvelut/kielitoimiston_koulutus_ja_konsultointi/hyvan_virkakielen_verkkokurssipaketti<br />
<br />
'''Citizens and society<br />
* https://avoinhallinto.fi/tapahtumat/kansalaisjarjestoakatemia/<br />
* https://vastapaino.fi/sivu/tuote/neljas-sektori/3005429<br />
* https://uprighthc.com/human-capital-consulting<br />
* https://www.dariah.eu/2021/02/11/helsinki-digital-humanities-hackathon-dhh21-2/<br />
<br />
'''Contacts<br />
* [https://www.paiviabernethy.com/bio Päivi Abernethy]<br />
<br />
'''Tietopolitiikka, avoin tiede<br />
* https://www.eoppiva.fi/koulutukset/tiedon-aarella-johdatus-tietopolitiikkaan/<br />
* https://direct.mit.edu/books/monograph/5131/Open-Knowledge-InstitutionsReinventing<br />
* https://tietopolitiikka.fi/<br />
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Brain<br />
<br />
'''Standard indicators<br />
* https://github.com/openENTRANCE/nomenclature/tree/master/nomenclature/definitions/variable/technology<br />
* https://sdgs.un.org/topics/multi-stakeholder-partnerships-and-voluntary-commitments<br />
* https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal17<br />
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_2<br />
* https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1uchz5BoM6JF-ru2DgZY6lfsjxC4eN9PWL7-Y-hE72v4/edit#slide=id.ge3c106ffe4_0_87<br />
* https://www.c40.org/press_releases/cities-committed-race-to-zero<br />
<br />
'''COP26<br />
* https://ukcop26.org/pre-cop/the-youth-summit/<br />
* https://www.cities-and-regions.org/cop26/<br />
<br />
==Keywords==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Discussion&diff=43821Discussion2021-08-15T08:46:46Z<p>Jouni: /* Calculations */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:THL publications 2009]]<br />
[[Category:THL publications 2010]]<br />
[[op_fi:Keskustelu]]<br />
[[Category:Universal object]]<br />
[[Category:Open policy practice]]<br />
[[Category:Decision analysis and risk management]]<br />
{{method|moderator = Jouni<br />
| reference = {{publication<br />
| authors = Jouni T. Tuomisto, Mikko V. Pohjola<br />
| page = Discussion<br />
| explanation = Introduction to discussions in [[Opasnet]].<br />
| publishingyear = 2019<br />
| urn = <br />
| elsewhere = <br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
[[Category:Glossary term]]<br />
<section begin=glossary /><br />
:'''Discussion''' is a method to organise information about a topic into a form of hierarchical thread of arguments trying to resolve whether a statement is true or not. In discussion, anyone can raise any relevant points about the topic. Discussion is organised using the pragma-dialectical argumentation theory<ref name="pragmadial">Eemeren, F.H. van, & Grootendorst, R. (2004). A systematic theory of argumentation: The pragma-dialectical approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>. A discussion usually consists of three parts: 1) opening statement(s); 2) the actual discussion organised as hierarchical threads of arguments; and 3) closing statement(s), which is updated based on the discussion, notably any valid arguments pointing to it. When a closing statement is updated, the content should be accordingly portrayed within texts that refer to the discussion.<br />
<section end=glossary /><br />
<br />
Contribution in the form of remarks or argumentative criticism on the content of wiki pages is most welcome. It can change the outcome of an assessment; it will improve it and make the assessment better understandable for decision makers and other stakeholders. The discussions will show the reasoning behind the work done in an assessment; it will indicate the objective and normative aspects in an assessment. In this way, decision makers and stakeholders can judge themselves whether they agree on such normative weightings. Discussion rules and formats facilitate the execution and synthesis of discussions.<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
How should discussions be organised in such a way that<br />
* they can capture all kinds of written and spoken information, facts and valuations related to a specific topic,<br />
* there are straightforward rules about how the information should be handled,<br />
* the approach facilitates the convergence to a [[shared understanding]] by easily identifying and describing differing premises and other reasons behind disagreements,<br />
* the appraoch can be applied both ''a priori'' (to structure a discussion to be held) and ''a posteriori'' (to restructure a discussion already held)?<br />
<br />
==Answer==<br />
<br />
=== Discussion structure ===<br />
<br />
{{discussion<br />
|id=Disc1<br />
|type=fact<br />
|title=Example discussion showing a typical structure<br />
|openingStatement= Opening statements about a topic. This is the starting point of a discussion.<br />
|closingStatement= Outcome of the discussion, i.e. opening statement updated by valid arguments pointing to it.<br />
|Resolved = Yes.<br />
|Argumentation =<br />
{{argument|relat1=attack|id=arg1 |content=This argument attacks the statement. Arguments always point to one level up in the hierarchy.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:48, 8 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{argument|relat1=defense|id=arg2 |content=This argument defends argument arg1.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:48, 8 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{argument|relat1=defense|showtruth=untrue|id=arg3|content=This is an invalid defense of arg1 because it is successfully attacked by argument arg4.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:48, 8 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{argument|relat1=attack|id=arg4 |content=This is a valid attack against argument arg3, because it is itself not successfully attacked.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:48, 8 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
:::{{argument|relat1=branch|id=arg5|content=This is a branch. The argument one level higher (arg4 in this case) defends this argument, but this argument points to a new statement, not the original one of this discussion. The use of branches is not recommended, as they don't bring added value to this question; rather, start another discussion with a relevant statement.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 10:10, 10 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{argument|relat1=comment|id=arg6 |content=This is a comment. It clarifies the discussion but does not invalidate arguments.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 17:38, 6 December 2014 (UTC)}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Discussion rules ===<br />
<br />
# Freedom of opinion. Everyone has the right to criticize or comment on the content of a discussion.<br />
# A discussion is organised around an explicit statement or statements. The purpose of a discussion is to resolve which of the opening statements, if any, are valid. The statement(s) are updated according to the argumentation; this becomes the closing statement.<br />
# A statement is defended or attacked using arguments, which themselves also can be defended and attacked. This forms a hierarchical thread or tree-like structure.<br />
# Critique with a supporting, attacking, or commenting argument is stated in connection to what is being criticized.<br />
# Argumentation must be relevant to the issue that they target.<br />
# Only statements made and arguments given can be attacked.<br />
# An argument is valid unless it is attacked by a valid argument. Defending arguments are used to protect arguments against attacks, but if an attack is successful, it is stronger than a defense.<br />
# Attacks must be based on one of the two kinds of arguments:<br />
#* The attacked argument is claimed to be irrelevant in its context.<br />
#* The attacked argument is claimed to be not true, i.e. it is not consistent with observations.<br />
# Other attacks such as those based on evaluation of the speaker (''argumentum ad hominem'') are weak and are treated as comments rather than attacks.<br />
# Argumentation can not be redundant. If arguments are repeated, they should be merged into one.<br />
# You are supposed to be committed to your statements, that is:<br />
#* if someone doubts your statement or argument (comment), you must explain it (edit or defend).<br />
#* if someone attacks your statement or argument (attack), you must defend it (defend).<br />
# A discussion is called resolved, when someone writes a closing statement based on the opening statement and the current valid arguments targeting it, and updates the text (typically on a knowledge crystal page) that is targeted by the discussion.<br />
# However, discussions are continuous. This means that anyone can re-open a discussion with new arguments even if a closing statement has been written.<br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
The structure of the discussion follows the principles of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragma-dialectics pragma-dialectics].<ref name="pragmadial">Eemeren, F.H. van, & Grootendorst, R. (2004). A systematic theory of argumentation: The pragma-dialectical approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>{{reslink|Names of the discussion parts}}<br />
<br />
A discussion is typically an important detail of a larger whole, such as a [[knowledge crystal]] in an assessment, but does attempt to give a full answer to the knowledge crystal question. The purpose of a discussion is to identify which of the opening statements are valid, or how they should be revised to become valid. <br />
<br />
Arguments are actually statements; the only differences is that the target of an argument is another argument or statement within a particular discussion, while the target of a statement is some explicated use outside the discussion, such as in the rationale of a knowledge crystal. Therefore, an argument can be upgraded into a statement of a new discussion, if it is needed elsewhere.<br />
<br />
=== How to discuss ===<br />
<br />
[[Open policy practice]] embraces participation, in particular deliberative participation. Therefore all contributions in the form of remarks or argumentative criticism on the content of the assessments, variables, methods as well as other content are most welcome. The contributions can change the outcome of the assessments by improving their information content and making it better understandable for decision makers, stakeholders and public. Documented discussions also show the reasoning behind the work done in assessments making it possible for decision makers, stakeholders and public to judge for themselves whether they agree with the reasoning behind the outcomes. In order to obtain an orderly discussion, rules and format for discussion in open policy practice have been created based on pragma-dialectics, a systematic theory of argumentation.<br />
<br />
Discussion has a central role in the collaborative process of formulating questions, developing hypotheses as answers to these questions, and improving these hypotheses through criticism and corresponding corrections. When a diverse group of contributors participate in an assessment, it is obvious that disputes may arise. Formal argumentation offers a solution also to clarify and potentially solve disputes. In collaborative assessments, every knowledge crystal and every part of them are subject to open criticism according to the rules modified from pragma-dialectics<ref name="pragmadial"/>): see Answer above.<br />
<br />
When a discussion goes on, there is often a need to clarify the opening statement to make it better reflect the actual need of the discussion. Within a small group of actively involved discussants, the statement can be changed with a mutual agreement. However, this should be done with caution to not distort the original meaning of any existing arguments. Rather, it should be considered whether a new discussion with the revised opening statement should be launched.<br />
<br />
=== Discussion structure ===<br />
<br />
A discussion has three parts: opening statement(s), argumentation, and closing statement(s). Often also references are added to back up arguments. These are briefly described below using a discussion template. Argumentation consists of defending and attacking arguments and comments.<br />
<br />
{{discussion <br />
|id=Disc2<br />
|openingStatement = ''Opening statement'' contains one statement or several alternative, conflicting statements. This explicates the dispute at hand. In Opasnet it must be relevant for the page where the discussion is located.<br />
|closingStatement = ''Closing statement'' contains the current valid statement of the discussion, revised based on the opening statements and the valid arguments targeting it. In this example, the current arguments indicate that the opening statement is accepted, except if you apply [[paradigm]] toldya then it is not. The content of a closing statement is transferred to the texts that refer to this discussion (in Opasnet, such references typically come from a knowledge crystal page to its own talk page where the discussion is); after this, the discussion is called ''resolved''. It should be noted that resolutions are always temporary, as discussions can be opened again with new arguments.<br />
|title = Statments accepted except if toldya.<br />
|Resolved = Yes.<br />
|Argumentation = <br />
<br />
:{{argument|relat1=comment|id=arg1 |title=Argument structure explained|content= The '''argumentation''' contains the actual discussion, organised as hierarchical threads of arguments. Each argument is either an attack against or a defense for an argument (called target). The original statement can also be targeted. As an argument always point to another argument, they form a hierarchical thread structure. It is also possible to use coordinative arguments where two or more arguments together act like one argument. Each argument is valid unless it has no proponents (a discussant promoting the argument) or it is attacked by a valid argument. However, also other validity rules than the default one can be used (see [[#validity and relevance]] below). In addition to attacks and defenses, also comments can be used for asking or offering clarification; comments do not affect the validity of the target argument. For example, this paragraph is a comment.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:57, 2 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{argument|relat1=defense|id=arg2|title=Defense explained|content=If you agree with the argument one level higher (the opening statement in this case), you should use this '''defending argument''' template.|sign= --[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:57, 2 January 2010 (UTC)}} <br />
:{{argument|relat1=attack|id=arg3|title=Attack explained|content=If you disagree with the argument one level higher (the opening statement in this case), you should use this '''attacking argument''' template.| sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:57, 2 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{argument|relat1=attack|showtruth=untrue|parad1=science|id=arg933|type=truth|title=Paradigm-specific argument|content=This attack claims that the target argument arg3 is untrue. However, this claim is disputed, and with scientific paradigm this argument is untrue (because the scientific paradigm requires that every argument is backed up by references). However, with paradigm toldya this argument is true (because with toldya, there is no such requirement). With both paradigms, the attack against arg3 is relevant.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 06:43, 14 July 2018 (UTC)|truth2=true|parad2=toldya}} <br />
:{{argument|relat1=defense|showtruth=untrue|id=arg4 |title=Invalid argument explained|content=This argument is invalid because it is attacked by a valid argument (arg5). If you want to make it valid again, you should successfully invalidate all the attacking arguments.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:57, 2 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{argument|relat1=attack|type=truth|id=arg5 |title=Truthlikeness attack|content=This is the argument that attacks the truthlikeness of argument arg4. The id numbering does not have any specific order or meaning, they are just used for identifying arguments, but it is recommended that it starts with ''arg''. Typical numbering systems are to use the first unused natural number a random four-digit number. Id is used as a reference when needed.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:57, 2 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{argument|showrelevance=irrelevant|relat1=attack|type=truth|id=arg1124|title=True but irrelevant argument.|content=This argument attempts to attack the truthlikeness of argument #4, but this argument is irrelevant (and thus ineffective) although it is true.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 08:31, 12 July 2018 (UTC)}}<br />
:::{{argument|relat1=attack|type=relevance|id=arg1125|title=Irrelevance attack|content=This argument attacks the relevance of argument #1124 and says that it is irrelevant in attacking the statement.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 08:31, 12 July 2018 (UTC)}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Risks of open government.svg|700px]]<br />
<br />
The figure above shows a discussion started by Bengt Holmstöm about problems of open governance. Each argument is shown as a trapezoid. Discussion is organised around an opening statement (pink), which develops into a closing statement (blue for facts, green for values) during the discussion process.<br />
<br />
[[File:Structured discussion on an argumentation tool.png|400px|thumb|Structured discussion at an argumentation tool (https://dev.tietokide.fi/?Q10)]]<br />
<br />
=== Structure of an argument ===<br />
<br />
Each argument has the following properties (see table below).<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+ '''The parameters of an argument and possible combinations.<br />
|----<br />
! Id<br />
! Title<br />
! Content<br />
! Sign<br />
! Target<br />
! Type<br />
! Paradigm<br />
! Relation<br />
! Result<br />
! Comment<br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg9876<br />
| relevance<br />
| science<br />
| attack<br />
| 1<br />
| If paradigm changes (all else equal), relation may change, although typically only the result changes.<br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg5555<br />
| relevance<br />
| science<br />
| comment<br />
| 0<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg6666<br />
| truth<br />
| science<br />
| defense<br />
| 1<br />
| Truth refers to the truth of the target<br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg1234<br />
| selftruth<br />
| science<br />
| attack<br />
| 0<br />
| Selftruth refers to the truth of the argument itself, unlike other types that refer to the target.<br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg9876<br />
| relevance<br />
| toldya<br />
| comment<br />
| 0<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg5555<br />
| relevance<br />
| toldya<br />
| defense<br />
| 1<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg6666<br />
| truth<br />
| toldya<br />
| attack<br />
| 0<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg1234<br />
| selftruth<br />
| toldya<br />
| comment<br />
| 1<br />
| The relation in case of type=selftruth is irrelevant and is ignored.<br />
|----<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| These are unique to an argument<br />
|----<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| These are unique to an argument-target pair<br />
|----<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| These are unique to a triple of argument-target-paradigm<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Importantly, an argument always has the same id, title, content, and signature. Even if the argument is used several times in different parts of a discussion, it is still a single argument with no variation in these parameters. However, an argument may target several other arguments (as shown as an arrow on [[insight network]] graph). Each of these arrows has exactly one type (either relevance or truth); if an arguments targets itself, the type is selftruth. <br />
<br />
Finally, people may disagree about the target relation (whether an argument is attacking, defending, or commenting a target argument) and also whether the target relation is successful or not. These disagreements are operationalised as paradigms. One paradigm has exactly one opinion about the relation and the result (e.g. that an argument is an untrue attack), while another paradigm may have another conclusion (e.g. that an argument is true defend).<br />
<br />
Parameters are defined in the [[:Template:Argument|argument template]] of Opasnet, and they are embedded into the html code when a wiki page is parsed. It is therefore possible to collect that data by page scraping. The following properties are used to identify the properties of arguments.<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+'''Parameter properties<br />
! Parameter<br />
! Css selector (Opasnet page scraping)<br />
! Requirements<br />
|----<br />
| Id<br />
| .argument attr=id<br />
| Must start with a letter<br />
|----<br />
| Title<br />
| .argument .title<br />
| Short text. Is shown on insight graph as node label<br />
|----<br />
| Content<br />
| .argument .content<br />
| Text, may be long. Is shown with hover on graph<br />
|----<br />
| Sign<br />
| .argument .sign a:first-of-type<br />
| Must contain a link to participant's user page. Is shown with hover on graph<br />
|----<br />
| Target<br />
| NA<br />
| Previous argument one level up, or the statement for arguments on the first level<br />
|----<br />
| Type<br />
| .argument i.type<br />
| One of the three: relevance, truth, or selftruth (or "both", which is depreciated)<br />
|----<br />
| Paradigm<br />
| .argument .paradigm<br />
| Each paradigm should be described on a dedicated page. The rules implemented must be clear<br />
|----<br />
| Relation<br />
| .argument .relation<br />
| Is one of these: attack, defense, comment. "Branches" are typically uninteresting and ignored.<br />
|----<br />
| Result<br />
| <br />
* relevance= .argument .relation attr=color. Gray= 0 (irrelevant), other=1 (relevant).<br />
* truth= .argument .relation attr=color. Gray=0 (untrue), other=1 (true)<br />
* selftruth= .argument .selftruth attr=color. Gray=0 (untrue), other=1 (true)<br />
| Truthlikeness of the relation. Either 1 or 0<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Validity and relevance ===<br />
<br />
:''Main article: [[Paradigm]].<br />
<br />
Each argument may be valid or invalid meaning that it does or does not affect its target argument, respectively. Validity depends on two parameters of an argument: it is valid if and only if it is true and relevant. Arguments that are untrue or irrelevant are invalid. It should be noted that with arguments, truth and relevance are thought in a narrow, technical sense: if an argument fulfills certain straightforward truth criteria, it is considered true, and the same applies to relevance. This is not to mean that they are true or relevant in an objective sense; rather, these are grassroot-level practical rules that ideally makes the system as a whole to converge towards what we consider truth and relevance. The current default criteria (called the "[[Science (paradigm)|scientific paradigm]]") are the following.<br />
<br />
An argument is true iff<br />
* it is backed up by a reference, and<br />
* it is not attacked by a valid argument about its truthlikeness (a truth-type argument).<br />
<br />
An argument is relevant iff<br />
* it is not attacked by a valid argument about its relevance (a relevance-type argument).<br />
<br />
Truth is a property of an argument itself, so if it is true in one discussion, it is true always. Of course, this does not mean that a sentence used in an argument is true in all contexts, but rather that the idea presented in a particular context is true in all discussions. Therefore, people should be very clear about the context when they borrow arguments from other discussions.<br />
<br />
In contrast, relevance is a property of the relation between an argument and its target argument (or target statement). Again, this is a context-sensitive property, and in practice, it is possible to borrow relevance from another discussion only if both the argument and its target appear in that exact form and context in both discussions.<br />
<br />
Each argument is an attack (red), a defense (green), or a comment (blue) towards its target. The nature of the argument is shown with its colour. The same argument may also attack or defend another argument, with possibly a different colour. This is because the colour is actually not the colour of the argument itself, but it is the colour of its ''relation'' with the target. There are a few possibilities to avoid confusion with these differing colours when using arguments on a wiki page.<br />
* An argument is written once in one place, and then a copy of it (with only the arrow and the identifier) is pasted to all other relevant places, with proper colours for those relations.<br />
* I there are several opening statements, the colour should always reflect the relationship to the first (i.e., primary) statement. If the primary statement changes, the colours should be changed respectively.<br />
<br />
The legacy templates ([[:Template:Attack|Attack]], [[:Template:Defend invalid|Defend invalid]] etc.) do not differentiate between truth and relevance, but only validity. Therefore they are depreciated, and a new generic template [[:Template:Argument|Argument]] should be used instead. It is capable of showing relevance (irrelevant arguments have gray arrows) and truth (untrue arguments have gray content). If a legacy template is used, an invalid argument is assumed to be both irrelevant and untrue; it is also assumed to apply the scientific paradigm. If other paradigms are used, this must be stated clearly in the text, because the template offers no functionality for it. In Opasnet, the Argument template is capable of describing five different paradigms and the relevance and truth values of each (see [[#Practices in Opasnet]]).<br />
<br />
'''Paradigms in argumentation<br />
<br />
Paradigms are collections of rules to determine when an argument is true or relevant. The ''[[Science (paradigm)|scientific paradigm]]'' is the default in Opasnet, but any paradigms can be developed as long as the rules can be explicitly described and implemented. For example, previously Opasnet implicitly applied a paradigm called ''unattackedstand'' (although the name was coined only in summer 2018 and the mere concept of paradigms was developed in early 2018). Unattackedstand has the same rules as the scientific paradigm except that a true argument does not need a reference, a user backing up an argument with their signature is enough.<br />
<br />
Paradigms may also have other rules than direct validity rules. For example, the scientific paradigm considers an argument based on observations stronger than an argument based on (expert) opinions without observations, and an ''argument ad hominem'' is even weaker.<br />
<br />
However, the rules in a paradigm can be anything, e.g. that the strongest arguments are those by a particular user or an authoritative source, such as a holy book. These rules will clearly lead to different validity estimates and interpretations of a discussion. But the methods of discussions and [[open policy practice]] have been developed having this in mind. The outcome of such explicitly described differences in interpretations are called [[shared understanding]], and that is considered the main product of these methods.<br />
<br />
=== Practices in Opasnet ===<br />
<br />
For discussing, the [[#discussion structure]] should be used. In Opasnet, click the blue capital '''D''' in the toolbar on top of the edit window to apply the discussion template. This is how the discussion format appears:<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
{{discussion <br />
|id = unique identifier of discussion on this page<br />
|Statements = <br />
|Resolution = <br />
|Resolved = Yes, if respective texts updated; empty otherwise.<br />
|Argumentation = Threaded hierarchical list of arguments. Each argument is on its own line. Hierarchy is created by using indents (colon character : in the beginning of a line). For example:<br />
<br />
{{argument|relat1=comment|id=1|content=The blue horizontal line on the toolbar represents the comment button. It yields this blue layout, which is used for comments and remarks.}} <br />
:{{argument|relat1=attack|id=3|content=This red arrow represents an attacking argument. }} <br />
::{{argument|relat1=defend|id=2|content=This green arrow represents a defending argument.}} <br />
}}<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
Arguments can have the parameters that are listed below (each parameter is shown on a separate line for clarity). Note that the parameters may be in any order, and it might be a good idea to show relat1 first. For details, see [[:Template:Argument]].<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
{{argument<br />
| id = identifier of the argument, unique on this page, default: arg + 4 random digits<br />
| title = a short description of the content; displayed on insight networks<br />
| content = content of the argument<br />
| sign = signature of the speaker, default: --~~~~<br />
| type = type of the relation to the target argument, i.e. what is attacked or defended. Either truth or relevance.<br />
| parad1 = main paradigm used to derive the relation between this argument and its target. This is used to format the argument.<br />
| relat1 = relation type between the argument and its target according to the first paradigm: it has two words separated by a single space. The first is either relevant or irrelevant and the second either attack, defend, or comment.<br />
| true1 = truthlikeness of the argument according to the first paragism: either true or untrue.<br />
| parad2 = the second paradigm used.<br />
| relat2 = the second relation type according to paradigm2. Default: relat1<br />
| true2 = the second truthlikeness according to paradigm2. Default: true1<br />
| parad3 etc. up to parad5 in this wiki<br />
}}<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
Furthermore:<br />
* If you agree with an argument made by others, you can place your signature (click the signature button in the toolbar) after that argument.<br />
* Arguments may be edited or restructured. However, if there are signatures of other people, only minor edits are allowed without their explicit acceptance.<br />
<br />
In order to contribute to a discussion you need to have a user account and be logged in.<br />
<br />
=== Referring to a discussion in Opasnet ===<br />
<br />
On a text that refers to a particular discussion (often on the content page of the respective talk page), you should make links at the relevant points to the respective discussions. There are two possibilities:<br />
* {{disclink|Top}} Link to a discussion that is not yet resolved.<br />
* {{reslink|Top}} Link to a resolved discussion.<br />
Because all discussions can be re-opened, the difference between the two is '''not''' whether people are likely to participate in the discussion in the future or not. Instead, {{reslink|Top}} means that the current outcome of the discussion, whether an agreement or a continuing dispute, has been transferred to the main page, i.e. the contents of the main page reflect the current status of the discussion. In contrast, {{disclink|Top}} means that in the discussion itself, there is some information that is not yet reflected on the main page; therefore, the reader should read the discussion as well to be fully aware of the status of the page. This way, there is not a need to constantly update the main page during an active discussion. The updating can be done when the outcome of the discussion has stabilised.<br />
<br />
=== Re-organising discussions afterwards ===<br />
<br />
Free-format discussions can be re-organised ''a posteriori'' (afterwards) into the discussion structure presented here. The main tasks in this work are to<br />
* document original sources of material,<br />
* remove redundant text,<br />
* structure the arguments around a useful opening statement,<br />
* clarify arguments to be understandable without the context of the original discussion,<br />
* analyse and synthesise outcome into a closing statement,<br />
* save and publish your work.<br />
<br />
See an example of a re-organisation work in [[:op_fi:Keskustelu:Pienhiukkasten terveysvaikutukset Suomessa#Keskustelu pienhiukkasvaikutuksesta |Discussion of health effects of PM2.5 in Finland]](in Finnish)<br />
<br />
=== Calculations ===<br />
<br />
<rcode name="update" label="Initiate argument inference functions"><br />
# This is code Op_en2382/update on page [[Discussion]]<br />
<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
update_truth <- function(<br />
pa, # P(A). This is updated to P(A|B).<br />
pb, # P(B)<br />
relb # parameter rel(B) for producing se = P(B|A)<br />
) {<br />
if(any(pa>=1) | any(pa<=0)) stop("probability P(A) must be between ]0,1[, not ",pa)<br />
if(any(pb>=1) | any(pb<=0)) stop("probability P(B) must be between ]0,1[, not", pb)<br />
if(any(relb <= -1) | any(relb >=1)) stop("relb must be between ]-1,1[, not", relb)<br />
if(relb>=0) {<br />
se <- pb + relb * (pmin(1,pb/pa) - pb)<br />
} else {<br />
se <- pb + relb * pb<br />
}<br />
pab <- pa * se / pb<br />
return(pab)#list(pab=pab,se=se))<br />
}<br />
<br />
update_relevance <- function(<br />
relb, # relevance parameter prior for argument B: rel(B), ]-1,1[. This is updated.<br />
pci, # vector of probabilities P(C_i)<br />
relci # vector of relevance parameters for parent arguments C_i: rel(C_i), ]-1,1[<br />
) {<br />
if(any(relb <= -1) | any(relb >=1)) stop("relb must be between ]-1,1[, not", relb)<br />
if(any(pci>=1) | any(pci<=0)) stop("probability P(C) must be between ]0,1[, not", pci)<br />
if(any(relci <= -1) | any(relci >=1)) stop("rel(C_i) must be between ]-1,1[, not", relci)<br />
relb_sign <- sign(relb)<br />
out <- abs(relb)<br />
relci_weighted <- relci * pci<br />
for(weight in rev(sort(relci_weighted))) {<br />
if(weight>=0) {<br />
out <- out + weight*(1-out)<br />
} else {<br />
out <- out + weight*out<br />
}<br />
}<br />
out <- out * relb_sign<br />
return(out)<br />
}<br />
<br />
infer_tree <- function(df, verbose=FALSE) {<br />
args_by_level <- df$Item[order(-df$level)]<br />
columns_inherited_from_alias <- c("text","truth")<br />
for (arg in args_by_level) {<br />
if(length(df$Item[df$Item==arg])!=1) warning("Argument ",arg," is not unique.")<br />
parents_truth <- df$Item[df$Object == arg & df$class=="truth"]<br />
parents_relevance <- df$Item[df$Object == arg & df$class=="relevance"]<br />
alias <- df$alias[df$Item==arg]<br />
if(alias!="") {<br />
df[df$Item==arg,columns_inherited_from_alias] <- df[df$Item==alias,columns_inherited_from_alias] <br />
}<br />
for(parent in parents_truth) {<br />
pa = df$truth[df$Item == arg]<br />
pb = df$truth[df$Item == parent]<br />
relb = df$relevance[df$Item == parent]<br />
out <- update_truth(pa, pb, relb)<br />
if(verbose) print(c("truth",arg, parent, signif(c(pa,pb,relb, out),3)))<br />
df$truth[df$Item == arg] <- out<br />
}<br />
if(length(parents_relevance)>0) {<br />
relb = df$relevance[df$Item == arg]<br />
pci = df$truth[df$Item %in% parents_relevance]<br />
relci = df$relevance[df$Item %in% parents_relevance]<br />
out <- update_relevance(relb, pci, relci)<br />
if(verbose) print(c("relevance",arg, parent, signif(c(relb, pci, relci, out),3)))<br />
df$relevance[df$Item == arg] <- out<br />
}<br />
}<br />
return(df)<br />
}<br />
<br />
objects.store(update_truth, update_relevance, infer_tree)<br />
cat("Functions update_truth, update_relevance, and infer_tree stored.\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [https://www.kialo.com/individuals-should-own-their-personal-data-or-not-23849?path=23849.0~23849.1 Individuals should own their personal data (or not?) | Kialo]<br />
* [https://www.amazon.com/Breaking-News-Remaking-Journalism-Matters/dp/0374279624 Breaking News: The Remaking of Journalism and Why It Matters Now: Alan Rusbridger: 9780374279622: Amazon.com: Books]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aumann%27s_agreement_theorem Aumann's agreement theorem - Wikipedia]<br />
** [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/016517658390126X Learning to agree - ScienceDirect]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discursive_psychology Discursive psychology - Wikipedia]<br />
* [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877343519300880 Usable environmental knowledge from the perspective of decision-making: the logics of consequentiality, appropriateness, and meaningfulness - ScienceDirect]<br />
* [https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/handle/10919/82874/UP%203%282%29%20-%20The%20Dilemmas%20of%20Citizen%20Inclusion%20in%20Urban%20Planning%20and%20Governance%20to%20Enable%20a%201.5%20_C%20Climate%20Change%20Scenario.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y The Dilemmas of Citizen Inclusion in Urban Planning and Governance to Enable a 1.5 °C Climate Change Scenario - UP 3(2) - The Dilemmas of Citizen Inclusion in Urban Planning and Governance to Enable a 1.5 _C Climate Change Scenario.pdf]<br />
* [https://lawrencesusskind.mit.edu/sites/default/files/documents/oxfordhb-9780198747369-e-17.pdf Deliberative Democracy and Public Dispute Resolution - Oxford Handbooks - oxfordhb-9780198747369-e-17.pdf]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Susskind Lawrence Susskind - Wikipedia]<br />
* [https://dialogiakatemia.fi/2020/04/14/dialogin-etafasilitointi/ Dialogin etäfasilitointi – DialogiAkatemia]<br />
* [https://www.kialo.com/ Kialo] for organised discussions<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Structured_Discussions Structured Discussions]: another discussion system for MediaWiki projects<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Iframe Iframe extension]: may be considered as an alternative to an inside-wiki discussion system: discussion functionality is "borrowed" from antother website using iframes.<br />
* [[Discussion]]<br />
* [[Argument]]<br />
* [[Dealing with disputes]]<br />
* [http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Discussion_structure&direction=prev&oldid=42070 Discussion structure] (archived in March 2010)<br />
* [http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Discussion_method&direction=prev&oldid=42071 Discussion method] (archived in October 2009)<br />
* [[:Category:Ongoing discussions]]<br />
* [[:Category:Resolved discussions]]<br />
* [[:Template:Discussion]] (for technical usage of the template)<br />
* [[:Template:Argument]] (for technical usage of the template)<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragma-dialectics Pragma-dialectical argumentation theory]<br />
* [[:op_fi:Keskustelu:Keskustelu|Keskustelu:Keskustelu]] some more guidance in Finnish Opasnet<br />
* [http://try.discourse.org/ Discourse] website for intelligent discussions: the best contributions are voted to the top<br />
* [http://stackoverflow.com/ Stackoverflow] about intelligent discussions on computers and ICT.<br />
* [http://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/2267/stack-exchange-clones Stack Exchange clones]<br />
* [http://www.question2answer.org/ Question2Answer] is a free and open source platform for Q&A sites.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{eracedu}}</div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Insight_network&diff=43820Insight network2021-08-11T20:13:01Z<p>Jouni: /* Making insight graphs */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[op_fi:Näkemysverkko]]<br />
[[Category:Intarese]]<br />
[[Category:Open policy practice]]<br />
[[Category:Causal diagram]]<br />
{{method|moderator=Jouni}}<br />
'''Insight networks''' are graphical representations of a particular situation, where the objects described are causally related to each other. In addition, the diagrams contain non-causal elements such as value judgements or inferences based on data. Insight networks utilise the ideas of [[:en:Directed acyclic graph|directed acyclic graphs]], but they have additional features.<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
What notation is simple and flexible enough so that it can be used to represent all major issues related to a policy situation? It must be usable in both graphical and data formats.<br />
<br />
== Answer ==<br />
<br />
<rcode label="Run insight network on Shiny server"><br />
# This is code Op_en3861/ on page [[Insight network]]<br />
<br />
############### Create global variables at file global.R<br />
<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
objects.latest("Op_en3861", code_name="insightNetwork") # [[Insight network]] insightNetwork<br />
<br />
# If you want to use alternative objects, fetch them here.<br />
<br />
insightNetwork <- EvalOutput(insightNetwork,verbose=TRUE)<br />
<br />
cat("This code uses the following objects:\n")<br />
oprint(insightNetwork@dependencies)<br />
<br />
cat("The newtork data comes from these sources:\n")<br />
oprint(meta)<br />
<br />
insightTables <- makeInsightTables(meta) # You can update (part of) insightTables by rerunning with (partial) meta.<br />
<br />
graphTable <- makeGraphTable(verbose=FALSE) # Produces a table in standard format<br />
<br />
gr <- makeInsightGraph(graphTable) # Creates a DiagrammeR graph object<br />
<br />
shinyApp(ui, server)<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
[[File:Legend for extended causal diagrams.svg]]<br />
<br />
* For examples of using insight networks, see [[:op_fi:Ympäristöterveysindikaattori]].<br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
=== Process ===<br />
<br />
:''Insight networks have been described in a scientific article manuscript [[From open assessment to shared understanding: practical experiences#Insight networks]]. Objects and their relations used in [[open policy practice]] are described on page [[Open policy ontology]].<br />
<br />
There is a need for methods facilitating the flow of information and understanding between science and policy. The principle is to describe a risk situation in a formal manner. Insight networks contain items along a causal pathway (or network) from e.g. abatement strategies to emissions to dispersion to exposure to effects. They have been designed to describe also non-causal connections such as non-causal reasoning, values, preferences, and arguments.<br />
<br />
These diagrams use graph theory with vertices (or nodes) and arcs (or arrows). They are used to describe and define all the pieces needed for a description of the situation under scrutiny. Diagrams may be produced with any graphics software, providing that calculation functions are not required. If calculations ''are'' needed, we recommend the use of [[R]] software and [[OpasnetUtils]] package.<br />
<br />
This is the process how data flows into insight diagrams:<br />
* List of data tables of different insight diagrams is found from https://yhteistyotilat.fi/wiki08/x/1oGxAg. It has the following columns:<br />
** Ilmio: Name of the phenomenon. This will become the name of a csv data file.<br />
** Id: Identifier of the phenomenon. This will be used in Oldid of the items and relations.<br />
** Tyyppi: Type of the table. In practice, it defines the columns that the data table has. Different types are listed on [[#Types of insight network tables]].<br />
** URL: Location of the data table. If the URL contains "google.com", it is assumed to be a google sheet. If the type (Tyyppi) is "keskustelu", it is assumed to be an Opasnet page with discussions. Otherwise, it is assumed to be a table on a web page that can be scraped with read_html() function.<br />
** Taulu: If the data is a table on a web page, it is the number of the table on that page. If the data is a discussion, it is the number of discussion; missing value means that all discussions on that page are read.<br />
** Alkurivi: In case of google sheets, it is the first row with actual data.<br />
** Kuvaus: Description of the table, with possible links to relevant description page.<br />
<br />
All data tables and discussions are listed, formatted and saved as csv files in a zip file called [[:op_fi:File:Näkemysverkkojen tietotauluja.zip]]. From there, the data can be accessed from within Opasnet Rtools. (The code scraping web pages does not work in Opasnet, although it is stored there.) Little formatting is done here, mainly the column titles are standardised. But the number and type of columns is not changed.<br />
<br />
In the next phase, each csv file is opened, interpreted, and defined as items and relations. This is done in code Op_fi5810/graphs on page [[:op_fi:Ympäristöterveysindikaattori]]. All these are saved as a DiagrammeR graph, and each topic may be separately selected as a subgraph.<br />
* {{argument|relat1=relevant attack|truth1=true|id=0094|type=|content=Are Tehtäväkokonaisuus, Osiotyyppi, JHS-luokka actually types of objects, or are they just indices. Yes, they should be indices and the objects relate to them with "has index". Correct table 4.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 20:46, 17 July 2018 (UTC)}}<br />
* {{argument|relat1=relevant attack|truth1=true|id=0095|type=|content=Check the code about renderging graphs and creating a server function that also works on non-web environments on [[:op_fi:Keskustelu:Näkemysverkko#Näkemysverkkoabstrakti vaikuttavuuden tutkimuksen päiville 4.-5.12.2018]]|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 20:46, 17 July 2018 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
=== Data ===<br />
<br />
==== Graphical properties of objects and relations ====<br />
<br />
<t2b name="Graphical properties of objects and relations" index="Property,Value,Parameter" obs="Result" desc="Description" unit="-"><br />
default|default|node.shape|circle|Default values unless something else is specified<br />
default|default|node.style|filled|<br />
default|default|node.sides|4|<br />
default|default|node.skew|0|<br />
default|default|node.fillcolor|white|<br />
default|default|node.fontsize|11|<br />
default|default|node.height|0.5|<br />
default|default|node.width|0.5|<br />
default|default|node.color|brown|<br />
default|default|node.penwidth|2|<br />
default|default|node.fontcolor|black|<br />
default|default|node.distortion|0|<br />
default|default|edge.color|grey|<br />
default|default|edge.fontsize|10|Not currently used<br />
default|default|edge.fontcolor|grey|<br />
default|default|edge.style|dotted|<br />
default|default|edge.penwidth|2|<br />
default|default|edge.arrowsize|1|Not currently used<br />
type|unknown|node.fillcolor|yellow|This formatting is used if there are undefined objects<br />
type|unknown|node.color|green|<br />
type|substance|node.shape|circle|Substantive type object<br />
type|substance|node.fillcolor|skyblue2|Substantive type object<br />
type|knowledge crystal|node.color|gold|Knowledge crystal type object (including ovariables and key ovariables)<br />
type|option|node.color|palevioletred|Option for a decision<br />
type|option|node.fillcolor|white|Option for a decision<br />
type|index|node.shape|polygon|Index or other classifying determinant<br />
type|index|node.sides|4|<br />
type|index|node.skew|0.5|<br />
type|index|node.fillcolor|purple1|<br />
type|index|node.height|0.3|<br />
type|graph|node.shape|polygon|Index or other classifying determinant<br />
type|graph|node.sides|3|<br />
type|graph|node.fillcolor|pink|<br />
type|assessment|node.shape|polygon|Assessment<br />
type|assessment|node.sides|8|<br />
type|assessment|node.fillcolor|purple1|<br />
type|stakeholder|node.shape|hexagon|Stakeholder type object<br />
type|stakeholder|node.fillcolor|khaki1|Stakeholder type object<br />
type|stakeholder|node.width|0.8|Stakeholder type object<br />
type|method|node.shape|polygon|Method type object<br />
type|method|node.sides|6|Method type object<br />
type|method|node.fillcolor|purple1|Method type object<br />
type|process|node.shape|pentagon|Process type object<br />
type|process|node.fillcolor|purple1|Process type object<br />
type|action|node.fillcolor|#009246|Process type object, dark green (0,146,70)<br />
type|action|node.shape|rectangle|Decision type object<br />
type|task 1|node.color|brown|Illustration of the responsible organisation of the task<br />
type|task 2|node.color|yellow|Illustration of the responsible organisation of the task<br />
type|task 3|node.color|blue|Illustration of the responsible organisation of the task<br />
type|task 4|node.color|green|Illustration of the responsible organisation of the task<br />
type|task 5|node.color|red|Illustration of the responsible organisation of the task<br />
type|decision|node.fillcolor|red|Decision type object<br />
type|data|node.shape|rectangle|Data type object<br />
type|data|node.fillcolor|gold|Data type object<br />
type|objective|node.shape|diamond|Objective type object<br />
type|objective|node.fillcolor|yellow|Objective type object<br />
type|objective|node.width|0.8|Objective type object<br />
type|publication|node.fillcolor|gray|Publication type object<br />
type|statement|node.shape|polygon|Argument type object<br />
type|statement|node.sides|4|Argument type object<br />
type|statement|node.width|0.8|Argument type object<br />
type|statement|node.distortion|-0.5|Argument type object<br />
type|true statement|node.fillcolor|gold|Argument type object<br />
type|false statement|node.fillcolor|gray|Argument type object<br />
type|fact opening statement|node.fillcolor|lightskyblue1|Argument type object. Discussion start<br />
type|value opening statement|node.fillcolor|palegreen1|Argument type object<br />
type|fact closing statement|node.fillcolor|skyblue|Argument type object. Discussion end<br />
type|value closing statement|node.fillcolor|springgreen|Argument type object.<br />
type|fact discussion|node.fillcolor|skyblue|Argument type object. Not neede?<br />
type|value discussion|node.fillcolor|springgreen|Value judgement type object. Not needed?<br />
type|risk factor|node.color|pink|Additional information about object class<br />
type|indicator|node.color|brown|Additional information about object class<br />
type|indicator|node.fillcolor|gold|Additional information about object class<br />
type|operational indicator|node.fillcolor|#00d7a7|Additional information about object class light green (0,215,167)<br />
type|tactical indicator|node.fillcolor|#9fc9eb|Additional information about object class light blue (159,201,235)<br />
type|strategic indicator|node.fillcolor|#0072c6|Additional information about object class dark blue (0,114,198)<br />
type|strategic indicator|node.shape|diamond|Additional information about object class<br />
type|arviointikriteeri|node.color|orange|Not quite clear what criteria objects are: indicators or value statements, or something else<br />
type|task|node.color|green|Additional information about object class<br />
type|data|node.color|orange|Additional information about object class<br />
type|health organisation|node.color|yellow|Additional information about object class<br />
Relation|causal link|edge.color|black|Causal link<br />
Relation|causal link|edge.style|solid|Causal link<br />
Relation|positive causal link|edge.fontcolor|#009246|Causal link, dark green (0,146,70)<br />
Relation|increases|edge.fontcolor|#009246|Causal link, dark green (0,146,70)<br />
Relation|negative causal link|edge.fontcolor|#bd2719|Causal link, red (189,39,25)<br />
Relation|decreases|edge.fontcolor|#bd2719|Causal link, red (189,39,25)<br />
Relation|part_of|edge.fontcolor|gray|Part of (set theory link)<br />
Relation|participatory link|edge.color|purple|Participatory link<br />
Relation|participatory link|edge.style|dashed|Participatory link<br />
Relation|operational link|edge.color|black|Operational link<br />
Relation|operational link|edge.style|dashed|Operational link<br />
Relation|evaluative link|edge.color|green|Evaluative link<br />
Relation|relevant attack|edge.color|red|Attacking argument<br />
Relation|relevant defense|edge.color|green|Defending argument<br />
Relation|relevant comment|edge.color|blue|Commenting argument<br />
Relation|irrelevant argument|edge.color|gray|Invalid argument<br />
Relation|argumentative link|edge.style|dotted|Argumentative link<br />
Relation|argumentative link|edge.penwidth|4|Argumentative link<br />
Relation|referential link|edge.color|red|Referential link<br />
Relation|referential link|edge.style|dashed|Referential link<br />
</t2b><br />
<br />
=== Calculations ===<br />
<br />
'''Insight network 2.0<br />
<br />
An updated version should improve the<br />
* a) context sensitivity (referring to primarily to objects within own context but secondarily to those from another context),<br />
* b) making graphs by default from a single context rather than a full list of contexts from a meta table,<br />
* c) compatibility with cytoscape.js,<br />
* d) merging ready-made graphs meaningfully,<br />
* e) have a reasonable intermediate object format that contains all data needed, such as<br />
** tables for nodes and edges, compatible with Diagrammer, Cytoscape.js, AND Gephi.<br />
** metadata for display, such as seeds, steps, object types to ignore, whether to show labels etc. Or should these just be implemented on the graph?<br />
<br />
What should be done?<br />
# Fetch the data table by scrape or other function and with data about URL, table, and initial row.<br />
# Use splizzeria and fillprev if needed.<br />
# Interpret columns based on a vector of column numbers (with possibly 1+2 notation to paste columns) to create the standard columns. If this is done in an ovariable formula, there is no need for a specific function.<br />
#* Context<br />
#* Item<br />
#* type<br />
#* label<br />
#* rel<br />
#* Object<br />
#* Description<br />
#* Reldescription<br />
#* URL<br />
#* Result (dummy, always 0)<br />
# Create missing node rows from objects. Do NOT assume context.<br />
# Create URL from permanent resource location trunk and the identifier (where does the identifier come from?)<br />
# Item ja label laitetaan pötköön ja haetaan mätsi. Tulos onrow-pötköstä.<br />
# Create an ovariable from the table.<br />
# Add meta to the ovariable with formatting data.<br />
#* insightGraph:<br />
#** seed<br />
#** removenodes<br />
#** formatting (character vector with possible entries: Hide node labels, Hide edge labels, Show legend nodes, Remove branches only)<br />
#** ignoreobj<br />
#** steps<br />
<br />
# (NOT NEEDED? Create Oldid if does not exist from context and numbering)<br />
# If a relation is presented as item, the formatting is applied to the ring.<br />
<br />
Combine graph objects<br />
* Find items without context. Match them with items with the same Item (label) that do have a type.<br />
<br />
Tuplarelaatiot, voidaanko kategorisesti poistaa?<br />
<br />
<br />
Out <- rep(NA, length(find))<br />
For(x in cond,)<br />
For(i in 1:length(find)<br />
Tmp<-id[context==contextfind(i))])[Match(find(i), df$cond(x)(df$context==contextfind(i))] pitää etsiä id alkuperäisestä taulukosta heti muuten ei toimi<br />
Out<- ifelse(isna(out). Tmp,out)<br />
))<br />
Sitten sama ioman contekstirajoitusta.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Insight network 1.0<br />
<br />
There are three different identifiers for a subject item. <br />
* Oldid: a technical identifier typically of format context.number, where number is a sequential number within a context.<br />
* Item: the actual name of the item, detailed enough to give a good understanding of its meaning.<br />
* label: a short name shown on insight networks. Does not exmplain everything, just enough to distinguish it from other items.<br />
<br />
If Oldid is not given, it is created from the context and a number. If label is not given in data, it is truncated from Item.<br />
<br />
Object item has one column ''Object'' that may contain any of these. The priority is Item > label > Oldid > Object. The last option means that it is assumed that Object refers to a new item that is not mentioned in the Item column.<br />
<br />
An insight network is produced in this order (last object mentioned first).<br />
# gr: a diagrammer graph with all data and formatting for an insight network. Produced by makeInsightGraph.<br />
# makeInsightGraph<br />
<br />
<br />
==== Making insight graphs ====<br />
<br />
<rcode name="formatted" label="Initiate data.frame formatted (for developers only)" embed=1><br />
# This is code Op_en3861/formatted on page [[Insight network]]<br />
<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
#' Function formatting creates a formatting table for nodes and edges.<br />
#' The function as no parameters.<br />
#' @return data.frame with ontology terms as rows and formatting properties as columns.<br />
<br />
formatting <- function() { <br />
## Replace default setting with additional class info<br />
<br />
## Find all classes for item subclasses<br />
<br />
hierItem <- opbase.data("Op_en7783", subset="Item types") # [[Open policy ontology]]<br />
hierItem <- hierItem[c("Object","English name","Finnish name")]<br />
colnames(hierItem)[colnames(hierItem)=="Object"] <- "Class" # Contains also other relations than subclass, notably "part of".<br />
<br />
## Find all classes for relation subclasses<br />
<br />
hierRel <- opbase.data("Op_en7783", subset="Relation types") # [[Open policy ontology]]. All relations are of type 'has subclass'<br />
for(i in colnames(hierRel)) hierRel[[i]] <- as.character(hierRel[[i]])<br />
hierRel <- data.frame(<br />
Class = rep(hierRel$Class, 2),<br />
Tmp1 = c(hierRel$`English name`, hierRel$`English inverse`),<br />
Tmp2 = c(hierRel$`Finnish name`, hierRel$`Finnish inverse`)<br />
)<br />
colnames(hierRel) <- c("Class", "English name", "Finnish name")<br />
<br />
# Make a single resource list<br />
hier <- rbind(hierItem, hierRel)<br />
for(i in colnames(hier)) hier[[i]] <- as.character(hier[[i]])<br />
<br />
# Combine language versions of resource list<br />
hier <- unique(data.frame(<br />
Class = c(hier$Class, rep(hier$`English name`, 2)),<br />
Item = c(rep(hier$`English name`, 2), hier$`Finnish name`),<br />
stringsAsFactors = FALSE<br />
))<br />
<br />
out <- hier<br />
tmp <- out$Class<br />
for(i in 1:6) {<br />
tmp <- hier$Class[match(tmp, hier$Item)]<br />
out <- rbind(<br />
out,<br />
cbind(<br />
Class = tmp,<br />
Item = hier$Item<br />
)<br />
)<br />
}<br />
hier <- out[!is.na(out$Class),]<br />
<br />
# Replace default settings with property-specific settings<br />
<br />
# First fetch the graphical styles of properties from [[Insight network]]<br />
<br />
prop_gen <- opbase.data(<br />
"Op_en3861", # [[Insight network]]<br />
subset="Graphical properties of objects and relations"<br />
)<br />
<br />
tmp <- prop_gen[grepl("edge", prop_gen$Parameter) & prop_gen$Value!="default",]<br />
tmp$Parameter <- gsub("edge","node",tmp$Parameter)<br />
prop_gen <- rbind(prop_gen, tmp)<br />
<br />
# Create a data.frame with all item * parameter combinations.<br />
# This will be filled with item-specific graph settings<br />
<br />
prop_spec <- merge(<br />
data.frame(Resource = unique(c(hier$Class, hier$Item))),<br />
prop_gen[prop_gen$Property=="default",c("Parameter","Result")]<br />
)<br />
<br />
for(i in 1:nrow(prop_gen)) { <br />
if(prop_gen$Property[i] != "default") { <br />
# Names of items that should have the property replaced<br />
tst <- unique(hier$Item[hier$Class==prop_gen$Value[i]])<br />
prop_spec$Result[prop_spec$Resource %in% tst & prop_spec$Parameter==prop_gen$Parameter[i]] <- prop_gen$Result[i]<br />
}<br />
}<br />
<br />
prop_spec$Result <- as.character(prop_spec$Result)<br />
<br />
formatted <- reshape(prop_spec, idvar="Resource", timevar="Parameter", direction="wide")<br />
colnames(formatted) <- gsub("Result.", "", colnames(formatted))<br />
<br />
# > colnames(formatted)<br />
# [1] "Resource" "node.shape" "node.sides" "node.skew" <br />
# [5] "node.fillcolor" "node.fontsize" "node.height" "node.width" <br />
# [9] "node.color" "node.penwidth" "node.fontcolor" "node.distortion"<br />
# [13] "edge.color" "edge.fontsize" "edge.fontcolor" "edge.style" <br />
# [17] "edge.penwidth" "edge.arrowsize" <br />
<br />
for(i in c(<br />
"node.sides",<br />
"node.skew",<br />
"node.fontsize",<br />
"node.height",<br />
"node.width",<br />
"node.penwidth",<br />
"node.distortion",<br />
"edge.fontsize",<br />
"edge.penwidth",<br />
"edge.arrowsize" <br />
)) formatted[[i]] <- as.numeric(formatted[[i]])<br />
<br />
return(formatted)<br />
}<br />
<br />
formatted <- formatting()<br />
<br />
objects.store(formatted)<br />
cat("Data.frame formatted stored.\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
<rcode name="makeGraph2" label="Initiate function makeGraph (for developers only)"><br />
# This is code Op_en3861/makeGraph2 on page [[Insight network]]<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
#' Making insight network graph object<br />
#' <br />
#' makeGraph is a function for taking an insight ovariable and making a graph object.<br />
#'<br />
#' @param a is data.frame defining nodes and edges with at least columns: Oldid, type, Item, label, Relation, Object, Description. Other columns for nodes such as URL are allowed.<br />
#' @return two data.frames: nodes_df and edges_df that are directly given as parameters for DiagrammeR::create_graph.<br />
<br />
makeGraph <- function(ova, formatting=data.frame(), ...) {<br />
require(OpasnetUtils)<br />
require(DiagrammeR)<br />
<br />
if(!exists("formatted") & nrow(formatted)==0){<br />
objects.latest("Op_en3861", code_name="formatted") # [[Insight network]] formatted<br />
}<br />
if(!exists("chooseGr")) {<br />
objects.latest("Op_en3861", code_name="chooseGr") # [[Insight network]] chooseGr<br />
}<br />
<br />
if("ovariable" %in% class(ova)) {<br />
a <- ova@output<br />
meta <- ova@meta$insightnetwork<br />
} else {<br />
a <- ova<br />
meta <- NULL<br />
}<br />
a$truth <- signif(a$truth,2)<br />
a$relevance <- signif(a$relevance,2)<br />
for(i in 1:ncol(a)) {<br />
a[[i]] <- gsub("[\"']", " ", a[[i]])<br />
}<br />
<br />
# Fill in missing labels, Items, and object nodes<br />
<br />
a$label <- ifelse(is.na(a$label),substr(a$Item,1,30), a$label)<br />
a$Item <- ifelse(is.na(a$Item),a$label, a$Item)<br />
<br />
# Find nrow that matches the Object based on Item or label.<br />
tst <- rep(1:nrow(a),2)[match(a$Object, c(a$Item, a$label))]<br />
<br />
# Use Item as Object identifier when possible<br />
hasobj <- !(is.na(a$Object) | a$Object=="") # Rows of data.frame a that have Object<br />
a$Object[hasobj] <- a$Item[tst][hasobj]<br />
<br />
# Find objects that have not been defined<br />
newbies <- ifelse(is.na(tst), a$Object,NA)<br />
newbies <- newbies[!is.na(newbies)]<br />
<br />
if(length(newbies)>0) {<br />
a <- orbind(<br />
a,<br />
data.frame(<br />
Item=newbies,<br />
label=substr(newbies,1,30),<br />
stringsAsFactors = FALSE<br />
)<br />
)<br />
}<br />
<br />
nodes <- a[!(duplicated(a$Item) | is.na(a$Item) | a$Item==""),]<br />
# nodes$tooltip <- paste0(<br />
# nodes$label, ". ",<br />
# ifelse(nodes$label == nodes$Item, "", paste0(nodes$Item, ". ")), <br />
# ifelse(is.na(nodes$Description), "", paste0("\n", nodes$Description)),<br />
# " (", nodes$Context, "/", nodes$id,")", <br />
# )<br />
nodes$tooltip <- paste0(<br />
nodes$Item, ". ", nodes$Description, "/ truth: ", nodes$truth, " relevance: ", nodes$relevance)<br />
nodes <- merge(nodes, formatted[setdiff(colnames(formatted),colnames(nodes))],<br />
by.x="type", by.y="Resource")<br />
colnames(nodes) <- gsub("node.","",colnames(nodes))<br />
nodes <- nodes[!grepl("edge.", colnames(nodes))]<br />
nodes$id <- 1:nrow(nodes)<br />
<br />
# Create edges and flip unpreferred relations to their inverse relations<br />
<br />
inver <- opbase.data("Op_en7783", subset="Relation types")<br />
for(i in colnames(inver)) inver[[i]] <- as.character(inver[[i]])<br />
inve <- data.frame(<br />
rel = c(inver$`English name`,inver$`Finnish name`),<br />
inve = c(inver$`English inverse`,inver$`Finnish inverse`),<br />
stringsAsFactors = FALSE<br />
)<br />
<br />
edges <- a[!(is.na(a$Object) | a$Object=="") , ]<br />
flip <- edges$rel %in% inve$inve<br />
tmp <- edges$Item<br />
edges$Item[flip] <- edges$Object[flip]<br />
edges$Object[flip] <- tmp[flip]<br />
edges$rel[flip] <- inve$rel[match(edges$rel, inve$inve)][flip]<br />
edges$from <- match(edges$Item, nodes$Item)<br />
edges$to <- match(edges$Object, nodes$Item)<br />
edges$label <- edges$rel<br />
edges <- merge(edges, formatted[setdiff(colnames(formatted),colnames(edges))],<br />
by.x="rel", by.y="Resource")<br />
colnames(edges) <- gsub("edge.","",colnames(edges))<br />
edges <- edges[!grepl("node.", colnames(edges))]<br />
edges$id <- 1:nrow(edges)<br />
edges$labeltooltip <- paste0(edges$label, " (",edges$Context, "/",edges$id, ")")<br />
<br />
gr <- create_graph(<br />
nodes_df=nodes,<br />
edges_df=edges<br />
)<br />
if(!is.null(meta)) {<br />
gr <- chooseGr(gr, input=meta)<br />
}<br />
<br />
return(gr) <br />
}<br />
<br />
objects.store(makeGraph)<br />
cat("Function makeGraph stored.\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
<rcode name="makeGraph" label="Initiate function makeGraph (old version)" embed=1><br />
# This is code Op_en3861/makeGraph on page [[Insight network]]<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
#' Making insight network graph object<br />
#' <br />
#' makeGraph is a function for taking an insight ovariable and making a graph object.<br />
#'<br />
#' @param a is data.frame defining nodes and edges with at least columns: Oldid, type, Item, label, Relation, Object, Description. Other columns for nodes such as URL are allowed.<br />
#' @return two data.frames: nodes_df and edges_df that are directly given as parameters for DiagrammeR::create_graph.<br />
<br />
makeGraph <- function(ova, ...) {<br />
require(OpasnetUtils)<br />
require(DiagrammeR)<br />
<br />
if(!exists("formatted")){<br />
objects.latest("Op_en3861", code_name="formatted") # [[Insight network]] formatted<br />
}<br />
if(!exists("chooseGr")) {<br />
objects.latest("Op_en3861", code_name="chooseGr") # [[Insight network]] chooseGr<br />
}<br />
<br />
if("ovariable" %in% class(ova)) {<br />
a <- ova@output<br />
meta <- ova@meta$insightnetwork<br />
} else {<br />
a <- ova<br />
meta <- NULL<br />
}<br />
<br />
for(i in 1:ncol(a)) {<br />
a[[i]] <- gsub("[\"']", " ", a[[i]])<br />
}<br />
<br />
# Fill in missing labels, Items, and object nodes<br />
<br />
a$label <- ifelse(is.na(a$label),substr(a$Item,1,30), a$label)<br />
a$Item <- ifelse(is.na(a$Item),a$label, a$Item)<br />
<br />
# Find nrow that matches the Object based on Item or label.<br />
tst <- rep(1:nrow(a),2)[match(a$Object, c(a$Item, a$label))]<br />
<br />
# Use Item as Object identifier when possible<br />
hasobj <- !(is.na(a$Object) | a$Object=="") # Rows of data.frame a that have Object<br />
a$Object[hasobj] <- a$Item[tst][hasobj]<br />
<br />
# Find objects that have not been defined<br />
newbies <- ifelse(is.na(tst), a$Object,NA)<br />
newbies <- newbies[!is.na(newbies)]<br />
<br />
if(length(newbies)>0) {<br />
a <- orbind(<br />
a,<br />
data.frame(<br />
Item=newbies,<br />
label=substr(newbies,1,30),<br />
stringsAsFactors = FALSE<br />
)<br />
)<br />
}<br />
<br />
nodes <- a[!(duplicated(a$Item) | is.na(a$Item) | a$Item==""),]<br />
nodes$tooltip <- paste0(<br />
nodes$label, ". ",<br />
ifelse(nodes$label == nodes$Item, "", paste0(nodes$Item, ". ")), <br />
ifelse(is.na(nodes$Description), "", paste0("\n", nodes$Description)),<br />
" (", nodes$Context, "/", nodes$id,")"<br />
)<br />
nodes <- merge(nodes, formatted, by.x="type", by.y="Resource")<br />
colnames(nodes) <- gsub("node.","",colnames(nodes))<br />
nodes <- nodes[!grepl("edge.", colnames(nodes))]<br />
nodes$id <- 1:nrow(nodes)<br />
<br />
# Create edges and flip unpreferred relations to their inverse relations<br />
<br />
inver <- opbase.data("Op_en7783", subset="Relation types")<br />
for(i in colnames(inver)) inver[[i]] <- as.character(inver[[i]])<br />
inve <- data.frame(<br />
rel = c(inver$`English name`,inver$`Finnish name`),<br />
inve = c(inver$`English inverse`,inver$`Finnish inverse`),<br />
stringsAsFactors = FALSE<br />
)<br />
<br />
edges <- a[!(is.na(a$Object) | a$Object=="") , ]<br />
flip <- edges$rel %in% inve$inve<br />
tmp <- edges$Item<br />
edges$Item[flip] <- edges$Object[flip]<br />
edges$Object[flip] <- tmp[flip]<br />
edges$rel[flip] <- inve$rel[match(edges$rel, inve$inve)][flip]<br />
edges$from <- match(edges$Item, nodes$Item)<br />
edges$to <- match(edges$Object, nodes$Item)<br />
edges$label <- edges$rel<br />
edges$labeltooltip <- paste0(edges$label, " (",edges$Context, "/",edges$id, ")")<br />
edges <- merge(edges, formatted, by.x="rel", by.y="Resource")<br />
colnames(edges) <- gsub("edge.","",colnames(edges))<br />
edges <- edges[!grepl("node.", colnames(edges))]<br />
edges$id <- 1:nrow(edges)<br />
<br />
gr <- create_graph(<br />
nodes_df=nodes,<br />
edges_df=edges<br />
)<br />
if(!is.null(meta)) {<br />
gr <- chooseGr(gr, input=meta)<br />
}<br />
<br />
return(gr) <br />
}<br />
<br />
objects.store(makeGraph)<br />
cat("Function makeGraph stored.\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
<rcode name="chooseGr" label="Initiate ovariable chooseGr" embed=1><br />
# This is code Op_en3861/chooseGr on page [[Insight diagram]].<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
#' Function chooseGr takes a diagrammer graph and selects s subgraph based on topic, labels, steps from selected nodes etc.<br />
#' @param gr diagrammer graph<br />
#' @param input list of arguments to be used in selection<br />
#' @seeds ovariable where @data has columns Topic to be chosen and Node for Oldid's to select.<br />
#' @return diagrammer graph where node_selection contains the selected nodes<br />
<br />
chooseGr <- function(gr, input, seeds=NULL, verbose=FALSE) {<br />
if(!is.null(seeds)) seeds <- match(seeds@data$Node[seeds@data$Topic==input$topic], gr$nodes_df$Oldid)<br />
nods <- union(c(<br />
seeds,<br />
match(input$addnodes, gr$nodes_df$label)),<br />
match(input$addnodesByid, gr$nodes_df$id)<br />
)<br />
nods <- nods[!is.na(nods)]<br />
gr <- deselect_nodes(gr, get_selection(gr))<br />
gr <- select_nodes_by_id(gr, nods)<br />
if(input$steps>0) {<br />
for(i in 1:input$steps) {<br />
gr <- deselect_nodes(gr,match(input$removenodes, gr$nodes_df$label))<br />
if(nrow(gr$node_selection)>0) {<br />
gr <- trav_both(gr,add_to_selection = TRUE)<br />
}<br />
}<br />
if("Remove branches only" %in% input$formatting) {<br />
gr <- select_nodes_by_id(gr,match(input$removenodes, gr$nodes_df$label))<br />
} else {<br />
gr <- deselect_nodes(gr,match(input$removenodes, gr$nodes_df$label))<br />
}<br />
}<br />
if("Show legend nodes" %in% input$formatting) {<br />
gr <- select_nodes_by_id(gr, match(seeds@data$Node[seeds@data$Topic=="Selitykset"], gr$nodes_df$Oldid))<br />
}<br />
gr <- deselect_nodes(gr, match(input$ignoreobj, gr$nodes_df$type))<br />
if(verbose) cat("Selected nodes: ", gr$nodes_df$label[gr$nodes_df$id %in% gr$node_selection[[1]]])<br />
return(gr)<br />
}<br />
<br />
objects.store(chooseGr)<br />
cat("Ovariable chooseGr stored.\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
Function insightJSON fetches a JSON file of an insight network through a REST API. Works on own computer only.<br />
<br />
<rcode name="insightJSON" label="Initiate function insightJSON (run on own computer)" embed=1><br />
# This is code Op_en3861/insightJSON on page [[Insight network]]<br />
<br />
#' This function fetches an insight network data as JSON through REST api and makes a graph<br />
#' @param URL URL for the insight network data<br />
#' @return a diagrammer graph object<br />
<br />
insightJSON <- function(URL) {<br />
require(OpasnetUtils)<br />
require(DiagrammeR)<br />
require(jsonlite)<br />
<br />
objects.latest("Op_en3861", "formatted") # [[Insight network]] formatted<br />
<br />
tst <- fromJSON(url(URL))<br />
nodes <- tst$data$nodes<br />
nodes <- data.frame(<br />
type = paste(nodes$indicator_level, nodes$type),<br />
Item = nodes$name,<br />
oldid = nodes$id,<br />
label = substr(nodes$name,1,30),<br />
tooltip = paste0(nodes$name,". ",nodes$id),<br />
URL = gsub("aplans.api","hnh",gsub("v1/","",nodes$url)),<br />
stringsAsFactors = FALSE<br />
)<br />
nodes$type <- gsub("NA ","",nodes$type)<br />
<br />
nodes <- merge(nodes, formatted, by.x="type", by.y="Resource")<br />
nodes$id <- 1:nrow(nodes)<br />
nodes <- nodes[!grepl("edge.",colnames(nodes))]<br />
colnames(nodes) <- gsub("node.","",colnames(nodes))<br />
nodes <- nodes[c("id",setdiff(colnames(nodes),"id"))]<br />
<br />
edges <- tst$data$edges<br />
edges$from <- match(edges$from, nodes$oldid)<br />
edges$to <- match(edges$to, nodes$oldid)<br />
edges$oldid <- edges$id<br />
edges$rel <- gsub("_", " ", edges$effect_type)<br />
edges$label <- edges$rel<br />
edges$tooltip <- paste0(edges$rel, " (", edges$confidence_level,") ", edges$id)<br />
edges <- merge(edges, formatted, by.x="rel", by.y="Resource")<br />
edges$id <- 1:nrow(edges)<br />
edges <- edges[!grepl("node.",colnames(edges))]<br />
colnames(edges) <- gsub("edge.","",colnames(edges))<br />
edges <- edges[c("from","to",setdiff(colnames(edges),c("from","to")))]<br />
<br />
gr <- create_graph(nodes, edges)<br />
return(gr)<br />
}<br />
<br />
#objects.store(insightJSON) # NOT STORED.<br />
#cat("Function insightJSON stored.\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
==== Format tables ====<br />
<br />
<rcode name="splizzeria" label="Initiate splizzeria (for developers only)" embed=1><br />
# This is code Op_en3861/splizzeria on page [[Insight network]]<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
#' Split cells contents into vectors<br />
#' <br />
#' splizzeria function takes a data.frame and splits entries in cells of certain columns into separate rows. The idea is to make entries easier.<br />
#' <br />
#' @param df data.frame to be splitted<br />
#' @param cols names of columns that have the splittable contents<br />
#' @param split splitting character that separates individual entries in the cells <br />
#' @return data.frame with the same columns but (possibly) more rows than df.<br />
<br />
splizzeria <- function(<br />
df,<br />
cols,<br />
split=","<br />
) { <br />
require(reshape2)<br />
for(i in cols) {<br />
d <- as.character(df[[i]])<br />
d[d==""] <- NA # Because "" is incorrectly strsplitted<br />
d <- melt(strsplit(d, split=split), value.name=i)<br />
df$L1 <- 1:nrow(df)<br />
df <- merge(df[colnames(df)!=i], d)<br />
df[[i]] <- trimws(df[[i]])<br />
df[is.na(df[[i]]),i] <- ""<br />
df$L1 <- NULL<br />
}<br />
return(df)<br />
}<br />
<br />
objects.store(splizzeria)<br />
cat("Function splizzeria stored.\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
<rcode name="fillprev" label="Initiate function fillprev (for developers only)" embed=1><br />
# This is code Op_en3861/fillprev on page [[Insight network]]<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
#' Filling empty cells<br />
#' <br />
#' fillprev fills empty cells in a data.frame by using content from the previous row.<br />
#' <br />
#' @param df data.frame to be filled<br />
#' @param cols vector of column names or positions to be filled.<br />
#' @return Returns a data.frame with the same shape as df.<br />
<br />
fillprev <- function(df, cols) {<br />
out <- df<br />
for(i in cols) { <br />
for(j in 2:nrow(out)) {<br />
if(out[j,i] %in% c("", NA)) out[j,i] <- out[j-1,i]<br />
}<br />
}<br />
return(out)<br />
}<br />
<br />
objects.store(fillprev)<br />
cat("Function fillprev stored.\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
==== Shiny server ====<br />
<br />
<rcode name="ui" label="Initiate function ui (for developers only)" embed=1><br />
# This is code Op_en3861/ui on page [[Insight network]]<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
################ Create Shiny user interface at file ui.R<br />
<br />
ui <- function(request) {<br />
basicPage(<br />
sidebarLayout(<br />
sidebarPanel(<br />
selectInput("topic","Topic",unique(seeds@data$Topic)),<br />
selectizeInput(<br />
"addnodes",<br />
"Add seed nodes by label",<br />
sort(gr$nodes_df$label),<br />
selected = NULL,<br />
multiple = TRUE,<br />
options = NULL<br />
),<br />
selectizeInput(<br />
"addnodesByOldid",<br />
"Add seed nodes by Oldid",<br />
sort(gr$nodes_df$Oldid),<br />
selected = NULL,<br />
multiple = TRUE,<br />
options = NULL<br />
),<br />
selectizeInput(<br />
"removenodes",<br />
"Remove branches starting from nodes",<br />
sort(gr$nodes_df$label),<br />
selected = NULL,<br />
multiple = TRUE,<br />
options = NULL<br />
),<br />
selectizeInput(<br />
"ignoreobj",<br />
"Ignore these object types",<br />
sort(unique(gr$nodes_df$type)),<br />
selected=NULL,<br />
multiple=TRUE,<br />
options=NULL<br />
),<br />
# selectizeInput( # Commented out because does not have a final idea of how it should be implemented.<br />
# "ignorerel",<br />
# "Ignore these edge types",<br />
# sort(unique(gr$edges$rel)),<br />
# selected=NULL,<br />
# multiple=TRUE,<br />
# options=NULL<br />
# ),<br />
checkboxGroupInput("formatting", "Format graph", c(<br />
"Hide node labels",<br />
"Hide edge labels",<br />
"Show legend nodes",<br />
"Remove branches only"<br />
)),<br />
sliderInput("steps", "Number of steps:", <br />
min = 0, max = 5, value = 0),<br />
bookmarkButton()<br />
),<br />
mainPanel(<br />
# p("Used object types: "), textOutput("objs"),<br />
# p("Used edge types: "), textOutput("rels"),<br />
# as.character(textOutput("remobj")),<br />
# strsplit(as.character(textOutput("remobj")),split=","),<br />
# html_nodes(textOutput("remobj"), css="div.shiny-text-output"),<br />
grVizOutput("plot1")<br />
)<br />
)<br />
)<br />
}<br />
<br />
objects.store(ui)<br />
cat("Function ui stored (makeUi is depreciated and not stored). Usage: shinyApp(ui, server, enableBookmarking = 'url')\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
<rcode name="server" label="Initiate function server (for developers only)" embed=1><br />
# This is code Op_en3861/server on page [[Insight diagram]].<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
objects.latest("Op_en3861", code_name="chooseGr") # [[Insight network]] chooseGr<br />
<br />
#### Create shiny server at file server.R<br />
<br />
server <- function(input, output, session) {<br />
output$plot1 <- renderGrViz({<br />
gr2 <- chooseGr(gr = gr, input = input, seeds = seeds)<br />
# gr <- deselect_nodes(gr, union( # This should find the INTERCEPT of from is selected AND to is selected and rel %in% ignorerel.<br />
# However, it is more complicated than that, because we may not want both from and to to disappear, only the one who is further away from core.<br />
# Therefore, we may want to perform this inside the step loop in the same way as cutting branches.<br />
# tmp$edges_df$from[tmp$edges_df$rel %in% input$ignorerel],<br />
# tmp$edges_df$to[tmp$edges_df$rel %in% input$ignorerel]<br />
# ))<br />
<br />
gr2$nodes_df$label <- gsub("(.{1,18})(\\s|$)", "\\1\n", gr2$nodes_df$label) # Cut labels to max 18 characters long on one line (except if a word is longer)<br />
# Alternative possibility is to use strwrap function from {base} or stri_wrap from stringi.<br />
if("Hide node labels" %in% input$formatting) gr2$nodes_df$label <- ""<br />
if("Hide edge labels" %in% input$formatting) gr2$edges_df$label <- " "<br />
<br />
grViz(generate_dot(transform_to_subgraph_ws(gr2)))<br />
})<br />
# output$objs <- reactive({<br />
# tmp <- grr()<br />
# sort(unique(tmp$nodes_df$type[tmp$node_selection$node]))<br />
# })<br />
# output$rels <- reactive({<br />
# tmp <- grr()<br />
# sort(unique(tmp$edges_df$rel[union(<br />
# tmp$edges_df$id[tmp$edges_df$from %in% tmp$node_selection$node],<br />
# tmp$edges_df$id[tmp$edges_df$to %in% tmp$node_selection$node] # )]))<br />
# })<br />
}<br />
<br />
objects.store(chooseGr, server)<br />
cat("Functions chooseGr, server stored. Note! ChooseGr comes from its own code. Usage: shinyApp(ui, server, enableBookmarking = 'url')\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
==== Scrape functions ====<br />
<br />
These functions were be placed in the OpasnetUtils package, which is [https://github.com/jtuomist/OpasnetUtils/blob/master/R/scrape.R maintained in Github]. To use the code, install a new version of the package by running R code<br />
<br />
devtools::install_github("jtuomist/OpasnetUtils")<br />
<br />
Codes Op_en3861/scrape.discussion, Op_en3861/scrape.functions, and Op_en3861/scrape.assessment on this page are outdated.<br />
<br />
==== Copy descriptions to ovariables ====<br />
<br />
The function ''assessmentDescriptions'' scans through an assessment ovarible that has all relevant assessment objects as parents. Dependencies slot may also have additional information, such as the following.<br />
* Name: name of parent (obligatory)<br />
* Ident: Opasnet page identifier and code name where the parent object can be loaded (e.g. Op_en7748/hia). Note: This is typically the code for the whole assessment, ''not'' the individual codes for the objects.<br />
* Token: Token for the model run where the parent object can be loaded (e.g. xxNsLw5hWdM6xyYp)<br />
* Description: A short description about what the object is. This is typically shown when cursor hovers over the object on an online insight diagram.<br />
* Page: Opasnet page identifier for the object's knowledge crystal page, which contains the research question, answer, and description of the object, together with discussion, if any. Typically this is empty for ovariables, because this information can be found from ovariable@meta slot and there is no need to duplicate it here.<br />
* Child: An object to which this object links. This is typically needed for objects such as graphs and data.frames that do not contain this information in their own structure, unlike ovariables. The direction of a relation is away from this object because then this object is the subject in triple sentences and can be given other parameters as well in other columns. A typical sentence is "graph describes ovariable", but for illustrative purposes this is inversed on insight networks so that the arrow points from an ovariable to a graph ("ovariable is described by graph").<br />
* Other columns are allowed.<br />
<br />
<rcode label="Initiate assessmentDescriptions (for developers only)"><br />
# This is code Op_en3861/ on page [[Insight network]]<br />
<br />
assessmentDescriptions <- function( # Adds descriptions to ovariables.<br />
assessment # Ovariable or assessment whose dependencies will be given descriptions.<br />
) {<br />
dep <- assessment@dependencies<br />
for(i in dep$Name) {<br />
tmp <- get(i)<br />
if("ovariable" %in% class(tmp)) {<br />
desc <- as.character(dep$Description[dep$Name==i])<br />
if(is.null(tmp@meta$Description)) {<br />
tmp@meta$Description <- desc<br />
} else {<br />
tmp@meta$Description <- paste0("1) ", desc, ". 2) ", tmp@meta$Description)<br />
warning("There already was ", i, "@meta$Description. The two were concatenated.\n")<br />
}<br />
assign(i, tmp, envir = .GlobalEnv)<br />
}<br />
}<br />
return(cat("Done.\n"))<br />
}<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
=== Old notation ===<br />
<br />
{{attack|#|Look at the table below together with [[Open policy ontology]] and merge. Decide which things should be on this page and which should be on the other.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 06:55, 24 April 2018 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
{|{{prettytable}}<br />
! Node type<br />
! Object<br />
! Colour code in Analytica<br />
! Comments<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:General variable.png]]<br />
| '''General variable<br />
| 8R3B (automatic)<br />
| This is a deterministic function of the quantities it depends on.<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Chance variable.png]]<br />
| '''Chance variable<br />
| 11L4B (autom)<br />
| This is a variable which is uncertain and uncontrollable (in a direct sense).<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Data-driven variable.png]]<br />
| '''Data-driven variable<br />
| 3R1B<br />
| A general variable where the result is mostly driven by data (observations or literature).<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Author judgement variable.png]]<br />
| '''Author judgement variable<br />
| 4R2B<br />
| A general variable where the result is mainly driven by author judgement (estimates with poor or no data).<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Decision variable.png]]<br />
| '''Decision variable<br />
| 9L3B<br />
| This is the variable that a decision-maker has the power to control. The decision variable should always be at the top of the chain of causality, even if this is a subchain i.e. it should not have any parent variables. Essentially the decision variable should be regarded as a decision that has to be made; since many factors affect all decisions it is not (in the case of INTARESE) an efficient use of resources to attempt to model what leads a decision-maker to make his decision.<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Objective variable.png]]<br />
| '''Indicator<br />
| 1R3B (autom)<br />
| This is a variable of special interest. One of the indicators in an assessment may be the quantitative criterion that you are trying to optimize.<br />
A particularly important variable in relation to the interests of the intended users of the assessment output (i.e. it must be a means of effective communication of assessment results).<br />
*It must be in causal connection to the endpoints of the assessment and thus address causality throughout the full chain.<br />
*It should reflect the use/purpose of the assessment.<br />
*It should address and be adapted according to the target audience.<br />
*It should be the ‘leading component’ in the assessment process.<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Value judgement variable.png]]<br />
| '''Value judgement variable<br />
| 8L4B<br />
| A preference or value that a person or a group assigns to a particular condition or state of the world.<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Index variable.png]]<br />
| '''Index (or dimension)<br />
| 5R2B (autom)<br />
| This identifies the dimensions of the variable to which it is linked. Note that these dimensions do not have to be numeric, but can also be classes etc.<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Risk assessment node.png]]<br />
| '''Risk assessment<br />
| 8R3B (autom)<br />
| <br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Scope node.png]]<br />
| '''Scope<br />
| 6R1B<br />
| The scope of the object<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Conclusion node.png]]<br />
| '''Conclusion<br />
| 6L3B<br />
| A conclusion of the risk assessment (Result/Conclusion attribute).<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Module node.png]]<br />
| '''Module<br />
| 6R3B (autom)<br />
| A group of variables that are put together for illustrative or other practical reasons.<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Proxy variable.png]]<br />
| '''Data<br />
| 2L3B (autom)<br />
| Contents of the Definition/Data attribute of a variable. If the Result attribute of a variable is used as Data for another variable, the first variable is called a proxy, and this node is used in the diagram. If an arrow or line is drawn between these objects, it must be noticed that this is NOT a causal link but an inference link. The direction of the arrow would be from the proxy to the variable.<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Argument node.png]]<br />
| '''Argument<br />
| 8R2B<br />
| A piece of argumentation related to an object (variable, risk assessment, or class)<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Formula node.png]]<br />
| '''Formula<br />
| 9L3B<br />
| Contents of the Definition/Formula attribute of a variable.<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Class node.png]]<br />
| '''Class<br />
| 1L2B<br />
| A class object (a set of objects that share a particular property).<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Function node.png]]<br />
| '''Function<br />
| 4R2B (autom)<br />
| A special kind of class. The particular property that is shared contains a full description of the Scope and the Definition attributes with given parameters.<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Causal arrow.png]]<br />
| '''Causal arrow<br />
|<br />
| This states a causal relationship (or influence) of one variable onto another. Note that causal arrows can only exist between two arrows; any arrows to or from non-causal objects are non-causal inference arrows.<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Non-causal arrow.png]]<br />
| '''Non-causal arrow<br />
|<br />
| This states an inference relationship between two objects. This means that the object where the arrow starts from is in the Data attribute of the other object. It is thus used to infer something about the value of the result of the latter object. Either object can be a variable or a non-variable. Note that Analytica is only able to show one kind of arrows, so in some cases the nature of the arrow (causal or inference) must be concluded from the context.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Previous notations ===<br />
<br />
[[image:Extended causal diagram notation.PNG|thumb|Previous notation for insight networks. This version was optimised for Analytica use.]]<br />
Insight networks have previously been called pyrkilo diagrams, extended causal diagrams, and factor-effect-value networks. These names are no longer in active use. An archived version of the notation can be found from an [http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Extended_causal_diagram&oldid=41850 earlier version of this page].<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Insight_network&oldid=42630 Arhived version] 15.1.2019 with several functionalities that are now depreciated and removed.<br />
** T2b table [http://en.opasnet.org/w/Special:Opasnet_Base?id=op_en3861.table_types Table types] for different kinds of input tables.<br />
** Code for function grspec. This is no longer needed as a generic formatted data.frame is used for formatting of all resources.<br />
** Code for makeInsightGraph. This is replaced by makeGraph that has a better work flow.<br />
** Code for makeInsightTables. Insighttables are no longer produced as they are replaced by context-specific ovariables that are on their respective knowledge crystal pages.<br />
** Code for ovariable insightNetwork, which is an ovariable collecting all objects needed. Because of major updates, this is no longer useful.<br />
** Code server: function chooseGr was updated and moved to an own code.<br />
<br />
* [[Open policy practice]]<br />
* [[Open policy ontology]]<br />
* [[From open assessment to shared understanding: practical experiences]]<br />
* [[:Category:Causal diagram]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Discussion&diff=43819Discussion2021-08-11T20:11:29Z<p>Jouni: /* Calculations */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:THL publications 2009]]<br />
[[Category:THL publications 2010]]<br />
[[op_fi:Keskustelu]]<br />
[[Category:Universal object]]<br />
[[Category:Open policy practice]]<br />
[[Category:Decision analysis and risk management]]<br />
{{method|moderator = Jouni<br />
| reference = {{publication<br />
| authors = Jouni T. Tuomisto, Mikko V. Pohjola<br />
| page = Discussion<br />
| explanation = Introduction to discussions in [[Opasnet]].<br />
| publishingyear = 2019<br />
| urn = <br />
| elsewhere = <br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
[[Category:Glossary term]]<br />
<section begin=glossary /><br />
:'''Discussion''' is a method to organise information about a topic into a form of hierarchical thread of arguments trying to resolve whether a statement is true or not. In discussion, anyone can raise any relevant points about the topic. Discussion is organised using the pragma-dialectical argumentation theory<ref name="pragmadial">Eemeren, F.H. van, & Grootendorst, R. (2004). A systematic theory of argumentation: The pragma-dialectical approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>. A discussion usually consists of three parts: 1) opening statement(s); 2) the actual discussion organised as hierarchical threads of arguments; and 3) closing statement(s), which is updated based on the discussion, notably any valid arguments pointing to it. When a closing statement is updated, the content should be accordingly portrayed within texts that refer to the discussion.<br />
<section end=glossary /><br />
<br />
Contribution in the form of remarks or argumentative criticism on the content of wiki pages is most welcome. It can change the outcome of an assessment; it will improve it and make the assessment better understandable for decision makers and other stakeholders. The discussions will show the reasoning behind the work done in an assessment; it will indicate the objective and normative aspects in an assessment. In this way, decision makers and stakeholders can judge themselves whether they agree on such normative weightings. Discussion rules and formats facilitate the execution and synthesis of discussions.<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
How should discussions be organised in such a way that<br />
* they can capture all kinds of written and spoken information, facts and valuations related to a specific topic,<br />
* there are straightforward rules about how the information should be handled,<br />
* the approach facilitates the convergence to a [[shared understanding]] by easily identifying and describing differing premises and other reasons behind disagreements,<br />
* the appraoch can be applied both ''a priori'' (to structure a discussion to be held) and ''a posteriori'' (to restructure a discussion already held)?<br />
<br />
==Answer==<br />
<br />
=== Discussion structure ===<br />
<br />
{{discussion<br />
|id=Disc1<br />
|type=fact<br />
|title=Example discussion showing a typical structure<br />
|openingStatement= Opening statements about a topic. This is the starting point of a discussion.<br />
|closingStatement= Outcome of the discussion, i.e. opening statement updated by valid arguments pointing to it.<br />
|Resolved = Yes.<br />
|Argumentation =<br />
{{argument|relat1=attack|id=arg1 |content=This argument attacks the statement. Arguments always point to one level up in the hierarchy.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:48, 8 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{argument|relat1=defense|id=arg2 |content=This argument defends argument arg1.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:48, 8 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{argument|relat1=defense|showtruth=untrue|id=arg3|content=This is an invalid defense of arg1 because it is successfully attacked by argument arg4.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:48, 8 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{argument|relat1=attack|id=arg4 |content=This is a valid attack against argument arg3, because it is itself not successfully attacked.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:48, 8 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
:::{{argument|relat1=branch|id=arg5|content=This is a branch. The argument one level higher (arg4 in this case) defends this argument, but this argument points to a new statement, not the original one of this discussion. The use of branches is not recommended, as they don't bring added value to this question; rather, start another discussion with a relevant statement.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 10:10, 10 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{argument|relat1=comment|id=arg6 |content=This is a comment. It clarifies the discussion but does not invalidate arguments.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 17:38, 6 December 2014 (UTC)}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Discussion rules ===<br />
<br />
# Freedom of opinion. Everyone has the right to criticize or comment on the content of a discussion.<br />
# A discussion is organised around an explicit statement or statements. The purpose of a discussion is to resolve which of the opening statements, if any, are valid. The statement(s) are updated according to the argumentation; this becomes the closing statement.<br />
# A statement is defended or attacked using arguments, which themselves also can be defended and attacked. This forms a hierarchical thread or tree-like structure.<br />
# Critique with a supporting, attacking, or commenting argument is stated in connection to what is being criticized.<br />
# Argumentation must be relevant to the issue that they target.<br />
# Only statements made and arguments given can be attacked.<br />
# An argument is valid unless it is attacked by a valid argument. Defending arguments are used to protect arguments against attacks, but if an attack is successful, it is stronger than a defense.<br />
# Attacks must be based on one of the two kinds of arguments:<br />
#* The attacked argument is claimed to be irrelevant in its context.<br />
#* The attacked argument is claimed to be not true, i.e. it is not consistent with observations.<br />
# Other attacks such as those based on evaluation of the speaker (''argumentum ad hominem'') are weak and are treated as comments rather than attacks.<br />
# Argumentation can not be redundant. If arguments are repeated, they should be merged into one.<br />
# You are supposed to be committed to your statements, that is:<br />
#* if someone doubts your statement or argument (comment), you must explain it (edit or defend).<br />
#* if someone attacks your statement or argument (attack), you must defend it (defend).<br />
# A discussion is called resolved, when someone writes a closing statement based on the opening statement and the current valid arguments targeting it, and updates the text (typically on a knowledge crystal page) that is targeted by the discussion.<br />
# However, discussions are continuous. This means that anyone can re-open a discussion with new arguments even if a closing statement has been written.<br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
The structure of the discussion follows the principles of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragma-dialectics pragma-dialectics].<ref name="pragmadial">Eemeren, F.H. van, & Grootendorst, R. (2004). A systematic theory of argumentation: The pragma-dialectical approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>{{reslink|Names of the discussion parts}}<br />
<br />
A discussion is typically an important detail of a larger whole, such as a [[knowledge crystal]] in an assessment, but does attempt to give a full answer to the knowledge crystal question. The purpose of a discussion is to identify which of the opening statements are valid, or how they should be revised to become valid. <br />
<br />
Arguments are actually statements; the only differences is that the target of an argument is another argument or statement within a particular discussion, while the target of a statement is some explicated use outside the discussion, such as in the rationale of a knowledge crystal. Therefore, an argument can be upgraded into a statement of a new discussion, if it is needed elsewhere.<br />
<br />
=== How to discuss ===<br />
<br />
[[Open policy practice]] embraces participation, in particular deliberative participation. Therefore all contributions in the form of remarks or argumentative criticism on the content of the assessments, variables, methods as well as other content are most welcome. The contributions can change the outcome of the assessments by improving their information content and making it better understandable for decision makers, stakeholders and public. Documented discussions also show the reasoning behind the work done in assessments making it possible for decision makers, stakeholders and public to judge for themselves whether they agree with the reasoning behind the outcomes. In order to obtain an orderly discussion, rules and format for discussion in open policy practice have been created based on pragma-dialectics, a systematic theory of argumentation.<br />
<br />
Discussion has a central role in the collaborative process of formulating questions, developing hypotheses as answers to these questions, and improving these hypotheses through criticism and corresponding corrections. When a diverse group of contributors participate in an assessment, it is obvious that disputes may arise. Formal argumentation offers a solution also to clarify and potentially solve disputes. In collaborative assessments, every knowledge crystal and every part of them are subject to open criticism according to the rules modified from pragma-dialectics<ref name="pragmadial"/>): see Answer above.<br />
<br />
When a discussion goes on, there is often a need to clarify the opening statement to make it better reflect the actual need of the discussion. Within a small group of actively involved discussants, the statement can be changed with a mutual agreement. However, this should be done with caution to not distort the original meaning of any existing arguments. Rather, it should be considered whether a new discussion with the revised opening statement should be launched.<br />
<br />
=== Discussion structure ===<br />
<br />
A discussion has three parts: opening statement(s), argumentation, and closing statement(s). Often also references are added to back up arguments. These are briefly described below using a discussion template. Argumentation consists of defending and attacking arguments and comments.<br />
<br />
{{discussion <br />
|id=Disc2<br />
|openingStatement = ''Opening statement'' contains one statement or several alternative, conflicting statements. This explicates the dispute at hand. In Opasnet it must be relevant for the page where the discussion is located.<br />
|closingStatement = ''Closing statement'' contains the current valid statement of the discussion, revised based on the opening statements and the valid arguments targeting it. In this example, the current arguments indicate that the opening statement is accepted, except if you apply [[paradigm]] toldya then it is not. The content of a closing statement is transferred to the texts that refer to this discussion (in Opasnet, such references typically come from a knowledge crystal page to its own talk page where the discussion is); after this, the discussion is called ''resolved''. It should be noted that resolutions are always temporary, as discussions can be opened again with new arguments.<br />
|title = Statments accepted except if toldya.<br />
|Resolved = Yes.<br />
|Argumentation = <br />
<br />
:{{argument|relat1=comment|id=arg1 |title=Argument structure explained|content= The '''argumentation''' contains the actual discussion, organised as hierarchical threads of arguments. Each argument is either an attack against or a defense for an argument (called target). The original statement can also be targeted. As an argument always point to another argument, they form a hierarchical thread structure. It is also possible to use coordinative arguments where two or more arguments together act like one argument. Each argument is valid unless it has no proponents (a discussant promoting the argument) or it is attacked by a valid argument. However, also other validity rules than the default one can be used (see [[#validity and relevance]] below). In addition to attacks and defenses, also comments can be used for asking or offering clarification; comments do not affect the validity of the target argument. For example, this paragraph is a comment.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:57, 2 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{argument|relat1=defense|id=arg2|title=Defense explained|content=If you agree with the argument one level higher (the opening statement in this case), you should use this '''defending argument''' template.|sign= --[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:57, 2 January 2010 (UTC)}} <br />
:{{argument|relat1=attack|id=arg3|title=Attack explained|content=If you disagree with the argument one level higher (the opening statement in this case), you should use this '''attacking argument''' template.| sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:57, 2 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{argument|relat1=attack|showtruth=untrue|parad1=science|id=arg933|type=truth|title=Paradigm-specific argument|content=This attack claims that the target argument arg3 is untrue. However, this claim is disputed, and with scientific paradigm this argument is untrue (because the scientific paradigm requires that every argument is backed up by references). However, with paradigm toldya this argument is true (because with toldya, there is no such requirement). With both paradigms, the attack against arg3 is relevant.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 06:43, 14 July 2018 (UTC)|truth2=true|parad2=toldya}} <br />
:{{argument|relat1=defense|showtruth=untrue|id=arg4 |title=Invalid argument explained|content=This argument is invalid because it is attacked by a valid argument (arg5). If you want to make it valid again, you should successfully invalidate all the attacking arguments.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:57, 2 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{argument|relat1=attack|type=truth|id=arg5 |title=Truthlikeness attack|content=This is the argument that attacks the truthlikeness of argument arg4. The id numbering does not have any specific order or meaning, they are just used for identifying arguments, but it is recommended that it starts with ''arg''. Typical numbering systems are to use the first unused natural number a random four-digit number. Id is used as a reference when needed.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:57, 2 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{argument|showrelevance=irrelevant|relat1=attack|type=truth|id=arg1124|title=True but irrelevant argument.|content=This argument attempts to attack the truthlikeness of argument #4, but this argument is irrelevant (and thus ineffective) although it is true.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 08:31, 12 July 2018 (UTC)}}<br />
:::{{argument|relat1=attack|type=relevance|id=arg1125|title=Irrelevance attack|content=This argument attacks the relevance of argument #1124 and says that it is irrelevant in attacking the statement.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 08:31, 12 July 2018 (UTC)}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Risks of open government.svg|700px]]<br />
<br />
The figure above shows a discussion started by Bengt Holmstöm about problems of open governance. Each argument is shown as a trapezoid. Discussion is organised around an opening statement (pink), which develops into a closing statement (blue for facts, green for values) during the discussion process.<br />
<br />
[[File:Structured discussion on an argumentation tool.png|400px|thumb|Structured discussion at an argumentation tool (https://dev.tietokide.fi/?Q10)]]<br />
<br />
=== Structure of an argument ===<br />
<br />
Each argument has the following properties (see table below).<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+ '''The parameters of an argument and possible combinations.<br />
|----<br />
! Id<br />
! Title<br />
! Content<br />
! Sign<br />
! Target<br />
! Type<br />
! Paradigm<br />
! Relation<br />
! Result<br />
! Comment<br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg9876<br />
| relevance<br />
| science<br />
| attack<br />
| 1<br />
| If paradigm changes (all else equal), relation may change, although typically only the result changes.<br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg5555<br />
| relevance<br />
| science<br />
| comment<br />
| 0<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg6666<br />
| truth<br />
| science<br />
| defense<br />
| 1<br />
| Truth refers to the truth of the target<br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg1234<br />
| selftruth<br />
| science<br />
| attack<br />
| 0<br />
| Selftruth refers to the truth of the argument itself, unlike other types that refer to the target.<br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg9876<br />
| relevance<br />
| toldya<br />
| comment<br />
| 0<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg5555<br />
| relevance<br />
| toldya<br />
| defense<br />
| 1<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg6666<br />
| truth<br />
| toldya<br />
| attack<br />
| 0<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg1234<br />
| selftruth<br />
| toldya<br />
| comment<br />
| 1<br />
| The relation in case of type=selftruth is irrelevant and is ignored.<br />
|----<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| These are unique to an argument<br />
|----<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| These are unique to an argument-target pair<br />
|----<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| These are unique to a triple of argument-target-paradigm<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Importantly, an argument always has the same id, title, content, and signature. Even if the argument is used several times in different parts of a discussion, it is still a single argument with no variation in these parameters. However, an argument may target several other arguments (as shown as an arrow on [[insight network]] graph). Each of these arrows has exactly one type (either relevance or truth); if an arguments targets itself, the type is selftruth. <br />
<br />
Finally, people may disagree about the target relation (whether an argument is attacking, defending, or commenting a target argument) and also whether the target relation is successful or not. These disagreements are operationalised as paradigms. One paradigm has exactly one opinion about the relation and the result (e.g. that an argument is an untrue attack), while another paradigm may have another conclusion (e.g. that an argument is true defend).<br />
<br />
Parameters are defined in the [[:Template:Argument|argument template]] of Opasnet, and they are embedded into the html code when a wiki page is parsed. It is therefore possible to collect that data by page scraping. The following properties are used to identify the properties of arguments.<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+'''Parameter properties<br />
! Parameter<br />
! Css selector (Opasnet page scraping)<br />
! Requirements<br />
|----<br />
| Id<br />
| .argument attr=id<br />
| Must start with a letter<br />
|----<br />
| Title<br />
| .argument .title<br />
| Short text. Is shown on insight graph as node label<br />
|----<br />
| Content<br />
| .argument .content<br />
| Text, may be long. Is shown with hover on graph<br />
|----<br />
| Sign<br />
| .argument .sign a:first-of-type<br />
| Must contain a link to participant's user page. Is shown with hover on graph<br />
|----<br />
| Target<br />
| NA<br />
| Previous argument one level up, or the statement for arguments on the first level<br />
|----<br />
| Type<br />
| .argument i.type<br />
| One of the three: relevance, truth, or selftruth (or "both", which is depreciated)<br />
|----<br />
| Paradigm<br />
| .argument .paradigm<br />
| Each paradigm should be described on a dedicated page. The rules implemented must be clear<br />
|----<br />
| Relation<br />
| .argument .relation<br />
| Is one of these: attack, defense, comment. "Branches" are typically uninteresting and ignored.<br />
|----<br />
| Result<br />
| <br />
* relevance= .argument .relation attr=color. Gray= 0 (irrelevant), other=1 (relevant).<br />
* truth= .argument .relation attr=color. Gray=0 (untrue), other=1 (true)<br />
* selftruth= .argument .selftruth attr=color. Gray=0 (untrue), other=1 (true)<br />
| Truthlikeness of the relation. Either 1 or 0<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Validity and relevance ===<br />
<br />
:''Main article: [[Paradigm]].<br />
<br />
Each argument may be valid or invalid meaning that it does or does not affect its target argument, respectively. Validity depends on two parameters of an argument: it is valid if and only if it is true and relevant. Arguments that are untrue or irrelevant are invalid. It should be noted that with arguments, truth and relevance are thought in a narrow, technical sense: if an argument fulfills certain straightforward truth criteria, it is considered true, and the same applies to relevance. This is not to mean that they are true or relevant in an objective sense; rather, these are grassroot-level practical rules that ideally makes the system as a whole to converge towards what we consider truth and relevance. The current default criteria (called the "[[Science (paradigm)|scientific paradigm]]") are the following.<br />
<br />
An argument is true iff<br />
* it is backed up by a reference, and<br />
* it is not attacked by a valid argument about its truthlikeness (a truth-type argument).<br />
<br />
An argument is relevant iff<br />
* it is not attacked by a valid argument about its relevance (a relevance-type argument).<br />
<br />
Truth is a property of an argument itself, so if it is true in one discussion, it is true always. Of course, this does not mean that a sentence used in an argument is true in all contexts, but rather that the idea presented in a particular context is true in all discussions. Therefore, people should be very clear about the context when they borrow arguments from other discussions.<br />
<br />
In contrast, relevance is a property of the relation between an argument and its target argument (or target statement). Again, this is a context-sensitive property, and in practice, it is possible to borrow relevance from another discussion only if both the argument and its target appear in that exact form and context in both discussions.<br />
<br />
Each argument is an attack (red), a defense (green), or a comment (blue) towards its target. The nature of the argument is shown with its colour. The same argument may also attack or defend another argument, with possibly a different colour. This is because the colour is actually not the colour of the argument itself, but it is the colour of its ''relation'' with the target. There are a few possibilities to avoid confusion with these differing colours when using arguments on a wiki page.<br />
* An argument is written once in one place, and then a copy of it (with only the arrow and the identifier) is pasted to all other relevant places, with proper colours for those relations.<br />
* I there are several opening statements, the colour should always reflect the relationship to the first (i.e., primary) statement. If the primary statement changes, the colours should be changed respectively.<br />
<br />
The legacy templates ([[:Template:Attack|Attack]], [[:Template:Defend invalid|Defend invalid]] etc.) do not differentiate between truth and relevance, but only validity. Therefore they are depreciated, and a new generic template [[:Template:Argument|Argument]] should be used instead. It is capable of showing relevance (irrelevant arguments have gray arrows) and truth (untrue arguments have gray content). If a legacy template is used, an invalid argument is assumed to be both irrelevant and untrue; it is also assumed to apply the scientific paradigm. If other paradigms are used, this must be stated clearly in the text, because the template offers no functionality for it. In Opasnet, the Argument template is capable of describing five different paradigms and the relevance and truth values of each (see [[#Practices in Opasnet]]).<br />
<br />
'''Paradigms in argumentation<br />
<br />
Paradigms are collections of rules to determine when an argument is true or relevant. The ''[[Science (paradigm)|scientific paradigm]]'' is the default in Opasnet, but any paradigms can be developed as long as the rules can be explicitly described and implemented. For example, previously Opasnet implicitly applied a paradigm called ''unattackedstand'' (although the name was coined only in summer 2018 and the mere concept of paradigms was developed in early 2018). Unattackedstand has the same rules as the scientific paradigm except that a true argument does not need a reference, a user backing up an argument with their signature is enough.<br />
<br />
Paradigms may also have other rules than direct validity rules. For example, the scientific paradigm considers an argument based on observations stronger than an argument based on (expert) opinions without observations, and an ''argument ad hominem'' is even weaker.<br />
<br />
However, the rules in a paradigm can be anything, e.g. that the strongest arguments are those by a particular user or an authoritative source, such as a holy book. These rules will clearly lead to different validity estimates and interpretations of a discussion. But the methods of discussions and [[open policy practice]] have been developed having this in mind. The outcome of such explicitly described differences in interpretations are called [[shared understanding]], and that is considered the main product of these methods.<br />
<br />
=== Practices in Opasnet ===<br />
<br />
For discussing, the [[#discussion structure]] should be used. In Opasnet, click the blue capital '''D''' in the toolbar on top of the edit window to apply the discussion template. This is how the discussion format appears:<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
{{discussion <br />
|id = unique identifier of discussion on this page<br />
|Statements = <br />
|Resolution = <br />
|Resolved = Yes, if respective texts updated; empty otherwise.<br />
|Argumentation = Threaded hierarchical list of arguments. Each argument is on its own line. Hierarchy is created by using indents (colon character : in the beginning of a line). For example:<br />
<br />
{{argument|relat1=comment|id=1|content=The blue horizontal line on the toolbar represents the comment button. It yields this blue layout, which is used for comments and remarks.}} <br />
:{{argument|relat1=attack|id=3|content=This red arrow represents an attacking argument. }} <br />
::{{argument|relat1=defend|id=2|content=This green arrow represents a defending argument.}} <br />
}}<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
Arguments can have the parameters that are listed below (each parameter is shown on a separate line for clarity). Note that the parameters may be in any order, and it might be a good idea to show relat1 first. For details, see [[:Template:Argument]].<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
{{argument<br />
| id = identifier of the argument, unique on this page, default: arg + 4 random digits<br />
| title = a short description of the content; displayed on insight networks<br />
| content = content of the argument<br />
| sign = signature of the speaker, default: --~~~~<br />
| type = type of the relation to the target argument, i.e. what is attacked or defended. Either truth or relevance.<br />
| parad1 = main paradigm used to derive the relation between this argument and its target. This is used to format the argument.<br />
| relat1 = relation type between the argument and its target according to the first paradigm: it has two words separated by a single space. The first is either relevant or irrelevant and the second either attack, defend, or comment.<br />
| true1 = truthlikeness of the argument according to the first paragism: either true or untrue.<br />
| parad2 = the second paradigm used.<br />
| relat2 = the second relation type according to paradigm2. Default: relat1<br />
| true2 = the second truthlikeness according to paradigm2. Default: true1<br />
| parad3 etc. up to parad5 in this wiki<br />
}}<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
Furthermore:<br />
* If you agree with an argument made by others, you can place your signature (click the signature button in the toolbar) after that argument.<br />
* Arguments may be edited or restructured. However, if there are signatures of other people, only minor edits are allowed without their explicit acceptance.<br />
<br />
In order to contribute to a discussion you need to have a user account and be logged in.<br />
<br />
=== Referring to a discussion in Opasnet ===<br />
<br />
On a text that refers to a particular discussion (often on the content page of the respective talk page), you should make links at the relevant points to the respective discussions. There are two possibilities:<br />
* {{disclink|Top}} Link to a discussion that is not yet resolved.<br />
* {{reslink|Top}} Link to a resolved discussion.<br />
Because all discussions can be re-opened, the difference between the two is '''not''' whether people are likely to participate in the discussion in the future or not. Instead, {{reslink|Top}} means that the current outcome of the discussion, whether an agreement or a continuing dispute, has been transferred to the main page, i.e. the contents of the main page reflect the current status of the discussion. In contrast, {{disclink|Top}} means that in the discussion itself, there is some information that is not yet reflected on the main page; therefore, the reader should read the discussion as well to be fully aware of the status of the page. This way, there is not a need to constantly update the main page during an active discussion. The updating can be done when the outcome of the discussion has stabilised.<br />
<br />
=== Re-organising discussions afterwards ===<br />
<br />
Free-format discussions can be re-organised ''a posteriori'' (afterwards) into the discussion structure presented here. The main tasks in this work are to<br />
* document original sources of material,<br />
* remove redundant text,<br />
* structure the arguments around a useful opening statement,<br />
* clarify arguments to be understandable without the context of the original discussion,<br />
* analyse and synthesise outcome into a closing statement,<br />
* save and publish your work.<br />
<br />
See an example of a re-organisation work in [[:op_fi:Keskustelu:Pienhiukkasten terveysvaikutukset Suomessa#Keskustelu pienhiukkasvaikutuksesta |Discussion of health effects of PM2.5 in Finland]](in Finnish)<br />
<br />
=== Calculations ===<br />
<br />
<rcode name="update" label="Initiate argument inference functions"><br />
# This is code Op_en2382/update on page [[Discussion]]<br />
<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
update_truth <- function(<br />
pa, # P(A). This is updated to P(A|B).<br />
pb, # P(B)<br />
relb # parameter rel(B) for producing se = P(B|A)<br />
) {<br />
if(any(pa>=1) | any(pa<=0)) stop("probability P(A) must be between ]0,1[, not ",pa)<br />
if(any(pb>=1) | any(pb<=0)) stop("probability P(B) must be between ]0,1[, not", pb)<br />
if(any(relb <= -1) | any(relb >=1)) stop("relb must be between ]-1,1[, not", relb)<br />
if(relb>=0) {<br />
se <- pb + relb * (pmin(1,pb/pa) - pb)<br />
} else {<br />
se <- pb + relb * pb<br />
}<br />
pab <- pa * se / pb<br />
return(pab)#list(pab=pab,se=se))<br />
}<br />
<br />
update_relevance <- function(<br />
relb, # relevance parameter prior for argument B: rel(B), ]-1,1[. This is updated.<br />
pci, # vector of probabilities P(C_i)<br />
relci # vector of relevance parameters for parent arguments C_i: rel(C_i), ]-1,1[<br />
) {<br />
if(any(relb <= -1) | any(relb >=1)) stop("relb must be between ]-1,1[, not", relb)<br />
if(any(pci>=1) | any(pci<=0)) stop("probability P(C) must be between ]0,1[, not", pci)<br />
if(any(relci <= -1) | any(relci >=1)) stop("rel(C_i) must be between ]-1,1[, not", relci)<br />
relb_sign <- sign(relb)<br />
out <- abs(relb)<br />
relci_weighted <- relci * pci<br />
for(weight in rev(sort(relci_weighted))) {<br />
if(weight>=0) {<br />
out <- out + weight*(1-out)<br />
} else {<br />
out <- out + weight*out<br />
}<br />
}<br />
out <- out * relb_sign<br />
return(out)<br />
}<br />
<br />
infer_tree <- function(df, verbose=FALSE) {<br />
args_by_level <- df$Item[order(-df$level)]<br />
columns_inherited_from_alias <- c("text","truth")<br />
for (arg in args_by_level) {<br />
parents_truth <- df$Item[df$Object == arg & df$class=="truth"]<br />
parents_relevance <- df$Item[df$Object == arg & df$class=="relevance"]<br />
alias <- df$alias[df$Item==arg]<br />
if(alias!="") {<br />
df[df$Item==arg,columns_inherited_from_alias] <- df[df$Item==alias,columns_inherited_from_alias] <br />
}<br />
for(parent in parents_truth) {<br />
pa = df$truth[df$Item == arg]<br />
pb = df$truth[df$Item == parent]<br />
relb = df$relevance[df$Item == parent]<br />
out <- update_truth(pa, pb, relb)<br />
if(verbose) print(c("truth",arg, parent, signif(c(pa,pb,relb, out),3)))<br />
df$truth[df$Item == arg] <- out<br />
}<br />
if(length(parents_relevance)>0) {<br />
relb = df$relevance[df$Item == arg]<br />
pci = df$truth[df$Item %in% parents_relevance]<br />
relci = df$relevance[df$Item %in% parents_relevance]<br />
out <- update_relevance(relb, pci, relci)<br />
if(verbose) print(c("relevance",arg, parent, signif(c(relb, pci, relci, out),3)))<br />
df$relevance[df$Item == arg] <- out<br />
}<br />
}<br />
return(df)<br />
}<br />
<br />
objects.store(update_truth, update_relevance, infer_tree)<br />
cat("Functions update_truth, update_relevance, and infer_tree stored.\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [https://www.kialo.com/individuals-should-own-their-personal-data-or-not-23849?path=23849.0~23849.1 Individuals should own their personal data (or not?) | Kialo]<br />
* [https://www.amazon.com/Breaking-News-Remaking-Journalism-Matters/dp/0374279624 Breaking News: The Remaking of Journalism and Why It Matters Now: Alan Rusbridger: 9780374279622: Amazon.com: Books]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aumann%27s_agreement_theorem Aumann's agreement theorem - Wikipedia]<br />
** [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/016517658390126X Learning to agree - ScienceDirect]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discursive_psychology Discursive psychology - Wikipedia]<br />
* [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877343519300880 Usable environmental knowledge from the perspective of decision-making: the logics of consequentiality, appropriateness, and meaningfulness - ScienceDirect]<br />
* [https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/handle/10919/82874/UP%203%282%29%20-%20The%20Dilemmas%20of%20Citizen%20Inclusion%20in%20Urban%20Planning%20and%20Governance%20to%20Enable%20a%201.5%20_C%20Climate%20Change%20Scenario.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y The Dilemmas of Citizen Inclusion in Urban Planning and Governance to Enable a 1.5 °C Climate Change Scenario - UP 3(2) - The Dilemmas of Citizen Inclusion in Urban Planning and Governance to Enable a 1.5 _C Climate Change Scenario.pdf]<br />
* [https://lawrencesusskind.mit.edu/sites/default/files/documents/oxfordhb-9780198747369-e-17.pdf Deliberative Democracy and Public Dispute Resolution - Oxford Handbooks - oxfordhb-9780198747369-e-17.pdf]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Susskind Lawrence Susskind - Wikipedia]<br />
* [https://dialogiakatemia.fi/2020/04/14/dialogin-etafasilitointi/ Dialogin etäfasilitointi – DialogiAkatemia]<br />
* [https://www.kialo.com/ Kialo] for organised discussions<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Structured_Discussions Structured Discussions]: another discussion system for MediaWiki projects<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Iframe Iframe extension]: may be considered as an alternative to an inside-wiki discussion system: discussion functionality is "borrowed" from antother website using iframes.<br />
* [[Discussion]]<br />
* [[Argument]]<br />
* [[Dealing with disputes]]<br />
* [http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Discussion_structure&direction=prev&oldid=42070 Discussion structure] (archived in March 2010)<br />
* [http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Discussion_method&direction=prev&oldid=42071 Discussion method] (archived in October 2009)<br />
* [[:Category:Ongoing discussions]]<br />
* [[:Category:Resolved discussions]]<br />
* [[:Template:Discussion]] (for technical usage of the template)<br />
* [[:Template:Argument]] (for technical usage of the template)<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragma-dialectics Pragma-dialectical argumentation theory]<br />
* [[:op_fi:Keskustelu:Keskustelu|Keskustelu:Keskustelu]] some more guidance in Finnish Opasnet<br />
* [http://try.discourse.org/ Discourse] website for intelligent discussions: the best contributions are voted to the top<br />
* [http://stackoverflow.com/ Stackoverflow] about intelligent discussions on computers and ICT.<br />
* [http://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/2267/stack-exchange-clones Stack Exchange clones]<br />
* [http://www.question2answer.org/ Question2Answer] is a free and open source platform for Q&A sites.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{eracedu}}</div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Discussion&diff=43818Discussion2021-08-04T14:39:16Z<p>Jouni: /* Calculations */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:THL publications 2009]]<br />
[[Category:THL publications 2010]]<br />
[[op_fi:Keskustelu]]<br />
[[Category:Universal object]]<br />
[[Category:Open policy practice]]<br />
[[Category:Decision analysis and risk management]]<br />
{{method|moderator = Jouni<br />
| reference = {{publication<br />
| authors = Jouni T. Tuomisto, Mikko V. Pohjola<br />
| page = Discussion<br />
| explanation = Introduction to discussions in [[Opasnet]].<br />
| publishingyear = 2019<br />
| urn = <br />
| elsewhere = <br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
[[Category:Glossary term]]<br />
<section begin=glossary /><br />
:'''Discussion''' is a method to organise information about a topic into a form of hierarchical thread of arguments trying to resolve whether a statement is true or not. In discussion, anyone can raise any relevant points about the topic. Discussion is organised using the pragma-dialectical argumentation theory<ref name="pragmadial">Eemeren, F.H. van, & Grootendorst, R. (2004). A systematic theory of argumentation: The pragma-dialectical approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>. A discussion usually consists of three parts: 1) opening statement(s); 2) the actual discussion organised as hierarchical threads of arguments; and 3) closing statement(s), which is updated based on the discussion, notably any valid arguments pointing to it. When a closing statement is updated, the content should be accordingly portrayed within texts that refer to the discussion.<br />
<section end=glossary /><br />
<br />
Contribution in the form of remarks or argumentative criticism on the content of wiki pages is most welcome. It can change the outcome of an assessment; it will improve it and make the assessment better understandable for decision makers and other stakeholders. The discussions will show the reasoning behind the work done in an assessment; it will indicate the objective and normative aspects in an assessment. In this way, decision makers and stakeholders can judge themselves whether they agree on such normative weightings. Discussion rules and formats facilitate the execution and synthesis of discussions.<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
How should discussions be organised in such a way that<br />
* they can capture all kinds of written and spoken information, facts and valuations related to a specific topic,<br />
* there are straightforward rules about how the information should be handled,<br />
* the approach facilitates the convergence to a [[shared understanding]] by easily identifying and describing differing premises and other reasons behind disagreements,<br />
* the appraoch can be applied both ''a priori'' (to structure a discussion to be held) and ''a posteriori'' (to restructure a discussion already held)?<br />
<br />
==Answer==<br />
<br />
=== Discussion structure ===<br />
<br />
{{discussion<br />
|id=Disc1<br />
|type=fact<br />
|title=Example discussion showing a typical structure<br />
|openingStatement= Opening statements about a topic. This is the starting point of a discussion.<br />
|closingStatement= Outcome of the discussion, i.e. opening statement updated by valid arguments pointing to it.<br />
|Resolved = Yes.<br />
|Argumentation =<br />
{{argument|relat1=attack|id=arg1 |content=This argument attacks the statement. Arguments always point to one level up in the hierarchy.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:48, 8 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{argument|relat1=defense|id=arg2 |content=This argument defends argument arg1.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:48, 8 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{argument|relat1=defense|showtruth=untrue|id=arg3|content=This is an invalid defense of arg1 because it is successfully attacked by argument arg4.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:48, 8 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{argument|relat1=attack|id=arg4 |content=This is a valid attack against argument arg3, because it is itself not successfully attacked.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:48, 8 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
:::{{argument|relat1=branch|id=arg5|content=This is a branch. The argument one level higher (arg4 in this case) defends this argument, but this argument points to a new statement, not the original one of this discussion. The use of branches is not recommended, as they don't bring added value to this question; rather, start another discussion with a relevant statement.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 10:10, 10 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{argument|relat1=comment|id=arg6 |content=This is a comment. It clarifies the discussion but does not invalidate arguments.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 17:38, 6 December 2014 (UTC)}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Discussion rules ===<br />
<br />
# Freedom of opinion. Everyone has the right to criticize or comment on the content of a discussion.<br />
# A discussion is organised around an explicit statement or statements. The purpose of a discussion is to resolve which of the opening statements, if any, are valid. The statement(s) are updated according to the argumentation; this becomes the closing statement.<br />
# A statement is defended or attacked using arguments, which themselves also can be defended and attacked. This forms a hierarchical thread or tree-like structure.<br />
# Critique with a supporting, attacking, or commenting argument is stated in connection to what is being criticized.<br />
# Argumentation must be relevant to the issue that they target.<br />
# Only statements made and arguments given can be attacked.<br />
# An argument is valid unless it is attacked by a valid argument. Defending arguments are used to protect arguments against attacks, but if an attack is successful, it is stronger than a defense.<br />
# Attacks must be based on one of the two kinds of arguments:<br />
#* The attacked argument is claimed to be irrelevant in its context.<br />
#* The attacked argument is claimed to be not true, i.e. it is not consistent with observations.<br />
# Other attacks such as those based on evaluation of the speaker (''argumentum ad hominem'') are weak and are treated as comments rather than attacks.<br />
# Argumentation can not be redundant. If arguments are repeated, they should be merged into one.<br />
# You are supposed to be committed to your statements, that is:<br />
#* if someone doubts your statement or argument (comment), you must explain it (edit or defend).<br />
#* if someone attacks your statement or argument (attack), you must defend it (defend).<br />
# A discussion is called resolved, when someone writes a closing statement based on the opening statement and the current valid arguments targeting it, and updates the text (typically on a knowledge crystal page) that is targeted by the discussion.<br />
# However, discussions are continuous. This means that anyone can re-open a discussion with new arguments even if a closing statement has been written.<br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
The structure of the discussion follows the principles of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragma-dialectics pragma-dialectics].<ref name="pragmadial">Eemeren, F.H. van, & Grootendorst, R. (2004). A systematic theory of argumentation: The pragma-dialectical approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>{{reslink|Names of the discussion parts}}<br />
<br />
A discussion is typically an important detail of a larger whole, such as a [[knowledge crystal]] in an assessment, but does attempt to give a full answer to the knowledge crystal question. The purpose of a discussion is to identify which of the opening statements are valid, or how they should be revised to become valid. <br />
<br />
Arguments are actually statements; the only differences is that the target of an argument is another argument or statement within a particular discussion, while the target of a statement is some explicated use outside the discussion, such as in the rationale of a knowledge crystal. Therefore, an argument can be upgraded into a statement of a new discussion, if it is needed elsewhere.<br />
<br />
=== How to discuss ===<br />
<br />
[[Open policy practice]] embraces participation, in particular deliberative participation. Therefore all contributions in the form of remarks or argumentative criticism on the content of the assessments, variables, methods as well as other content are most welcome. The contributions can change the outcome of the assessments by improving their information content and making it better understandable for decision makers, stakeholders and public. Documented discussions also show the reasoning behind the work done in assessments making it possible for decision makers, stakeholders and public to judge for themselves whether they agree with the reasoning behind the outcomes. In order to obtain an orderly discussion, rules and format for discussion in open policy practice have been created based on pragma-dialectics, a systematic theory of argumentation.<br />
<br />
Discussion has a central role in the collaborative process of formulating questions, developing hypotheses as answers to these questions, and improving these hypotheses through criticism and corresponding corrections. When a diverse group of contributors participate in an assessment, it is obvious that disputes may arise. Formal argumentation offers a solution also to clarify and potentially solve disputes. In collaborative assessments, every knowledge crystal and every part of them are subject to open criticism according to the rules modified from pragma-dialectics<ref name="pragmadial"/>): see Answer above.<br />
<br />
When a discussion goes on, there is often a need to clarify the opening statement to make it better reflect the actual need of the discussion. Within a small group of actively involved discussants, the statement can be changed with a mutual agreement. However, this should be done with caution to not distort the original meaning of any existing arguments. Rather, it should be considered whether a new discussion with the revised opening statement should be launched.<br />
<br />
=== Discussion structure ===<br />
<br />
A discussion has three parts: opening statement(s), argumentation, and closing statement(s). Often also references are added to back up arguments. These are briefly described below using a discussion template. Argumentation consists of defending and attacking arguments and comments.<br />
<br />
{{discussion <br />
|id=Disc2<br />
|openingStatement = ''Opening statement'' contains one statement or several alternative, conflicting statements. This explicates the dispute at hand. In Opasnet it must be relevant for the page where the discussion is located.<br />
|closingStatement = ''Closing statement'' contains the current valid statement of the discussion, revised based on the opening statements and the valid arguments targeting it. In this example, the current arguments indicate that the opening statement is accepted, except if you apply [[paradigm]] toldya then it is not. The content of a closing statement is transferred to the texts that refer to this discussion (in Opasnet, such references typically come from a knowledge crystal page to its own talk page where the discussion is); after this, the discussion is called ''resolved''. It should be noted that resolutions are always temporary, as discussions can be opened again with new arguments.<br />
|title = Statments accepted except if toldya.<br />
|Resolved = Yes.<br />
|Argumentation = <br />
<br />
:{{argument|relat1=comment|id=arg1 |title=Argument structure explained|content= The '''argumentation''' contains the actual discussion, organised as hierarchical threads of arguments. Each argument is either an attack against or a defense for an argument (called target). The original statement can also be targeted. As an argument always point to another argument, they form a hierarchical thread structure. It is also possible to use coordinative arguments where two or more arguments together act like one argument. Each argument is valid unless it has no proponents (a discussant promoting the argument) or it is attacked by a valid argument. However, also other validity rules than the default one can be used (see [[#validity and relevance]] below). In addition to attacks and defenses, also comments can be used for asking or offering clarification; comments do not affect the validity of the target argument. For example, this paragraph is a comment.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:57, 2 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{argument|relat1=defense|id=arg2|title=Defense explained|content=If you agree with the argument one level higher (the opening statement in this case), you should use this '''defending argument''' template.|sign= --[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:57, 2 January 2010 (UTC)}} <br />
:{{argument|relat1=attack|id=arg3|title=Attack explained|content=If you disagree with the argument one level higher (the opening statement in this case), you should use this '''attacking argument''' template.| sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:57, 2 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{argument|relat1=attack|showtruth=untrue|parad1=science|id=arg933|type=truth|title=Paradigm-specific argument|content=This attack claims that the target argument arg3 is untrue. However, this claim is disputed, and with scientific paradigm this argument is untrue (because the scientific paradigm requires that every argument is backed up by references). However, with paradigm toldya this argument is true (because with toldya, there is no such requirement). With both paradigms, the attack against arg3 is relevant.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 06:43, 14 July 2018 (UTC)|truth2=true|parad2=toldya}} <br />
:{{argument|relat1=defense|showtruth=untrue|id=arg4 |title=Invalid argument explained|content=This argument is invalid because it is attacked by a valid argument (arg5). If you want to make it valid again, you should successfully invalidate all the attacking arguments.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:57, 2 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{argument|relat1=attack|type=truth|id=arg5 |title=Truthlikeness attack|content=This is the argument that attacks the truthlikeness of argument arg4. The id numbering does not have any specific order or meaning, they are just used for identifying arguments, but it is recommended that it starts with ''arg''. Typical numbering systems are to use the first unused natural number a random four-digit number. Id is used as a reference when needed.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:57, 2 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{argument|showrelevance=irrelevant|relat1=attack|type=truth|id=arg1124|title=True but irrelevant argument.|content=This argument attempts to attack the truthlikeness of argument #4, but this argument is irrelevant (and thus ineffective) although it is true.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 08:31, 12 July 2018 (UTC)}}<br />
:::{{argument|relat1=attack|type=relevance|id=arg1125|title=Irrelevance attack|content=This argument attacks the relevance of argument #1124 and says that it is irrelevant in attacking the statement.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 08:31, 12 July 2018 (UTC)}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Risks of open government.svg|700px]]<br />
<br />
The figure above shows a discussion started by Bengt Holmstöm about problems of open governance. Each argument is shown as a trapezoid. Discussion is organised around an opening statement (pink), which develops into a closing statement (blue for facts, green for values) during the discussion process.<br />
<br />
[[File:Structured discussion on an argumentation tool.png|400px|thumb|Structured discussion at an argumentation tool (https://dev.tietokide.fi/?Q10)]]<br />
<br />
=== Structure of an argument ===<br />
<br />
Each argument has the following properties (see table below).<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+ '''The parameters of an argument and possible combinations.<br />
|----<br />
! Id<br />
! Title<br />
! Content<br />
! Sign<br />
! Target<br />
! Type<br />
! Paradigm<br />
! Relation<br />
! Result<br />
! Comment<br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg9876<br />
| relevance<br />
| science<br />
| attack<br />
| 1<br />
| If paradigm changes (all else equal), relation may change, although typically only the result changes.<br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg5555<br />
| relevance<br />
| science<br />
| comment<br />
| 0<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg6666<br />
| truth<br />
| science<br />
| defense<br />
| 1<br />
| Truth refers to the truth of the target<br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg1234<br />
| selftruth<br />
| science<br />
| attack<br />
| 0<br />
| Selftruth refers to the truth of the argument itself, unlike other types that refer to the target.<br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg9876<br />
| relevance<br />
| toldya<br />
| comment<br />
| 0<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg5555<br />
| relevance<br />
| toldya<br />
| defense<br />
| 1<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg6666<br />
| truth<br />
| toldya<br />
| attack<br />
| 0<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg1234<br />
| selftruth<br />
| toldya<br />
| comment<br />
| 1<br />
| The relation in case of type=selftruth is irrelevant and is ignored.<br />
|----<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| These are unique to an argument<br />
|----<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| These are unique to an argument-target pair<br />
|----<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| These are unique to a triple of argument-target-paradigm<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Importantly, an argument always has the same id, title, content, and signature. Even if the argument is used several times in different parts of a discussion, it is still a single argument with no variation in these parameters. However, an argument may target several other arguments (as shown as an arrow on [[insight network]] graph). Each of these arrows has exactly one type (either relevance or truth); if an arguments targets itself, the type is selftruth. <br />
<br />
Finally, people may disagree about the target relation (whether an argument is attacking, defending, or commenting a target argument) and also whether the target relation is successful or not. These disagreements are operationalised as paradigms. One paradigm has exactly one opinion about the relation and the result (e.g. that an argument is an untrue attack), while another paradigm may have another conclusion (e.g. that an argument is true defend).<br />
<br />
Parameters are defined in the [[:Template:Argument|argument template]] of Opasnet, and they are embedded into the html code when a wiki page is parsed. It is therefore possible to collect that data by page scraping. The following properties are used to identify the properties of arguments.<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+'''Parameter properties<br />
! Parameter<br />
! Css selector (Opasnet page scraping)<br />
! Requirements<br />
|----<br />
| Id<br />
| .argument attr=id<br />
| Must start with a letter<br />
|----<br />
| Title<br />
| .argument .title<br />
| Short text. Is shown on insight graph as node label<br />
|----<br />
| Content<br />
| .argument .content<br />
| Text, may be long. Is shown with hover on graph<br />
|----<br />
| Sign<br />
| .argument .sign a:first-of-type<br />
| Must contain a link to participant's user page. Is shown with hover on graph<br />
|----<br />
| Target<br />
| NA<br />
| Previous argument one level up, or the statement for arguments on the first level<br />
|----<br />
| Type<br />
| .argument i.type<br />
| One of the three: relevance, truth, or selftruth (or "both", which is depreciated)<br />
|----<br />
| Paradigm<br />
| .argument .paradigm<br />
| Each paradigm should be described on a dedicated page. The rules implemented must be clear<br />
|----<br />
| Relation<br />
| .argument .relation<br />
| Is one of these: attack, defense, comment. "Branches" are typically uninteresting and ignored.<br />
|----<br />
| Result<br />
| <br />
* relevance= .argument .relation attr=color. Gray= 0 (irrelevant), other=1 (relevant).<br />
* truth= .argument .relation attr=color. Gray=0 (untrue), other=1 (true)<br />
* selftruth= .argument .selftruth attr=color. Gray=0 (untrue), other=1 (true)<br />
| Truthlikeness of the relation. Either 1 or 0<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Validity and relevance ===<br />
<br />
:''Main article: [[Paradigm]].<br />
<br />
Each argument may be valid or invalid meaning that it does or does not affect its target argument, respectively. Validity depends on two parameters of an argument: it is valid if and only if it is true and relevant. Arguments that are untrue or irrelevant are invalid. It should be noted that with arguments, truth and relevance are thought in a narrow, technical sense: if an argument fulfills certain straightforward truth criteria, it is considered true, and the same applies to relevance. This is not to mean that they are true or relevant in an objective sense; rather, these are grassroot-level practical rules that ideally makes the system as a whole to converge towards what we consider truth and relevance. The current default criteria (called the "[[Science (paradigm)|scientific paradigm]]") are the following.<br />
<br />
An argument is true iff<br />
* it is backed up by a reference, and<br />
* it is not attacked by a valid argument about its truthlikeness (a truth-type argument).<br />
<br />
An argument is relevant iff<br />
* it is not attacked by a valid argument about its relevance (a relevance-type argument).<br />
<br />
Truth is a property of an argument itself, so if it is true in one discussion, it is true always. Of course, this does not mean that a sentence used in an argument is true in all contexts, but rather that the idea presented in a particular context is true in all discussions. Therefore, people should be very clear about the context when they borrow arguments from other discussions.<br />
<br />
In contrast, relevance is a property of the relation between an argument and its target argument (or target statement). Again, this is a context-sensitive property, and in practice, it is possible to borrow relevance from another discussion only if both the argument and its target appear in that exact form and context in both discussions.<br />
<br />
Each argument is an attack (red), a defense (green), or a comment (blue) towards its target. The nature of the argument is shown with its colour. The same argument may also attack or defend another argument, with possibly a different colour. This is because the colour is actually not the colour of the argument itself, but it is the colour of its ''relation'' with the target. There are a few possibilities to avoid confusion with these differing colours when using arguments on a wiki page.<br />
* An argument is written once in one place, and then a copy of it (with only the arrow and the identifier) is pasted to all other relevant places, with proper colours for those relations.<br />
* I there are several opening statements, the colour should always reflect the relationship to the first (i.e., primary) statement. If the primary statement changes, the colours should be changed respectively.<br />
<br />
The legacy templates ([[:Template:Attack|Attack]], [[:Template:Defend invalid|Defend invalid]] etc.) do not differentiate between truth and relevance, but only validity. Therefore they are depreciated, and a new generic template [[:Template:Argument|Argument]] should be used instead. It is capable of showing relevance (irrelevant arguments have gray arrows) and truth (untrue arguments have gray content). If a legacy template is used, an invalid argument is assumed to be both irrelevant and untrue; it is also assumed to apply the scientific paradigm. If other paradigms are used, this must be stated clearly in the text, because the template offers no functionality for it. In Opasnet, the Argument template is capable of describing five different paradigms and the relevance and truth values of each (see [[#Practices in Opasnet]]).<br />
<br />
'''Paradigms in argumentation<br />
<br />
Paradigms are collections of rules to determine when an argument is true or relevant. The ''[[Science (paradigm)|scientific paradigm]]'' is the default in Opasnet, but any paradigms can be developed as long as the rules can be explicitly described and implemented. For example, previously Opasnet implicitly applied a paradigm called ''unattackedstand'' (although the name was coined only in summer 2018 and the mere concept of paradigms was developed in early 2018). Unattackedstand has the same rules as the scientific paradigm except that a true argument does not need a reference, a user backing up an argument with their signature is enough.<br />
<br />
Paradigms may also have other rules than direct validity rules. For example, the scientific paradigm considers an argument based on observations stronger than an argument based on (expert) opinions without observations, and an ''argument ad hominem'' is even weaker.<br />
<br />
However, the rules in a paradigm can be anything, e.g. that the strongest arguments are those by a particular user or an authoritative source, such as a holy book. These rules will clearly lead to different validity estimates and interpretations of a discussion. But the methods of discussions and [[open policy practice]] have been developed having this in mind. The outcome of such explicitly described differences in interpretations are called [[shared understanding]], and that is considered the main product of these methods.<br />
<br />
=== Practices in Opasnet ===<br />
<br />
For discussing, the [[#discussion structure]] should be used. In Opasnet, click the blue capital '''D''' in the toolbar on top of the edit window to apply the discussion template. This is how the discussion format appears:<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
{{discussion <br />
|id = unique identifier of discussion on this page<br />
|Statements = <br />
|Resolution = <br />
|Resolved = Yes, if respective texts updated; empty otherwise.<br />
|Argumentation = Threaded hierarchical list of arguments. Each argument is on its own line. Hierarchy is created by using indents (colon character : in the beginning of a line). For example:<br />
<br />
{{argument|relat1=comment|id=1|content=The blue horizontal line on the toolbar represents the comment button. It yields this blue layout, which is used for comments and remarks.}} <br />
:{{argument|relat1=attack|id=3|content=This red arrow represents an attacking argument. }} <br />
::{{argument|relat1=defend|id=2|content=This green arrow represents a defending argument.}} <br />
}}<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
Arguments can have the parameters that are listed below (each parameter is shown on a separate line for clarity). Note that the parameters may be in any order, and it might be a good idea to show relat1 first. For details, see [[:Template:Argument]].<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
{{argument<br />
| id = identifier of the argument, unique on this page, default: arg + 4 random digits<br />
| title = a short description of the content; displayed on insight networks<br />
| content = content of the argument<br />
| sign = signature of the speaker, default: --~~~~<br />
| type = type of the relation to the target argument, i.e. what is attacked or defended. Either truth or relevance.<br />
| parad1 = main paradigm used to derive the relation between this argument and its target. This is used to format the argument.<br />
| relat1 = relation type between the argument and its target according to the first paradigm: it has two words separated by a single space. The first is either relevant or irrelevant and the second either attack, defend, or comment.<br />
| true1 = truthlikeness of the argument according to the first paragism: either true or untrue.<br />
| parad2 = the second paradigm used.<br />
| relat2 = the second relation type according to paradigm2. Default: relat1<br />
| true2 = the second truthlikeness according to paradigm2. Default: true1<br />
| parad3 etc. up to parad5 in this wiki<br />
}}<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
Furthermore:<br />
* If you agree with an argument made by others, you can place your signature (click the signature button in the toolbar) after that argument.<br />
* Arguments may be edited or restructured. However, if there are signatures of other people, only minor edits are allowed without their explicit acceptance.<br />
<br />
In order to contribute to a discussion you need to have a user account and be logged in.<br />
<br />
=== Referring to a discussion in Opasnet ===<br />
<br />
On a text that refers to a particular discussion (often on the content page of the respective talk page), you should make links at the relevant points to the respective discussions. There are two possibilities:<br />
* {{disclink|Top}} Link to a discussion that is not yet resolved.<br />
* {{reslink|Top}} Link to a resolved discussion.<br />
Because all discussions can be re-opened, the difference between the two is '''not''' whether people are likely to participate in the discussion in the future or not. Instead, {{reslink|Top}} means that the current outcome of the discussion, whether an agreement or a continuing dispute, has been transferred to the main page, i.e. the contents of the main page reflect the current status of the discussion. In contrast, {{disclink|Top}} means that in the discussion itself, there is some information that is not yet reflected on the main page; therefore, the reader should read the discussion as well to be fully aware of the status of the page. This way, there is not a need to constantly update the main page during an active discussion. The updating can be done when the outcome of the discussion has stabilised.<br />
<br />
=== Re-organising discussions afterwards ===<br />
<br />
Free-format discussions can be re-organised ''a posteriori'' (afterwards) into the discussion structure presented here. The main tasks in this work are to<br />
* document original sources of material,<br />
* remove redundant text,<br />
* structure the arguments around a useful opening statement,<br />
* clarify arguments to be understandable without the context of the original discussion,<br />
* analyse and synthesise outcome into a closing statement,<br />
* save and publish your work.<br />
<br />
See an example of a re-organisation work in [[:op_fi:Keskustelu:Pienhiukkasten terveysvaikutukset Suomessa#Keskustelu pienhiukkasvaikutuksesta |Discussion of health effects of PM2.5 in Finland]](in Finnish)<br />
<br />
=== Calculations ===<br />
<br />
<rcode name="update" label="Initiate argument inference functions"><br />
# This is code Op_en2382/update on page [[Discussion]]<br />
<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
update_truth <- function(<br />
pa, # P(A). This is updated to P(A|B).<br />
pb, # P(B)<br />
seprimeb # parameter seprime(B) for producing se = P(B|A)<br />
) {<br />
if(any(pa>=1) | any(pa<=0)) stop("probability P(A) must be between ]0,1[, not ",pa)<br />
if(any(pb>=1) | any(pb<=0)) stop("probability P(B) must be between ]0,1[, not", pb)<br />
if(any(seprimeb <= -1) | any(seprimeb >=1)) stop("seprimeb must be between ]-1,1[, not", seprimeb)<br />
if(seprimeb>=0) {<br />
se <- pb + seprimeb * (pmin(1,pb/pa) - pb)<br />
} else {<br />
se <- pb + seprimeb * pb<br />
}<br />
pab <- pa * se / pb<br />
return(pab)#, a, b, c, d, sum(a, b, c, d), se, sp, fb))<br />
}<br />
<br />
update_relevance <- function(<br />
seprimeb, # relevance parameter prior for argument B, ]-1,1[. This is updated.<br />
pc, # P(C)<br />
seprimec # relevance parameter for parent argument C, ]-1,1[<br />
) {<br />
if(any(seprimeb <= -1) | any(seprimeb >=1)) stop("seprimeb must be between ]-1,1[, not", seprimeb)<br />
if(any(pc>=1) | any(pc<=0)) stop("probability P(C) must be between ]0,1[, not", pc)<br />
if(any(seprimec <= -1) | any(seprimec >=1)) stop("seprimec must be between ]-1,1[, not", seprimec)<br />
seprimeb_sign <- sign(seprimeb)<br />
out <- abs(seprimeb)<br />
if(seprimec>=0) {<br />
out <- out + seprimec*pc*(1-out)<br />
} else {<br />
out <- out + seprimec*pc*out<br />
}<br />
out <- out * seprimeb_sign<br />
return(out)<br />
}<br />
<br />
infer_tree <- function (df, verbose=FALSE) {<br />
args_by_level <- df$Item[order(-df$level)]<br />
columns_inherited_from_alias <- c("text","truth")<br />
for (arg in args_by_level) {<br />
parents <- df$Item[df$Object == arg]<br />
alias <- df$alias[df$Item==arg]<br />
if(alias!="") {<br />
df[df$Item==arg,columns_inherited_from_alias] <- df[df$Item==alias,columns_inherited_from_alias] <br />
}<br />
for (parent in parents) {<br />
if (df$class[df$Item == parent] == "truth") {<br />
pa = df$truth[df$Item == arg]<br />
pb = df$truth[df$Item == parent]<br />
seprimeb = df$seprime[df$Item == parent]<br />
out <- update_truth(pa, pb, seprimeb)<br />
if(verbose) print(c("truth",arg, parent, signif(c(pa,pb,seprimeb, out),3)))<br />
df$truth[df$Item == arg] <- out<br />
}<br />
if (df$class[df$Item == parent] == "relevance") {<br />
seprimeb = df$seprime[df$Item == arg]<br />
pc = df$truth[df$Item == parent]<br />
seprimec = df$seprime[df$Item == parent]<br />
out <- update_relevance(seprimeb, pc, seprimec)<br />
if(verbose) print(c("relevance",arg, parent, signif(c(seprimeb, pc, seprimec, out),3)))<br />
df$seprime[df$Item == arg] <- out<br />
}<br />
}<br />
}<br />
return(df)<br />
}<br />
<br />
objects.store(update_truth, update_relevance, infer_tree)<br />
cat("Functions update_truth, update_relevance, and infer_tree stored.\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [https://www.kialo.com/individuals-should-own-their-personal-data-or-not-23849?path=23849.0~23849.1 Individuals should own their personal data (or not?) | Kialo]<br />
* [https://www.amazon.com/Breaking-News-Remaking-Journalism-Matters/dp/0374279624 Breaking News: The Remaking of Journalism and Why It Matters Now: Alan Rusbridger: 9780374279622: Amazon.com: Books]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aumann%27s_agreement_theorem Aumann's agreement theorem - Wikipedia]<br />
** [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/016517658390126X Learning to agree - ScienceDirect]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discursive_psychology Discursive psychology - Wikipedia]<br />
* [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877343519300880 Usable environmental knowledge from the perspective of decision-making: the logics of consequentiality, appropriateness, and meaningfulness - ScienceDirect]<br />
* [https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/handle/10919/82874/UP%203%282%29%20-%20The%20Dilemmas%20of%20Citizen%20Inclusion%20in%20Urban%20Planning%20and%20Governance%20to%20Enable%20a%201.5%20_C%20Climate%20Change%20Scenario.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y The Dilemmas of Citizen Inclusion in Urban Planning and Governance to Enable a 1.5 °C Climate Change Scenario - UP 3(2) - The Dilemmas of Citizen Inclusion in Urban Planning and Governance to Enable a 1.5 _C Climate Change Scenario.pdf]<br />
* [https://lawrencesusskind.mit.edu/sites/default/files/documents/oxfordhb-9780198747369-e-17.pdf Deliberative Democracy and Public Dispute Resolution - Oxford Handbooks - oxfordhb-9780198747369-e-17.pdf]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Susskind Lawrence Susskind - Wikipedia]<br />
* [https://dialogiakatemia.fi/2020/04/14/dialogin-etafasilitointi/ Dialogin etäfasilitointi – DialogiAkatemia]<br />
* [https://www.kialo.com/ Kialo] for organised discussions<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Structured_Discussions Structured Discussions]: another discussion system for MediaWiki projects<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Iframe Iframe extension]: may be considered as an alternative to an inside-wiki discussion system: discussion functionality is "borrowed" from antother website using iframes.<br />
* [[Discussion]]<br />
* [[Argument]]<br />
* [[Dealing with disputes]]<br />
* [http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Discussion_structure&direction=prev&oldid=42070 Discussion structure] (archived in March 2010)<br />
* [http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Discussion_method&direction=prev&oldid=42071 Discussion method] (archived in October 2009)<br />
* [[:Category:Ongoing discussions]]<br />
* [[:Category:Resolved discussions]]<br />
* [[:Template:Discussion]] (for technical usage of the template)<br />
* [[:Template:Argument]] (for technical usage of the template)<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragma-dialectics Pragma-dialectical argumentation theory]<br />
* [[:op_fi:Keskustelu:Keskustelu|Keskustelu:Keskustelu]] some more guidance in Finnish Opasnet<br />
* [http://try.discourse.org/ Discourse] website for intelligent discussions: the best contributions are voted to the top<br />
* [http://stackoverflow.com/ Stackoverflow] about intelligent discussions on computers and ICT.<br />
* [http://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/2267/stack-exchange-clones Stack Exchange clones]<br />
* [http://www.question2answer.org/ Question2Answer] is a free and open source platform for Q&A sites.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{eracedu}}</div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Discussion&diff=43817Discussion2021-08-03T16:01:14Z<p>Jouni: /* Calculations */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:THL publications 2009]]<br />
[[Category:THL publications 2010]]<br />
[[op_fi:Keskustelu]]<br />
[[Category:Universal object]]<br />
[[Category:Open policy practice]]<br />
[[Category:Decision analysis and risk management]]<br />
{{method|moderator = Jouni<br />
| reference = {{publication<br />
| authors = Jouni T. Tuomisto, Mikko V. Pohjola<br />
| page = Discussion<br />
| explanation = Introduction to discussions in [[Opasnet]].<br />
| publishingyear = 2019<br />
| urn = <br />
| elsewhere = <br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
[[Category:Glossary term]]<br />
<section begin=glossary /><br />
:'''Discussion''' is a method to organise information about a topic into a form of hierarchical thread of arguments trying to resolve whether a statement is true or not. In discussion, anyone can raise any relevant points about the topic. Discussion is organised using the pragma-dialectical argumentation theory<ref name="pragmadial">Eemeren, F.H. van, & Grootendorst, R. (2004). A systematic theory of argumentation: The pragma-dialectical approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>. A discussion usually consists of three parts: 1) opening statement(s); 2) the actual discussion organised as hierarchical threads of arguments; and 3) closing statement(s), which is updated based on the discussion, notably any valid arguments pointing to it. When a closing statement is updated, the content should be accordingly portrayed within texts that refer to the discussion.<br />
<section end=glossary /><br />
<br />
Contribution in the form of remarks or argumentative criticism on the content of wiki pages is most welcome. It can change the outcome of an assessment; it will improve it and make the assessment better understandable for decision makers and other stakeholders. The discussions will show the reasoning behind the work done in an assessment; it will indicate the objective and normative aspects in an assessment. In this way, decision makers and stakeholders can judge themselves whether they agree on such normative weightings. Discussion rules and formats facilitate the execution and synthesis of discussions.<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
How should discussions be organised in such a way that<br />
* they can capture all kinds of written and spoken information, facts and valuations related to a specific topic,<br />
* there are straightforward rules about how the information should be handled,<br />
* the approach facilitates the convergence to a [[shared understanding]] by easily identifying and describing differing premises and other reasons behind disagreements,<br />
* the appraoch can be applied both ''a priori'' (to structure a discussion to be held) and ''a posteriori'' (to restructure a discussion already held)?<br />
<br />
==Answer==<br />
<br />
=== Discussion structure ===<br />
<br />
{{discussion<br />
|id=Disc1<br />
|type=fact<br />
|title=Example discussion showing a typical structure<br />
|openingStatement= Opening statements about a topic. This is the starting point of a discussion.<br />
|closingStatement= Outcome of the discussion, i.e. opening statement updated by valid arguments pointing to it.<br />
|Resolved = Yes.<br />
|Argumentation =<br />
{{argument|relat1=attack|id=arg1 |content=This argument attacks the statement. Arguments always point to one level up in the hierarchy.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:48, 8 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{argument|relat1=defense|id=arg2 |content=This argument defends argument arg1.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:48, 8 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{argument|relat1=defense|showtruth=untrue|id=arg3|content=This is an invalid defense of arg1 because it is successfully attacked by argument arg4.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:48, 8 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{argument|relat1=attack|id=arg4 |content=This is a valid attack against argument arg3, because it is itself not successfully attacked.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:48, 8 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
:::{{argument|relat1=branch|id=arg5|content=This is a branch. The argument one level higher (arg4 in this case) defends this argument, but this argument points to a new statement, not the original one of this discussion. The use of branches is not recommended, as they don't bring added value to this question; rather, start another discussion with a relevant statement.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 10:10, 10 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{argument|relat1=comment|id=arg6 |content=This is a comment. It clarifies the discussion but does not invalidate arguments.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 17:38, 6 December 2014 (UTC)}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Discussion rules ===<br />
<br />
# Freedom of opinion. Everyone has the right to criticize or comment on the content of a discussion.<br />
# A discussion is organised around an explicit statement or statements. The purpose of a discussion is to resolve which of the opening statements, if any, are valid. The statement(s) are updated according to the argumentation; this becomes the closing statement.<br />
# A statement is defended or attacked using arguments, which themselves also can be defended and attacked. This forms a hierarchical thread or tree-like structure.<br />
# Critique with a supporting, attacking, or commenting argument is stated in connection to what is being criticized.<br />
# Argumentation must be relevant to the issue that they target.<br />
# Only statements made and arguments given can be attacked.<br />
# An argument is valid unless it is attacked by a valid argument. Defending arguments are used to protect arguments against attacks, but if an attack is successful, it is stronger than a defense.<br />
# Attacks must be based on one of the two kinds of arguments:<br />
#* The attacked argument is claimed to be irrelevant in its context.<br />
#* The attacked argument is claimed to be not true, i.e. it is not consistent with observations.<br />
# Other attacks such as those based on evaluation of the speaker (''argumentum ad hominem'') are weak and are treated as comments rather than attacks.<br />
# Argumentation can not be redundant. If arguments are repeated, they should be merged into one.<br />
# You are supposed to be committed to your statements, that is:<br />
#* if someone doubts your statement or argument (comment), you must explain it (edit or defend).<br />
#* if someone attacks your statement or argument (attack), you must defend it (defend).<br />
# A discussion is called resolved, when someone writes a closing statement based on the opening statement and the current valid arguments targeting it, and updates the text (typically on a knowledge crystal page) that is targeted by the discussion.<br />
# However, discussions are continuous. This means that anyone can re-open a discussion with new arguments even if a closing statement has been written.<br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
The structure of the discussion follows the principles of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragma-dialectics pragma-dialectics].<ref name="pragmadial">Eemeren, F.H. van, & Grootendorst, R. (2004). A systematic theory of argumentation: The pragma-dialectical approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>{{reslink|Names of the discussion parts}}<br />
<br />
A discussion is typically an important detail of a larger whole, such as a [[knowledge crystal]] in an assessment, but does attempt to give a full answer to the knowledge crystal question. The purpose of a discussion is to identify which of the opening statements are valid, or how they should be revised to become valid. <br />
<br />
Arguments are actually statements; the only differences is that the target of an argument is another argument or statement within a particular discussion, while the target of a statement is some explicated use outside the discussion, such as in the rationale of a knowledge crystal. Therefore, an argument can be upgraded into a statement of a new discussion, if it is needed elsewhere.<br />
<br />
=== How to discuss ===<br />
<br />
[[Open policy practice]] embraces participation, in particular deliberative participation. Therefore all contributions in the form of remarks or argumentative criticism on the content of the assessments, variables, methods as well as other content are most welcome. The contributions can change the outcome of the assessments by improving their information content and making it better understandable for decision makers, stakeholders and public. Documented discussions also show the reasoning behind the work done in assessments making it possible for decision makers, stakeholders and public to judge for themselves whether they agree with the reasoning behind the outcomes. In order to obtain an orderly discussion, rules and format for discussion in open policy practice have been created based on pragma-dialectics, a systematic theory of argumentation.<br />
<br />
Discussion has a central role in the collaborative process of formulating questions, developing hypotheses as answers to these questions, and improving these hypotheses through criticism and corresponding corrections. When a diverse group of contributors participate in an assessment, it is obvious that disputes may arise. Formal argumentation offers a solution also to clarify and potentially solve disputes. In collaborative assessments, every knowledge crystal and every part of them are subject to open criticism according to the rules modified from pragma-dialectics<ref name="pragmadial"/>): see Answer above.<br />
<br />
When a discussion goes on, there is often a need to clarify the opening statement to make it better reflect the actual need of the discussion. Within a small group of actively involved discussants, the statement can be changed with a mutual agreement. However, this should be done with caution to not distort the original meaning of any existing arguments. Rather, it should be considered whether a new discussion with the revised opening statement should be launched.<br />
<br />
=== Discussion structure ===<br />
<br />
A discussion has three parts: opening statement(s), argumentation, and closing statement(s). Often also references are added to back up arguments. These are briefly described below using a discussion template. Argumentation consists of defending and attacking arguments and comments.<br />
<br />
{{discussion <br />
|id=Disc2<br />
|openingStatement = ''Opening statement'' contains one statement or several alternative, conflicting statements. This explicates the dispute at hand. In Opasnet it must be relevant for the page where the discussion is located.<br />
|closingStatement = ''Closing statement'' contains the current valid statement of the discussion, revised based on the opening statements and the valid arguments targeting it. In this example, the current arguments indicate that the opening statement is accepted, except if you apply [[paradigm]] toldya then it is not. The content of a closing statement is transferred to the texts that refer to this discussion (in Opasnet, such references typically come from a knowledge crystal page to its own talk page where the discussion is); after this, the discussion is called ''resolved''. It should be noted that resolutions are always temporary, as discussions can be opened again with new arguments.<br />
|title = Statments accepted except if toldya.<br />
|Resolved = Yes.<br />
|Argumentation = <br />
<br />
:{{argument|relat1=comment|id=arg1 |title=Argument structure explained|content= The '''argumentation''' contains the actual discussion, organised as hierarchical threads of arguments. Each argument is either an attack against or a defense for an argument (called target). The original statement can also be targeted. As an argument always point to another argument, they form a hierarchical thread structure. It is also possible to use coordinative arguments where two or more arguments together act like one argument. Each argument is valid unless it has no proponents (a discussant promoting the argument) or it is attacked by a valid argument. However, also other validity rules than the default one can be used (see [[#validity and relevance]] below). In addition to attacks and defenses, also comments can be used for asking or offering clarification; comments do not affect the validity of the target argument. For example, this paragraph is a comment.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:57, 2 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{argument|relat1=defense|id=arg2|title=Defense explained|content=If you agree with the argument one level higher (the opening statement in this case), you should use this '''defending argument''' template.|sign= --[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:57, 2 January 2010 (UTC)}} <br />
:{{argument|relat1=attack|id=arg3|title=Attack explained|content=If you disagree with the argument one level higher (the opening statement in this case), you should use this '''attacking argument''' template.| sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:57, 2 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{argument|relat1=attack|showtruth=untrue|parad1=science|id=arg933|type=truth|title=Paradigm-specific argument|content=This attack claims that the target argument arg3 is untrue. However, this claim is disputed, and with scientific paradigm this argument is untrue (because the scientific paradigm requires that every argument is backed up by references). However, with paradigm toldya this argument is true (because with toldya, there is no such requirement). With both paradigms, the attack against arg3 is relevant.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 06:43, 14 July 2018 (UTC)|truth2=true|parad2=toldya}} <br />
:{{argument|relat1=defense|showtruth=untrue|id=arg4 |title=Invalid argument explained|content=This argument is invalid because it is attacked by a valid argument (arg5). If you want to make it valid again, you should successfully invalidate all the attacking arguments.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:57, 2 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{argument|relat1=attack|type=truth|id=arg5 |title=Truthlikeness attack|content=This is the argument that attacks the truthlikeness of argument arg4. The id numbering does not have any specific order or meaning, they are just used for identifying arguments, but it is recommended that it starts with ''arg''. Typical numbering systems are to use the first unused natural number a random four-digit number. Id is used as a reference when needed.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:57, 2 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{argument|showrelevance=irrelevant|relat1=attack|type=truth|id=arg1124|title=True but irrelevant argument.|content=This argument attempts to attack the truthlikeness of argument #4, but this argument is irrelevant (and thus ineffective) although it is true.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 08:31, 12 July 2018 (UTC)}}<br />
:::{{argument|relat1=attack|type=relevance|id=arg1125|title=Irrelevance attack|content=This argument attacks the relevance of argument #1124 and says that it is irrelevant in attacking the statement.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 08:31, 12 July 2018 (UTC)}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Risks of open government.svg|700px]]<br />
<br />
The figure above shows a discussion started by Bengt Holmstöm about problems of open governance. Each argument is shown as a trapezoid. Discussion is organised around an opening statement (pink), which develops into a closing statement (blue for facts, green for values) during the discussion process.<br />
<br />
[[File:Structured discussion on an argumentation tool.png|400px|thumb|Structured discussion at an argumentation tool (https://dev.tietokide.fi/?Q10)]]<br />
<br />
=== Structure of an argument ===<br />
<br />
Each argument has the following properties (see table below).<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+ '''The parameters of an argument and possible combinations.<br />
|----<br />
! Id<br />
! Title<br />
! Content<br />
! Sign<br />
! Target<br />
! Type<br />
! Paradigm<br />
! Relation<br />
! Result<br />
! Comment<br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg9876<br />
| relevance<br />
| science<br />
| attack<br />
| 1<br />
| If paradigm changes (all else equal), relation may change, although typically only the result changes.<br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg5555<br />
| relevance<br />
| science<br />
| comment<br />
| 0<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg6666<br />
| truth<br />
| science<br />
| defense<br />
| 1<br />
| Truth refers to the truth of the target<br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg1234<br />
| selftruth<br />
| science<br />
| attack<br />
| 0<br />
| Selftruth refers to the truth of the argument itself, unlike other types that refer to the target.<br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg9876<br />
| relevance<br />
| toldya<br />
| comment<br />
| 0<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg5555<br />
| relevance<br />
| toldya<br />
| defense<br />
| 1<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg6666<br />
| truth<br />
| toldya<br />
| attack<br />
| 0<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg1234<br />
| selftruth<br />
| toldya<br />
| comment<br />
| 1<br />
| The relation in case of type=selftruth is irrelevant and is ignored.<br />
|----<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| These are unique to an argument<br />
|----<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| These are unique to an argument-target pair<br />
|----<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| These are unique to a triple of argument-target-paradigm<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Importantly, an argument always has the same id, title, content, and signature. Even if the argument is used several times in different parts of a discussion, it is still a single argument with no variation in these parameters. However, an argument may target several other arguments (as shown as an arrow on [[insight network]] graph). Each of these arrows has exactly one type (either relevance or truth); if an arguments targets itself, the type is selftruth. <br />
<br />
Finally, people may disagree about the target relation (whether an argument is attacking, defending, or commenting a target argument) and also whether the target relation is successful or not. These disagreements are operationalised as paradigms. One paradigm has exactly one opinion about the relation and the result (e.g. that an argument is an untrue attack), while another paradigm may have another conclusion (e.g. that an argument is true defend).<br />
<br />
Parameters are defined in the [[:Template:Argument|argument template]] of Opasnet, and they are embedded into the html code when a wiki page is parsed. It is therefore possible to collect that data by page scraping. The following properties are used to identify the properties of arguments.<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+'''Parameter properties<br />
! Parameter<br />
! Css selector (Opasnet page scraping)<br />
! Requirements<br />
|----<br />
| Id<br />
| .argument attr=id<br />
| Must start with a letter<br />
|----<br />
| Title<br />
| .argument .title<br />
| Short text. Is shown on insight graph as node label<br />
|----<br />
| Content<br />
| .argument .content<br />
| Text, may be long. Is shown with hover on graph<br />
|----<br />
| Sign<br />
| .argument .sign a:first-of-type<br />
| Must contain a link to participant's user page. Is shown with hover on graph<br />
|----<br />
| Target<br />
| NA<br />
| Previous argument one level up, or the statement for arguments on the first level<br />
|----<br />
| Type<br />
| .argument i.type<br />
| One of the three: relevance, truth, or selftruth (or "both", which is depreciated)<br />
|----<br />
| Paradigm<br />
| .argument .paradigm<br />
| Each paradigm should be described on a dedicated page. The rules implemented must be clear<br />
|----<br />
| Relation<br />
| .argument .relation<br />
| Is one of these: attack, defense, comment. "Branches" are typically uninteresting and ignored.<br />
|----<br />
| Result<br />
| <br />
* relevance= .argument .relation attr=color. Gray= 0 (irrelevant), other=1 (relevant).<br />
* truth= .argument .relation attr=color. Gray=0 (untrue), other=1 (true)<br />
* selftruth= .argument .selftruth attr=color. Gray=0 (untrue), other=1 (true)<br />
| Truthlikeness of the relation. Either 1 or 0<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Validity and relevance ===<br />
<br />
:''Main article: [[Paradigm]].<br />
<br />
Each argument may be valid or invalid meaning that it does or does not affect its target argument, respectively. Validity depends on two parameters of an argument: it is valid if and only if it is true and relevant. Arguments that are untrue or irrelevant are invalid. It should be noted that with arguments, truth and relevance are thought in a narrow, technical sense: if an argument fulfills certain straightforward truth criteria, it is considered true, and the same applies to relevance. This is not to mean that they are true or relevant in an objective sense; rather, these are grassroot-level practical rules that ideally makes the system as a whole to converge towards what we consider truth and relevance. The current default criteria (called the "[[Science (paradigm)|scientific paradigm]]") are the following.<br />
<br />
An argument is true iff<br />
* it is backed up by a reference, and<br />
* it is not attacked by a valid argument about its truthlikeness (a truth-type argument).<br />
<br />
An argument is relevant iff<br />
* it is not attacked by a valid argument about its relevance (a relevance-type argument).<br />
<br />
Truth is a property of an argument itself, so if it is true in one discussion, it is true always. Of course, this does not mean that a sentence used in an argument is true in all contexts, but rather that the idea presented in a particular context is true in all discussions. Therefore, people should be very clear about the context when they borrow arguments from other discussions.<br />
<br />
In contrast, relevance is a property of the relation between an argument and its target argument (or target statement). Again, this is a context-sensitive property, and in practice, it is possible to borrow relevance from another discussion only if both the argument and its target appear in that exact form and context in both discussions.<br />
<br />
Each argument is an attack (red), a defense (green), or a comment (blue) towards its target. The nature of the argument is shown with its colour. The same argument may also attack or defend another argument, with possibly a different colour. This is because the colour is actually not the colour of the argument itself, but it is the colour of its ''relation'' with the target. There are a few possibilities to avoid confusion with these differing colours when using arguments on a wiki page.<br />
* An argument is written once in one place, and then a copy of it (with only the arrow and the identifier) is pasted to all other relevant places, with proper colours for those relations.<br />
* I there are several opening statements, the colour should always reflect the relationship to the first (i.e., primary) statement. If the primary statement changes, the colours should be changed respectively.<br />
<br />
The legacy templates ([[:Template:Attack|Attack]], [[:Template:Defend invalid|Defend invalid]] etc.) do not differentiate between truth and relevance, but only validity. Therefore they are depreciated, and a new generic template [[:Template:Argument|Argument]] should be used instead. It is capable of showing relevance (irrelevant arguments have gray arrows) and truth (untrue arguments have gray content). If a legacy template is used, an invalid argument is assumed to be both irrelevant and untrue; it is also assumed to apply the scientific paradigm. If other paradigms are used, this must be stated clearly in the text, because the template offers no functionality for it. In Opasnet, the Argument template is capable of describing five different paradigms and the relevance and truth values of each (see [[#Practices in Opasnet]]).<br />
<br />
'''Paradigms in argumentation<br />
<br />
Paradigms are collections of rules to determine when an argument is true or relevant. The ''[[Science (paradigm)|scientific paradigm]]'' is the default in Opasnet, but any paradigms can be developed as long as the rules can be explicitly described and implemented. For example, previously Opasnet implicitly applied a paradigm called ''unattackedstand'' (although the name was coined only in summer 2018 and the mere concept of paradigms was developed in early 2018). Unattackedstand has the same rules as the scientific paradigm except that a true argument does not need a reference, a user backing up an argument with their signature is enough.<br />
<br />
Paradigms may also have other rules than direct validity rules. For example, the scientific paradigm considers an argument based on observations stronger than an argument based on (expert) opinions without observations, and an ''argument ad hominem'' is even weaker.<br />
<br />
However, the rules in a paradigm can be anything, e.g. that the strongest arguments are those by a particular user or an authoritative source, such as a holy book. These rules will clearly lead to different validity estimates and interpretations of a discussion. But the methods of discussions and [[open policy practice]] have been developed having this in mind. The outcome of such explicitly described differences in interpretations are called [[shared understanding]], and that is considered the main product of these methods.<br />
<br />
=== Practices in Opasnet ===<br />
<br />
For discussing, the [[#discussion structure]] should be used. In Opasnet, click the blue capital '''D''' in the toolbar on top of the edit window to apply the discussion template. This is how the discussion format appears:<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
{{discussion <br />
|id = unique identifier of discussion on this page<br />
|Statements = <br />
|Resolution = <br />
|Resolved = Yes, if respective texts updated; empty otherwise.<br />
|Argumentation = Threaded hierarchical list of arguments. Each argument is on its own line. Hierarchy is created by using indents (colon character : in the beginning of a line). For example:<br />
<br />
{{argument|relat1=comment|id=1|content=The blue horizontal line on the toolbar represents the comment button. It yields this blue layout, which is used for comments and remarks.}} <br />
:{{argument|relat1=attack|id=3|content=This red arrow represents an attacking argument. }} <br />
::{{argument|relat1=defend|id=2|content=This green arrow represents a defending argument.}} <br />
}}<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
Arguments can have the parameters that are listed below (each parameter is shown on a separate line for clarity). Note that the parameters may be in any order, and it might be a good idea to show relat1 first. For details, see [[:Template:Argument]].<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
{{argument<br />
| id = identifier of the argument, unique on this page, default: arg + 4 random digits<br />
| title = a short description of the content; displayed on insight networks<br />
| content = content of the argument<br />
| sign = signature of the speaker, default: --~~~~<br />
| type = type of the relation to the target argument, i.e. what is attacked or defended. Either truth or relevance.<br />
| parad1 = main paradigm used to derive the relation between this argument and its target. This is used to format the argument.<br />
| relat1 = relation type between the argument and its target according to the first paradigm: it has two words separated by a single space. The first is either relevant or irrelevant and the second either attack, defend, or comment.<br />
| true1 = truthlikeness of the argument according to the first paragism: either true or untrue.<br />
| parad2 = the second paradigm used.<br />
| relat2 = the second relation type according to paradigm2. Default: relat1<br />
| true2 = the second truthlikeness according to paradigm2. Default: true1<br />
| parad3 etc. up to parad5 in this wiki<br />
}}<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
Furthermore:<br />
* If you agree with an argument made by others, you can place your signature (click the signature button in the toolbar) after that argument.<br />
* Arguments may be edited or restructured. However, if there are signatures of other people, only minor edits are allowed without their explicit acceptance.<br />
<br />
In order to contribute to a discussion you need to have a user account and be logged in.<br />
<br />
=== Referring to a discussion in Opasnet ===<br />
<br />
On a text that refers to a particular discussion (often on the content page of the respective talk page), you should make links at the relevant points to the respective discussions. There are two possibilities:<br />
* {{disclink|Top}} Link to a discussion that is not yet resolved.<br />
* {{reslink|Top}} Link to a resolved discussion.<br />
Because all discussions can be re-opened, the difference between the two is '''not''' whether people are likely to participate in the discussion in the future or not. Instead, {{reslink|Top}} means that the current outcome of the discussion, whether an agreement or a continuing dispute, has been transferred to the main page, i.e. the contents of the main page reflect the current status of the discussion. In contrast, {{disclink|Top}} means that in the discussion itself, there is some information that is not yet reflected on the main page; therefore, the reader should read the discussion as well to be fully aware of the status of the page. This way, there is not a need to constantly update the main page during an active discussion. The updating can be done when the outcome of the discussion has stabilised.<br />
<br />
=== Re-organising discussions afterwards ===<br />
<br />
Free-format discussions can be re-organised ''a posteriori'' (afterwards) into the discussion structure presented here. The main tasks in this work are to<br />
* document original sources of material,<br />
* remove redundant text,<br />
* structure the arguments around a useful opening statement,<br />
* clarify arguments to be understandable without the context of the original discussion,<br />
* analyse and synthesise outcome into a closing statement,<br />
* save and publish your work.<br />
<br />
See an example of a re-organisation work in [[:op_fi:Keskustelu:Pienhiukkasten terveysvaikutukset Suomessa#Keskustelu pienhiukkasvaikutuksesta |Discussion of health effects of PM2.5 in Finland]](in Finnish)<br />
<br />
=== Calculations ===<br />
<br />
<rcode name="update" label="Initiate argument inference functions"><br />
# This is code Op_en2382/update on page [[Discussion]]<br />
<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
update_truth <- function(<br />
pa, # P(A). This is updated to P(A|B).<br />
pb, # P(B)<br />
seprimeb # parameter seprime(B) for producing se = P(B|A)<br />
) {<br />
if(any(pa>=1) | any(pa<=0)) stop("probability P(A) must be between ]0,1[, not ",pa)<br />
if(any(pb>=1) | any(pb<=0)) stop("probability P(B) must be between ]0,1[, not", pb)<br />
if(any(seprimeb <= -1) | any(seprimeb >=1)) stop("seprimeb must be between ]-1,1[, not", seprimeb)<br />
if(seprimeb>=0) {<br />
se <- pb + seprimeb * (pmin(1,pb/pa) - pb)<br />
} else {<br />
se <- pb + seprimeb * pb<br />
}<br />
pab <- pa * se / pb<br />
return(pab)#, a, b, c, d, sum(a, b, c, d), se, sp, fb))<br />
}<br />
<br />
update_relevance <- function(<br />
seprimeb, # relevance parameter prior for argument B, ]-1,1[. This is updated.<br />
pc, # P(C)<br />
seprimec # relevance parameter for parent argument C, ]-1,1[<br />
) {<br />
if(any(seprimeb <= -1) | any(seprimeb >=1)) stop("seprimeb must be between ]-1,1[, not", seprimeb)<br />
if(any(pc>=1) | any(pc<=0)) stop("probability P(C) must be between ]0,1[, not", pc)<br />
if(any(seprimec <= -1) | any(seprimec >=1)) stop("seprimec must be between ]-1,1[, not", seprimec)<br />
seprimeb_sign <- sign(seprimeb)<br />
out <- abs(seprimeb)<br />
if(seprimec>=0) {<br />
out <- out + seprimec*pc*(1-out)<br />
} else {<br />
out <- out + seprimec*pc*out<br />
}<br />
out <- out * seprimeb_sign<br />
return(out)<br />
}<br />
<br />
infer_tree <- function (df, verbose=FALSE) {<br />
args_by_level <- df$Item[order(-df$level)]<br />
for (arg in args_by_level) {<br />
parents <- df$Item[df$Object == arg]<br />
for (parent in parents) {<br />
if (df$class[df$Item == parent] == "truth") {<br />
pa = df$truth[df$Item == arg]<br />
pb = df$truth[df$Item == parent]<br />
seprimeb = df$seprime[df$Item == parent]<br />
out <- update_truth(pa, pb, seprimeb)<br />
if(verbose) print(c("truth",arg, parent, signif(c(pa,pb,seprimeb, out),3)))<br />
df$truth[df$Item == arg] <- out<br />
}<br />
if (df$class[df$Item == parent] == "relevance") {<br />
seprimeb = df$seprime[df$Item == arg]<br />
pc = df$truth[df$Item == parent]<br />
seprimec = df$seprime[df$Item == parent]<br />
out <- update_relevance(seprimeb, pc, seprimec)<br />
if(verbose) print(c("relevance",arg, parent, signif(c(seprimeb, pc, seprimec, out),3)))<br />
df$seprime[df$Item == arg] <- out<br />
}<br />
}<br />
}<br />
return(df)<br />
}<br />
<br />
objects.store(update_truth, update_relevance, infer_tree)<br />
cat("Functions update_truth, update_relevance, and infer_tree stored.\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [https://www.kialo.com/individuals-should-own-their-personal-data-or-not-23849?path=23849.0~23849.1 Individuals should own their personal data (or not?) | Kialo]<br />
* [https://www.amazon.com/Breaking-News-Remaking-Journalism-Matters/dp/0374279624 Breaking News: The Remaking of Journalism and Why It Matters Now: Alan Rusbridger: 9780374279622: Amazon.com: Books]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aumann%27s_agreement_theorem Aumann's agreement theorem - Wikipedia]<br />
** [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/016517658390126X Learning to agree - ScienceDirect]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discursive_psychology Discursive psychology - Wikipedia]<br />
* [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877343519300880 Usable environmental knowledge from the perspective of decision-making: the logics of consequentiality, appropriateness, and meaningfulness - ScienceDirect]<br />
* [https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/handle/10919/82874/UP%203%282%29%20-%20The%20Dilemmas%20of%20Citizen%20Inclusion%20in%20Urban%20Planning%20and%20Governance%20to%20Enable%20a%201.5%20_C%20Climate%20Change%20Scenario.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y The Dilemmas of Citizen Inclusion in Urban Planning and Governance to Enable a 1.5 °C Climate Change Scenario - UP 3(2) - The Dilemmas of Citizen Inclusion in Urban Planning and Governance to Enable a 1.5 _C Climate Change Scenario.pdf]<br />
* [https://lawrencesusskind.mit.edu/sites/default/files/documents/oxfordhb-9780198747369-e-17.pdf Deliberative Democracy and Public Dispute Resolution - Oxford Handbooks - oxfordhb-9780198747369-e-17.pdf]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Susskind Lawrence Susskind - Wikipedia]<br />
* [https://dialogiakatemia.fi/2020/04/14/dialogin-etafasilitointi/ Dialogin etäfasilitointi – DialogiAkatemia]<br />
* [https://www.kialo.com/ Kialo] for organised discussions<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Structured_Discussions Structured Discussions]: another discussion system for MediaWiki projects<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Iframe Iframe extension]: may be considered as an alternative to an inside-wiki discussion system: discussion functionality is "borrowed" from antother website using iframes.<br />
* [[Discussion]]<br />
* [[Argument]]<br />
* [[Dealing with disputes]]<br />
* [http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Discussion_structure&direction=prev&oldid=42070 Discussion structure] (archived in March 2010)<br />
* [http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Discussion_method&direction=prev&oldid=42071 Discussion method] (archived in October 2009)<br />
* [[:Category:Ongoing discussions]]<br />
* [[:Category:Resolved discussions]]<br />
* [[:Template:Discussion]] (for technical usage of the template)<br />
* [[:Template:Argument]] (for technical usage of the template)<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragma-dialectics Pragma-dialectical argumentation theory]<br />
* [[:op_fi:Keskustelu:Keskustelu|Keskustelu:Keskustelu]] some more guidance in Finnish Opasnet<br />
* [http://try.discourse.org/ Discourse] website for intelligent discussions: the best contributions are voted to the top<br />
* [http://stackoverflow.com/ Stackoverflow] about intelligent discussions on computers and ICT.<br />
* [http://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/2267/stack-exchange-clones Stack Exchange clones]<br />
* [http://www.question2answer.org/ Question2Answer] is a free and open source platform for Q&A sites.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{eracedu}}</div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Discussion&diff=43816Discussion2021-08-03T08:05:38Z<p>Jouni: /* Calculations */ code cleaned</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:THL publications 2009]]<br />
[[Category:THL publications 2010]]<br />
[[op_fi:Keskustelu]]<br />
[[Category:Universal object]]<br />
[[Category:Open policy practice]]<br />
[[Category:Decision analysis and risk management]]<br />
{{method|moderator = Jouni<br />
| reference = {{publication<br />
| authors = Jouni T. Tuomisto, Mikko V. Pohjola<br />
| page = Discussion<br />
| explanation = Introduction to discussions in [[Opasnet]].<br />
| publishingyear = 2019<br />
| urn = <br />
| elsewhere = <br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
[[Category:Glossary term]]<br />
<section begin=glossary /><br />
:'''Discussion''' is a method to organise information about a topic into a form of hierarchical thread of arguments trying to resolve whether a statement is true or not. In discussion, anyone can raise any relevant points about the topic. Discussion is organised using the pragma-dialectical argumentation theory<ref name="pragmadial">Eemeren, F.H. van, & Grootendorst, R. (2004). A systematic theory of argumentation: The pragma-dialectical approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>. A discussion usually consists of three parts: 1) opening statement(s); 2) the actual discussion organised as hierarchical threads of arguments; and 3) closing statement(s), which is updated based on the discussion, notably any valid arguments pointing to it. When a closing statement is updated, the content should be accordingly portrayed within texts that refer to the discussion.<br />
<section end=glossary /><br />
<br />
Contribution in the form of remarks or argumentative criticism on the content of wiki pages is most welcome. It can change the outcome of an assessment; it will improve it and make the assessment better understandable for decision makers and other stakeholders. The discussions will show the reasoning behind the work done in an assessment; it will indicate the objective and normative aspects in an assessment. In this way, decision makers and stakeholders can judge themselves whether they agree on such normative weightings. Discussion rules and formats facilitate the execution and synthesis of discussions.<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
How should discussions be organised in such a way that<br />
* they can capture all kinds of written and spoken information, facts and valuations related to a specific topic,<br />
* there are straightforward rules about how the information should be handled,<br />
* the approach facilitates the convergence to a [[shared understanding]] by easily identifying and describing differing premises and other reasons behind disagreements,<br />
* the appraoch can be applied both ''a priori'' (to structure a discussion to be held) and ''a posteriori'' (to restructure a discussion already held)?<br />
<br />
==Answer==<br />
<br />
=== Discussion structure ===<br />
<br />
{{discussion<br />
|id=Disc1<br />
|type=fact<br />
|title=Example discussion showing a typical structure<br />
|openingStatement= Opening statements about a topic. This is the starting point of a discussion.<br />
|closingStatement= Outcome of the discussion, i.e. opening statement updated by valid arguments pointing to it.<br />
|Resolved = Yes.<br />
|Argumentation =<br />
{{argument|relat1=attack|id=arg1 |content=This argument attacks the statement. Arguments always point to one level up in the hierarchy.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:48, 8 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{argument|relat1=defense|id=arg2 |content=This argument defends argument arg1.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:48, 8 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{argument|relat1=defense|showtruth=untrue|id=arg3|content=This is an invalid defense of arg1 because it is successfully attacked by argument arg4.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:48, 8 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{argument|relat1=attack|id=arg4 |content=This is a valid attack against argument arg3, because it is itself not successfully attacked.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:48, 8 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
:::{{argument|relat1=branch|id=arg5|content=This is a branch. The argument one level higher (arg4 in this case) defends this argument, but this argument points to a new statement, not the original one of this discussion. The use of branches is not recommended, as they don't bring added value to this question; rather, start another discussion with a relevant statement.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 10:10, 10 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{argument|relat1=comment|id=arg6 |content=This is a comment. It clarifies the discussion but does not invalidate arguments.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 17:38, 6 December 2014 (UTC)}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Discussion rules ===<br />
<br />
# Freedom of opinion. Everyone has the right to criticize or comment on the content of a discussion.<br />
# A discussion is organised around an explicit statement or statements. The purpose of a discussion is to resolve which of the opening statements, if any, are valid. The statement(s) are updated according to the argumentation; this becomes the closing statement.<br />
# A statement is defended or attacked using arguments, which themselves also can be defended and attacked. This forms a hierarchical thread or tree-like structure.<br />
# Critique with a supporting, attacking, or commenting argument is stated in connection to what is being criticized.<br />
# Argumentation must be relevant to the issue that they target.<br />
# Only statements made and arguments given can be attacked.<br />
# An argument is valid unless it is attacked by a valid argument. Defending arguments are used to protect arguments against attacks, but if an attack is successful, it is stronger than a defense.<br />
# Attacks must be based on one of the two kinds of arguments:<br />
#* The attacked argument is claimed to be irrelevant in its context.<br />
#* The attacked argument is claimed to be not true, i.e. it is not consistent with observations.<br />
# Other attacks such as those based on evaluation of the speaker (''argumentum ad hominem'') are weak and are treated as comments rather than attacks.<br />
# Argumentation can not be redundant. If arguments are repeated, they should be merged into one.<br />
# You are supposed to be committed to your statements, that is:<br />
#* if someone doubts your statement or argument (comment), you must explain it (edit or defend).<br />
#* if someone attacks your statement or argument (attack), you must defend it (defend).<br />
# A discussion is called resolved, when someone writes a closing statement based on the opening statement and the current valid arguments targeting it, and updates the text (typically on a knowledge crystal page) that is targeted by the discussion.<br />
# However, discussions are continuous. This means that anyone can re-open a discussion with new arguments even if a closing statement has been written.<br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
The structure of the discussion follows the principles of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragma-dialectics pragma-dialectics].<ref name="pragmadial">Eemeren, F.H. van, & Grootendorst, R. (2004). A systematic theory of argumentation: The pragma-dialectical approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>{{reslink|Names of the discussion parts}}<br />
<br />
A discussion is typically an important detail of a larger whole, such as a [[knowledge crystal]] in an assessment, but does attempt to give a full answer to the knowledge crystal question. The purpose of a discussion is to identify which of the opening statements are valid, or how they should be revised to become valid. <br />
<br />
Arguments are actually statements; the only differences is that the target of an argument is another argument or statement within a particular discussion, while the target of a statement is some explicated use outside the discussion, such as in the rationale of a knowledge crystal. Therefore, an argument can be upgraded into a statement of a new discussion, if it is needed elsewhere.<br />
<br />
=== How to discuss ===<br />
<br />
[[Open policy practice]] embraces participation, in particular deliberative participation. Therefore all contributions in the form of remarks or argumentative criticism on the content of the assessments, variables, methods as well as other content are most welcome. The contributions can change the outcome of the assessments by improving their information content and making it better understandable for decision makers, stakeholders and public. Documented discussions also show the reasoning behind the work done in assessments making it possible for decision makers, stakeholders and public to judge for themselves whether they agree with the reasoning behind the outcomes. In order to obtain an orderly discussion, rules and format for discussion in open policy practice have been created based on pragma-dialectics, a systematic theory of argumentation.<br />
<br />
Discussion has a central role in the collaborative process of formulating questions, developing hypotheses as answers to these questions, and improving these hypotheses through criticism and corresponding corrections. When a diverse group of contributors participate in an assessment, it is obvious that disputes may arise. Formal argumentation offers a solution also to clarify and potentially solve disputes. In collaborative assessments, every knowledge crystal and every part of them are subject to open criticism according to the rules modified from pragma-dialectics<ref name="pragmadial"/>): see Answer above.<br />
<br />
When a discussion goes on, there is often a need to clarify the opening statement to make it better reflect the actual need of the discussion. Within a small group of actively involved discussants, the statement can be changed with a mutual agreement. However, this should be done with caution to not distort the original meaning of any existing arguments. Rather, it should be considered whether a new discussion with the revised opening statement should be launched.<br />
<br />
=== Discussion structure ===<br />
<br />
A discussion has three parts: opening statement(s), argumentation, and closing statement(s). Often also references are added to back up arguments. These are briefly described below using a discussion template. Argumentation consists of defending and attacking arguments and comments.<br />
<br />
{{discussion <br />
|id=Disc2<br />
|openingStatement = ''Opening statement'' contains one statement or several alternative, conflicting statements. This explicates the dispute at hand. In Opasnet it must be relevant for the page where the discussion is located.<br />
|closingStatement = ''Closing statement'' contains the current valid statement of the discussion, revised based on the opening statements and the valid arguments targeting it. In this example, the current arguments indicate that the opening statement is accepted, except if you apply [[paradigm]] toldya then it is not. The content of a closing statement is transferred to the texts that refer to this discussion (in Opasnet, such references typically come from a knowledge crystal page to its own talk page where the discussion is); after this, the discussion is called ''resolved''. It should be noted that resolutions are always temporary, as discussions can be opened again with new arguments.<br />
|title = Statments accepted except if toldya.<br />
|Resolved = Yes.<br />
|Argumentation = <br />
<br />
:{{argument|relat1=comment|id=arg1 |title=Argument structure explained|content= The '''argumentation''' contains the actual discussion, organised as hierarchical threads of arguments. Each argument is either an attack against or a defense for an argument (called target). The original statement can also be targeted. As an argument always point to another argument, they form a hierarchical thread structure. It is also possible to use coordinative arguments where two or more arguments together act like one argument. Each argument is valid unless it has no proponents (a discussant promoting the argument) or it is attacked by a valid argument. However, also other validity rules than the default one can be used (see [[#validity and relevance]] below). In addition to attacks and defenses, also comments can be used for asking or offering clarification; comments do not affect the validity of the target argument. For example, this paragraph is a comment.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:57, 2 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{argument|relat1=defense|id=arg2|title=Defense explained|content=If you agree with the argument one level higher (the opening statement in this case), you should use this '''defending argument''' template.|sign= --[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:57, 2 January 2010 (UTC)}} <br />
:{{argument|relat1=attack|id=arg3|title=Attack explained|content=If you disagree with the argument one level higher (the opening statement in this case), you should use this '''attacking argument''' template.| sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:57, 2 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{argument|relat1=attack|showtruth=untrue|parad1=science|id=arg933|type=truth|title=Paradigm-specific argument|content=This attack claims that the target argument arg3 is untrue. However, this claim is disputed, and with scientific paradigm this argument is untrue (because the scientific paradigm requires that every argument is backed up by references). However, with paradigm toldya this argument is true (because with toldya, there is no such requirement). With both paradigms, the attack against arg3 is relevant.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 06:43, 14 July 2018 (UTC)|truth2=true|parad2=toldya}} <br />
:{{argument|relat1=defense|showtruth=untrue|id=arg4 |title=Invalid argument explained|content=This argument is invalid because it is attacked by a valid argument (arg5). If you want to make it valid again, you should successfully invalidate all the attacking arguments.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:57, 2 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{argument|relat1=attack|type=truth|id=arg5 |title=Truthlikeness attack|content=This is the argument that attacks the truthlikeness of argument arg4. The id numbering does not have any specific order or meaning, they are just used for identifying arguments, but it is recommended that it starts with ''arg''. Typical numbering systems are to use the first unused natural number a random four-digit number. Id is used as a reference when needed.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:57, 2 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{argument|showrelevance=irrelevant|relat1=attack|type=truth|id=arg1124|title=True but irrelevant argument.|content=This argument attempts to attack the truthlikeness of argument #4, but this argument is irrelevant (and thus ineffective) although it is true.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 08:31, 12 July 2018 (UTC)}}<br />
:::{{argument|relat1=attack|type=relevance|id=arg1125|title=Irrelevance attack|content=This argument attacks the relevance of argument #1124 and says that it is irrelevant in attacking the statement.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 08:31, 12 July 2018 (UTC)}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Risks of open government.svg|700px]]<br />
<br />
The figure above shows a discussion started by Bengt Holmstöm about problems of open governance. Each argument is shown as a trapezoid. Discussion is organised around an opening statement (pink), which develops into a closing statement (blue for facts, green for values) during the discussion process.<br />
<br />
[[File:Structured discussion on an argumentation tool.png|400px|thumb|Structured discussion at an argumentation tool (https://dev.tietokide.fi/?Q10)]]<br />
<br />
=== Structure of an argument ===<br />
<br />
Each argument has the following properties (see table below).<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+ '''The parameters of an argument and possible combinations.<br />
|----<br />
! Id<br />
! Title<br />
! Content<br />
! Sign<br />
! Target<br />
! Type<br />
! Paradigm<br />
! Relation<br />
! Result<br />
! Comment<br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg9876<br />
| relevance<br />
| science<br />
| attack<br />
| 1<br />
| If paradigm changes (all else equal), relation may change, although typically only the result changes.<br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg5555<br />
| relevance<br />
| science<br />
| comment<br />
| 0<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg6666<br />
| truth<br />
| science<br />
| defense<br />
| 1<br />
| Truth refers to the truth of the target<br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg1234<br />
| selftruth<br />
| science<br />
| attack<br />
| 0<br />
| Selftruth refers to the truth of the argument itself, unlike other types that refer to the target.<br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg9876<br />
| relevance<br />
| toldya<br />
| comment<br />
| 0<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg5555<br />
| relevance<br />
| toldya<br />
| defense<br />
| 1<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg6666<br />
| truth<br />
| toldya<br />
| attack<br />
| 0<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg1234<br />
| selftruth<br />
| toldya<br />
| comment<br />
| 1<br />
| The relation in case of type=selftruth is irrelevant and is ignored.<br />
|----<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| These are unique to an argument<br />
|----<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| These are unique to an argument-target pair<br />
|----<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| These are unique to a triple of argument-target-paradigm<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Importantly, an argument always has the same id, title, content, and signature. Even if the argument is used several times in different parts of a discussion, it is still a single argument with no variation in these parameters. However, an argument may target several other arguments (as shown as an arrow on [[insight network]] graph). Each of these arrows has exactly one type (either relevance or truth); if an arguments targets itself, the type is selftruth. <br />
<br />
Finally, people may disagree about the target relation (whether an argument is attacking, defending, or commenting a target argument) and also whether the target relation is successful or not. These disagreements are operationalised as paradigms. One paradigm has exactly one opinion about the relation and the result (e.g. that an argument is an untrue attack), while another paradigm may have another conclusion (e.g. that an argument is true defend).<br />
<br />
Parameters are defined in the [[:Template:Argument|argument template]] of Opasnet, and they are embedded into the html code when a wiki page is parsed. It is therefore possible to collect that data by page scraping. The following properties are used to identify the properties of arguments.<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+'''Parameter properties<br />
! Parameter<br />
! Css selector (Opasnet page scraping)<br />
! Requirements<br />
|----<br />
| Id<br />
| .argument attr=id<br />
| Must start with a letter<br />
|----<br />
| Title<br />
| .argument .title<br />
| Short text. Is shown on insight graph as node label<br />
|----<br />
| Content<br />
| .argument .content<br />
| Text, may be long. Is shown with hover on graph<br />
|----<br />
| Sign<br />
| .argument .sign a:first-of-type<br />
| Must contain a link to participant's user page. Is shown with hover on graph<br />
|----<br />
| Target<br />
| NA<br />
| Previous argument one level up, or the statement for arguments on the first level<br />
|----<br />
| Type<br />
| .argument i.type<br />
| One of the three: relevance, truth, or selftruth (or "both", which is depreciated)<br />
|----<br />
| Paradigm<br />
| .argument .paradigm<br />
| Each paradigm should be described on a dedicated page. The rules implemented must be clear<br />
|----<br />
| Relation<br />
| .argument .relation<br />
| Is one of these: attack, defense, comment. "Branches" are typically uninteresting and ignored.<br />
|----<br />
| Result<br />
| <br />
* relevance= .argument .relation attr=color. Gray= 0 (irrelevant), other=1 (relevant).<br />
* truth= .argument .relation attr=color. Gray=0 (untrue), other=1 (true)<br />
* selftruth= .argument .selftruth attr=color. Gray=0 (untrue), other=1 (true)<br />
| Truthlikeness of the relation. Either 1 or 0<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Validity and relevance ===<br />
<br />
:''Main article: [[Paradigm]].<br />
<br />
Each argument may be valid or invalid meaning that it does or does not affect its target argument, respectively. Validity depends on two parameters of an argument: it is valid if and only if it is true and relevant. Arguments that are untrue or irrelevant are invalid. It should be noted that with arguments, truth and relevance are thought in a narrow, technical sense: if an argument fulfills certain straightforward truth criteria, it is considered true, and the same applies to relevance. This is not to mean that they are true or relevant in an objective sense; rather, these are grassroot-level practical rules that ideally makes the system as a whole to converge towards what we consider truth and relevance. The current default criteria (called the "[[Science (paradigm)|scientific paradigm]]") are the following.<br />
<br />
An argument is true iff<br />
* it is backed up by a reference, and<br />
* it is not attacked by a valid argument about its truthlikeness (a truth-type argument).<br />
<br />
An argument is relevant iff<br />
* it is not attacked by a valid argument about its relevance (a relevance-type argument).<br />
<br />
Truth is a property of an argument itself, so if it is true in one discussion, it is true always. Of course, this does not mean that a sentence used in an argument is true in all contexts, but rather that the idea presented in a particular context is true in all discussions. Therefore, people should be very clear about the context when they borrow arguments from other discussions.<br />
<br />
In contrast, relevance is a property of the relation between an argument and its target argument (or target statement). Again, this is a context-sensitive property, and in practice, it is possible to borrow relevance from another discussion only if both the argument and its target appear in that exact form and context in both discussions.<br />
<br />
Each argument is an attack (red), a defense (green), or a comment (blue) towards its target. The nature of the argument is shown with its colour. The same argument may also attack or defend another argument, with possibly a different colour. This is because the colour is actually not the colour of the argument itself, but it is the colour of its ''relation'' with the target. There are a few possibilities to avoid confusion with these differing colours when using arguments on a wiki page.<br />
* An argument is written once in one place, and then a copy of it (with only the arrow and the identifier) is pasted to all other relevant places, with proper colours for those relations.<br />
* I there are several opening statements, the colour should always reflect the relationship to the first (i.e., primary) statement. If the primary statement changes, the colours should be changed respectively.<br />
<br />
The legacy templates ([[:Template:Attack|Attack]], [[:Template:Defend invalid|Defend invalid]] etc.) do not differentiate between truth and relevance, but only validity. Therefore they are depreciated, and a new generic template [[:Template:Argument|Argument]] should be used instead. It is capable of showing relevance (irrelevant arguments have gray arrows) and truth (untrue arguments have gray content). If a legacy template is used, an invalid argument is assumed to be both irrelevant and untrue; it is also assumed to apply the scientific paradigm. If other paradigms are used, this must be stated clearly in the text, because the template offers no functionality for it. In Opasnet, the Argument template is capable of describing five different paradigms and the relevance and truth values of each (see [[#Practices in Opasnet]]).<br />
<br />
'''Paradigms in argumentation<br />
<br />
Paradigms are collections of rules to determine when an argument is true or relevant. The ''[[Science (paradigm)|scientific paradigm]]'' is the default in Opasnet, but any paradigms can be developed as long as the rules can be explicitly described and implemented. For example, previously Opasnet implicitly applied a paradigm called ''unattackedstand'' (although the name was coined only in summer 2018 and the mere concept of paradigms was developed in early 2018). Unattackedstand has the same rules as the scientific paradigm except that a true argument does not need a reference, a user backing up an argument with their signature is enough.<br />
<br />
Paradigms may also have other rules than direct validity rules. For example, the scientific paradigm considers an argument based on observations stronger than an argument based on (expert) opinions without observations, and an ''argument ad hominem'' is even weaker.<br />
<br />
However, the rules in a paradigm can be anything, e.g. that the strongest arguments are those by a particular user or an authoritative source, such as a holy book. These rules will clearly lead to different validity estimates and interpretations of a discussion. But the methods of discussions and [[open policy practice]] have been developed having this in mind. The outcome of such explicitly described differences in interpretations are called [[shared understanding]], and that is considered the main product of these methods.<br />
<br />
=== Practices in Opasnet ===<br />
<br />
For discussing, the [[#discussion structure]] should be used. In Opasnet, click the blue capital '''D''' in the toolbar on top of the edit window to apply the discussion template. This is how the discussion format appears:<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
{{discussion <br />
|id = unique identifier of discussion on this page<br />
|Statements = <br />
|Resolution = <br />
|Resolved = Yes, if respective texts updated; empty otherwise.<br />
|Argumentation = Threaded hierarchical list of arguments. Each argument is on its own line. Hierarchy is created by using indents (colon character : in the beginning of a line). For example:<br />
<br />
{{argument|relat1=comment|id=1|content=The blue horizontal line on the toolbar represents the comment button. It yields this blue layout, which is used for comments and remarks.}} <br />
:{{argument|relat1=attack|id=3|content=This red arrow represents an attacking argument. }} <br />
::{{argument|relat1=defend|id=2|content=This green arrow represents a defending argument.}} <br />
}}<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
Arguments can have the parameters that are listed below (each parameter is shown on a separate line for clarity). Note that the parameters may be in any order, and it might be a good idea to show relat1 first. For details, see [[:Template:Argument]].<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
{{argument<br />
| id = identifier of the argument, unique on this page, default: arg + 4 random digits<br />
| title = a short description of the content; displayed on insight networks<br />
| content = content of the argument<br />
| sign = signature of the speaker, default: --~~~~<br />
| type = type of the relation to the target argument, i.e. what is attacked or defended. Either truth or relevance.<br />
| parad1 = main paradigm used to derive the relation between this argument and its target. This is used to format the argument.<br />
| relat1 = relation type between the argument and its target according to the first paradigm: it has two words separated by a single space. The first is either relevant or irrelevant and the second either attack, defend, or comment.<br />
| true1 = truthlikeness of the argument according to the first paragism: either true or untrue.<br />
| parad2 = the second paradigm used.<br />
| relat2 = the second relation type according to paradigm2. Default: relat1<br />
| true2 = the second truthlikeness according to paradigm2. Default: true1<br />
| parad3 etc. up to parad5 in this wiki<br />
}}<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
Furthermore:<br />
* If you agree with an argument made by others, you can place your signature (click the signature button in the toolbar) after that argument.<br />
* Arguments may be edited or restructured. However, if there are signatures of other people, only minor edits are allowed without their explicit acceptance.<br />
<br />
In order to contribute to a discussion you need to have a user account and be logged in.<br />
<br />
=== Referring to a discussion in Opasnet ===<br />
<br />
On a text that refers to a particular discussion (often on the content page of the respective talk page), you should make links at the relevant points to the respective discussions. There are two possibilities:<br />
* {{disclink|Top}} Link to a discussion that is not yet resolved.<br />
* {{reslink|Top}} Link to a resolved discussion.<br />
Because all discussions can be re-opened, the difference between the two is '''not''' whether people are likely to participate in the discussion in the future or not. Instead, {{reslink|Top}} means that the current outcome of the discussion, whether an agreement or a continuing dispute, has been transferred to the main page, i.e. the contents of the main page reflect the current status of the discussion. In contrast, {{disclink|Top}} means that in the discussion itself, there is some information that is not yet reflected on the main page; therefore, the reader should read the discussion as well to be fully aware of the status of the page. This way, there is not a need to constantly update the main page during an active discussion. The updating can be done when the outcome of the discussion has stabilised.<br />
<br />
=== Re-organising discussions afterwards ===<br />
<br />
Free-format discussions can be re-organised ''a posteriori'' (afterwards) into the discussion structure presented here. The main tasks in this work are to<br />
* document original sources of material,<br />
* remove redundant text,<br />
* structure the arguments around a useful opening statement,<br />
* clarify arguments to be understandable without the context of the original discussion,<br />
* analyse and synthesise outcome into a closing statement,<br />
* save and publish your work.<br />
<br />
See an example of a re-organisation work in [[:op_fi:Keskustelu:Pienhiukkasten terveysvaikutukset Suomessa#Keskustelu pienhiukkasvaikutuksesta |Discussion of health effects of PM2.5 in Finland]](in Finnish)<br />
<br />
=== Calculations ===<br />
<br />
<rcode name="update" label="Initiate argument inference functions"><br />
# This is code Op_en2382/update on page [[Discussion]]<br />
<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
update_truth <- function(<br />
pa, # P(A)<br />
pb, # P(B)<br />
seprimeb # parameter seprime(B) for producing se = P(B|A)<br />
) {<br />
if(any(pa>=1) | any(pa<=0)) stop("probability P(A+) must be between ]0,1[, not ",pa)<br />
if(any(pb>=1) | any(pb<=0)) stop("probability P(B+) must be between ]0,1[, not", pb)<br />
if(any(seprimeb <= -1) | any(seprimeb >=1)) stop("seprimeb must be between ]-1,1[, not", seprimeb)<br />
if(seprimeb>=0) {<br />
se <- pb + seprimeb * (pmin(1,pb/pa) - pb)<br />
} else {<br />
se <- pb + seprimeb * pb<br />
}<br />
pab <- pa * se / pb<br />
return(pab)#, a, b, c, d, sum(a, b, c, d), se, sp, fb))<br />
}<br />
<br />
update_relevance <- function(<br />
pc, # P(C)<br />
seprimeb, # relevance parameter prior for argument B, ]-1,1[<br />
seprimec # relevance parameter for parent argument C, ]-1,1[<br />
) {<br />
seprimeb_sign <- sign(seprimeb)<br />
out <- abs(seprimeb)<br />
if(seprimec>=0) {<br />
out <- out + seprimec*pc*(1-out)<br />
} else {<br />
out <- out - seprimec*pc*out<br />
}<br />
out <- out * seprimeb_sign<br />
return(out)<br />
}<br />
<br />
infer_tree <- function (df) {<br />
args_by_level <- df$Item[df$level > 0][order(-df$level[df$level > 0])]<br />
for (arg in args_by_level) {<br />
parents <- df$Item[df$Object == arg]<br />
for (parent in parents) {<br />
if (df$class[df$Item == parent] == "truth") {<br />
df$truth[df$Item == arg] <- update_truth(<br />
pa = df$truth[df$Item == arg],<br />
pb = df$truth[df$Item == parent],<br />
seprimeb = df$seprime[df$Item == parent]<br />
)<br />
}<br />
if (df$class[df$Item == parent] == "relevance") {<br />
df$seprime[df$Item == arg] <- update_relevance(<br />
pc = df$truth[df$Item == parent],<br />
seprimeb = df$seprime[df$Item == arg],<br />
seprimec = df$seprime[df$Item == parent]<br />
)<br />
}<br />
}<br />
}<br />
return(df)<br />
}<br />
<br />
objects.store(update_truth, update_relevance, infer_tree)<br />
cat("Functions update_truth, update_relevance, and infer_tree stored.\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [https://www.kialo.com/individuals-should-own-their-personal-data-or-not-23849?path=23849.0~23849.1 Individuals should own their personal data (or not?) | Kialo]<br />
* [https://www.amazon.com/Breaking-News-Remaking-Journalism-Matters/dp/0374279624 Breaking News: The Remaking of Journalism and Why It Matters Now: Alan Rusbridger: 9780374279622: Amazon.com: Books]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aumann%27s_agreement_theorem Aumann's agreement theorem - Wikipedia]<br />
** [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/016517658390126X Learning to agree - ScienceDirect]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discursive_psychology Discursive psychology - Wikipedia]<br />
* [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877343519300880 Usable environmental knowledge from the perspective of decision-making: the logics of consequentiality, appropriateness, and meaningfulness - ScienceDirect]<br />
* [https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/handle/10919/82874/UP%203%282%29%20-%20The%20Dilemmas%20of%20Citizen%20Inclusion%20in%20Urban%20Planning%20and%20Governance%20to%20Enable%20a%201.5%20_C%20Climate%20Change%20Scenario.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y The Dilemmas of Citizen Inclusion in Urban Planning and Governance to Enable a 1.5 °C Climate Change Scenario - UP 3(2) - The Dilemmas of Citizen Inclusion in Urban Planning and Governance to Enable a 1.5 _C Climate Change Scenario.pdf]<br />
* [https://lawrencesusskind.mit.edu/sites/default/files/documents/oxfordhb-9780198747369-e-17.pdf Deliberative Democracy and Public Dispute Resolution - Oxford Handbooks - oxfordhb-9780198747369-e-17.pdf]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Susskind Lawrence Susskind - Wikipedia]<br />
* [https://dialogiakatemia.fi/2020/04/14/dialogin-etafasilitointi/ Dialogin etäfasilitointi – DialogiAkatemia]<br />
* [https://www.kialo.com/ Kialo] for organised discussions<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Structured_Discussions Structured Discussions]: another discussion system for MediaWiki projects<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Iframe Iframe extension]: may be considered as an alternative to an inside-wiki discussion system: discussion functionality is "borrowed" from antother website using iframes.<br />
* [[Discussion]]<br />
* [[Argument]]<br />
* [[Dealing with disputes]]<br />
* [http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Discussion_structure&direction=prev&oldid=42070 Discussion structure] (archived in March 2010)<br />
* [http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Discussion_method&direction=prev&oldid=42071 Discussion method] (archived in October 2009)<br />
* [[:Category:Ongoing discussions]]<br />
* [[:Category:Resolved discussions]]<br />
* [[:Template:Discussion]] (for technical usage of the template)<br />
* [[:Template:Argument]] (for technical usage of the template)<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragma-dialectics Pragma-dialectical argumentation theory]<br />
* [[:op_fi:Keskustelu:Keskustelu|Keskustelu:Keskustelu]] some more guidance in Finnish Opasnet<br />
* [http://try.discourse.org/ Discourse] website for intelligent discussions: the best contributions are voted to the top<br />
* [http://stackoverflow.com/ Stackoverflow] about intelligent discussions on computers and ICT.<br />
* [http://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/2267/stack-exchange-clones Stack Exchange clones]<br />
* [http://www.question2answer.org/ Question2Answer] is a free and open source platform for Q&A sites.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{eracedu}}</div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Discussion&diff=43815Discussion2021-07-31T09:13:21Z<p>Jouni: /* Calculations */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:THL publications 2009]]<br />
[[Category:THL publications 2010]]<br />
[[op_fi:Keskustelu]]<br />
[[Category:Universal object]]<br />
[[Category:Open policy practice]]<br />
[[Category:Decision analysis and risk management]]<br />
{{method|moderator = Jouni<br />
| reference = {{publication<br />
| authors = Jouni T. Tuomisto, Mikko V. Pohjola<br />
| page = Discussion<br />
| explanation = Introduction to discussions in [[Opasnet]].<br />
| publishingyear = 2019<br />
| urn = <br />
| elsewhere = <br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
[[Category:Glossary term]]<br />
<section begin=glossary /><br />
:'''Discussion''' is a method to organise information about a topic into a form of hierarchical thread of arguments trying to resolve whether a statement is true or not. In discussion, anyone can raise any relevant points about the topic. Discussion is organised using the pragma-dialectical argumentation theory<ref name="pragmadial">Eemeren, F.H. van, & Grootendorst, R. (2004). A systematic theory of argumentation: The pragma-dialectical approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>. A discussion usually consists of three parts: 1) opening statement(s); 2) the actual discussion organised as hierarchical threads of arguments; and 3) closing statement(s), which is updated based on the discussion, notably any valid arguments pointing to it. When a closing statement is updated, the content should be accordingly portrayed within texts that refer to the discussion.<br />
<section end=glossary /><br />
<br />
Contribution in the form of remarks or argumentative criticism on the content of wiki pages is most welcome. It can change the outcome of an assessment; it will improve it and make the assessment better understandable for decision makers and other stakeholders. The discussions will show the reasoning behind the work done in an assessment; it will indicate the objective and normative aspects in an assessment. In this way, decision makers and stakeholders can judge themselves whether they agree on such normative weightings. Discussion rules and formats facilitate the execution and synthesis of discussions.<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
How should discussions be organised in such a way that<br />
* they can capture all kinds of written and spoken information, facts and valuations related to a specific topic,<br />
* there are straightforward rules about how the information should be handled,<br />
* the approach facilitates the convergence to a [[shared understanding]] by easily identifying and describing differing premises and other reasons behind disagreements,<br />
* the appraoch can be applied both ''a priori'' (to structure a discussion to be held) and ''a posteriori'' (to restructure a discussion already held)?<br />
<br />
==Answer==<br />
<br />
=== Discussion structure ===<br />
<br />
{{discussion<br />
|id=Disc1<br />
|type=fact<br />
|title=Example discussion showing a typical structure<br />
|openingStatement= Opening statements about a topic. This is the starting point of a discussion.<br />
|closingStatement= Outcome of the discussion, i.e. opening statement updated by valid arguments pointing to it.<br />
|Resolved = Yes.<br />
|Argumentation =<br />
{{argument|relat1=attack|id=arg1 |content=This argument attacks the statement. Arguments always point to one level up in the hierarchy.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:48, 8 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{argument|relat1=defense|id=arg2 |content=This argument defends argument arg1.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:48, 8 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{argument|relat1=defense|showtruth=untrue|id=arg3|content=This is an invalid defense of arg1 because it is successfully attacked by argument arg4.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:48, 8 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{argument|relat1=attack|id=arg4 |content=This is a valid attack against argument arg3, because it is itself not successfully attacked.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:48, 8 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
:::{{argument|relat1=branch|id=arg5|content=This is a branch. The argument one level higher (arg4 in this case) defends this argument, but this argument points to a new statement, not the original one of this discussion. The use of branches is not recommended, as they don't bring added value to this question; rather, start another discussion with a relevant statement.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 10:10, 10 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{argument|relat1=comment|id=arg6 |content=This is a comment. It clarifies the discussion but does not invalidate arguments.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 17:38, 6 December 2014 (UTC)}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Discussion rules ===<br />
<br />
# Freedom of opinion. Everyone has the right to criticize or comment on the content of a discussion.<br />
# A discussion is organised around an explicit statement or statements. The purpose of a discussion is to resolve which of the opening statements, if any, are valid. The statement(s) are updated according to the argumentation; this becomes the closing statement.<br />
# A statement is defended or attacked using arguments, which themselves also can be defended and attacked. This forms a hierarchical thread or tree-like structure.<br />
# Critique with a supporting, attacking, or commenting argument is stated in connection to what is being criticized.<br />
# Argumentation must be relevant to the issue that they target.<br />
# Only statements made and arguments given can be attacked.<br />
# An argument is valid unless it is attacked by a valid argument. Defending arguments are used to protect arguments against attacks, but if an attack is successful, it is stronger than a defense.<br />
# Attacks must be based on one of the two kinds of arguments:<br />
#* The attacked argument is claimed to be irrelevant in its context.<br />
#* The attacked argument is claimed to be not true, i.e. it is not consistent with observations.<br />
# Other attacks such as those based on evaluation of the speaker (''argumentum ad hominem'') are weak and are treated as comments rather than attacks.<br />
# Argumentation can not be redundant. If arguments are repeated, they should be merged into one.<br />
# You are supposed to be committed to your statements, that is:<br />
#* if someone doubts your statement or argument (comment), you must explain it (edit or defend).<br />
#* if someone attacks your statement or argument (attack), you must defend it (defend).<br />
# A discussion is called resolved, when someone writes a closing statement based on the opening statement and the current valid arguments targeting it, and updates the text (typically on a knowledge crystal page) that is targeted by the discussion.<br />
# However, discussions are continuous. This means that anyone can re-open a discussion with new arguments even if a closing statement has been written.<br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
The structure of the discussion follows the principles of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragma-dialectics pragma-dialectics].<ref name="pragmadial">Eemeren, F.H. van, & Grootendorst, R. (2004). A systematic theory of argumentation: The pragma-dialectical approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>{{reslink|Names of the discussion parts}}<br />
<br />
A discussion is typically an important detail of a larger whole, such as a [[knowledge crystal]] in an assessment, but does attempt to give a full answer to the knowledge crystal question. The purpose of a discussion is to identify which of the opening statements are valid, or how they should be revised to become valid. <br />
<br />
Arguments are actually statements; the only differences is that the target of an argument is another argument or statement within a particular discussion, while the target of a statement is some explicated use outside the discussion, such as in the rationale of a knowledge crystal. Therefore, an argument can be upgraded into a statement of a new discussion, if it is needed elsewhere.<br />
<br />
=== How to discuss ===<br />
<br />
[[Open policy practice]] embraces participation, in particular deliberative participation. Therefore all contributions in the form of remarks or argumentative criticism on the content of the assessments, variables, methods as well as other content are most welcome. The contributions can change the outcome of the assessments by improving their information content and making it better understandable for decision makers, stakeholders and public. Documented discussions also show the reasoning behind the work done in assessments making it possible for decision makers, stakeholders and public to judge for themselves whether they agree with the reasoning behind the outcomes. In order to obtain an orderly discussion, rules and format for discussion in open policy practice have been created based on pragma-dialectics, a systematic theory of argumentation.<br />
<br />
Discussion has a central role in the collaborative process of formulating questions, developing hypotheses as answers to these questions, and improving these hypotheses through criticism and corresponding corrections. When a diverse group of contributors participate in an assessment, it is obvious that disputes may arise. Formal argumentation offers a solution also to clarify and potentially solve disputes. In collaborative assessments, every knowledge crystal and every part of them are subject to open criticism according to the rules modified from pragma-dialectics<ref name="pragmadial"/>): see Answer above.<br />
<br />
When a discussion goes on, there is often a need to clarify the opening statement to make it better reflect the actual need of the discussion. Within a small group of actively involved discussants, the statement can be changed with a mutual agreement. However, this should be done with caution to not distort the original meaning of any existing arguments. Rather, it should be considered whether a new discussion with the revised opening statement should be launched.<br />
<br />
=== Discussion structure ===<br />
<br />
A discussion has three parts: opening statement(s), argumentation, and closing statement(s). Often also references are added to back up arguments. These are briefly described below using a discussion template. Argumentation consists of defending and attacking arguments and comments.<br />
<br />
{{discussion <br />
|id=Disc2<br />
|openingStatement = ''Opening statement'' contains one statement or several alternative, conflicting statements. This explicates the dispute at hand. In Opasnet it must be relevant for the page where the discussion is located.<br />
|closingStatement = ''Closing statement'' contains the current valid statement of the discussion, revised based on the opening statements and the valid arguments targeting it. In this example, the current arguments indicate that the opening statement is accepted, except if you apply [[paradigm]] toldya then it is not. The content of a closing statement is transferred to the texts that refer to this discussion (in Opasnet, such references typically come from a knowledge crystal page to its own talk page where the discussion is); after this, the discussion is called ''resolved''. It should be noted that resolutions are always temporary, as discussions can be opened again with new arguments.<br />
|title = Statments accepted except if toldya.<br />
|Resolved = Yes.<br />
|Argumentation = <br />
<br />
:{{argument|relat1=comment|id=arg1 |title=Argument structure explained|content= The '''argumentation''' contains the actual discussion, organised as hierarchical threads of arguments. Each argument is either an attack against or a defense for an argument (called target). The original statement can also be targeted. As an argument always point to another argument, they form a hierarchical thread structure. It is also possible to use coordinative arguments where two or more arguments together act like one argument. Each argument is valid unless it has no proponents (a discussant promoting the argument) or it is attacked by a valid argument. However, also other validity rules than the default one can be used (see [[#validity and relevance]] below). In addition to attacks and defenses, also comments can be used for asking or offering clarification; comments do not affect the validity of the target argument. For example, this paragraph is a comment.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:57, 2 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{argument|relat1=defense|id=arg2|title=Defense explained|content=If you agree with the argument one level higher (the opening statement in this case), you should use this '''defending argument''' template.|sign= --[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:57, 2 January 2010 (UTC)}} <br />
:{{argument|relat1=attack|id=arg3|title=Attack explained|content=If you disagree with the argument one level higher (the opening statement in this case), you should use this '''attacking argument''' template.| sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:57, 2 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{argument|relat1=attack|showtruth=untrue|parad1=science|id=arg933|type=truth|title=Paradigm-specific argument|content=This attack claims that the target argument arg3 is untrue. However, this claim is disputed, and with scientific paradigm this argument is untrue (because the scientific paradigm requires that every argument is backed up by references). However, with paradigm toldya this argument is true (because with toldya, there is no such requirement). With both paradigms, the attack against arg3 is relevant.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 06:43, 14 July 2018 (UTC)|truth2=true|parad2=toldya}} <br />
:{{argument|relat1=defense|showtruth=untrue|id=arg4 |title=Invalid argument explained|content=This argument is invalid because it is attacked by a valid argument (arg5). If you want to make it valid again, you should successfully invalidate all the attacking arguments.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:57, 2 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{argument|relat1=attack|type=truth|id=arg5 |title=Truthlikeness attack|content=This is the argument that attacks the truthlikeness of argument arg4. The id numbering does not have any specific order or meaning, they are just used for identifying arguments, but it is recommended that it starts with ''arg''. Typical numbering systems are to use the first unused natural number a random four-digit number. Id is used as a reference when needed.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:57, 2 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{argument|showrelevance=irrelevant|relat1=attack|type=truth|id=arg1124|title=True but irrelevant argument.|content=This argument attempts to attack the truthlikeness of argument #4, but this argument is irrelevant (and thus ineffective) although it is true.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 08:31, 12 July 2018 (UTC)}}<br />
:::{{argument|relat1=attack|type=relevance|id=arg1125|title=Irrelevance attack|content=This argument attacks the relevance of argument #1124 and says that it is irrelevant in attacking the statement.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 08:31, 12 July 2018 (UTC)}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Risks of open government.svg|700px]]<br />
<br />
The figure above shows a discussion started by Bengt Holmstöm about problems of open governance. Each argument is shown as a trapezoid. Discussion is organised around an opening statement (pink), which develops into a closing statement (blue for facts, green for values) during the discussion process.<br />
<br />
[[File:Structured discussion on an argumentation tool.png|400px|thumb|Structured discussion at an argumentation tool (https://dev.tietokide.fi/?Q10)]]<br />
<br />
=== Structure of an argument ===<br />
<br />
Each argument has the following properties (see table below).<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+ '''The parameters of an argument and possible combinations.<br />
|----<br />
! Id<br />
! Title<br />
! Content<br />
! Sign<br />
! Target<br />
! Type<br />
! Paradigm<br />
! Relation<br />
! Result<br />
! Comment<br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg9876<br />
| relevance<br />
| science<br />
| attack<br />
| 1<br />
| If paradigm changes (all else equal), relation may change, although typically only the result changes.<br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg5555<br />
| relevance<br />
| science<br />
| comment<br />
| 0<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg6666<br />
| truth<br />
| science<br />
| defense<br />
| 1<br />
| Truth refers to the truth of the target<br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg1234<br />
| selftruth<br />
| science<br />
| attack<br />
| 0<br />
| Selftruth refers to the truth of the argument itself, unlike other types that refer to the target.<br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg9876<br />
| relevance<br />
| toldya<br />
| comment<br />
| 0<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg5555<br />
| relevance<br />
| toldya<br />
| defense<br />
| 1<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg6666<br />
| truth<br />
| toldya<br />
| attack<br />
| 0<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg1234<br />
| selftruth<br />
| toldya<br />
| comment<br />
| 1<br />
| The relation in case of type=selftruth is irrelevant and is ignored.<br />
|----<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| These are unique to an argument<br />
|----<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| These are unique to an argument-target pair<br />
|----<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| These are unique to a triple of argument-target-paradigm<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Importantly, an argument always has the same id, title, content, and signature. Even if the argument is used several times in different parts of a discussion, it is still a single argument with no variation in these parameters. However, an argument may target several other arguments (as shown as an arrow on [[insight network]] graph). Each of these arrows has exactly one type (either relevance or truth); if an arguments targets itself, the type is selftruth. <br />
<br />
Finally, people may disagree about the target relation (whether an argument is attacking, defending, or commenting a target argument) and also whether the target relation is successful or not. These disagreements are operationalised as paradigms. One paradigm has exactly one opinion about the relation and the result (e.g. that an argument is an untrue attack), while another paradigm may have another conclusion (e.g. that an argument is true defend).<br />
<br />
Parameters are defined in the [[:Template:Argument|argument template]] of Opasnet, and they are embedded into the html code when a wiki page is parsed. It is therefore possible to collect that data by page scraping. The following properties are used to identify the properties of arguments.<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+'''Parameter properties<br />
! Parameter<br />
! Css selector (Opasnet page scraping)<br />
! Requirements<br />
|----<br />
| Id<br />
| .argument attr=id<br />
| Must start with a letter<br />
|----<br />
| Title<br />
| .argument .title<br />
| Short text. Is shown on insight graph as node label<br />
|----<br />
| Content<br />
| .argument .content<br />
| Text, may be long. Is shown with hover on graph<br />
|----<br />
| Sign<br />
| .argument .sign a:first-of-type<br />
| Must contain a link to participant's user page. Is shown with hover on graph<br />
|----<br />
| Target<br />
| NA<br />
| Previous argument one level up, or the statement for arguments on the first level<br />
|----<br />
| Type<br />
| .argument i.type<br />
| One of the three: relevance, truth, or selftruth (or "both", which is depreciated)<br />
|----<br />
| Paradigm<br />
| .argument .paradigm<br />
| Each paradigm should be described on a dedicated page. The rules implemented must be clear<br />
|----<br />
| Relation<br />
| .argument .relation<br />
| Is one of these: attack, defense, comment. "Branches" are typically uninteresting and ignored.<br />
|----<br />
| Result<br />
| <br />
* relevance= .argument .relation attr=color. Gray= 0 (irrelevant), other=1 (relevant).<br />
* truth= .argument .relation attr=color. Gray=0 (untrue), other=1 (true)<br />
* selftruth= .argument .selftruth attr=color. Gray=0 (untrue), other=1 (true)<br />
| Truthlikeness of the relation. Either 1 or 0<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Validity and relevance ===<br />
<br />
:''Main article: [[Paradigm]].<br />
<br />
Each argument may be valid or invalid meaning that it does or does not affect its target argument, respectively. Validity depends on two parameters of an argument: it is valid if and only if it is true and relevant. Arguments that are untrue or irrelevant are invalid. It should be noted that with arguments, truth and relevance are thought in a narrow, technical sense: if an argument fulfills certain straightforward truth criteria, it is considered true, and the same applies to relevance. This is not to mean that they are true or relevant in an objective sense; rather, these are grassroot-level practical rules that ideally makes the system as a whole to converge towards what we consider truth and relevance. The current default criteria (called the "[[Science (paradigm)|scientific paradigm]]") are the following.<br />
<br />
An argument is true iff<br />
* it is backed up by a reference, and<br />
* it is not attacked by a valid argument about its truthlikeness (a truth-type argument).<br />
<br />
An argument is relevant iff<br />
* it is not attacked by a valid argument about its relevance (a relevance-type argument).<br />
<br />
Truth is a property of an argument itself, so if it is true in one discussion, it is true always. Of course, this does not mean that a sentence used in an argument is true in all contexts, but rather that the idea presented in a particular context is true in all discussions. Therefore, people should be very clear about the context when they borrow arguments from other discussions.<br />
<br />
In contrast, relevance is a property of the relation between an argument and its target argument (or target statement). Again, this is a context-sensitive property, and in practice, it is possible to borrow relevance from another discussion only if both the argument and its target appear in that exact form and context in both discussions.<br />
<br />
Each argument is an attack (red), a defense (green), or a comment (blue) towards its target. The nature of the argument is shown with its colour. The same argument may also attack or defend another argument, with possibly a different colour. This is because the colour is actually not the colour of the argument itself, but it is the colour of its ''relation'' with the target. There are a few possibilities to avoid confusion with these differing colours when using arguments on a wiki page.<br />
* An argument is written once in one place, and then a copy of it (with only the arrow and the identifier) is pasted to all other relevant places, with proper colours for those relations.<br />
* I there are several opening statements, the colour should always reflect the relationship to the first (i.e., primary) statement. If the primary statement changes, the colours should be changed respectively.<br />
<br />
The legacy templates ([[:Template:Attack|Attack]], [[:Template:Defend invalid|Defend invalid]] etc.) do not differentiate between truth and relevance, but only validity. Therefore they are depreciated, and a new generic template [[:Template:Argument|Argument]] should be used instead. It is capable of showing relevance (irrelevant arguments have gray arrows) and truth (untrue arguments have gray content). If a legacy template is used, an invalid argument is assumed to be both irrelevant and untrue; it is also assumed to apply the scientific paradigm. If other paradigms are used, this must be stated clearly in the text, because the template offers no functionality for it. In Opasnet, the Argument template is capable of describing five different paradigms and the relevance and truth values of each (see [[#Practices in Opasnet]]).<br />
<br />
'''Paradigms in argumentation<br />
<br />
Paradigms are collections of rules to determine when an argument is true or relevant. The ''[[Science (paradigm)|scientific paradigm]]'' is the default in Opasnet, but any paradigms can be developed as long as the rules can be explicitly described and implemented. For example, previously Opasnet implicitly applied a paradigm called ''unattackedstand'' (although the name was coined only in summer 2018 and the mere concept of paradigms was developed in early 2018). Unattackedstand has the same rules as the scientific paradigm except that a true argument does not need a reference, a user backing up an argument with their signature is enough.<br />
<br />
Paradigms may also have other rules than direct validity rules. For example, the scientific paradigm considers an argument based on observations stronger than an argument based on (expert) opinions without observations, and an ''argument ad hominem'' is even weaker.<br />
<br />
However, the rules in a paradigm can be anything, e.g. that the strongest arguments are those by a particular user or an authoritative source, such as a holy book. These rules will clearly lead to different validity estimates and interpretations of a discussion. But the methods of discussions and [[open policy practice]] have been developed having this in mind. The outcome of such explicitly described differences in interpretations are called [[shared understanding]], and that is considered the main product of these methods.<br />
<br />
=== Practices in Opasnet ===<br />
<br />
For discussing, the [[#discussion structure]] should be used. In Opasnet, click the blue capital '''D''' in the toolbar on top of the edit window to apply the discussion template. This is how the discussion format appears:<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
{{discussion <br />
|id = unique identifier of discussion on this page<br />
|Statements = <br />
|Resolution = <br />
|Resolved = Yes, if respective texts updated; empty otherwise.<br />
|Argumentation = Threaded hierarchical list of arguments. Each argument is on its own line. Hierarchy is created by using indents (colon character : in the beginning of a line). For example:<br />
<br />
{{argument|relat1=comment|id=1|content=The blue horizontal line on the toolbar represents the comment button. It yields this blue layout, which is used for comments and remarks.}} <br />
:{{argument|relat1=attack|id=3|content=This red arrow represents an attacking argument. }} <br />
::{{argument|relat1=defend|id=2|content=This green arrow represents a defending argument.}} <br />
}}<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
Arguments can have the parameters that are listed below (each parameter is shown on a separate line for clarity). Note that the parameters may be in any order, and it might be a good idea to show relat1 first. For details, see [[:Template:Argument]].<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
{{argument<br />
| id = identifier of the argument, unique on this page, default: arg + 4 random digits<br />
| title = a short description of the content; displayed on insight networks<br />
| content = content of the argument<br />
| sign = signature of the speaker, default: --~~~~<br />
| type = type of the relation to the target argument, i.e. what is attacked or defended. Either truth or relevance.<br />
| parad1 = main paradigm used to derive the relation between this argument and its target. This is used to format the argument.<br />
| relat1 = relation type between the argument and its target according to the first paradigm: it has two words separated by a single space. The first is either relevant or irrelevant and the second either attack, defend, or comment.<br />
| true1 = truthlikeness of the argument according to the first paragism: either true or untrue.<br />
| parad2 = the second paradigm used.<br />
| relat2 = the second relation type according to paradigm2. Default: relat1<br />
| true2 = the second truthlikeness according to paradigm2. Default: true1<br />
| parad3 etc. up to parad5 in this wiki<br />
}}<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
Furthermore:<br />
* If you agree with an argument made by others, you can place your signature (click the signature button in the toolbar) after that argument.<br />
* Arguments may be edited or restructured. However, if there are signatures of other people, only minor edits are allowed without their explicit acceptance.<br />
<br />
In order to contribute to a discussion you need to have a user account and be logged in.<br />
<br />
=== Referring to a discussion in Opasnet ===<br />
<br />
On a text that refers to a particular discussion (often on the content page of the respective talk page), you should make links at the relevant points to the respective discussions. There are two possibilities:<br />
* {{disclink|Top}} Link to a discussion that is not yet resolved.<br />
* {{reslink|Top}} Link to a resolved discussion.<br />
Because all discussions can be re-opened, the difference between the two is '''not''' whether people are likely to participate in the discussion in the future or not. Instead, {{reslink|Top}} means that the current outcome of the discussion, whether an agreement or a continuing dispute, has been transferred to the main page, i.e. the contents of the main page reflect the current status of the discussion. In contrast, {{disclink|Top}} means that in the discussion itself, there is some information that is not yet reflected on the main page; therefore, the reader should read the discussion as well to be fully aware of the status of the page. This way, there is not a need to constantly update the main page during an active discussion. The updating can be done when the outcome of the discussion has stabilised.<br />
<br />
=== Re-organising discussions afterwards ===<br />
<br />
Free-format discussions can be re-organised ''a posteriori'' (afterwards) into the discussion structure presented here. The main tasks in this work are to<br />
* document original sources of material,<br />
* remove redundant text,<br />
* structure the arguments around a useful opening statement,<br />
* clarify arguments to be understandable without the context of the original discussion,<br />
* analyse and synthesise outcome into a closing statement,<br />
* save and publish your work.<br />
<br />
See an example of a re-organisation work in [[:op_fi:Keskustelu:Pienhiukkasten terveysvaikutukset Suomessa#Keskustelu pienhiukkasvaikutuksesta |Discussion of health effects of PM2.5 in Finland]](in Finnish)<br />
<br />
=== Calculations ===<br />
<br />
<rcode name="update" label="Initiate argument inference functions"><br />
# This is code Op_en2382/update on page [[Discussion]]<br />
<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
update_truth <- function(<br />
paplus, # P(A+)<br />
pbplus, # P(B+)<br />
seprime # parameter for producing se for argument A<br />
) {<br />
if(any(paplus>=1) | any(paplus<=0)) stop("probability P(A+) must be between ]0,1[, not ",paplus)<br />
if(any(pbplus>=1) | any(pbplus<=0)) stop("probability P(B+) must be between ]0,1[, not", pbplus)<br />
if(any(seprime <= -1) | any(seprime >=1)) stop("seprime for A must be between ]-1,1[, not", seprime)<br />
if(seprime>=0) {<br />
se <- pbplus + seprime * (pmin(1,pbplus/paplus) - pbplus)<br />
} else {<br />
se <- pbplus + seprime * pbplus<br />
}<br />
a <- se* paplus<br />
b <- pbplus -se*paplus<br />
c <- paplus -se*paplus<br />
d <- 1-paplus-pbplus+se*paplus<br />
sp <- d/(b+d)<br />
pab <- a/(a+b)<br />
fb <- se/(1-sp)<br />
papost <- a/(a+b)*pbplus + c/(c+d)*(1-pbplus)<br />
return(c(pab,se,papost))#, a, b, c, d, sum(a, b, c, d), se, sp, fb))<br />
}<br />
<br />
update_relevance <- function(<br />
pcplus, # P(C+)<br />
seprimeb, # relevance parameter prior for argument B, ]-1,1[<br />
seprimec # relevance parameter for parent argument C, ]-1,1[<br />
) {<br />
seprimeb_sign <- sign(seprimeb)<br />
out <- abs(seprimeb)<br />
if(seprimec>=0) {<br />
out <- out + seprimec*pcplus*(1-out)<br />
} else {<br />
out <- out - seprimec*pcplus*out<br />
}<br />
out <- out * seprimeb_sign<br />
return(out)<br />
}<br />
<br />
infer_tree <- function(<br />
df,<br />
SENSITIVITY_PRIME,<br />
TRUTH_PRIOR<br />
) {<br />
df$seprime <- SENSITIVITY_PRIME * ifelse(df$colour=="PRO",1,-1)<br />
df$truth <- TRUTH_PRIOR<br />
args_by_level <- df$Item[df$level>0][order(-df$level[df$level>0])]<br />
for(arg in args_by_level) {<br />
parents <- df$Item[df$Object==arg]<br />
for(parent in parents) {<br />
if(df$class[df$Item==parent]=="truth") {<br />
df$truth[df$Item==arg] <- update_truth(<br />
df$truth[df$Item==arg],<br />
df$truth[df$Item==parent],<br />
df$seprime[df$Item==arg]<br />
)[1]<br />
}<br />
if(df$class[df$Item==parent]=="relevance") {<br />
df$seprime[df$Item==arg] <- update_relevance(<br />
df$truth[df$Item==parent],<br />
df$seprime[df$Item==arg],<br />
df$seprime[df$Item==parent]<br />
)<br />
}<br />
}<br />
}<br />
return(df)<br />
}<br />
<br />
objects.store(update_truth, update_relevance, infer_tree)<br />
cat("Functions update_truth, update_relevance, and infer_tree stored.\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [https://www.kialo.com/individuals-should-own-their-personal-data-or-not-23849?path=23849.0~23849.1 Individuals should own their personal data (or not?) | Kialo]<br />
* [https://www.amazon.com/Breaking-News-Remaking-Journalism-Matters/dp/0374279624 Breaking News: The Remaking of Journalism and Why It Matters Now: Alan Rusbridger: 9780374279622: Amazon.com: Books]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aumann%27s_agreement_theorem Aumann's agreement theorem - Wikipedia]<br />
** [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/016517658390126X Learning to agree - ScienceDirect]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discursive_psychology Discursive psychology - Wikipedia]<br />
* [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877343519300880 Usable environmental knowledge from the perspective of decision-making: the logics of consequentiality, appropriateness, and meaningfulness - ScienceDirect]<br />
* [https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/handle/10919/82874/UP%203%282%29%20-%20The%20Dilemmas%20of%20Citizen%20Inclusion%20in%20Urban%20Planning%20and%20Governance%20to%20Enable%20a%201.5%20_C%20Climate%20Change%20Scenario.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y The Dilemmas of Citizen Inclusion in Urban Planning and Governance to Enable a 1.5 °C Climate Change Scenario - UP 3(2) - The Dilemmas of Citizen Inclusion in Urban Planning and Governance to Enable a 1.5 _C Climate Change Scenario.pdf]<br />
* [https://lawrencesusskind.mit.edu/sites/default/files/documents/oxfordhb-9780198747369-e-17.pdf Deliberative Democracy and Public Dispute Resolution - Oxford Handbooks - oxfordhb-9780198747369-e-17.pdf]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Susskind Lawrence Susskind - Wikipedia]<br />
* [https://dialogiakatemia.fi/2020/04/14/dialogin-etafasilitointi/ Dialogin etäfasilitointi – DialogiAkatemia]<br />
* [https://www.kialo.com/ Kialo] for organised discussions<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Structured_Discussions Structured Discussions]: another discussion system for MediaWiki projects<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Iframe Iframe extension]: may be considered as an alternative to an inside-wiki discussion system: discussion functionality is "borrowed" from antother website using iframes.<br />
* [[Discussion]]<br />
* [[Argument]]<br />
* [[Dealing with disputes]]<br />
* [http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Discussion_structure&direction=prev&oldid=42070 Discussion structure] (archived in March 2010)<br />
* [http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Discussion_method&direction=prev&oldid=42071 Discussion method] (archived in October 2009)<br />
* [[:Category:Ongoing discussions]]<br />
* [[:Category:Resolved discussions]]<br />
* [[:Template:Discussion]] (for technical usage of the template)<br />
* [[:Template:Argument]] (for technical usage of the template)<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragma-dialectics Pragma-dialectical argumentation theory]<br />
* [[:op_fi:Keskustelu:Keskustelu|Keskustelu:Keskustelu]] some more guidance in Finnish Opasnet<br />
* [http://try.discourse.org/ Discourse] website for intelligent discussions: the best contributions are voted to the top<br />
* [http://stackoverflow.com/ Stackoverflow] about intelligent discussions on computers and ICT.<br />
* [http://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/2267/stack-exchange-clones Stack Exchange clones]<br />
* [http://www.question2answer.org/ Question2Answer] is a free and open source platform for Q&A sites.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{eracedu}}</div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Insight_network&diff=43814Insight network2021-07-31T08:50:56Z<p>Jouni: /* Making insight graphs */ makeGraph2 added</p>
<hr />
<div>[[op_fi:Näkemysverkko]]<br />
[[Category:Intarese]]<br />
[[Category:Open policy practice]]<br />
[[Category:Causal diagram]]<br />
{{method|moderator=Jouni}}<br />
'''Insight networks''' are graphical representations of a particular situation, where the objects described are causally related to each other. In addition, the diagrams contain non-causal elements such as value judgements or inferences based on data. Insight networks utilise the ideas of [[:en:Directed acyclic graph|directed acyclic graphs]], but they have additional features.<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
What notation is simple and flexible enough so that it can be used to represent all major issues related to a policy situation? It must be usable in both graphical and data formats.<br />
<br />
== Answer ==<br />
<br />
<rcode label="Run insight network on Shiny server"><br />
# This is code Op_en3861/ on page [[Insight network]]<br />
<br />
############### Create global variables at file global.R<br />
<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
objects.latest("Op_en3861", code_name="insightNetwork") # [[Insight network]] insightNetwork<br />
<br />
# If you want to use alternative objects, fetch them here.<br />
<br />
insightNetwork <- EvalOutput(insightNetwork,verbose=TRUE)<br />
<br />
cat("This code uses the following objects:\n")<br />
oprint(insightNetwork@dependencies)<br />
<br />
cat("The newtork data comes from these sources:\n")<br />
oprint(meta)<br />
<br />
insightTables <- makeInsightTables(meta) # You can update (part of) insightTables by rerunning with (partial) meta.<br />
<br />
graphTable <- makeGraphTable(verbose=FALSE) # Produces a table in standard format<br />
<br />
gr <- makeInsightGraph(graphTable) # Creates a DiagrammeR graph object<br />
<br />
shinyApp(ui, server)<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
[[File:Legend for extended causal diagrams.svg]]<br />
<br />
* For examples of using insight networks, see [[:op_fi:Ympäristöterveysindikaattori]].<br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
=== Process ===<br />
<br />
:''Insight networks have been described in a scientific article manuscript [[From open assessment to shared understanding: practical experiences#Insight networks]]. Objects and their relations used in [[open policy practice]] are described on page [[Open policy ontology]].<br />
<br />
There is a need for methods facilitating the flow of information and understanding between science and policy. The principle is to describe a risk situation in a formal manner. Insight networks contain items along a causal pathway (or network) from e.g. abatement strategies to emissions to dispersion to exposure to effects. They have been designed to describe also non-causal connections such as non-causal reasoning, values, preferences, and arguments.<br />
<br />
These diagrams use graph theory with vertices (or nodes) and arcs (or arrows). They are used to describe and define all the pieces needed for a description of the situation under scrutiny. Diagrams may be produced with any graphics software, providing that calculation functions are not required. If calculations ''are'' needed, we recommend the use of [[R]] software and [[OpasnetUtils]] package.<br />
<br />
This is the process how data flows into insight diagrams:<br />
* List of data tables of different insight diagrams is found from https://yhteistyotilat.fi/wiki08/x/1oGxAg. It has the following columns:<br />
** Ilmio: Name of the phenomenon. This will become the name of a csv data file.<br />
** Id: Identifier of the phenomenon. This will be used in Oldid of the items and relations.<br />
** Tyyppi: Type of the table. In practice, it defines the columns that the data table has. Different types are listed on [[#Types of insight network tables]].<br />
** URL: Location of the data table. If the URL contains "google.com", it is assumed to be a google sheet. If the type (Tyyppi) is "keskustelu", it is assumed to be an Opasnet page with discussions. Otherwise, it is assumed to be a table on a web page that can be scraped with read_html() function.<br />
** Taulu: If the data is a table on a web page, it is the number of the table on that page. If the data is a discussion, it is the number of discussion; missing value means that all discussions on that page are read.<br />
** Alkurivi: In case of google sheets, it is the first row with actual data.<br />
** Kuvaus: Description of the table, with possible links to relevant description page.<br />
<br />
All data tables and discussions are listed, formatted and saved as csv files in a zip file called [[:op_fi:File:Näkemysverkkojen tietotauluja.zip]]. From there, the data can be accessed from within Opasnet Rtools. (The code scraping web pages does not work in Opasnet, although it is stored there.) Little formatting is done here, mainly the column titles are standardised. But the number and type of columns is not changed.<br />
<br />
In the next phase, each csv file is opened, interpreted, and defined as items and relations. This is done in code Op_fi5810/graphs on page [[:op_fi:Ympäristöterveysindikaattori]]. All these are saved as a DiagrammeR graph, and each topic may be separately selected as a subgraph.<br />
* {{argument|relat1=relevant attack|truth1=true|id=0094|type=|content=Are Tehtäväkokonaisuus, Osiotyyppi, JHS-luokka actually types of objects, or are they just indices. Yes, they should be indices and the objects relate to them with "has index". Correct table 4.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 20:46, 17 July 2018 (UTC)}}<br />
* {{argument|relat1=relevant attack|truth1=true|id=0095|type=|content=Check the code about renderging graphs and creating a server function that also works on non-web environments on [[:op_fi:Keskustelu:Näkemysverkko#Näkemysverkkoabstrakti vaikuttavuuden tutkimuksen päiville 4.-5.12.2018]]|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 20:46, 17 July 2018 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
=== Data ===<br />
<br />
==== Graphical properties of objects and relations ====<br />
<br />
<t2b name="Graphical properties of objects and relations" index="Property,Value,Parameter" obs="Result" desc="Description" unit="-"><br />
default|default|node.shape|circle|Default values unless something else is specified<br />
default|default|node.style|filled|<br />
default|default|node.sides|4|<br />
default|default|node.skew|0|<br />
default|default|node.fillcolor|white|<br />
default|default|node.fontsize|11|<br />
default|default|node.height|0.5|<br />
default|default|node.width|0.5|<br />
default|default|node.color|brown|<br />
default|default|node.penwidth|2|<br />
default|default|node.fontcolor|black|<br />
default|default|node.distortion|0|<br />
default|default|edge.color|grey|<br />
default|default|edge.fontsize|10|Not currently used<br />
default|default|edge.fontcolor|grey|<br />
default|default|edge.style|dotted|<br />
default|default|edge.penwidth|2|<br />
default|default|edge.arrowsize|1|Not currently used<br />
type|unknown|node.fillcolor|yellow|This formatting is used if there are undefined objects<br />
type|unknown|node.color|green|<br />
type|substance|node.shape|circle|Substantive type object<br />
type|substance|node.fillcolor|skyblue2|Substantive type object<br />
type|knowledge crystal|node.color|gold|Knowledge crystal type object (including ovariables and key ovariables)<br />
type|option|node.color|palevioletred|Option for a decision<br />
type|option|node.fillcolor|white|Option for a decision<br />
type|index|node.shape|polygon|Index or other classifying determinant<br />
type|index|node.sides|4|<br />
type|index|node.skew|0.5|<br />
type|index|node.fillcolor|purple1|<br />
type|index|node.height|0.3|<br />
type|graph|node.shape|polygon|Index or other classifying determinant<br />
type|graph|node.sides|3|<br />
type|graph|node.fillcolor|pink|<br />
type|assessment|node.shape|polygon|Assessment<br />
type|assessment|node.sides|8|<br />
type|assessment|node.fillcolor|purple1|<br />
type|stakeholder|node.shape|hexagon|Stakeholder type object<br />
type|stakeholder|node.fillcolor|khaki1|Stakeholder type object<br />
type|stakeholder|node.width|0.8|Stakeholder type object<br />
type|method|node.shape|polygon|Method type object<br />
type|method|node.sides|6|Method type object<br />
type|method|node.fillcolor|purple1|Method type object<br />
type|process|node.shape|pentagon|Process type object<br />
type|process|node.fillcolor|purple1|Process type object<br />
type|action|node.fillcolor|#009246|Process type object, dark green (0,146,70)<br />
type|action|node.shape|rectangle|Decision type object<br />
type|task 1|node.color|brown|Illustration of the responsible organisation of the task<br />
type|task 2|node.color|yellow|Illustration of the responsible organisation of the task<br />
type|task 3|node.color|blue|Illustration of the responsible organisation of the task<br />
type|task 4|node.color|green|Illustration of the responsible organisation of the task<br />
type|task 5|node.color|red|Illustration of the responsible organisation of the task<br />
type|decision|node.fillcolor|red|Decision type object<br />
type|data|node.shape|rectangle|Data type object<br />
type|data|node.fillcolor|gold|Data type object<br />
type|objective|node.shape|diamond|Objective type object<br />
type|objective|node.fillcolor|yellow|Objective type object<br />
type|objective|node.width|0.8|Objective type object<br />
type|publication|node.fillcolor|gray|Publication type object<br />
type|statement|node.shape|polygon|Argument type object<br />
type|statement|node.sides|4|Argument type object<br />
type|statement|node.width|0.8|Argument type object<br />
type|statement|node.distortion|-0.5|Argument type object<br />
type|true statement|node.fillcolor|gold|Argument type object<br />
type|false statement|node.fillcolor|gray|Argument type object<br />
type|fact opening statement|node.fillcolor|lightskyblue1|Argument type object. Discussion start<br />
type|value opening statement|node.fillcolor|palegreen1|Argument type object<br />
type|fact closing statement|node.fillcolor|skyblue|Argument type object. Discussion end<br />
type|value closing statement|node.fillcolor|springgreen|Argument type object.<br />
type|fact discussion|node.fillcolor|skyblue|Argument type object. Not neede?<br />
type|value discussion|node.fillcolor|springgreen|Value judgement type object. Not needed?<br />
type|risk factor|node.color|pink|Additional information about object class<br />
type|indicator|node.color|brown|Additional information about object class<br />
type|indicator|node.fillcolor|gold|Additional information about object class<br />
type|operational indicator|node.fillcolor|#00d7a7|Additional information about object class light green (0,215,167)<br />
type|tactical indicator|node.fillcolor|#9fc9eb|Additional information about object class light blue (159,201,235)<br />
type|strategic indicator|node.fillcolor|#0072c6|Additional information about object class dark blue (0,114,198)<br />
type|strategic indicator|node.shape|diamond|Additional information about object class<br />
type|arviointikriteeri|node.color|orange|Not quite clear what criteria objects are: indicators or value statements, or something else<br />
type|task|node.color|green|Additional information about object class<br />
type|data|node.color|orange|Additional information about object class<br />
type|health organisation|node.color|yellow|Additional information about object class<br />
Relation|causal link|edge.color|black|Causal link<br />
Relation|causal link|edge.style|solid|Causal link<br />
Relation|positive causal link|edge.fontcolor|#009246|Causal link, dark green (0,146,70)<br />
Relation|increases|edge.fontcolor|#009246|Causal link, dark green (0,146,70)<br />
Relation|negative causal link|edge.fontcolor|#bd2719|Causal link, red (189,39,25)<br />
Relation|decreases|edge.fontcolor|#bd2719|Causal link, red (189,39,25)<br />
Relation|part_of|edge.fontcolor|gray|Part of (set theory link)<br />
Relation|participatory link|edge.color|purple|Participatory link<br />
Relation|participatory link|edge.style|dashed|Participatory link<br />
Relation|operational link|edge.color|black|Operational link<br />
Relation|operational link|edge.style|dashed|Operational link<br />
Relation|evaluative link|edge.color|green|Evaluative link<br />
Relation|relevant attack|edge.color|red|Attacking argument<br />
Relation|relevant defense|edge.color|green|Defending argument<br />
Relation|relevant comment|edge.color|blue|Commenting argument<br />
Relation|irrelevant argument|edge.color|gray|Invalid argument<br />
Relation|argumentative link|edge.style|dotted|Argumentative link<br />
Relation|argumentative link|edge.penwidth|4|Argumentative link<br />
Relation|referential link|edge.color|red|Referential link<br />
Relation|referential link|edge.style|dashed|Referential link<br />
</t2b><br />
<br />
=== Calculations ===<br />
<br />
'''Insight network 2.0<br />
<br />
An updated version should improve the<br />
* a) context sensitivity (referring to primarily to objects within own context but secondarily to those from another context),<br />
* b) making graphs by default from a single context rather than a full list of contexts from a meta table,<br />
* c) compatibility with cytoscape.js,<br />
* d) merging ready-made graphs meaningfully,<br />
* e) have a reasonable intermediate object format that contains all data needed, such as<br />
** tables for nodes and edges, compatible with Diagrammer, Cytoscape.js, AND Gephi.<br />
** metadata for display, such as seeds, steps, object types to ignore, whether to show labels etc. Or should these just be implemented on the graph?<br />
<br />
What should be done?<br />
# Fetch the data table by scrape or other function and with data about URL, table, and initial row.<br />
# Use splizzeria and fillprev if needed.<br />
# Interpret columns based on a vector of column numbers (with possibly 1+2 notation to paste columns) to create the standard columns. If this is done in an ovariable formula, there is no need for a specific function.<br />
#* Context<br />
#* Item<br />
#* type<br />
#* label<br />
#* rel<br />
#* Object<br />
#* Description<br />
#* Reldescription<br />
#* URL<br />
#* Result (dummy, always 0)<br />
# Create missing node rows from objects. Do NOT assume context.<br />
# Create URL from permanent resource location trunk and the identifier (where does the identifier come from?)<br />
# Item ja label laitetaan pötköön ja haetaan mätsi. Tulos onrow-pötköstä.<br />
# Create an ovariable from the table.<br />
# Add meta to the ovariable with formatting data.<br />
#* insightGraph:<br />
#** seed<br />
#** removenodes<br />
#** formatting (character vector with possible entries: Hide node labels, Hide edge labels, Show legend nodes, Remove branches only)<br />
#** ignoreobj<br />
#** steps<br />
<br />
# (NOT NEEDED? Create Oldid if does not exist from context and numbering)<br />
# If a relation is presented as item, the formatting is applied to the ring.<br />
<br />
Combine graph objects<br />
* Find items without context. Match them with items with the same Item (label) that do have a type.<br />
<br />
Tuplarelaatiot, voidaanko kategorisesti poistaa?<br />
<br />
<br />
Out <- rep(NA, length(find))<br />
For(x in cond,)<br />
For(i in 1:length(find)<br />
Tmp<-id[context==contextfind(i))])[Match(find(i), df$cond(x)(df$context==contextfind(i))] pitää etsiä id alkuperäisestä taulukosta heti muuten ei toimi<br />
Out<- ifelse(isna(out). Tmp,out)<br />
))<br />
Sitten sama ioman contekstirajoitusta.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Insight network 1.0<br />
<br />
There are three different identifiers for a subject item. <br />
* Oldid: a technical identifier typically of format context.number, where number is a sequential number within a context.<br />
* Item: the actual name of the item, detailed enough to give a good understanding of its meaning.<br />
* label: a short name shown on insight networks. Does not exmplain everything, just enough to distinguish it from other items.<br />
<br />
If Oldid is not given, it is created from the context and a number. If label is not given in data, it is truncated from Item.<br />
<br />
Object item has one column ''Object'' that may contain any of these. The priority is Item > label > Oldid > Object. The last option means that it is assumed that Object refers to a new item that is not mentioned in the Item column.<br />
<br />
An insight network is produced in this order (last object mentioned first).<br />
# gr: a diagrammer graph with all data and formatting for an insight network. Produced by makeInsightGraph.<br />
# makeInsightGraph<br />
<br />
<br />
==== Making insight graphs ====<br />
<br />
<rcode name="formatted" label="Initiate data.frame formatted (for developers only)" embed=1><br />
# This is code Op_en3861/formatted on page [[Insight network]]<br />
<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
#' Function formatting creates a formatting table for nodes and edges.<br />
#' The function as no parameters.<br />
#' @return data.frame with ontology terms as rows and formatting properties as columns.<br />
<br />
formatting <- function() { <br />
## Replace default setting with additional class info<br />
<br />
## Find all classes for item subclasses<br />
<br />
hierItem <- opbase.data("Op_en7783", subset="Item types") # [[Open policy ontology]]<br />
hierItem <- hierItem[c("Object","English name","Finnish name")]<br />
colnames(hierItem)[colnames(hierItem)=="Object"] <- "Class" # Contains also other relations than subclass, notably "part of".<br />
<br />
## Find all classes for relation subclasses<br />
<br />
hierRel <- opbase.data("Op_en7783", subset="Relation types") # [[Open policy ontology]]. All relations are of type 'has subclass'<br />
for(i in colnames(hierRel)) hierRel[[i]] <- as.character(hierRel[[i]])<br />
hierRel <- data.frame(<br />
Class = rep(hierRel$Class, 2),<br />
Tmp1 = c(hierRel$`English name`, hierRel$`English inverse`),<br />
Tmp2 = c(hierRel$`Finnish name`, hierRel$`Finnish inverse`)<br />
)<br />
colnames(hierRel) <- c("Class", "English name", "Finnish name")<br />
<br />
# Make a single resource list<br />
hier <- rbind(hierItem, hierRel)<br />
for(i in colnames(hier)) hier[[i]] <- as.character(hier[[i]])<br />
<br />
# Combine language versions of resource list<br />
hier <- unique(data.frame(<br />
Class = c(hier$Class, rep(hier$`English name`, 2)),<br />
Item = c(rep(hier$`English name`, 2), hier$`Finnish name`),<br />
stringsAsFactors = FALSE<br />
))<br />
<br />
out <- hier<br />
tmp <- out$Class<br />
for(i in 1:6) {<br />
tmp <- hier$Class[match(tmp, hier$Item)]<br />
out <- rbind(<br />
out,<br />
cbind(<br />
Class = tmp,<br />
Item = hier$Item<br />
)<br />
)<br />
}<br />
hier <- out[!is.na(out$Class),]<br />
<br />
# Replace default settings with property-specific settings<br />
<br />
# First fetch the graphical styles of properties from [[Insight network]]<br />
<br />
prop_gen <- opbase.data(<br />
"Op_en3861", # [[Insight network]]<br />
subset="Graphical properties of objects and relations"<br />
)<br />
<br />
tmp <- prop_gen[grepl("edge", prop_gen$Parameter) & prop_gen$Value!="default",]<br />
tmp$Parameter <- gsub("edge","node",tmp$Parameter)<br />
prop_gen <- rbind(prop_gen, tmp)<br />
<br />
# Create a data.frame with all item * parameter combinations.<br />
# This will be filled with item-specific graph settings<br />
<br />
prop_spec <- merge(<br />
data.frame(Resource = unique(c(hier$Class, hier$Item))),<br />
prop_gen[prop_gen$Property=="default",c("Parameter","Result")]<br />
)<br />
<br />
for(i in 1:nrow(prop_gen)) { <br />
if(prop_gen$Property[i] != "default") { <br />
# Names of items that should have the property replaced<br />
tst <- unique(hier$Item[hier$Class==prop_gen$Value[i]])<br />
prop_spec$Result[prop_spec$Resource %in% tst & prop_spec$Parameter==prop_gen$Parameter[i]] <- prop_gen$Result[i]<br />
}<br />
}<br />
<br />
prop_spec$Result <- as.character(prop_spec$Result)<br />
<br />
formatted <- reshape(prop_spec, idvar="Resource", timevar="Parameter", direction="wide")<br />
colnames(formatted) <- gsub("Result.", "", colnames(formatted))<br />
<br />
# > colnames(formatted)<br />
# [1] "Resource" "node.shape" "node.sides" "node.skew" <br />
# [5] "node.fillcolor" "node.fontsize" "node.height" "node.width" <br />
# [9] "node.color" "node.penwidth" "node.fontcolor" "node.distortion"<br />
# [13] "edge.color" "edge.fontsize" "edge.fontcolor" "edge.style" <br />
# [17] "edge.penwidth" "edge.arrowsize" <br />
<br />
for(i in c(<br />
"node.sides",<br />
"node.skew",<br />
"node.fontsize",<br />
"node.height",<br />
"node.width",<br />
"node.penwidth",<br />
"node.distortion",<br />
"edge.fontsize",<br />
"edge.penwidth",<br />
"edge.arrowsize" <br />
)) formatted[[i]] <- as.numeric(formatted[[i]])<br />
<br />
return(formatted)<br />
}<br />
<br />
formatted <- formatting()<br />
<br />
objects.store(formatted)<br />
cat("Data.frame formatted stored.\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
<rcode name="makeGraph2" label="Initiate function makeGraph (for developers only)"><br />
# This is code Op_en3861/makeGraph2 on page [[Insight network]]<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
#' Making insight network graph object<br />
#' <br />
#' makeGraph is a function for taking an insight ovariable and making a graph object.<br />
#'<br />
#' @param a is data.frame defining nodes and edges with at least columns: Oldid, type, Item, label, Relation, Object, Description. Other columns for nodes such as URL are allowed.<br />
#' @return two data.frames: nodes_df and edges_df that are directly given as parameters for DiagrammeR::create_graph.<br />
<br />
makeGraph <- function(ova, formatting=data.frame(), ...) {<br />
require(OpasnetUtils)<br />
require(DiagrammeR)<br />
<br />
if(!exists("formatted") & nrow(formatted)==0){<br />
objects.latest("Op_en3861", code_name="formatted") # [[Insight network]] formatted<br />
}<br />
if(!exists("chooseGr")) {<br />
objects.latest("Op_en3861", code_name="chooseGr") # [[Insight network]] chooseGr<br />
}<br />
<br />
if("ovariable" %in% class(ova)) {<br />
a <- ova@output<br />
meta <- ova@meta$insightnetwork<br />
} else {<br />
a <- ova<br />
meta <- NULL<br />
}<br />
a$truth <- signif(a$truth,2)<br />
a$seprime <- signif(a$seprime,2)<br />
for(i in 1:ncol(a)) {<br />
a[[i]] <- gsub("[\"']", " ", a[[i]])<br />
}<br />
<br />
# Fill in missing labels, Items, and object nodes<br />
<br />
a$label <- ifelse(is.na(a$label),substr(a$Item,1,30), a$label)<br />
a$Item <- ifelse(is.na(a$Item),a$label, a$Item)<br />
<br />
# Find nrow that matches the Object based on Item or label.<br />
tst <- rep(1:nrow(a),2)[match(a$Object, c(a$Item, a$label))]<br />
<br />
# Use Item as Object identifier when possible<br />
hasobj <- !(is.na(a$Object) | a$Object=="") # Rows of data.frame a that have Object<br />
a$Object[hasobj] <- a$Item[tst][hasobj]<br />
<br />
# Find objects that have not been defined<br />
newbies <- ifelse(is.na(tst), a$Object,NA)<br />
newbies <- newbies[!is.na(newbies)]<br />
<br />
if(length(newbies)>0) {<br />
a <- orbind(<br />
a,<br />
data.frame(<br />
Item=newbies,<br />
label=substr(newbies,1,30),<br />
stringsAsFactors = FALSE<br />
)<br />
)<br />
}<br />
<br />
nodes <- a[!(duplicated(a$Item) | is.na(a$Item) | a$Item==""),]<br />
# nodes$tooltip <- paste0(<br />
# nodes$label, ". ",<br />
# ifelse(nodes$label == nodes$Item, "", paste0(nodes$Item, ". ")), <br />
# ifelse(is.na(nodes$Description), "", paste0("\n", nodes$Description)),<br />
# " (", nodes$Context, "/", nodes$id,")", <br />
# )<br />
nodes$tooltip <- paste0(<br />
nodes$Item, ". ", nodes$Description, "/ truth: ", nodes$truth, " relevance: ", nodes$seprime)<br />
nodes <- merge(nodes, formatted[setdiff(colnames(formatted),colnames(nodes))],<br />
by.x="type", by.y="Resource")<br />
colnames(nodes) <- gsub("node.","",colnames(nodes))<br />
nodes <- nodes[!grepl("edge.", colnames(nodes))]<br />
nodes$id <- 1:nrow(nodes)<br />
<br />
# Create edges and flip unpreferred relations to their inverse relations<br />
<br />
inver <- opbase.data("Op_en7783", subset="Relation types")<br />
for(i in colnames(inver)) inver[[i]] <- as.character(inver[[i]])<br />
inve <- data.frame(<br />
rel = c(inver$`English name`,inver$`Finnish name`),<br />
inve = c(inver$`English inverse`,inver$`Finnish inverse`),<br />
stringsAsFactors = FALSE<br />
)<br />
<br />
edges <- a[!(is.na(a$Object) | a$Object=="") , ]<br />
flip <- edges$rel %in% inve$inve<br />
tmp <- edges$Item<br />
edges$Item[flip] <- edges$Object[flip]<br />
edges$Object[flip] <- tmp[flip]<br />
edges$rel[flip] <- inve$rel[match(edges$rel, inve$inve)][flip]<br />
edges$from <- match(edges$Item, nodes$Item)<br />
edges$to <- match(edges$Object, nodes$Item)<br />
edges$label <- edges$rel<br />
edges <- merge(edges, formatted[setdiff(colnames(formatted),colnames(edges))],<br />
by.x="rel", by.y="Resource")<br />
colnames(edges) <- gsub("edge.","",colnames(edges))<br />
edges <- edges[!grepl("node.", colnames(edges))]<br />
edges$id <- 1:nrow(edges)<br />
edges$labeltooltip <- paste0(edges$label, " (",edges$Context, "/",edges$id, ")")<br />
<br />
gr <- create_graph(<br />
nodes_df=nodes,<br />
edges_df=edges<br />
)<br />
if(!is.null(meta)) {<br />
gr <- chooseGr(gr, input=meta)<br />
}<br />
<br />
return(gr) <br />
}<br />
<br />
objects.store(makeGraph)<br />
cat("Function makeGraph stored.\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
<rcode name="makeGraph" label="Initiate function makeGraph (old version)" embed=1><br />
# This is code Op_en3861/makeGraph on page [[Insight network]]<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
#' Making insight network graph object<br />
#' <br />
#' makeGraph is a function for taking an insight ovariable and making a graph object.<br />
#'<br />
#' @param a is data.frame defining nodes and edges with at least columns: Oldid, type, Item, label, Relation, Object, Description. Other columns for nodes such as URL are allowed.<br />
#' @return two data.frames: nodes_df and edges_df that are directly given as parameters for DiagrammeR::create_graph.<br />
<br />
makeGraph <- function(ova, ...) {<br />
require(OpasnetUtils)<br />
require(DiagrammeR)<br />
<br />
if(!exists("formatted")){<br />
objects.latest("Op_en3861", code_name="formatted") # [[Insight network]] formatted<br />
}<br />
if(!exists("chooseGr")) {<br />
objects.latest("Op_en3861", code_name="chooseGr") # [[Insight network]] chooseGr<br />
}<br />
<br />
if("ovariable" %in% class(ova)) {<br />
a <- ova@output<br />
meta <- ova@meta$insightnetwork<br />
} else {<br />
a <- ova<br />
meta <- NULL<br />
}<br />
<br />
for(i in 1:ncol(a)) {<br />
a[[i]] <- gsub("[\"']", " ", a[[i]])<br />
}<br />
<br />
# Fill in missing labels, Items, and object nodes<br />
<br />
a$label <- ifelse(is.na(a$label),substr(a$Item,1,30), a$label)<br />
a$Item <- ifelse(is.na(a$Item),a$label, a$Item)<br />
<br />
# Find nrow that matches the Object based on Item or label.<br />
tst <- rep(1:nrow(a),2)[match(a$Object, c(a$Item, a$label))]<br />
<br />
# Use Item as Object identifier when possible<br />
hasobj <- !(is.na(a$Object) | a$Object=="") # Rows of data.frame a that have Object<br />
a$Object[hasobj] <- a$Item[tst][hasobj]<br />
<br />
# Find objects that have not been defined<br />
newbies <- ifelse(is.na(tst), a$Object,NA)<br />
newbies <- newbies[!is.na(newbies)]<br />
<br />
if(length(newbies)>0) {<br />
a <- orbind(<br />
a,<br />
data.frame(<br />
Item=newbies,<br />
label=substr(newbies,1,30),<br />
stringsAsFactors = FALSE<br />
)<br />
)<br />
}<br />
<br />
nodes <- a[!(duplicated(a$Item) | is.na(a$Item) | a$Item==""),]<br />
nodes$tooltip <- paste0(<br />
nodes$label, ". ",<br />
ifelse(nodes$label == nodes$Item, "", paste0(nodes$Item, ". ")), <br />
ifelse(is.na(nodes$Description), "", paste0("\n", nodes$Description)),<br />
" (", nodes$Context, "/", nodes$id,")"<br />
)<br />
nodes <- merge(nodes, formatted, by.x="type", by.y="Resource")<br />
colnames(nodes) <- gsub("node.","",colnames(nodes))<br />
nodes <- nodes[!grepl("edge.", colnames(nodes))]<br />
nodes$id <- 1:nrow(nodes)<br />
<br />
# Create edges and flip unpreferred relations to their inverse relations<br />
<br />
inver <- opbase.data("Op_en7783", subset="Relation types")<br />
for(i in colnames(inver)) inver[[i]] <- as.character(inver[[i]])<br />
inve <- data.frame(<br />
rel = c(inver$`English name`,inver$`Finnish name`),<br />
inve = c(inver$`English inverse`,inver$`Finnish inverse`),<br />
stringsAsFactors = FALSE<br />
)<br />
<br />
edges <- a[!(is.na(a$Object) | a$Object=="") , ]<br />
flip <- edges$rel %in% inve$inve<br />
tmp <- edges$Item<br />
edges$Item[flip] <- edges$Object[flip]<br />
edges$Object[flip] <- tmp[flip]<br />
edges$rel[flip] <- inve$rel[match(edges$rel, inve$inve)][flip]<br />
edges$from <- match(edges$Item, nodes$Item)<br />
edges$to <- match(edges$Object, nodes$Item)<br />
edges$label <- edges$rel<br />
edges$labeltooltip <- paste0(edges$label, " (",edges$Context, "/",edges$id, ")")<br />
edges <- merge(edges, formatted, by.x="rel", by.y="Resource")<br />
colnames(edges) <- gsub("edge.","",colnames(edges))<br />
edges <- edges[!grepl("node.", colnames(edges))]<br />
edges$id <- 1:nrow(edges)<br />
<br />
gr <- create_graph(<br />
nodes_df=nodes,<br />
edges_df=edges<br />
)<br />
if(!is.null(meta)) {<br />
gr <- chooseGr(gr, input=meta)<br />
}<br />
<br />
return(gr) <br />
}<br />
<br />
objects.store(makeGraph)<br />
cat("Function makeGraph stored.\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
<rcode name="chooseGr" label="Initiate ovariable chooseGr" embed=1><br />
# This is code Op_en3861/chooseGr on page [[Insight diagram]].<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
#' Function chooseGr takes a diagrammer graph and selects s subgraph based on topic, labels, steps from selected nodes etc.<br />
#' @param gr diagrammer graph<br />
#' @param input list of arguments to be used in selection<br />
#' @seeds ovariable where @data has columns Topic to be chosen and Node for Oldid's to select.<br />
#' @return diagrammer graph where node_selection contains the selected nodes<br />
<br />
chooseGr <- function(gr, input, seeds=NULL, verbose=FALSE) {<br />
if(!is.null(seeds)) seeds <- match(seeds@data$Node[seeds@data$Topic==input$topic], gr$nodes_df$Oldid)<br />
nods <- union(c(<br />
seeds,<br />
match(input$addnodes, gr$nodes_df$label)),<br />
match(input$addnodesByid, gr$nodes_df$id)<br />
)<br />
nods <- nods[!is.na(nods)]<br />
gr <- deselect_nodes(gr, get_selection(gr))<br />
gr <- select_nodes_by_id(gr, nods)<br />
if(input$steps>0) {<br />
for(i in 1:input$steps) {<br />
gr <- deselect_nodes(gr,match(input$removenodes, gr$nodes_df$label))<br />
if(nrow(gr$node_selection)>0) {<br />
gr <- trav_both(gr,add_to_selection = TRUE)<br />
}<br />
}<br />
if("Remove branches only" %in% input$formatting) {<br />
gr <- select_nodes_by_id(gr,match(input$removenodes, gr$nodes_df$label))<br />
} else {<br />
gr <- deselect_nodes(gr,match(input$removenodes, gr$nodes_df$label))<br />
}<br />
}<br />
if("Show legend nodes" %in% input$formatting) {<br />
gr <- select_nodes_by_id(gr, match(seeds@data$Node[seeds@data$Topic=="Selitykset"], gr$nodes_df$Oldid))<br />
}<br />
gr <- deselect_nodes(gr, match(input$ignoreobj, gr$nodes_df$type))<br />
if(verbose) cat("Selected nodes: ", gr$nodes_df$label[gr$nodes_df$id %in% gr$node_selection[[1]]])<br />
return(gr)<br />
}<br />
<br />
objects.store(chooseGr)<br />
cat("Ovariable chooseGr stored.\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
Function insightJSON fetches a JSON file of an insight network through a REST API. Works on own computer only.<br />
<br />
<rcode name="insightJSON" label="Initiate function insightJSON (run on own computer)" embed=1><br />
# This is code Op_en3861/insightJSON on page [[Insight network]]<br />
<br />
#' This function fetches an insight network data as JSON through REST api and makes a graph<br />
#' @param URL URL for the insight network data<br />
#' @return a diagrammer graph object<br />
<br />
insightJSON <- function(URL) {<br />
require(OpasnetUtils)<br />
require(DiagrammeR)<br />
require(jsonlite)<br />
<br />
objects.latest("Op_en3861", "formatted") # [[Insight network]] formatted<br />
<br />
tst <- fromJSON(url(URL))<br />
nodes <- tst$data$nodes<br />
nodes <- data.frame(<br />
type = paste(nodes$indicator_level, nodes$type),<br />
Item = nodes$name,<br />
oldid = nodes$id,<br />
label = substr(nodes$name,1,30),<br />
tooltip = paste0(nodes$name,". ",nodes$id),<br />
URL = gsub("aplans.api","hnh",gsub("v1/","",nodes$url)),<br />
stringsAsFactors = FALSE<br />
)<br />
nodes$type <- gsub("NA ","",nodes$type)<br />
<br />
nodes <- merge(nodes, formatted, by.x="type", by.y="Resource")<br />
nodes$id <- 1:nrow(nodes)<br />
nodes <- nodes[!grepl("edge.",colnames(nodes))]<br />
colnames(nodes) <- gsub("node.","",colnames(nodes))<br />
nodes <- nodes[c("id",setdiff(colnames(nodes),"id"))]<br />
<br />
edges <- tst$data$edges<br />
edges$from <- match(edges$from, nodes$oldid)<br />
edges$to <- match(edges$to, nodes$oldid)<br />
edges$oldid <- edges$id<br />
edges$rel <- gsub("_", " ", edges$effect_type)<br />
edges$label <- edges$rel<br />
edges$tooltip <- paste0(edges$rel, " (", edges$confidence_level,") ", edges$id)<br />
edges <- merge(edges, formatted, by.x="rel", by.y="Resource")<br />
edges$id <- 1:nrow(edges)<br />
edges <- edges[!grepl("node.",colnames(edges))]<br />
colnames(edges) <- gsub("edge.","",colnames(edges))<br />
edges <- edges[c("from","to",setdiff(colnames(edges),c("from","to")))]<br />
<br />
gr <- create_graph(nodes, edges)<br />
return(gr)<br />
}<br />
<br />
#objects.store(insightJSON) # NOT STORED.<br />
#cat("Function insightJSON stored.\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
==== Format tables ====<br />
<br />
<rcode name="splizzeria" label="Initiate splizzeria (for developers only)" embed=1><br />
# This is code Op_en3861/splizzeria on page [[Insight network]]<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
#' Split cells contents into vectors<br />
#' <br />
#' splizzeria function takes a data.frame and splits entries in cells of certain columns into separate rows. The idea is to make entries easier.<br />
#' <br />
#' @param df data.frame to be splitted<br />
#' @param cols names of columns that have the splittable contents<br />
#' @param split splitting character that separates individual entries in the cells <br />
#' @return data.frame with the same columns but (possibly) more rows than df.<br />
<br />
splizzeria <- function(<br />
df,<br />
cols,<br />
split=","<br />
) { <br />
require(reshape2)<br />
for(i in cols) {<br />
d <- as.character(df[[i]])<br />
d[d==""] <- NA # Because "" is incorrectly strsplitted<br />
d <- melt(strsplit(d, split=split), value.name=i)<br />
df$L1 <- 1:nrow(df)<br />
df <- merge(df[colnames(df)!=i], d)<br />
df[[i]] <- trimws(df[[i]])<br />
df[is.na(df[[i]]),i] <- ""<br />
df$L1 <- NULL<br />
}<br />
return(df)<br />
}<br />
<br />
objects.store(splizzeria)<br />
cat("Function splizzeria stored.\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
<rcode name="fillprev" label="Initiate function fillprev (for developers only)" embed=1><br />
# This is code Op_en3861/fillprev on page [[Insight network]]<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
#' Filling empty cells<br />
#' <br />
#' fillprev fills empty cells in a data.frame by using content from the previous row.<br />
#' <br />
#' @param df data.frame to be filled<br />
#' @param cols vector of column names or positions to be filled.<br />
#' @return Returns a data.frame with the same shape as df.<br />
<br />
fillprev <- function(df, cols) {<br />
out <- df<br />
for(i in cols) { <br />
for(j in 2:nrow(out)) {<br />
if(out[j,i] %in% c("", NA)) out[j,i] <- out[j-1,i]<br />
}<br />
}<br />
return(out)<br />
}<br />
<br />
objects.store(fillprev)<br />
cat("Function fillprev stored.\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
==== Shiny server ====<br />
<br />
<rcode name="ui" label="Initiate function ui (for developers only)" embed=1><br />
# This is code Op_en3861/ui on page [[Insight network]]<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
################ Create Shiny user interface at file ui.R<br />
<br />
ui <- function(request) {<br />
basicPage(<br />
sidebarLayout(<br />
sidebarPanel(<br />
selectInput("topic","Topic",unique(seeds@data$Topic)),<br />
selectizeInput(<br />
"addnodes",<br />
"Add seed nodes by label",<br />
sort(gr$nodes_df$label),<br />
selected = NULL,<br />
multiple = TRUE,<br />
options = NULL<br />
),<br />
selectizeInput(<br />
"addnodesByOldid",<br />
"Add seed nodes by Oldid",<br />
sort(gr$nodes_df$Oldid),<br />
selected = NULL,<br />
multiple = TRUE,<br />
options = NULL<br />
),<br />
selectizeInput(<br />
"removenodes",<br />
"Remove branches starting from nodes",<br />
sort(gr$nodes_df$label),<br />
selected = NULL,<br />
multiple = TRUE,<br />
options = NULL<br />
),<br />
selectizeInput(<br />
"ignoreobj",<br />
"Ignore these object types",<br />
sort(unique(gr$nodes_df$type)),<br />
selected=NULL,<br />
multiple=TRUE,<br />
options=NULL<br />
),<br />
# selectizeInput( # Commented out because does not have a final idea of how it should be implemented.<br />
# "ignorerel",<br />
# "Ignore these edge types",<br />
# sort(unique(gr$edges$rel)),<br />
# selected=NULL,<br />
# multiple=TRUE,<br />
# options=NULL<br />
# ),<br />
checkboxGroupInput("formatting", "Format graph", c(<br />
"Hide node labels",<br />
"Hide edge labels",<br />
"Show legend nodes",<br />
"Remove branches only"<br />
)),<br />
sliderInput("steps", "Number of steps:", <br />
min = 0, max = 5, value = 0),<br />
bookmarkButton()<br />
),<br />
mainPanel(<br />
# p("Used object types: "), textOutput("objs"),<br />
# p("Used edge types: "), textOutput("rels"),<br />
# as.character(textOutput("remobj")),<br />
# strsplit(as.character(textOutput("remobj")),split=","),<br />
# html_nodes(textOutput("remobj"), css="div.shiny-text-output"),<br />
grVizOutput("plot1")<br />
)<br />
)<br />
)<br />
}<br />
<br />
objects.store(ui)<br />
cat("Function ui stored (makeUi is depreciated and not stored). Usage: shinyApp(ui, server, enableBookmarking = 'url')\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
<rcode name="server" label="Initiate function server (for developers only)" embed=1><br />
# This is code Op_en3861/server on page [[Insight diagram]].<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
objects.latest("Op_en3861", code_name="chooseGr") # [[Insight network]] chooseGr<br />
<br />
#### Create shiny server at file server.R<br />
<br />
server <- function(input, output, session) {<br />
output$plot1 <- renderGrViz({<br />
gr2 <- chooseGr(gr = gr, input = input, seeds = seeds)<br />
# gr <- deselect_nodes(gr, union( # This should find the INTERCEPT of from is selected AND to is selected and rel %in% ignorerel.<br />
# However, it is more complicated than that, because we may not want both from and to to disappear, only the one who is further away from core.<br />
# Therefore, we may want to perform this inside the step loop in the same way as cutting branches.<br />
# tmp$edges_df$from[tmp$edges_df$rel %in% input$ignorerel],<br />
# tmp$edges_df$to[tmp$edges_df$rel %in% input$ignorerel]<br />
# ))<br />
<br />
gr2$nodes_df$label <- gsub("(.{1,18})(\\s|$)", "\\1\n", gr2$nodes_df$label) # Cut labels to max 18 characters long on one line (except if a word is longer)<br />
# Alternative possibility is to use strwrap function from {base} or stri_wrap from stringi.<br />
if("Hide node labels" %in% input$formatting) gr2$nodes_df$label <- ""<br />
if("Hide edge labels" %in% input$formatting) gr2$edges_df$label <- " "<br />
<br />
grViz(generate_dot(transform_to_subgraph_ws(gr2)))<br />
})<br />
# output$objs <- reactive({<br />
# tmp <- grr()<br />
# sort(unique(tmp$nodes_df$type[tmp$node_selection$node]))<br />
# })<br />
# output$rels <- reactive({<br />
# tmp <- grr()<br />
# sort(unique(tmp$edges_df$rel[union(<br />
# tmp$edges_df$id[tmp$edges_df$from %in% tmp$node_selection$node],<br />
# tmp$edges_df$id[tmp$edges_df$to %in% tmp$node_selection$node] # )]))<br />
# })<br />
}<br />
<br />
objects.store(chooseGr, server)<br />
cat("Functions chooseGr, server stored. Note! ChooseGr comes from its own code. Usage: shinyApp(ui, server, enableBookmarking = 'url')\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
==== Scrape functions ====<br />
<br />
These functions were be placed in the OpasnetUtils package, which is [https://github.com/jtuomist/OpasnetUtils/blob/master/R/scrape.R maintained in Github]. To use the code, install a new version of the package by running R code<br />
<br />
devtools::install_github("jtuomist/OpasnetUtils")<br />
<br />
Codes Op_en3861/scrape.discussion, Op_en3861/scrape.functions, and Op_en3861/scrape.assessment on this page are outdated.<br />
<br />
==== Copy descriptions to ovariables ====<br />
<br />
The function ''assessmentDescriptions'' scans through an assessment ovarible that has all relevant assessment objects as parents. Dependencies slot may also have additional information, such as the following.<br />
* Name: name of parent (obligatory)<br />
* Ident: Opasnet page identifier and code name where the parent object can be loaded (e.g. Op_en7748/hia). Note: This is typically the code for the whole assessment, ''not'' the individual codes for the objects.<br />
* Token: Token for the model run where the parent object can be loaded (e.g. xxNsLw5hWdM6xyYp)<br />
* Description: A short description about what the object is. This is typically shown when cursor hovers over the object on an online insight diagram.<br />
* Page: Opasnet page identifier for the object's knowledge crystal page, which contains the research question, answer, and description of the object, together with discussion, if any. Typically this is empty for ovariables, because this information can be found from ovariable@meta slot and there is no need to duplicate it here.<br />
* Child: An object to which this object links. This is typically needed for objects such as graphs and data.frames that do not contain this information in their own structure, unlike ovariables. The direction of a relation is away from this object because then this object is the subject in triple sentences and can be given other parameters as well in other columns. A typical sentence is "graph describes ovariable", but for illustrative purposes this is inversed on insight networks so that the arrow points from an ovariable to a graph ("ovariable is described by graph").<br />
* Other columns are allowed.<br />
<br />
<rcode label="Initiate assessmentDescriptions (for developers only)"><br />
# This is code Op_en3861/ on page [[Insight network]]<br />
<br />
assessmentDescriptions <- function( # Adds descriptions to ovariables.<br />
assessment # Ovariable or assessment whose dependencies will be given descriptions.<br />
) {<br />
dep <- assessment@dependencies<br />
for(i in dep$Name) {<br />
tmp <- get(i)<br />
if("ovariable" %in% class(tmp)) {<br />
desc <- as.character(dep$Description[dep$Name==i])<br />
if(is.null(tmp@meta$Description)) {<br />
tmp@meta$Description <- desc<br />
} else {<br />
tmp@meta$Description <- paste0("1) ", desc, ". 2) ", tmp@meta$Description)<br />
warning("There already was ", i, "@meta$Description. The two were concatenated.\n")<br />
}<br />
assign(i, tmp, envir = .GlobalEnv)<br />
}<br />
}<br />
return(cat("Done.\n"))<br />
}<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
=== Old notation ===<br />
<br />
{{attack|#|Look at the table below together with [[Open policy ontology]] and merge. Decide which things should be on this page and which should be on the other.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 06:55, 24 April 2018 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
{|{{prettytable}}<br />
! Node type<br />
! Object<br />
! Colour code in Analytica<br />
! Comments<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:General variable.png]]<br />
| '''General variable<br />
| 8R3B (automatic)<br />
| This is a deterministic function of the quantities it depends on.<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Chance variable.png]]<br />
| '''Chance variable<br />
| 11L4B (autom)<br />
| This is a variable which is uncertain and uncontrollable (in a direct sense).<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Data-driven variable.png]]<br />
| '''Data-driven variable<br />
| 3R1B<br />
| A general variable where the result is mostly driven by data (observations or literature).<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Author judgement variable.png]]<br />
| '''Author judgement variable<br />
| 4R2B<br />
| A general variable where the result is mainly driven by author judgement (estimates with poor or no data).<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Decision variable.png]]<br />
| '''Decision variable<br />
| 9L3B<br />
| This is the variable that a decision-maker has the power to control. The decision variable should always be at the top of the chain of causality, even if this is a subchain i.e. it should not have any parent variables. Essentially the decision variable should be regarded as a decision that has to be made; since many factors affect all decisions it is not (in the case of INTARESE) an efficient use of resources to attempt to model what leads a decision-maker to make his decision.<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Objective variable.png]]<br />
| '''Indicator<br />
| 1R3B (autom)<br />
| This is a variable of special interest. One of the indicators in an assessment may be the quantitative criterion that you are trying to optimize.<br />
A particularly important variable in relation to the interests of the intended users of the assessment output (i.e. it must be a means of effective communication of assessment results).<br />
*It must be in causal connection to the endpoints of the assessment and thus address causality throughout the full chain.<br />
*It should reflect the use/purpose of the assessment.<br />
*It should address and be adapted according to the target audience.<br />
*It should be the ‘leading component’ in the assessment process.<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Value judgement variable.png]]<br />
| '''Value judgement variable<br />
| 8L4B<br />
| A preference or value that a person or a group assigns to a particular condition or state of the world.<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Index variable.png]]<br />
| '''Index (or dimension)<br />
| 5R2B (autom)<br />
| This identifies the dimensions of the variable to which it is linked. Note that these dimensions do not have to be numeric, but can also be classes etc.<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Risk assessment node.png]]<br />
| '''Risk assessment<br />
| 8R3B (autom)<br />
| <br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Scope node.png]]<br />
| '''Scope<br />
| 6R1B<br />
| The scope of the object<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Conclusion node.png]]<br />
| '''Conclusion<br />
| 6L3B<br />
| A conclusion of the risk assessment (Result/Conclusion attribute).<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Module node.png]]<br />
| '''Module<br />
| 6R3B (autom)<br />
| A group of variables that are put together for illustrative or other practical reasons.<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Proxy variable.png]]<br />
| '''Data<br />
| 2L3B (autom)<br />
| Contents of the Definition/Data attribute of a variable. If the Result attribute of a variable is used as Data for another variable, the first variable is called a proxy, and this node is used in the diagram. If an arrow or line is drawn between these objects, it must be noticed that this is NOT a causal link but an inference link. The direction of the arrow would be from the proxy to the variable.<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Argument node.png]]<br />
| '''Argument<br />
| 8R2B<br />
| A piece of argumentation related to an object (variable, risk assessment, or class)<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Formula node.png]]<br />
| '''Formula<br />
| 9L3B<br />
| Contents of the Definition/Formula attribute of a variable.<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Class node.png]]<br />
| '''Class<br />
| 1L2B<br />
| A class object (a set of objects that share a particular property).<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Function node.png]]<br />
| '''Function<br />
| 4R2B (autom)<br />
| A special kind of class. The particular property that is shared contains a full description of the Scope and the Definition attributes with given parameters.<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Causal arrow.png]]<br />
| '''Causal arrow<br />
|<br />
| This states a causal relationship (or influence) of one variable onto another. Note that causal arrows can only exist between two arrows; any arrows to or from non-causal objects are non-causal inference arrows.<br />
|-----<br />
| [[Image:Non-causal arrow.png]]<br />
| '''Non-causal arrow<br />
|<br />
| This states an inference relationship between two objects. This means that the object where the arrow starts from is in the Data attribute of the other object. It is thus used to infer something about the value of the result of the latter object. Either object can be a variable or a non-variable. Note that Analytica is only able to show one kind of arrows, so in some cases the nature of the arrow (causal or inference) must be concluded from the context.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Previous notations ===<br />
<br />
[[image:Extended causal diagram notation.PNG|thumb|Previous notation for insight networks. This version was optimised for Analytica use.]]<br />
Insight networks have previously been called pyrkilo diagrams, extended causal diagrams, and factor-effect-value networks. These names are no longer in active use. An archived version of the notation can be found from an [http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Extended_causal_diagram&oldid=41850 earlier version of this page].<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Insight_network&oldid=42630 Arhived version] 15.1.2019 with several functionalities that are now depreciated and removed.<br />
** T2b table [http://en.opasnet.org/w/Special:Opasnet_Base?id=op_en3861.table_types Table types] for different kinds of input tables.<br />
** Code for function grspec. This is no longer needed as a generic formatted data.frame is used for formatting of all resources.<br />
** Code for makeInsightGraph. This is replaced by makeGraph that has a better work flow.<br />
** Code for makeInsightTables. Insighttables are no longer produced as they are replaced by context-specific ovariables that are on their respective knowledge crystal pages.<br />
** Code for ovariable insightNetwork, which is an ovariable collecting all objects needed. Because of major updates, this is no longer useful.<br />
** Code server: function chooseGr was updated and moved to an own code.<br />
<br />
* [[Open policy practice]]<br />
* [[Open policy ontology]]<br />
* [[From open assessment to shared understanding: practical experiences]]<br />
* [[:Category:Causal diagram]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Discussion&diff=43813Discussion2021-07-29T07:22:50Z<p>Jouni: /* Re-organising discussions afterwards */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:THL publications 2009]]<br />
[[Category:THL publications 2010]]<br />
[[op_fi:Keskustelu]]<br />
[[Category:Universal object]]<br />
[[Category:Open policy practice]]<br />
[[Category:Decision analysis and risk management]]<br />
{{method|moderator = Jouni<br />
| reference = {{publication<br />
| authors = Jouni T. Tuomisto, Mikko V. Pohjola<br />
| page = Discussion<br />
| explanation = Introduction to discussions in [[Opasnet]].<br />
| publishingyear = 2019<br />
| urn = <br />
| elsewhere = <br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
[[Category:Glossary term]]<br />
<section begin=glossary /><br />
:'''Discussion''' is a method to organise information about a topic into a form of hierarchical thread of arguments trying to resolve whether a statement is true or not. In discussion, anyone can raise any relevant points about the topic. Discussion is organised using the pragma-dialectical argumentation theory<ref name="pragmadial">Eemeren, F.H. van, & Grootendorst, R. (2004). A systematic theory of argumentation: The pragma-dialectical approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>. A discussion usually consists of three parts: 1) opening statement(s); 2) the actual discussion organised as hierarchical threads of arguments; and 3) closing statement(s), which is updated based on the discussion, notably any valid arguments pointing to it. When a closing statement is updated, the content should be accordingly portrayed within texts that refer to the discussion.<br />
<section end=glossary /><br />
<br />
Contribution in the form of remarks or argumentative criticism on the content of wiki pages is most welcome. It can change the outcome of an assessment; it will improve it and make the assessment better understandable for decision makers and other stakeholders. The discussions will show the reasoning behind the work done in an assessment; it will indicate the objective and normative aspects in an assessment. In this way, decision makers and stakeholders can judge themselves whether they agree on such normative weightings. Discussion rules and formats facilitate the execution and synthesis of discussions.<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
How should discussions be organised in such a way that<br />
* they can capture all kinds of written and spoken information, facts and valuations related to a specific topic,<br />
* there are straightforward rules about how the information should be handled,<br />
* the approach facilitates the convergence to a [[shared understanding]] by easily identifying and describing differing premises and other reasons behind disagreements,<br />
* the appraoch can be applied both ''a priori'' (to structure a discussion to be held) and ''a posteriori'' (to restructure a discussion already held)?<br />
<br />
==Answer==<br />
<br />
=== Discussion structure ===<br />
<br />
{{discussion<br />
|id=Disc1<br />
|type=fact<br />
|title=Example discussion showing a typical structure<br />
|openingStatement= Opening statements about a topic. This is the starting point of a discussion.<br />
|closingStatement= Outcome of the discussion, i.e. opening statement updated by valid arguments pointing to it.<br />
|Resolved = Yes.<br />
|Argumentation =<br />
{{argument|relat1=attack|id=arg1 |content=This argument attacks the statement. Arguments always point to one level up in the hierarchy.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:48, 8 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{argument|relat1=defense|id=arg2 |content=This argument defends argument arg1.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:48, 8 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{argument|relat1=defense|showtruth=untrue|id=arg3|content=This is an invalid defense of arg1 because it is successfully attacked by argument arg4.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:48, 8 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{argument|relat1=attack|id=arg4 |content=This is a valid attack against argument arg3, because it is itself not successfully attacked.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:48, 8 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
:::{{argument|relat1=branch|id=arg5|content=This is a branch. The argument one level higher (arg4 in this case) defends this argument, but this argument points to a new statement, not the original one of this discussion. The use of branches is not recommended, as they don't bring added value to this question; rather, start another discussion with a relevant statement.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 10:10, 10 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{argument|relat1=comment|id=arg6 |content=This is a comment. It clarifies the discussion but does not invalidate arguments.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 17:38, 6 December 2014 (UTC)}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Discussion rules ===<br />
<br />
# Freedom of opinion. Everyone has the right to criticize or comment on the content of a discussion.<br />
# A discussion is organised around an explicit statement or statements. The purpose of a discussion is to resolve which of the opening statements, if any, are valid. The statement(s) are updated according to the argumentation; this becomes the closing statement.<br />
# A statement is defended or attacked using arguments, which themselves also can be defended and attacked. This forms a hierarchical thread or tree-like structure.<br />
# Critique with a supporting, attacking, or commenting argument is stated in connection to what is being criticized.<br />
# Argumentation must be relevant to the issue that they target.<br />
# Only statements made and arguments given can be attacked.<br />
# An argument is valid unless it is attacked by a valid argument. Defending arguments are used to protect arguments against attacks, but if an attack is successful, it is stronger than a defense.<br />
# Attacks must be based on one of the two kinds of arguments:<br />
#* The attacked argument is claimed to be irrelevant in its context.<br />
#* The attacked argument is claimed to be not true, i.e. it is not consistent with observations.<br />
# Other attacks such as those based on evaluation of the speaker (''argumentum ad hominem'') are weak and are treated as comments rather than attacks.<br />
# Argumentation can not be redundant. If arguments are repeated, they should be merged into one.<br />
# You are supposed to be committed to your statements, that is:<br />
#* if someone doubts your statement or argument (comment), you must explain it (edit or defend).<br />
#* if someone attacks your statement or argument (attack), you must defend it (defend).<br />
# A discussion is called resolved, when someone writes a closing statement based on the opening statement and the current valid arguments targeting it, and updates the text (typically on a knowledge crystal page) that is targeted by the discussion.<br />
# However, discussions are continuous. This means that anyone can re-open a discussion with new arguments even if a closing statement has been written.<br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
The structure of the discussion follows the principles of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragma-dialectics pragma-dialectics].<ref name="pragmadial">Eemeren, F.H. van, & Grootendorst, R. (2004). A systematic theory of argumentation: The pragma-dialectical approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>{{reslink|Names of the discussion parts}}<br />
<br />
A discussion is typically an important detail of a larger whole, such as a [[knowledge crystal]] in an assessment, but does attempt to give a full answer to the knowledge crystal question. The purpose of a discussion is to identify which of the opening statements are valid, or how they should be revised to become valid. <br />
<br />
Arguments are actually statements; the only differences is that the target of an argument is another argument or statement within a particular discussion, while the target of a statement is some explicated use outside the discussion, such as in the rationale of a knowledge crystal. Therefore, an argument can be upgraded into a statement of a new discussion, if it is needed elsewhere.<br />
<br />
=== How to discuss ===<br />
<br />
[[Open policy practice]] embraces participation, in particular deliberative participation. Therefore all contributions in the form of remarks or argumentative criticism on the content of the assessments, variables, methods as well as other content are most welcome. The contributions can change the outcome of the assessments by improving their information content and making it better understandable for decision makers, stakeholders and public. Documented discussions also show the reasoning behind the work done in assessments making it possible for decision makers, stakeholders and public to judge for themselves whether they agree with the reasoning behind the outcomes. In order to obtain an orderly discussion, rules and format for discussion in open policy practice have been created based on pragma-dialectics, a systematic theory of argumentation.<br />
<br />
Discussion has a central role in the collaborative process of formulating questions, developing hypotheses as answers to these questions, and improving these hypotheses through criticism and corresponding corrections. When a diverse group of contributors participate in an assessment, it is obvious that disputes may arise. Formal argumentation offers a solution also to clarify and potentially solve disputes. In collaborative assessments, every knowledge crystal and every part of them are subject to open criticism according to the rules modified from pragma-dialectics<ref name="pragmadial"/>): see Answer above.<br />
<br />
When a discussion goes on, there is often a need to clarify the opening statement to make it better reflect the actual need of the discussion. Within a small group of actively involved discussants, the statement can be changed with a mutual agreement. However, this should be done with caution to not distort the original meaning of any existing arguments. Rather, it should be considered whether a new discussion with the revised opening statement should be launched.<br />
<br />
=== Discussion structure ===<br />
<br />
A discussion has three parts: opening statement(s), argumentation, and closing statement(s). Often also references are added to back up arguments. These are briefly described below using a discussion template. Argumentation consists of defending and attacking arguments and comments.<br />
<br />
{{discussion <br />
|id=Disc2<br />
|openingStatement = ''Opening statement'' contains one statement or several alternative, conflicting statements. This explicates the dispute at hand. In Opasnet it must be relevant for the page where the discussion is located.<br />
|closingStatement = ''Closing statement'' contains the current valid statement of the discussion, revised based on the opening statements and the valid arguments targeting it. In this example, the current arguments indicate that the opening statement is accepted, except if you apply [[paradigm]] toldya then it is not. The content of a closing statement is transferred to the texts that refer to this discussion (in Opasnet, such references typically come from a knowledge crystal page to its own talk page where the discussion is); after this, the discussion is called ''resolved''. It should be noted that resolutions are always temporary, as discussions can be opened again with new arguments.<br />
|title = Statments accepted except if toldya.<br />
|Resolved = Yes.<br />
|Argumentation = <br />
<br />
:{{argument|relat1=comment|id=arg1 |title=Argument structure explained|content= The '''argumentation''' contains the actual discussion, organised as hierarchical threads of arguments. Each argument is either an attack against or a defense for an argument (called target). The original statement can also be targeted. As an argument always point to another argument, they form a hierarchical thread structure. It is also possible to use coordinative arguments where two or more arguments together act like one argument. Each argument is valid unless it has no proponents (a discussant promoting the argument) or it is attacked by a valid argument. However, also other validity rules than the default one can be used (see [[#validity and relevance]] below). In addition to attacks and defenses, also comments can be used for asking or offering clarification; comments do not affect the validity of the target argument. For example, this paragraph is a comment.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:57, 2 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{argument|relat1=defense|id=arg2|title=Defense explained|content=If you agree with the argument one level higher (the opening statement in this case), you should use this '''defending argument''' template.|sign= --[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:57, 2 January 2010 (UTC)}} <br />
:{{argument|relat1=attack|id=arg3|title=Attack explained|content=If you disagree with the argument one level higher (the opening statement in this case), you should use this '''attacking argument''' template.| sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:57, 2 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{argument|relat1=attack|showtruth=untrue|parad1=science|id=arg933|type=truth|title=Paradigm-specific argument|content=This attack claims that the target argument arg3 is untrue. However, this claim is disputed, and with scientific paradigm this argument is untrue (because the scientific paradigm requires that every argument is backed up by references). However, with paradigm toldya this argument is true (because with toldya, there is no such requirement). With both paradigms, the attack against arg3 is relevant.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 06:43, 14 July 2018 (UTC)|truth2=true|parad2=toldya}} <br />
:{{argument|relat1=defense|showtruth=untrue|id=arg4 |title=Invalid argument explained|content=This argument is invalid because it is attacked by a valid argument (arg5). If you want to make it valid again, you should successfully invalidate all the attacking arguments.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:57, 2 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{argument|relat1=attack|type=truth|id=arg5 |title=Truthlikeness attack|content=This is the argument that attacks the truthlikeness of argument arg4. The id numbering does not have any specific order or meaning, they are just used for identifying arguments, but it is recommended that it starts with ''arg''. Typical numbering systems are to use the first unused natural number a random four-digit number. Id is used as a reference when needed.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:57, 2 January 2010 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{argument|showrelevance=irrelevant|relat1=attack|type=truth|id=arg1124|title=True but irrelevant argument.|content=This argument attempts to attack the truthlikeness of argument #4, but this argument is irrelevant (and thus ineffective) although it is true.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 08:31, 12 July 2018 (UTC)}}<br />
:::{{argument|relat1=attack|type=relevance|id=arg1125|title=Irrelevance attack|content=This argument attacks the relevance of argument #1124 and says that it is irrelevant in attacking the statement.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 08:31, 12 July 2018 (UTC)}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Risks of open government.svg|700px]]<br />
<br />
The figure above shows a discussion started by Bengt Holmstöm about problems of open governance. Each argument is shown as a trapezoid. Discussion is organised around an opening statement (pink), which develops into a closing statement (blue for facts, green for values) during the discussion process.<br />
<br />
[[File:Structured discussion on an argumentation tool.png|400px|thumb|Structured discussion at an argumentation tool (https://dev.tietokide.fi/?Q10)]]<br />
<br />
=== Structure of an argument ===<br />
<br />
Each argument has the following properties (see table below).<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+ '''The parameters of an argument and possible combinations.<br />
|----<br />
! Id<br />
! Title<br />
! Content<br />
! Sign<br />
! Target<br />
! Type<br />
! Paradigm<br />
! Relation<br />
! Result<br />
! Comment<br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg9876<br />
| relevance<br />
| science<br />
| attack<br />
| 1<br />
| If paradigm changes (all else equal), relation may change, although typically only the result changes.<br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg5555<br />
| relevance<br />
| science<br />
| comment<br />
| 0<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg6666<br />
| truth<br />
| science<br />
| defense<br />
| 1<br />
| Truth refers to the truth of the target<br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg1234<br />
| selftruth<br />
| science<br />
| attack<br />
| 0<br />
| Selftruth refers to the truth of the argument itself, unlike other types that refer to the target.<br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg9876<br />
| relevance<br />
| toldya<br />
| comment<br />
| 0<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg5555<br />
| relevance<br />
| toldya<br />
| defense<br />
| 1<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg6666<br />
| truth<br />
| toldya<br />
| attack<br />
| 0<br />
| <br />
|----<br />
| arg1234<br />
| Short title for display<br />
| Actual argument<br />
| Signature<br />
| arg1234<br />
| selftruth<br />
| toldya<br />
| comment<br />
| 1<br />
| The relation in case of type=selftruth is irrelevant and is ignored.<br />
|----<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| These are unique to an argument<br />
|----<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| These are unique to an argument-target pair<br />
|----<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| {{yes|}}<br />
| These are unique to a triple of argument-target-paradigm<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Importantly, an argument always has the same id, title, content, and signature. Even if the argument is used several times in different parts of a discussion, it is still a single argument with no variation in these parameters. However, an argument may target several other arguments (as shown as an arrow on [[insight network]] graph). Each of these arrows has exactly one type (either relevance or truth); if an arguments targets itself, the type is selftruth. <br />
<br />
Finally, people may disagree about the target relation (whether an argument is attacking, defending, or commenting a target argument) and also whether the target relation is successful or not. These disagreements are operationalised as paradigms. One paradigm has exactly one opinion about the relation and the result (e.g. that an argument is an untrue attack), while another paradigm may have another conclusion (e.g. that an argument is true defend).<br />
<br />
Parameters are defined in the [[:Template:Argument|argument template]] of Opasnet, and they are embedded into the html code when a wiki page is parsed. It is therefore possible to collect that data by page scraping. The following properties are used to identify the properties of arguments.<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+'''Parameter properties<br />
! Parameter<br />
! Css selector (Opasnet page scraping)<br />
! Requirements<br />
|----<br />
| Id<br />
| .argument attr=id<br />
| Must start with a letter<br />
|----<br />
| Title<br />
| .argument .title<br />
| Short text. Is shown on insight graph as node label<br />
|----<br />
| Content<br />
| .argument .content<br />
| Text, may be long. Is shown with hover on graph<br />
|----<br />
| Sign<br />
| .argument .sign a:first-of-type<br />
| Must contain a link to participant's user page. Is shown with hover on graph<br />
|----<br />
| Target<br />
| NA<br />
| Previous argument one level up, or the statement for arguments on the first level<br />
|----<br />
| Type<br />
| .argument i.type<br />
| One of the three: relevance, truth, or selftruth (or "both", which is depreciated)<br />
|----<br />
| Paradigm<br />
| .argument .paradigm<br />
| Each paradigm should be described on a dedicated page. The rules implemented must be clear<br />
|----<br />
| Relation<br />
| .argument .relation<br />
| Is one of these: attack, defense, comment. "Branches" are typically uninteresting and ignored.<br />
|----<br />
| Result<br />
| <br />
* relevance= .argument .relation attr=color. Gray= 0 (irrelevant), other=1 (relevant).<br />
* truth= .argument .relation attr=color. Gray=0 (untrue), other=1 (true)<br />
* selftruth= .argument .selftruth attr=color. Gray=0 (untrue), other=1 (true)<br />
| Truthlikeness of the relation. Either 1 or 0<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Validity and relevance ===<br />
<br />
:''Main article: [[Paradigm]].<br />
<br />
Each argument may be valid or invalid meaning that it does or does not affect its target argument, respectively. Validity depends on two parameters of an argument: it is valid if and only if it is true and relevant. Arguments that are untrue or irrelevant are invalid. It should be noted that with arguments, truth and relevance are thought in a narrow, technical sense: if an argument fulfills certain straightforward truth criteria, it is considered true, and the same applies to relevance. This is not to mean that they are true or relevant in an objective sense; rather, these are grassroot-level practical rules that ideally makes the system as a whole to converge towards what we consider truth and relevance. The current default criteria (called the "[[Science (paradigm)|scientific paradigm]]") are the following.<br />
<br />
An argument is true iff<br />
* it is backed up by a reference, and<br />
* it is not attacked by a valid argument about its truthlikeness (a truth-type argument).<br />
<br />
An argument is relevant iff<br />
* it is not attacked by a valid argument about its relevance (a relevance-type argument).<br />
<br />
Truth is a property of an argument itself, so if it is true in one discussion, it is true always. Of course, this does not mean that a sentence used in an argument is true in all contexts, but rather that the idea presented in a particular context is true in all discussions. Therefore, people should be very clear about the context when they borrow arguments from other discussions.<br />
<br />
In contrast, relevance is a property of the relation between an argument and its target argument (or target statement). Again, this is a context-sensitive property, and in practice, it is possible to borrow relevance from another discussion only if both the argument and its target appear in that exact form and context in both discussions.<br />
<br />
Each argument is an attack (red), a defense (green), or a comment (blue) towards its target. The nature of the argument is shown with its colour. The same argument may also attack or defend another argument, with possibly a different colour. This is because the colour is actually not the colour of the argument itself, but it is the colour of its ''relation'' with the target. There are a few possibilities to avoid confusion with these differing colours when using arguments on a wiki page.<br />
* An argument is written once in one place, and then a copy of it (with only the arrow and the identifier) is pasted to all other relevant places, with proper colours for those relations.<br />
* I there are several opening statements, the colour should always reflect the relationship to the first (i.e., primary) statement. If the primary statement changes, the colours should be changed respectively.<br />
<br />
The legacy templates ([[:Template:Attack|Attack]], [[:Template:Defend invalid|Defend invalid]] etc.) do not differentiate between truth and relevance, but only validity. Therefore they are depreciated, and a new generic template [[:Template:Argument|Argument]] should be used instead. It is capable of showing relevance (irrelevant arguments have gray arrows) and truth (untrue arguments have gray content). If a legacy template is used, an invalid argument is assumed to be both irrelevant and untrue; it is also assumed to apply the scientific paradigm. If other paradigms are used, this must be stated clearly in the text, because the template offers no functionality for it. In Opasnet, the Argument template is capable of describing five different paradigms and the relevance and truth values of each (see [[#Practices in Opasnet]]).<br />
<br />
'''Paradigms in argumentation<br />
<br />
Paradigms are collections of rules to determine when an argument is true or relevant. The ''[[Science (paradigm)|scientific paradigm]]'' is the default in Opasnet, but any paradigms can be developed as long as the rules can be explicitly described and implemented. For example, previously Opasnet implicitly applied a paradigm called ''unattackedstand'' (although the name was coined only in summer 2018 and the mere concept of paradigms was developed in early 2018). Unattackedstand has the same rules as the scientific paradigm except that a true argument does not need a reference, a user backing up an argument with their signature is enough.<br />
<br />
Paradigms may also have other rules than direct validity rules. For example, the scientific paradigm considers an argument based on observations stronger than an argument based on (expert) opinions without observations, and an ''argument ad hominem'' is even weaker.<br />
<br />
However, the rules in a paradigm can be anything, e.g. that the strongest arguments are those by a particular user or an authoritative source, such as a holy book. These rules will clearly lead to different validity estimates and interpretations of a discussion. But the methods of discussions and [[open policy practice]] have been developed having this in mind. The outcome of such explicitly described differences in interpretations are called [[shared understanding]], and that is considered the main product of these methods.<br />
<br />
=== Practices in Opasnet ===<br />
<br />
For discussing, the [[#discussion structure]] should be used. In Opasnet, click the blue capital '''D''' in the toolbar on top of the edit window to apply the discussion template. This is how the discussion format appears:<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
{{discussion <br />
|id = unique identifier of discussion on this page<br />
|Statements = <br />
|Resolution = <br />
|Resolved = Yes, if respective texts updated; empty otherwise.<br />
|Argumentation = Threaded hierarchical list of arguments. Each argument is on its own line. Hierarchy is created by using indents (colon character : in the beginning of a line). For example:<br />
<br />
{{argument|relat1=comment|id=1|content=The blue horizontal line on the toolbar represents the comment button. It yields this blue layout, which is used for comments and remarks.}} <br />
:{{argument|relat1=attack|id=3|content=This red arrow represents an attacking argument. }} <br />
::{{argument|relat1=defend|id=2|content=This green arrow represents a defending argument.}} <br />
}}<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
Arguments can have the parameters that are listed below (each parameter is shown on a separate line for clarity). Note that the parameters may be in any order, and it might be a good idea to show relat1 first. For details, see [[:Template:Argument]].<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
{{argument<br />
| id = identifier of the argument, unique on this page, default: arg + 4 random digits<br />
| title = a short description of the content; displayed on insight networks<br />
| content = content of the argument<br />
| sign = signature of the speaker, default: --~~~~<br />
| type = type of the relation to the target argument, i.e. what is attacked or defended. Either truth or relevance.<br />
| parad1 = main paradigm used to derive the relation between this argument and its target. This is used to format the argument.<br />
| relat1 = relation type between the argument and its target according to the first paradigm: it has two words separated by a single space. The first is either relevant or irrelevant and the second either attack, defend, or comment.<br />
| true1 = truthlikeness of the argument according to the first paragism: either true or untrue.<br />
| parad2 = the second paradigm used.<br />
| relat2 = the second relation type according to paradigm2. Default: relat1<br />
| true2 = the second truthlikeness according to paradigm2. Default: true1<br />
| parad3 etc. up to parad5 in this wiki<br />
}}<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
Furthermore:<br />
* If you agree with an argument made by others, you can place your signature (click the signature button in the toolbar) after that argument.<br />
* Arguments may be edited or restructured. However, if there are signatures of other people, only minor edits are allowed without their explicit acceptance.<br />
<br />
In order to contribute to a discussion you need to have a user account and be logged in.<br />
<br />
=== Referring to a discussion in Opasnet ===<br />
<br />
On a text that refers to a particular discussion (often on the content page of the respective talk page), you should make links at the relevant points to the respective discussions. There are two possibilities:<br />
* {{disclink|Top}} Link to a discussion that is not yet resolved.<br />
* {{reslink|Top}} Link to a resolved discussion.<br />
Because all discussions can be re-opened, the difference between the two is '''not''' whether people are likely to participate in the discussion in the future or not. Instead, {{reslink|Top}} means that the current outcome of the discussion, whether an agreement or a continuing dispute, has been transferred to the main page, i.e. the contents of the main page reflect the current status of the discussion. In contrast, {{disclink|Top}} means that in the discussion itself, there is some information that is not yet reflected on the main page; therefore, the reader should read the discussion as well to be fully aware of the status of the page. This way, there is not a need to constantly update the main page during an active discussion. The updating can be done when the outcome of the discussion has stabilised.<br />
<br />
=== Re-organising discussions afterwards ===<br />
<br />
Free-format discussions can be re-organised ''a posteriori'' (afterwards) into the discussion structure presented here. The main tasks in this work are to<br />
* document original sources of material,<br />
* remove redundant text,<br />
* structure the arguments around a useful opening statement,<br />
* clarify arguments to be understandable without the context of the original discussion,<br />
* analyse and synthesise outcome into a closing statement,<br />
* save and publish your work.<br />
<br />
See an example of a re-organisation work in [[:op_fi:Keskustelu:Pienhiukkasten terveysvaikutukset Suomessa#Keskustelu pienhiukkasvaikutuksesta |Discussion of health effects of PM2.5 in Finland]](in Finnish)<br />
<br />
=== Calculations ===<br />
<br />
<rcode label="Initiate argument inference functions"><br />
# This is code Op_en####/update on page [[Discussion]]<br />
<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
update_truth <- function(<br />
paplus, # P(A+)<br />
pbplus, # P(B+)<br />
seprime # parameter for producing se for argument A<br />
) {<br />
if(any(paplus>=1) | any(paplus<=0)) stop("probability P(A+) must be between ]0,1[, not ",paplus)<br />
if(any(pbplus>=1) | any(pbplus<=0)) stop("probability P(B+) must be between ]0,1[, not", pbplus)<br />
if(any(seprime <= -1) | any(seprime >=1)) stop("seprime for A must be between ]-1,1[, not", seprime)<br />
if(seprime>=0) {<br />
se <- pbplus + seprime * (pmin(1,pbplus/paplus) - pbplus)<br />
} else {<br />
se <- pbplus + seprime * pbplus<br />
}<br />
a <- se* paplus<br />
b <- pbplus -se*paplus<br />
c <- paplus -se*paplus<br />
d <- 1-paplus-pbplus+se*paplus<br />
sp <- d/(b+d)<br />
pab <- a/(a+b)<br />
fb <- se/(1-sp)<br />
papost <- a/(a+b)*pbplus + c/(c+d)*(1-pbplus)<br />
return(c(pab,se,papost))#, a, b, c, d, sum(a, b, c, d), se, sp, fb))<br />
}<br />
<br />
update_relevance <- function(<br />
pcplus, # P(C+)<br />
seprimeb, # relevance parameter prior for argument B, ]-1,1[<br />
seprimec # relevance parameter for parent argument C, ]-1,1[<br />
) {<br />
seprimeb_sign <- sign(seprimeb)<br />
out <- abs(seprimeb)<br />
if(seprimec>=0) {<br />
out <- out + seprimec*pcplus*(1-out)<br />
} else {<br />
out <- out - seprimec*pcplus*out<br />
}<br />
out <- out * seprimeb_sign<br />
return(out)<br />
}<br />
<br />
infer_tree <- function(<br />
df,<br />
SENSITIVITY_PRIME,<br />
TRUTH_PRIOR<br />
) {<br />
df$seprime <- SENSITIVITY_PRIME * ifelse(df$colour=="PRO",1,-1)<br />
df$truth <- TRUTH_PRIOR<br />
args_by_level <- df$Item[order(-df$level)]<br />
for(arg in args_by_level) {<br />
parents <- df$Item[df$Object==arg]<br />
for(parent in parents) {<br />
if(df$class[df$Item==parent]=="truth") {<br />
df$truth[df$Item==arg] <- update_truth(<br />
df$truth[df$Item==arg],<br />
df$truth[df$Item==parent],<br />
df$seprime[df$Item==arg]<br />
)[1]<br />
}<br />
if(df$class[df$Item==parent]=="relevance") {<br />
df$seprime[df$Item==arg] <- update_relevance(<br />
df$truth[df$Item==parent],<br />
df$seprime[df$Item==arg],<br />
df$seprime[df$Item==parent]<br />
)<br />
}<br />
}<br />
}<br />
return(df)<br />
}<br />
<br />
objects.store(update_truth, update_relevance, infer_tree)<br />
cat("Functions update_truth, update_relevance, and infer_tree stored.\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [https://www.kialo.com/individuals-should-own-their-personal-data-or-not-23849?path=23849.0~23849.1 Individuals should own their personal data (or not?) | Kialo]<br />
* [https://www.amazon.com/Breaking-News-Remaking-Journalism-Matters/dp/0374279624 Breaking News: The Remaking of Journalism and Why It Matters Now: Alan Rusbridger: 9780374279622: Amazon.com: Books]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aumann%27s_agreement_theorem Aumann's agreement theorem - Wikipedia]<br />
** [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/016517658390126X Learning to agree - ScienceDirect]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discursive_psychology Discursive psychology - Wikipedia]<br />
* [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877343519300880 Usable environmental knowledge from the perspective of decision-making: the logics of consequentiality, appropriateness, and meaningfulness - ScienceDirect]<br />
* [https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/handle/10919/82874/UP%203%282%29%20-%20The%20Dilemmas%20of%20Citizen%20Inclusion%20in%20Urban%20Planning%20and%20Governance%20to%20Enable%20a%201.5%20_C%20Climate%20Change%20Scenario.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y The Dilemmas of Citizen Inclusion in Urban Planning and Governance to Enable a 1.5 °C Climate Change Scenario - UP 3(2) - The Dilemmas of Citizen Inclusion in Urban Planning and Governance to Enable a 1.5 _C Climate Change Scenario.pdf]<br />
* [https://lawrencesusskind.mit.edu/sites/default/files/documents/oxfordhb-9780198747369-e-17.pdf Deliberative Democracy and Public Dispute Resolution - Oxford Handbooks - oxfordhb-9780198747369-e-17.pdf]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Susskind Lawrence Susskind - Wikipedia]<br />
* [https://dialogiakatemia.fi/2020/04/14/dialogin-etafasilitointi/ Dialogin etäfasilitointi – DialogiAkatemia]<br />
* [https://www.kialo.com/ Kialo] for organised discussions<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Structured_Discussions Structured Discussions]: another discussion system for MediaWiki projects<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Iframe Iframe extension]: may be considered as an alternative to an inside-wiki discussion system: discussion functionality is "borrowed" from antother website using iframes.<br />
* [[Discussion]]<br />
* [[Argument]]<br />
* [[Dealing with disputes]]<br />
* [http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Discussion_structure&direction=prev&oldid=42070 Discussion structure] (archived in March 2010)<br />
* [http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Discussion_method&direction=prev&oldid=42071 Discussion method] (archived in October 2009)<br />
* [[:Category:Ongoing discussions]]<br />
* [[:Category:Resolved discussions]]<br />
* [[:Template:Discussion]] (for technical usage of the template)<br />
* [[:Template:Argument]] (for technical usage of the template)<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragma-dialectics Pragma-dialectical argumentation theory]<br />
* [[:op_fi:Keskustelu:Keskustelu|Keskustelu:Keskustelu]] some more guidance in Finnish Opasnet<br />
* [http://try.discourse.org/ Discourse] website for intelligent discussions: the best contributions are voted to the top<br />
* [http://stackoverflow.com/ Stackoverflow] about intelligent discussions on computers and ICT.<br />
* [http://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/2267/stack-exchange-clones Stack Exchange clones]<br />
* [http://www.question2answer.org/ Question2Answer] is a free and open source platform for Q&A sites.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{eracedu}}</div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Kausal_Paths&diff=43812Kausal Paths2021-07-22T04:31:43Z<p>Jouni: first draft with ERF export code</p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Jouni|stub=Yes}}<br />
'''Kausal Paths''' is a web platform for managing and assessing city-level climate mitigation. It is produced by [https://kausal.tech Kausal Ltd]. The most [https://tampere.paths.kausal.tech advanced version] is used by the city of Tampere.<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
What properties should Kausal Paths have, and how can the functionalities of [[Opasnet]] be transferred to Kausal Paths?<br />
<br />
== Answer ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
=== Calculations ===<br />
<br />
==== Export health impact assessment data from Opasnet ====<br />
<br />
<rcode label="Export ERF data"><br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
openv.setN(0)<br />
<br />
objects.latest("Op_en2031", code_name="ERF2")<br />
ERFchoice <- 1<br />
<br />
ERF@formula <- function (...) <br />
{<br />
out <- OpasnetUtils::combine(ERF_env, ERF_omega3, ERF_mehg, <br />
ERF_diox, ERF_vit, ERF_micr, ERF_pfas)<br />
# out$Exposure_unit <- NULL<br />
# out$Exposure <- NULL<br />
if ("Iter" %in% colnames(out@output)) {<br />
out@output <- fillna(out@output, marginals = "Iter")<br />
}<br />
out <- unkeep(out * ERFchoice, cols = c("ERFchoiceSource", <br />
"ERFchoiceResult"))<br />
marginals <- colnames(out@output)[out@marginal]<br />
coln <- colnames(out@output)<br />
out@output <- subgrouping(out@output, subg = "Subgroup")<br />
out@marginal <- colnames(out@output) %in% union(marginals, <br />
setdiff(colnames(out@output), coln))<br />
return(out)<br />
}<br />
<br />
ERF <- EvalOutput(ERF)<br />
<br />
write.csv(ERF@output, "exposure_response_functions.csv", row.names = FALSE)<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
==Keywords==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=ERF_of_outdoor_air_pollution&diff=43811ERF of outdoor air pollution2021-07-15T06:08:59Z<p>Jouni: /* Classical literature */ articles added</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Exposure-response_functions]]<br />
[[Category:PM2.5]]<br />
[[Category:Air pollution]]<br />
[[Category:Code under inspection]]<br />
{{variable}}<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
What is the the quantitative dose-response relationships between '''outdoor air PM2.5 concentration''' and '''mortality''' due to cardio-pulmonary, lung cancer, and other non-accidental causes (index [[Cause of death 2]])?<br />
<br />
== Answer ==<br />
<br />
This code gets the ovariable of this page and calculates some basic results.<br />
<br />
<rcode embed=1 graphics=1><br />
<br />
library(OpasnetUtils) # A package with Opasnet functionalities<br />
library(ggplot2) # A package with fancy graph formats<br />
<br />
objects.latest("Op_en2202", "ERF_airpoll") # Get the latest ovariables from code calculations on page Op_en2202.<br />
<br />
ERF_airpoll <- EvalOutput(ERF_airpoll)<br />
summary(ERF_airpoll)<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
===Data===<br />
<br />
<t2b name="Exposure-response functions of air pollution" index="Exposure agent,Response,Subgroup,Exposure,ER function,Scaling,Exposure unit,Observation" locations="Threshold,ERF" desc="Description" unit="-"><br />
PM2.5|Natural mortality|Age:30+|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutants|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.08|Chen & Hoek, 2020<br />
PM10|Annual number of days with bronchitis in children|Age:6-12 a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.080 (0.980 – 1.190)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM10|Incidence chronic bronchitis in adults|Age:18+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.117 (1.040 – 1.189)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM10|Incidence of asthma symptoms in asthmatic children|Age:5-19 a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.028 (1.006 – 1.051)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM2.5|Hospitalizations, cardiovascular diseases|Age:all ages|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.0091 (1.0017 – 1.0166)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM2.5|Hospitalizations, respiratory diseases|Age:all ages|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.0190 (0.9982 – 1.0402)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM2.5|Restricted activity days (RADs) (including sick-leave, hospital emergency admission, symptom days per person per year)|Age:all ages|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.0470 (1.0420 – 1.0530)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM2.5|Work days lost per worker per year, working age population|Age:age 20-65 a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.0460 (1.0390 – 1.0530)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM2.5|Lung cancer|Age:age 30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.0900 (1.0400 – 1.1400)|Van der Zee et al., 2016<br />
PM2.5|Low birth weight (< 2500 g at term)|Age:0 a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.1900 (1.0000 – 1.4200)|Van der Zee et al., 2016<br />
PM2.5|Decreased lung function (FEV1) in percentage (per 10 µg/m³)|Age:6-12 a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|ERS|None|10 µg/m3|0|0.015 (-0.003 - 0.032)|Van der Zee et al., 2016<br />
PM10|Post-neonatal mortality|Age:1-12 months = age 0 a*11/12|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.040 (1.020 – 1.070)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM10|YLL (premature deaths)|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.035 (1.004 – 1.066)|Hoek et al., 2013<br />
PM2.5|YLL (premature deaths)|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.062 (1.041 – 1.084)|Hoek et al., 2013<br />
NO2|YLL (premature deaths)|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.020 (1.010 – 1.030)|Atkinson et al., 2017<br />
EC|YLL (premature deaths)|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|µg/m3|0|1.061 (1.049 – 1.073)|Hoek et al., 2013 Note! per 1 µg/m3 <br />
PM10|Decline in life expecancy in days|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|ERS|None|10 µg/m3|0|120 (14 - 223)|Hoek et al., 2013<br />
PM2.5|Decline in life expecancy in days|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|ERS|None|10 µg/m3|0|210 (140 - 281)|Hoek et al., 2013<br />
NO2|Decline in life expecancy in days|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|ERS|None|10 µg/m3|0|69 (35 - 103)|Atkinson et al., 2017<br />
EC|Decline in life expecancy in days|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|ERS|None|µg/m3|0|206 (167 - 246)|Hoek et al., 2013 Note! per 1 µg/m3 <br />
PM2.5|Lung cancer mortality||Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|µg /m3|0|1.014 (1.004-1.023)|Pope et al. 2002<br />
PM2.5|Cardiopulmonary mortality||Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|µg /m3|0|1.009 (1.003-1.016)|Pope et al. 2002<br />
PM2.5|Total mortality||Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|µg /m3|0|1.0062 (1.0014-1.011)|Pope?<br />
Outdoor ozone|Total mortality||Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|µg /m3|0|1.000299596 (1.000099955-1.000399282)|<br />
Outdoor ozone|Mild decreasing on general functioning||Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|UR|None|µg /m3|0|0.115 (0.044-0.186)|<br />
</t2b><br />
<br />
Ozone and PM2.5 used to be on page [[ERFs of environmental pollutants]].<br />
<br />
Cutoff values used in PAQ2018 tool<ref name="paq2018">Partnership on Air Quality. (2019). Air Quality Tool. [https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/air-quality/new-tool-measuring-benefits-generated-terms-impact-citizens-health-and-living]</ref>: <br />
3.9 µg/m³ for PM10,<br />
2.5 µg/m³ for PM2.5,<br />
5.0 µg/m³ for NO2,<br />
0.3 µg/m³ for EC.<br />
<br />
Studies used:<br />
* Chen & Hoek, 2020<br />
* HRAPIE<br />
* WHO 2013<br />
* Van der Zee et al., 2016<br />
* Hoek et al., 2013<br />
* Atkinson et al., 2017<br />
* Dockery et al. 1993<br />
* Pope et al. 2002<br />
<br />
=== Classical literature ===<br />
<br />
'''Recent literature on global PM2.5 disease burden estimates<br />
<br />
* Lelieveld, J., Evans, J., Fnais, M. et al. The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale. Nature 525, 367–371 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15371 <br />
* Richard Burnett, Hong Chen, Mieczysław Szyszkowicz, Neal Fann, Bryan Hubbell, C. Arden Pope III, Joshua S. Apte, Michael Brauer, Aaron Cohen, Scott Weichenthal, Jay Coggins, Qian Di, Bert Brunekreef, Joseph Frostad, Stephen S. Lim, Haidong Kan, Katherine D. Walker, George D. Thurston, Richard B. Hayes, Chris C. Lim, Michelle C. Turner, Michael Jerrett, Daniel Krewski, Susan M. Gapstur, W. Ryan Diver, Bart Ostro, Debbie Goldberg, Daniel L. Crouse, Randall V. Martin, Paul Peters, Lauren Pinault, Michael Tjepkema, Aaron van Donkelaar, Paul J. Villeneuve, Anthony B. Miller, Peng Yin, Maigeng Zhou, Lijun Wang, Nicole A. H. Janssen, Marten Marra, Richard W. Atkinson, Hilda Tsang, Thuan Quoc Thach, John B. Cannon, Ryan T. Allen, Jaime E. Hart, Francine Laden, Giulia Cesaroni, Francesco Forastiere, Gudrun Weinmayr, Andrea Jaensch, Gabriele Nagel, Hans Concin, and Joseph V. Spadaro. Global estimates of mortality associated with long-term exposure to outdoor fine particulate matter. PNAS September 18, 2018 115 (38) 9592-9597; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1803222115 <br />
* Karn Vohra, Alina Vodonos, Joel Schwartz, Eloise A.Marais, Melissa P.Sulprizio, Loretta J.Mickley. Global mortality from outdoor fine particle pollution generated by fossil fuel combustion: Results from GEOS-Chem https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.110754<br />
* Heli Lehtomäki, Antti Korhonen, Arja Asikainen, Niko Karvosenoja, Kaarle Kupiainen, Ville-Veikko Paunu, Mikko Savolahti, Mikhail Sofiev, Yuliia Palamarchuk, Ari Karppinen, Jaakko Kukkonen and Otto Hänninen. Health Impacts of Ambient Air Pollution in Finland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 736; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040736 <br />
<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+ '''Pope CA et al. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA, 2002, 287:1132-1141<br />
|---<br />
| average exposure level in Europe to PM2,5 || 25 || μg/m<sup>3</sup> annual average<br />
|---<br />
| average inhalation rate || 15 || #/min<br />
|---<br />
| average tidal volume || 0.6 || L<br />
|---<br />
| inhaled air/person*year || 4734 || m<sup>3</sup>/a<br />
|---<br />
| average inhaled PM2,5 per year || 0,12 || g/a<br />
|---<br />
| population of Europe || 515000000 ||<br />
|---<br />
| total PM inhaled by European population || 60945615 || g/a<br />
|---<br />
| BoD increase from EU-26 population exposure to [BH90] || 1,5E+06 || DALY/a<br />
|---<br />
| Population CVD BoD increase || 2,5E-02 || DALY/1g PM2,5 intake<br />
|---<br />
| All-cause mortality increase || 1,04 || RR per 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> PM2,5 increase<br />
|---<br />
| LC mortality increase || 1,14 || RR per 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> PM2,5 increase<br />
|---<br />
| CVD mortality increase || 1,09 || RR per 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> PM2,5 increase<br />
|---<br />
| EU-26 weighed average from Global BoD estimates || || Data from:[http://www.who.int./healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_country/en/index.html]<br />
|}<br />
{{attack|# |The end of this table contains calculations within the excel it was taken from, it only says #REF, because the frmulas have been broken somehow.|--[[User:Heta|Heta]] ([[User talk:Heta|talk]]) 07:36, 10 June 2015 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
'''PM<sub>2.5</sub>''' are fine particles less than 2.5 μm in diameter. Exposure-response function can be derived from exposure modelling, animal toxicology, small clinical or panel studies, and epidemiological studies. Exposed population can be divided into subpopulations (e.g. adults, children, infants, the elderly), and exposure is assessed per certain time period (e.g. daily or annual exposure). <br />
<br />
*Health effects related to '''short-term exposure'''<br />
**respiratory symptoms<br />
**adverse cardiovascular effects<br />
**increased medication usage<br />
**increased number of hospital admissions<br />
**increased mortality<br />
*Health effects related to '''long-term exposure''' (more relevance to public health)<br />
**increased incidence of respiratory symptoms<br />
**reduction in lung function<br />
**increased incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)<br />
**reduction in life expectancy <br />
***increased cardiopulmonary mortality<br />
***increased lung cancer mortality<br />
<br />
Sensitive subgroups: children, the elderly, individuals with heart and lung disease, individuals who are active outdoors.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Mortality effects of long-term (chronic) exposure to ambient air<br />
<br />
In principle the ERFs for long-term exposure (produced by cohort studies) should also capture the mortality effects of short-term exposure (ERFs produced by time-series studies). In practice it is likely that they do not do so fully. This is due to the so-called "harvesting" phenomenon, i.e. it is possible that acute exposure, at least to some extent, only brings forward deaths that would have happened shortly in any case. However, adding effects of acute exposure to effects of long-term exposure is problematic because the risk of double-counting. <ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/air/cafe/pdf/cba_methodology_vol2.pdf Service Contract for Carrying out Cost-Benefit Analysis of Air Quality Related Issues, in particular in the Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) Programme. Volume 2: Health Impact Assessment. AEA Technology Environment, 2005.]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Pope et al. (2002) <ref>*Pope CA III, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Ito K & Thurston KD (2002). Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA 287(9), 1132-1141.</ref><br />
*6% increase in the risk of deaths from all causes (excluding violent death) (95% CI 2-11%) per 10 µg/m3 PM2.5 in age group 30+<br />
*12% increase in the risk of death from cardiovascular diseases and diabetes (95% CI 8-15%) per 10 µg/m3 PM2.5 in age group 30+<br />
*14% increase in the risk of death from lung cancer (95% CI 4-23%) per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>2.5</sub> in age group 30+ <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Woodruff et al (1997) <ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1470072 Woodruff TJ, Grillo J & Schoendorf KC (1997). The relationship between selected causes of postneonatal infant mortality and particulate air pollution in the United States. Environmental Health Perspectives, 105: 608-612.]</ref><br />
*4% (95% Cl 2%-7%) increase in all-cause infant mortality per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>10</sub> (age 1 month to 1 year)<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Tuomisto et al. 2008:<ref>Tuomisto et al. 2008. Uncertainty in mortality response to airborne fine particulate matter: Combining European air pollution experts. Reliability Engineering and System Safety 93, 732-744.</ref><br />
*A structured expert judgement study of the population mortality effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> air pollution.<br />
*Opinions of six European air pollution experts were elicited.<br />
*Percent increase per 1 µg/m<sup>3</sup> increase in PM<sub>2.5</sub>:<br />
**Equal-weight decision-maker<br />
***Best estimate 0.97<br />
***95% quantile 4.54<br />
***5% quantile 0.02<br />
**Performance-based decision-maker<br />
***Best estimate 0.60<br />
***95% quantile 3.80<br />
***5% quantile 0.06<br />
<br />
<br />
''''Mortality effects of short-term (acute) exposure to ambient air PM<br />
<br />
'''''Anderson et al. 2004 <ref>[http://www.euro.who.int/document/E82792.pdf Anderson HR, Atkinson RW, Peacock JL, Marston L & Konstantinou K (2004). Meta-analysis of time-series studies and panel studies of paticulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3). Report of a WHO task group. World Health Organization.]</ref><br />
*0.6% (95% Cl 0.4%-0.8%) increase in all-cause mortality (excluding accidents) per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>10</sub> in all ages<br />
*1.3% (95% Cl 0.5%-2%) increase in respiratory mortality per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>10</sub> in all ages<br />
*0.9% (95% Cl 0.5%-1.3%) increase in cardiovascular mortality per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>10</sub> in all ages<br />
<br />
These coefficients are defined as distributions around estimates of central tendency for each cause of death.<br />
<br />
Relative increase of mortality per 1 μgm-3 increase of outdoor PM2.5 concentration. Values were drawn with equal probability from the two distributions reported in <ref>Dockery, D. W., Pope, C. A., III, Xu, X., Spengler, J. D., Ware, J. H., Fay, M. E., Ferris, B. G., Jr., &amp;amp; Speizer F. E. (1993). An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. The New England Journal of Medicine, 329(24), 1753-1759</ref>, <ref>Pope, C. A. III, Burnett, R. T., Thun, M. J., Calle, E. E., Krewski, D., Ito, K., &amp;amp; Thurston, G. D. (2002). Lung Cancer, Cardiopulmory Mortality, and Long-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 287(9), 1132-1141</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
'''Uncertainties:'''<br />
<br />
* Mortality estimate from Hoek et al. (2002)<ref> Hoek, G, Brunekreef, B, Goldbohm, S, Fischer, P, &amp;amp; van den Brandt, P. A. (2002). Association between mortality and indicators of traffic-related air pollution in the Netherlands: a cohort study.<br />
Lancet, 360 (9341), 1203-1209. </ref> was not included due to many confounding factors related to mortality, e.g. road noise.<br />
* Probability for PM2.5 assumed to be the true cause of the effects in 70&nbsp;%, 90&nbsp;%, and 10&nbsp;% for cardiopulmonary, lung cancer and all other mortality, respectively (author judgement).<br />
* Toxicity differences between ambient air particles and the particles generated by different bus types were not taken into account due to lack of comprehensive data. <ref>Laden, F., Neas, L. M., Dockery, D. W., &amp;amp; Schwartz, J. (2000). Association of fine particulate matter from different sources with daily mortality in six U.S. cities. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108, 941-947. </ref> <ref>Mar, T. F., Norris, G. A., Koenig, J. Q., &amp;amp; Larson, T. V. (2000). Associations between air pollution and mortality in Phoenix, 1995-1997. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108(4), 347-353.</ref><br />
<br />
* No threshold was assumed in the dose-response relationship. <ref>WHO Regional Office for Europe (2003). Health Aspects of Air Pollution with Particulate Matter, Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide, Report on a WHO Working Group. Report on a WHO working group,<br />
Bonn, Germany, January 13-15 2003. Copenhagen. 98 pages. Available at http://www.euro.who.int/eprise/main/who/progs/aiq/newsevents/20030115_2 </ref> <ref>Schwartz, J., Laden, F., &amp;amp; Zanobetti, A. (2002). The concentration-response relation between PM2.5 and daily deaths. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(10), 1025-1029. </ref><br />
<br />
'''Other<br />
<br />
* Burnett RT, Pope CA 3rd, Ezzati M, Olives C, Lim SS, Mehta S, Shin HH, Singh G, Hubbell B, Brauer M, Anderson HR, Smith KR, Balmes JR, Bruce NG, Kan H, Laden F, Prüss-Ustün A, Turner MC, Gapstur SM, Diver WR, Cohen A. An integrated risk function for estimating the global burden of disease attributable to ambient fine particulate matter exposure. Environ Health Perspect. 2014 Apr;122(4):397-403. {{doi|10.1289/ehp.1307049}} Epub 2014 Feb 7. Erratum in Environ Health Perspect. 2014 Sep;122(9):A235. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24518036] [http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307049/]<br />
<br />
===Calculations===<br />
<br />
<rcode name="ERF_airpoll" label="Initiate ovariable ERF_airpoll" embed=1><br />
# This is code Op_en2202/ERF_airpoll on page [[ERF of air pollution]]<br />
<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
ERF_airpoll <- Ovariable("ERF_airpoll", ddata = "Op_en2202", subset="Exposure-response functions of air pollution") <br />
<br />
objects.store(ERF_airpoll)<br />
cat("Ovariable ERF_airpoll stored.\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
== Effect of infiltration ==<br />
<br />
The mortality due to indoor exposure to outdoor pollutants can be described with this equation:<br />
<br />
:<math>log \Delta M_{in,j} = \frac{\Delta C_{out-in} t_{in}}{\Delta C_{out} t_{out} + \Delta C_{out-in} t_{in}}<br />
log \Delta M_{all,j} (1)</math><br />
<br />
:where log&Delta;M<sub>all, j</sub> is the increase in mortality due to the j<sup>th</sup> outcome associated with total PM exposure for each 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> increase in PM<sub>10</sub> or PM<sub>2.5</sub>. <br />
:j represents three major health outcomes: all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality.<br />
:&Delta;C<sub>out</sub> is the increase in outdoor PM<sub>10</sub> or PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations, which is set as 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup>.<br />
:&Delta;C<sub>out-in</sub> is the increase in outdoor-originated PM<sub>10</sub> or PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations found in the indoor environment.<br />
:t<sub>out</sub> is the duration of direct exposure to outdoor PM pollution.<br />
:t<sub>in</sub> is the duration of indoor exposure to PM of outdoor origin.<br />
:log&Delta;M<sub>in, j</sub> estimates the increase in mortality due to the j<sup>th</sup> outcome associated with indoor exposure to outdoor-origin PM for each 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> increase in PM<sub>10</sub> or PM<sub>2.5</sub><br />
<br />
When one compares changes in mortality in different countries and different infiltration factors,<br />
this is what I think actually happens:<br />
<br />
If infiltration factor is relatively low such as for PM<sub>10</sub> in China, the people are exposed less than<br />
predicted based on outdoor concentrations. When an epidemiologic study is performed, the<br />
observed mortality rate is lower than in other places with higher infiltration factors, and this can<br />
be falsely interpreted that the dose-response slope (&Delta;M<sub>all</sub>) is less steep. When this mortality estimate was combined with the lower exposure<br />
estimate (due to low infiltration) in equation 1, you get too low an estimate for the mortality due to<br />
indoor exposure to outdoor PM. In contrast, the local infiltration factor could and should be used<br />
to adjust the observed mortality rate.<br />
<br />
In other words, what you actually observe in epidemiological studies is not &Delta;M<sub>all</sub> but &Delta;M<sub>obs</sub>, which is something close to &Delta;M<sub>in</sub> because so much time is spent indoors. The work should be about<br />
estimating &Delta;M<sub>all</sub> based on &Delta;M<sub>obs</sub> and infiltration and not vice versa. (Here I interpret &Delta;M<sub>all</sub> as the true risk estimate that we would observe, if the<br />
exposure measure was correct.)<br />
<br />
More precisely, let's look at the mathematics of log-linear regression. We assume that the logarithms of the observed probabilities (or rates) of disease have the probability distribution of<br />
<br />
:<math>log(p) \sim a + b C,</math><br />
<br />
: where p is the probability of disease,<br />
: a is a constant describing the background probability,<br />
: b is a risk coefficient for the exposure, and<br />
: C is the exposure concentration in the population.<br />
<br />
What happens with PM is that we observe the differences in the probability of disease due to differences in exposure C. However, we do NOT observe C itself (the actual exposure concentration) but only the surrogate C<sub>obs</sub>, which in this case is the outdoor concentration of PM C<sub>out</sub>. With a given difference in the probability of disease between the exposed and non-exposed groups, we therefore make a biased conclusion about b, and this bias can be described as:<br />
<br />
:<math>log(p_E) - log(p_0) \sim (a + b C_E) - (a + b C_0) = b (C_E - C_0) = b_{obs} (C_{E,obs} - C_{0,obs})</math><br />
<br />
:where E is the exposed group,<br />
: 0 is the non-exposed group, and <br />
: obs is the biased observed variable (in contrast to the actual variable we would observe if all measurements were correct). Let's look at the ratio of the biased and correct risk estimates:<br />
<br />
:<math>\frac{b_{obs}}{b} = \frac{C_E - C_0}{C_{E,obs} - C_{0,obs}}<br />
<br />
= \frac{\Sigma_i C_{E,i} t_i - \Sigma_i C_{0,i} t_i}{C_{E,out} - C_{0,out}}</math><br />
<br />
:where i means different microenvironments and t<sub>i</sub> is the fraction of time spent in each microenvironment. If we use F<sub>i</sub> to denote the relative exposure concentrations in different microenvironments i (in the case of only indoor and outdoor microenvironments F is 1 for outdoor and equal to infiltration factor for indoor), we get<br />
<br />
:<math>\frac{b_{obs}}{b} = \frac{\Sigma_i F_i C_{E,out} t_i - \Sigma_i F_i C_{0,out} t_i}{C_{E,out} - C_{0,out}}<br />
<br />
= \frac{(C_{E,out} - C_{0,out}) \Sigma_i F_i t_i}{C_{E,out} - C_{0,out}}<br />
<br />
= \Sigma_i F_i t_i<br />
<br />
</math><br />
<br />
As we can see, the observed b is biased downward if the population spends a lot of time in microenvironments with low infiltration factor. Therefore, it is a mistake to assume that the b<sub>obs</sub> would reflect log&Delta;M<sub>all</sub>. Instead, <br />
<br />
:<math>log \Delta M_{all} = \frac{log \Delta M_{obs}}{\Sigma_i F_i t_i}.</math><br />
<br />
and this should be used in any related calculations.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* Major upgrade was made to this page on 2021-03-19. For previous content (dated 2015), see [http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=ERF_of_air_pollution&oldid=37260 archive].<br />
*[http://www.euro.who.int/document/E83080.pdf Health aspects of air pollution. Results from the WHO project "Systematic review of health aspects of air pollution in Europe". World Health Organization, 2004.]<br />
*Pope et al. 2004. Cardiovascular mortality and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution. Circulation (109), 71-77.<br />
*[http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/kwn232v1Robin C. Puett, Joel Schwartz, Jaime E. Hart, Jeff D. Yanosky, Frank E. Speizer, Helen Suh, Christopher J. Paciorek, Lucas M. Neas and Francine Laden: Chronic Particulate Exposure, Mortality, and Coronary Heart Disease in the Nurses’ Health Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, doi:10.1093/aje/kwn232]<br />
*[http://www.needs-project.org/docs/results/RS1b/NEEDS_Rs1b_D3.7.pdf NEEDS - New Energy Externalities Developments for Sustainability, Deliverable 3.7 "A set of concentration-response function", Integrated Project, Sixth Framework Programme, Project no. 502687.]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Concentration-response_to_PM2.5&diff=43810Concentration-response to PM2.52021-07-15T05:58:33Z<p>Jouni: Redirected page to ERF of outdoor air pollution</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[ERF of outdoor air pollution]]</div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=File:IHME_Fin_Risks_by_Cause.zip&diff=43809File:IHME Fin Risks by Cause.zip2021-07-14T14:11:01Z<p>Jouni: Jouni uploaded a new version of File:IHME Fin Risks by Cause.zip</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Disease burden]]<br />
[[Category:Finland]]<br />
{{study|moderator=Jouni}}<br />
Data about '''Finnish risks by cause''' according to the [https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/ IHME institute]. The download covers years 1990-2019. Settings for the download:<br />
* URL for the database http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool<br />
* Base: single<br />
* Context: Cause or Risk<br />
** If risk, select only level 2 risk factors.<br />
* Cause: select only level 2 causes.<br />
* Measure: DALYs (disability-adjusted life years), YLL, YLD, deaths<br />
* Location and time: Finland, 1990-2019 (all years)<br />
* Population: Both sexes combined, all age groups combined<br />
* Units: # DALY, rate of DALY / 100000 py, and % of total DALY<br />
* Value: Observed.<br />
* Graph order based on values, scale unlocked.<br />
<br />
Data have been used in e.g. [[:op_fi:Tautitaakka Suomessa#Laskenta]].</div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=File:IHME_Fin_Risks_by_Cause.zip&diff=43808File:IHME Fin Risks by Cause.zip2021-07-13T14:07:39Z<p>Jouni: Jouni uploaded a new version of File:IHME Fin Risks by Cause.zip</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Disease burden]]<br />
[[Category:Finland]]<br />
{{study|moderator=Jouni}}<br />
Data about '''Finnish risks by cause''' according to the [https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/ IHME institute]. The download covers years 1990-2019. Settings for the download:<br />
* URL for the database http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool<br />
* Base: single<br />
* Context: Cause or Risk<br />
** If risk, select only level 2 risk factors.<br />
* Cause: select only level 2 causes.<br />
* Measure: DALYs (disability-adjusted life years), YLL, YLD, deaths<br />
* Location and time: Finland, 1990-2019 (all years)<br />
* Population: Both sexes combined, all age groups combined<br />
* Units: # DALY, rate of DALY / 100000 py, and % of total DALY<br />
* Value: Observed.<br />
* Graph order based on values, scale unlocked.<br />
<br />
Data have been used in e.g. [[:op_fi:Tautitaakka Suomessa#Laskenta]].</div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=File:IHME_Fin_Risks_by_Cause.zip&diff=43807File:IHME Fin Risks by Cause.zip2021-07-13T12:45:37Z<p>Jouni: updated to 2019 data</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Disease burden]]<br />
[[Category:Finland]]<br />
{{study|moderator=Jouni}}<br />
Data about '''Finnish risks by cause''' according to the [https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/ IHME institute]. The download covers years 1990-2019. Settings for the download:<br />
* URL for the database http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool<br />
* Base: single<br />
* Context: Cause or Risk<br />
** If risk, select only level 2 risk factors.<br />
* Cause: select only level 2 causes.<br />
* Measure: DALYs (disability-adjusted life years), YLL, YLD, deaths<br />
* Location and time: Finland, 1990-2019 (all years)<br />
* Population: Both sexes combined, all age groups combined<br />
* Units: # DALY, rate of DALY / 100000 py, and % of total DALY<br />
* Value: Observed.<br />
* Graph order based on values, scale unlocked.<br />
<br />
Data have been used in e.g. [[:op_fi:Tautitaakka Suomessa#Laskenta]].</div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Synthetic_population&diff=43806Synthetic population2021-06-10T07:20:45Z<p>Jouni: /* Agent-based modelling */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{encyclopedia|moderator=|stub=Yes}}<br />
'''Synthetic population''' is an imaginary population that is used in agent-based population modelling. It attempts to mimic the key properties of an actual population, e.g. age structure, geographical location etc. Synthetic populations have been used in modelling of epidemic diseases, microeconomics, urban planning, transport, ecology and more.<br />
<br />
* RTI U.S. Synthetic Household Population: Providing accurate representation of the complete household and person population throughout the United States [https://www.rti.org/impact/rti-us-synthetic-household-population%E2%84%A2] (RTI International was previously Research Triangle Institute)<br />
* IIASA World Population project (with shared socioeconomic projections SSP and European scenarios) [https://iiasa.ac.at/web/home/research/researchPrograms/WorldPopulation/Projections_2014.html]<br />
* SPEW: Synthetic Populations and Ecosystems of the World [https://doi.org/10.1080/10618600.2018.1442342 article] [https://cran.r-project.org/src/contrib/Archive/spew/ R package (archived)], [https://github.com/leerichardson/spew Github (updated 2017-09-09). SPEW lets researchers choose from a variety of sampling methods for agent characteristics and locations and is implemented as an open-source R package. <br />
* Beckman 1996. Creating synthetic baseline populations [https://doi.org/10.1016/0965-8564(96)00004-3].<br />
* Multi-Agent Transport Simulation MATSim [https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/32162 book, 2016]: an integrated Java-based framework which is publicly hosted, open-source available, automatically regression tested.<br />
* Synthetic Population Generation by Combining a Hierarchical, Simulation-Based Approach with Reweighting by Generalized Raking [https://doi.org/10.3141%2F2493-12 article (2015)]. A recent approach for generating populations of synthetic individuals through simulation is extended to produce households of grouped individuals. The method involves a two-step approach with Gibbs sampling or hierarchical Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), which was able to generate a hierarchical structure. The second step, a postprocessing step, uses generalized raking (GR),<br />
* Synthetic Population Generation at Disaggregated Spatial Scales for Land Use and Transportation Microsimulation (2014). [https://doi.org/10.3141%2F2429-18]. This paper presents a two-stage population synthesis approach not only to improve the accuracy of population generation with imperfect microdata and marginal data, but also to use additional data sets when the spatial details of the synthetic population are interpolated. A general iterative proportional fitting (IPF) method is used in the first stage to estimate the joint distribution of household and individual characteristics under multiple levels of constraints. Additional building information is collected from multiple sources and used to estimate spatial patterns of housing and household characteristics that are then preserved through a second IPF procedure.<br />
* Population synthesis for microsimulation (2010). [https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-006127782]. We summarize recent efforts to population synthesis for microsimulation (Auld et al., 2010; Pritchard and Miller, 2009; Ye et al., 2009; Srinivasan and Ma, 2009; Arentze et al., 2007; Guo and Bhat, 2007). All of the aforementioned works share two tasks: (a) adjustment of an initial population, taken from a past census or other survey data, to current constraints, and (b) selecting households and optionally assigning them to geographic areas.<br />
* '''GAMA PLATFORM''' [https://gama-platform.github.io/wiki/Home]. GAMA is a modeling and simulation development environment for building spatially explicit agent-based simulations. It supports multiple application domains; is based on GAML, a high-level and intuitive agent-based language; use GIS and Data-Driven models: Instantiate agents from any dataset, including GIS data, and execute large-scale simulations (up to millions of agents); and declare interfaces supporting deep inspections on agents, user-controlled action panels, multi-layer 2D/3D displays & agent aspects.<br />
** Designing social simulation to (seriously) support decision-making: COMOKIT, an agent-based modeling toolkit to analyze and compare the impacts of public health interventions against COVID-19 [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Benoit_Gaudou/publication/341000438_Designing_social_simulation_to_seriously_support_decision-making_COMOKIT_an_agent-based_modeling_toolkit_to_analyze_and_compare_the_impacts_of_public_health_interventions_against_COVID-19/links/5ea93e9845851592d6a86410/Designing-social-simulation-to-seriously-support-decision-making-COMOKIT-an-agent-based-modeling-toolkit-to-analyze-and-compare-the-impacts-of-public-health-interventions-against-COVID-19.pdf]. This approach is currently being implemented by an interdisciplinary group of modellers, all signatories of this response, who have started to design and implement on the GAMA platform a generic model called COMOKIT, around which they now wish to gather the maximum number of modellers and researchers in epidemiology and social sciences.<br />
** Gen*: a generic toolkit to generate spatially explicit synthetic populations [https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2018.1440563] [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335600871_Gen_an_integrated_tool_for_realistic_agent_population_synthesis intro to sampling methods]: A complete generic toolkit called Gen* dedicated to generating spatially explicit synthetic populations from global (census and GIS) data. This article focuses on the localization methods provided by Gen* that are based on regression, geometrical constraints and spatial distributions. Gen* works on GAMA (written in Java) using GAML notation. It does not understand layered populations (like households and individuals)<br />
* Geard et al 2012. Synthetic Population Dynamics: A Model of Household Demography [https://doi.org/10.18564/jasss.2098] We present a parsimonious individual-based model for generating synthetic population dynamics that focuses on the effects that demographic change have on the structure and composition of households.<br />
<br />
=== Agent-based modelling ===<br />
<br />
Synthetic population is an excellent starting point for agent-based modelling. This is a list of some relevant references.<br />
References <br />
* The Goldilocks Challenge: Right-fit Evidence for the Social Sector by Mary Kay Gugerty and Dean Karlan, Oxford University Press, 2018. ISBN: 019936608X, 9780199366088. <br />
* Angel Hsu, Jonas Tan, Yi Ming Ng, Wayne Toh, Regina Vanda & Nihit Goyal. Performance determinants show European cities are delivering on climate mitigation. Nature Climate Change volume 10, pages 1015–1022 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0879-9 <br />
* Kagho GO, Balac M, Axhausen KW. Agent-based models in transport planning: current state, issues, and expectations. Procedia Computer Science 170 (2020) 726–732 [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340635910_Agent-Based_Models_in_Transport_Planning_Current_State_Issues_and_Expectations]<br />
* Nägeli C, Jakob M, Catenazzi G, Ostermeyer Y. Towards agent-based building stock modeling: Bottom-up modeling of long-term stock dynamics affecting the energy and climate impact of building stocks. Energy and Buildings Volume 211, 15 March 2020, 109763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.109763<br />
* Stefan Pfenninger, Joseph DeCarolis, Lion Hirth, Sylvain Quoilin, Iain Staffell. The importance of open data and software: Is energy research lagging behind? Energy Policy Volume 101, February 2017, Pages 211-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.11.046 <br />
* Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M. 2005. An economic way of reducing health, environmental, and other pressures of urban traffic: a decision analysis on trip aggregation. BMC PUBLIC HEALTH 5:123. <br />
* Tuomisto JT, Yrjölä J, Kolehmainen M, Bonsdorff J, Pekkanen J, Tikkanen T. (2020b) An agent-based epidemic model REINA for COVID-19 to identify destructive policies. MedRxiv preprint, submitted 2020-04-09. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.09.20047498 <br />
* Adnan, M., Outay, F., Ahmed, S. et al. Integrated agent-based microsimulation framework for examining impacts of mobility-oriented policies. Pers Ubiquit Comput 25, 205–217 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-020-01363-w <br />
* Hoertel, N., Blachier, M., Blanco, C. et al. A stochastic agent-based model of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in France. Nat Med 26, 1417–1421 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-1001-6 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-1001-6<br />
* https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Transportation/Agent-based_Modeling<br />
* Agent-based building stock modelling [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Overview-of-the-structure-of-the-agent-based-building-stock-model-Green-arrows-represent_fig2_338512623]<br />
* Open Source Web-based Transit Demand Modeling (Using GTFS) [https://transitgis.org/download/Final-GIS-In-Transit-Lawson.pdf]</div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Synthetic_population&diff=43805Synthetic population2021-06-08T13:08:12Z<p>Jouni: /* Agent-based modelling */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{encyclopedia|moderator=|stub=Yes}}<br />
'''Synthetic population''' is an imaginary population that is used in agent-based population modelling. It attempts to mimic the key properties of an actual population, e.g. age structure, geographical location etc. Synthetic populations have been used in modelling of epidemic diseases, microeconomics, urban planning, transport, ecology and more.<br />
<br />
* RTI U.S. Synthetic Household Population: Providing accurate representation of the complete household and person population throughout the United States [https://www.rti.org/impact/rti-us-synthetic-household-population%E2%84%A2] (RTI International was previously Research Triangle Institute)<br />
* IIASA World Population project (with shared socioeconomic projections SSP and European scenarios) [https://iiasa.ac.at/web/home/research/researchPrograms/WorldPopulation/Projections_2014.html]<br />
* SPEW: Synthetic Populations and Ecosystems of the World [https://doi.org/10.1080/10618600.2018.1442342 article] [https://cran.r-project.org/src/contrib/Archive/spew/ R package (archived)], [https://github.com/leerichardson/spew Github (updated 2017-09-09). SPEW lets researchers choose from a variety of sampling methods for agent characteristics and locations and is implemented as an open-source R package. <br />
* Beckman 1996. Creating synthetic baseline populations [https://doi.org/10.1016/0965-8564(96)00004-3].<br />
* Multi-Agent Transport Simulation MATSim [https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/32162 book, 2016]: an integrated Java-based framework which is publicly hosted, open-source available, automatically regression tested.<br />
* Synthetic Population Generation by Combining a Hierarchical, Simulation-Based Approach with Reweighting by Generalized Raking [https://doi.org/10.3141%2F2493-12 article (2015)]. A recent approach for generating populations of synthetic individuals through simulation is extended to produce households of grouped individuals. The method involves a two-step approach with Gibbs sampling or hierarchical Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), which was able to generate a hierarchical structure. The second step, a postprocessing step, uses generalized raking (GR),<br />
* Synthetic Population Generation at Disaggregated Spatial Scales for Land Use and Transportation Microsimulation (2014). [https://doi.org/10.3141%2F2429-18]. This paper presents a two-stage population synthesis approach not only to improve the accuracy of population generation with imperfect microdata and marginal data, but also to use additional data sets when the spatial details of the synthetic population are interpolated. A general iterative proportional fitting (IPF) method is used in the first stage to estimate the joint distribution of household and individual characteristics under multiple levels of constraints. Additional building information is collected from multiple sources and used to estimate spatial patterns of housing and household characteristics that are then preserved through a second IPF procedure.<br />
* Population synthesis for microsimulation (2010). [https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-006127782]. We summarize recent efforts to population synthesis for microsimulation (Auld et al., 2010; Pritchard and Miller, 2009; Ye et al., 2009; Srinivasan and Ma, 2009; Arentze et al., 2007; Guo and Bhat, 2007). All of the aforementioned works share two tasks: (a) adjustment of an initial population, taken from a past census or other survey data, to current constraints, and (b) selecting households and optionally assigning them to geographic areas.<br />
* '''GAMA PLATFORM''' [https://gama-platform.github.io/wiki/Home]. GAMA is a modeling and simulation development environment for building spatially explicit agent-based simulations. It supports multiple application domains; is based on GAML, a high-level and intuitive agent-based language; use GIS and Data-Driven models: Instantiate agents from any dataset, including GIS data, and execute large-scale simulations (up to millions of agents); and declare interfaces supporting deep inspections on agents, user-controlled action panels, multi-layer 2D/3D displays & agent aspects.<br />
** Designing social simulation to (seriously) support decision-making: COMOKIT, an agent-based modeling toolkit to analyze and compare the impacts of public health interventions against COVID-19 [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Benoit_Gaudou/publication/341000438_Designing_social_simulation_to_seriously_support_decision-making_COMOKIT_an_agent-based_modeling_toolkit_to_analyze_and_compare_the_impacts_of_public_health_interventions_against_COVID-19/links/5ea93e9845851592d6a86410/Designing-social-simulation-to-seriously-support-decision-making-COMOKIT-an-agent-based-modeling-toolkit-to-analyze-and-compare-the-impacts-of-public-health-interventions-against-COVID-19.pdf]. This approach is currently being implemented by an interdisciplinary group of modellers, all signatories of this response, who have started to design and implement on the GAMA platform a generic model called COMOKIT, around which they now wish to gather the maximum number of modellers and researchers in epidemiology and social sciences.<br />
** Gen*: a generic toolkit to generate spatially explicit synthetic populations [https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2018.1440563] [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335600871_Gen_an_integrated_tool_for_realistic_agent_population_synthesis intro to sampling methods]: A complete generic toolkit called Gen* dedicated to generating spatially explicit synthetic populations from global (census and GIS) data. This article focuses on the localization methods provided by Gen* that are based on regression, geometrical constraints and spatial distributions. Gen* works on GAMA (written in Java) using GAML notation. It does not understand layered populations (like households and individuals)<br />
* Geard et al 2012. Synthetic Population Dynamics: A Model of Household Demography [https://doi.org/10.18564/jasss.2098] We present a parsimonious individual-based model for generating synthetic population dynamics that focuses on the effects that demographic change have on the structure and composition of households.<br />
<br />
=== Agent-based modelling ===<br />
<br />
Synthetic population is an excellent starting point for agent-based modelling. This is a list of some relevant references.<br />
References <br />
* The Goldilocks Challenge: Right-fit Evidence for the Social Sector by Mary Kay Gugerty and Dean Karlan, Oxford University Press, 2018. ISBN: 019936608X, 9780199366088. <br />
* Angel Hsu, Jonas Tan, Yi Ming Ng, Wayne Toh, Regina Vanda & Nihit Goyal. Performance determinants show European cities are delivering on climate mitigation. Nature Climate Change volume 10, pages 1015–1022 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0879-9 <br />
* Kagho GO, Balac M, Axhausen KW. Agent-based models in transport planning: current state, issues, and expectations. Procedia Computer Science 170 (2020) 726–732 <br />
* Nägeli C, Jakob M, Catenazzi G, Ostermeyer Y. Towards agent-based building stock modeling: Bottom-up modeling of long-term stock dynamics affecting the energy and climate impact of building stocks. Energy and Buildings Volume 211, 15 March 2020, 109763. <br />
* Stefan Pfenninger, Joseph DeCarolis, Lion Hirth, Sylvain Quoilin, Iain Staffell. The importance of open data and software: Is energy research lagging behind? Energy Policy Volume 101, February 2017, Pages 211-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.11.046 <br />
* Tuomisto, JT; Tainio, M. 2005. An economic way of reducing health, environmental, and other pressures of urban traffic: a decision analysis on trip aggregation. BMC PUBLIC HEALTH 5:123. <br />
* Tuomisto JT, Yrjölä J, Kolehmainen M, Bonsdorff J, Pekkanen J, Tikkanen T. (2020b) An agent-based epidemic model REINA for COVID-19 to identify destructive policies. MedRxiv preprint, submitted 2020-04-09. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.09.20047498 <br />
* Adnan, M., Outay, F., Ahmed, S. et al. Integrated agent-based microsimulation framework for examining impacts of mobility-oriented policies. Pers Ubiquit Comput 25, 205–217 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-020-01363-w <br />
* Hoertel, N., Blachier, M., Blanco, C. et al. A stochastic agent-based model of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in France. Nat Med 26, 1417–1421 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-1001-6 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-1001-6</div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=ERF_of_PFAS&diff=43804ERF of PFAS2021-03-29T10:10:24Z<p>Jouni: /* Data */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Exposure-response functions]]<br />
[[Category:PFAS]]<br />
{{Variable|moderator=Jouni}}<br />
{{progression class<br />
|progression = Draft<br />
|curator = <br />
|date = 2021-01-29<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Question==<br />
<br />
What are the exposure-response functions '''([[ERF]]) of perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS)''' on several health endpoints? <br />
<br />
==Answer==<br />
<br />
<br />
==Rationale== <br />
<br />
=== Data ===<br />
<br />
<t2b index="Exposure agent,Response,Exposure,Exposure unit,ER function,Scaling,Observation" locations="Threshold,ERF" desc="Description" unit="-"><br />
PFAS|PFAS TWI|Maternal exposure via ingestion|ng /kg /wk|TWI|BW|0|4.4|EFSA 2020<br />
PFAS|Immunosuppression2|Maternal ingested intake|ng /kg /wk|ERS|BW|0|0-0.0454|Converted from the row above assuming linearity and steady state<br />
PFAS|Immunosuppression|Infant's blood concentratioin|ng /ml|RR|Log10|0.477 - 1.477|6.863 (1.473 - 36.01)|Grandjean, 2012<br />
PFAS|Cholesterol increase|Ingestion|ng /kg /wk|ERS|BW|0|0|EFSA?<br />
PFAS|Decreased birth weight|Ingestion|ng /kg /wk|ERS|BW|0|0|EFSA?<br />
PFAS|Increased ALT|Ingestion|ng /kg /wk|ERS|BW|0|0|EFSA?<br />
</t2b><br />
<br />
Immunosuppression is not well quantified. Here we assume that at the tolerable weekly intate (TWI) level, 0-20 % of respiratory infections are attributable to PFAS. Although age is not specified in the table, PFAS exposure is highest in infants due to pregnancy and breast feeding. Therefore we assume that immunosuppression occurs mainly at ages 0-9 a. The TWI comes from EFSA<ref name="efsa2020">EFSA. (2020) Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6223</ref>.<br />
<br />
Several studies show that increased PFAS compounds reduce the immunoresponse of diphteria, tetanus, or other vaccines. Some ERFs are listed here. Grandjean (2012)<ref name="grandjean2012">Grandjean P, Andersen EW, Budtz‐Jorgensen E, Nielsen F, Molbak K, Weihe P and Heilmann C, 2012. Serum vaccine antibody concentrations in children exposed to perfluorinated compounds. JAMA, 307, 391–397. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.2034</ref> showed –39% (95%CI: –55, –17) and –21% (95%CI: –38, 1) decrease in diphtheria antibody concentrations at 5 years pre‐ and post‐booster, respectively, related to doubling of PFAS concentration (average 27.3 ng/ml in maternal serum). A twofold increase in maternal concentrations of combined PFOS, PFHxS, and PFOA during pregnancy was significantly associated with ‐48% (95%CI: –68, –16) and –42% (95%CI: –66, –1) decrease in serum antibody response to diphtheria at age 5 pre‐booster and age 7.5 post‐booster, respectively. No associations were observed for tetanus. The same analysis was done with offspring serum concentrations: A twofold increase in combined exposure at age 5.0 years pre‐booster was associated with a −44% (95%CI: −66, −11) and −55% (95%CI: −73, −25) decrease in serum antibody response to diphtheria and tetanus at age 7.5, respectively. <br />
<br />
Not all PFAS compounds and not all vaccine responses showed systematic effect. However, several combinations do, so it is assumed here that the effect is real and is close to the ERF of infant's PFAS concentration on diphtheria. Percentage changes expressed as relative risks (RR) are 0.56 (0.34 - 0.89). Doubling of a concentration means log10(2) = 0.301 addition on a log10 scale. Therefore, the beta = ln(RR) should be multiplied by 1/0.301 to get change per one unit log10, i.e. ten-fold increase. This brings us to exp(ln(0.56)/log10(2)) = 0.146, exp(ln(0.34)/log10(2)) = 0.0278, and exp(ln(0.89)/log10(2)) = 0.679. If we assume that the relationship between immunoglobulin concentration and and infection risk is linear, i.e. that 10 % decrease in immunoglobulin produces 10 % increase in risk of infection, we get the inverse of these numbers, i.e. the relative risk is 6.863 (1.473 - 36.01).<br />
<br />
According to [[Infant's indirect exposure]], 1 ng/d of mother's PFAS intake results in 0.056 ng/ml in infant's blood. Put the other way round, 1 ng/ml in infant's blood is a result of 17.8 ng/d intake by the mother. Similarly, the TWI intake of 4.4 ng/kg/wk * 70 kg / 7 d/wk = 44 ng/d results in 2.47 ng/ml in infant's blood, and this may be considered as a threshold for the effect. Another way to estimate a threshold is to look at NOAEC. A cohort with 101 infants from Germany found that the NOAECs for PFOA, estimated by dividing exposure into quintiles, ranged between 18.9 and 19.4 ng/mL, depending on the type of antibody titres<ref>Abraham K, Mielke H, Fromme H, Volkel W, Menzel J, Peiser M, Zepp F, Willich SN and Weikert C, 2020. Internal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and biological marker in 101 healthy 1-year-old children: associations between levels of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and vaccine response. Archives of Toxicology, 94, 2131–2147.</ref>. CONTAM panel identified an NOAEC at serum level at the age of 5 years for the sum of PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS and PFOS of 27.0 ng/mL<ref name="efsa2020"/>. Therefore, there could be a threshold in a range of 3 - 30 ng/ml for sum of PFAS. That is equal to 0.477 - 1.477 on log10 scale. This may be a reasonable threshold for the response. A threshold is needed because the effects in EFSA report<ref name="efsa2020"/> are reported as X % decrease in the immunoglobulin concentration per doubling of the PFAS concentration. On a log x axis, this produces a straight line but, without a threshold, the immunoglobulin concentrations would theoretically increase to infinity as the PFAS concentration approaches zero. A practical threshold should be placed to an area that contains the lower levels of observed PFAS concentrations.<br />
<br />
=== Calculations ===<br />
<br />
Initiation [http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Special:RTools&id=3e4lHyjAgdP6OQxG 2021-01-29]<br />
<br />
<rcode name="ERF_pfas" label="Initiate ERF_pfas" embed=1><br />
# This is code Op_en7974/ERF_pfas on page [[ERF of PFAS]]<br />
# Note! This version has ERF and threshold in the same ovariable.<br />
<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
ERF_pfas <- Ovariable("ERF_pfas", ddata = "Op_en7974")<br />
colnames(ERF_pfas@data) <- gsub(" ", "_", colnames(ERF_pfas@data))<br />
<br />
objects.store(ERF_pfas)<br />
cat("Ovariable ERF_pfas stored.\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=ERF_of_outdoor_air_pollution&diff=43803ERF of outdoor air pollution2021-03-20T10:10:22Z<p>Jouni: /* Calculations */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Exposure-response_functions]]<br />
[[Category:PM2.5]]<br />
[[Category:Air pollution]]<br />
[[Category:Code under inspection]]<br />
{{variable}}<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
What is the the quantitative dose-response relationships between '''outdoor air PM2.5 concentration''' and '''mortality''' due to cardio-pulmonary, lung cancer, and other non-accidental causes (index [[Cause of death 2]])?<br />
<br />
== Answer ==<br />
<br />
This code gets the ovariable of this page and calculates some basic results.<br />
<br />
<rcode embed=1 graphics=1><br />
<br />
library(OpasnetUtils) # A package with Opasnet functionalities<br />
library(ggplot2) # A package with fancy graph formats<br />
<br />
objects.latest("Op_en2202", "ERF_airpoll") # Get the latest ovariables from code calculations on page Op_en2202.<br />
<br />
ERF_airpoll <- EvalOutput(ERF_airpoll)<br />
summary(ERF_airpoll)<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
===Data===<br />
<br />
<t2b name="Exposure-response functions of air pollution" index="Exposure agent,Response,Subgroup,Exposure,ER function,Scaling,Exposure unit,Observation" locations="Threshold,ERF" desc="Description" unit="-"><br />
PM2.5|Natural mortality|Age:30+|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutants|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.08|Chen & Hoek, 2020<br />
PM10|Annual number of days with bronchitis in children|Age:6-12 a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.080 (0.980 – 1.190)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM10|Incidence chronic bronchitis in adults|Age:18+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.117 (1.040 – 1.189)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM10|Incidence of asthma symptoms in asthmatic children|Age:5-19 a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.028 (1.006 – 1.051)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM2.5|Hospitalizations, cardiovascular diseases|Age:all ages|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.0091 (1.0017 – 1.0166)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM2.5|Hospitalizations, respiratory diseases|Age:all ages|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.0190 (0.9982 – 1.0402)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM2.5|Restricted activity days (RADs) (including sick-leave, hospital emergency admission, symptom days per person per year)|Age:all ages|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.0470 (1.0420 – 1.0530)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM2.5|Work days lost per worker per year, working age population|Age:age 20-65 a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.0460 (1.0390 – 1.0530)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM2.5|Lung cancer|Age:age 30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.0900 (1.0400 – 1.1400)|Van der Zee et al., 2016<br />
PM2.5|Low birth weight (< 2500 g at term)|Age:0 a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.1900 (1.0000 – 1.4200)|Van der Zee et al., 2016<br />
PM2.5|Decreased lung function (FEV1) in percentage (per 10 µg/m³)|Age:6-12 a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|ERS|None|10 µg/m3|0|0.015 (-0.003 - 0.032)|Van der Zee et al., 2016<br />
PM10|Post-neonatal mortality|Age:1-12 months = age 0 a*11/12|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.040 (1.020 – 1.070)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM10|YLL (premature deaths)|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.035 (1.004 – 1.066)|Hoek et al., 2013<br />
PM2.5|YLL (premature deaths)|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.062 (1.041 – 1.084)|Hoek et al., 2013<br />
NO2|YLL (premature deaths)|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.020 (1.010 – 1.030)|Atkinson et al., 2017<br />
EC|YLL (premature deaths)|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|µg/m3|0|1.061 (1.049 – 1.073)|Hoek et al., 2013 Note! per 1 µg/m3 <br />
PM10|Decline in life expecancy in days|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|ERS|None|10 µg/m3|0|120 (14 - 223)|Hoek et al., 2013<br />
PM2.5|Decline in life expecancy in days|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|ERS|None|10 µg/m3|0|210 (140 - 281)|Hoek et al., 2013<br />
NO2|Decline in life expecancy in days|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|ERS|None|10 µg/m3|0|69 (35 - 103)|Atkinson et al., 2017<br />
EC|Decline in life expecancy in days|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|ERS|None|µg/m3|0|206 (167 - 246)|Hoek et al., 2013 Note! per 1 µg/m3 <br />
PM2.5|Lung cancer mortality||Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|µg /m3|0|1.014 (1.004-1.023)|Pope et al. 2002<br />
PM2.5|Cardiopulmonary mortality||Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|µg /m3|0|1.009 (1.003-1.016)|Pope et al. 2002<br />
PM2.5|Total mortality||Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|µg /m3|0|1.0062 (1.0014-1.011)|Pope?<br />
Outdoor ozone|Total mortality||Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|µg /m3|0|1.000299596 (1.000099955-1.000399282)|<br />
Outdoor ozone|Mild decreasing on general functioning||Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|UR|None|µg /m3|0|0.115 (0.044-0.186)|<br />
</t2b><br />
<br />
Ozone and PM2.5 used to be on page [[ERFs of environmental pollutants]].<br />
<br />
Cutoff values used in PAQ2018 tool<ref name="paq2018">Partnership on Air Quality. (2019). Air Quality Tool. [https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/air-quality/new-tool-measuring-benefits-generated-terms-impact-citizens-health-and-living]</ref>: <br />
3.9 µg/m³ for PM10,<br />
2.5 µg/m³ for PM2.5,<br />
5.0 µg/m³ for NO2,<br />
0.3 µg/m³ for EC.<br />
<br />
Studies used:<br />
* Chen & Hoek, 2020<br />
* HRAPIE<br />
* WHO 2013<br />
* Van der Zee et al., 2016<br />
* Hoek et al., 2013<br />
* Atkinson et al., 2017<br />
* Dockery et al. 1993<br />
* Pope et al. 2002<br />
<br />
=== Classical literature ===<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+ '''Pope CA et al. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA, 2002, 287:1132-1141<br />
|---<br />
| average exposure level in Europe to PM2,5 || 25 || μg/m<sup>3</sup> annual average<br />
|---<br />
| average inhalation rate || 15 || #/min<br />
|---<br />
| average tidal volume || 0.6 || L<br />
|---<br />
| inhaled air/person*year || 4734 || m<sup>3</sup>/a<br />
|---<br />
| average inhaled PM2,5 per year || 0,12 || g/a<br />
|---<br />
| population of Europe || 515000000 ||<br />
|---<br />
| total PM inhaled by European population || 60945615 || g/a<br />
|---<br />
| BoD increase from EU-26 population exposure to [BH90] || 1,5E+06 || DALY/a<br />
|---<br />
| Population CVD BoD increase || 2,5E-02 || DALY/1g PM2,5 intake<br />
|---<br />
| All-cause mortality increase || 1,04 || RR per 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> PM2,5 increase<br />
|---<br />
| LC mortality increase || 1,14 || RR per 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> PM2,5 increase<br />
|---<br />
| CVD mortality increase || 1,09 || RR per 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> PM2,5 increase<br />
|---<br />
| EU-26 weighed average from Global BoD estimates || || Data from:[http://www.who.int./healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_country/en/index.html]<br />
|}<br />
{{attack|# |The end of this table contains calculations within the excel it was taken from, it only says #REF, because the frmulas have been broken somehow.|--[[User:Heta|Heta]] ([[User talk:Heta|talk]]) 07:36, 10 June 2015 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
'''PM<sub>2.5</sub>''' are fine particles less than 2.5 μm in diameter. Exposure-response function can be derived from exposure modelling, animal toxicology, small clinical or panel studies, and epidemiological studies. Exposed population can be divided into subpopulations (e.g. adults, children, infants, the elderly), and exposure is assessed per certain time period (e.g. daily or annual exposure). <br />
<br />
*Health effects related to '''short-term exposure'''<br />
**respiratory symptoms<br />
**adverse cardiovascular effects<br />
**increased medication usage<br />
**increased number of hospital admissions<br />
**increased mortality<br />
*Health effects related to '''long-term exposure''' (more relevance to public health)<br />
**increased incidence of respiratory symptoms<br />
**reduction in lung function<br />
**increased incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)<br />
**reduction in life expectancy <br />
***increased cardiopulmonary mortality<br />
***increased lung cancer mortality<br />
<br />
Sensitive subgroups: children, the elderly, individuals with heart and lung disease, individuals who are active outdoors.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Mortality effects of long-term (chronic) exposure to ambient air<br />
<br />
In principle the ERFs for long-term exposure (produced by cohort studies) should also capture the mortality effects of short-term exposure (ERFs produced by time-series studies). In practice it is likely that they do not do so fully. This is due to the so-called "harvesting" phenomenon, i.e. it is possible that acute exposure, at least to some extent, only brings forward deaths that would have happened shortly in any case. However, adding effects of acute exposure to effects of long-term exposure is problematic because the risk of double-counting. <ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/air/cafe/pdf/cba_methodology_vol2.pdf Service Contract for Carrying out Cost-Benefit Analysis of Air Quality Related Issues, in particular in the Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) Programme. Volume 2: Health Impact Assessment. AEA Technology Environment, 2005.]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Pope et al. (2002) <ref>*Pope CA III, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Ito K & Thurston KD (2002). Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA 287(9), 1132-1141.</ref><br />
*6% increase in the risk of deaths from all causes (excluding violent death) (95% CI 2-11%) per 10 µg/m3 PM2.5 in age group 30+<br />
*12% increase in the risk of death from cardiovascular diseases and diabetes (95% CI 8-15%) per 10 µg/m3 PM2.5 in age group 30+<br />
*14% increase in the risk of death from lung cancer (95% CI 4-23%) per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>2.5</sub> in age group 30+ <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Woodruff et al (1997) <ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1470072 Woodruff TJ, Grillo J & Schoendorf KC (1997). The relationship between selected causes of postneonatal infant mortality and particulate air pollution in the United States. Environmental Health Perspectives, 105: 608-612.]</ref><br />
*4% (95% Cl 2%-7%) increase in all-cause infant mortality per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>10</sub> (age 1 month to 1 year)<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Tuomisto et al. 2008:<ref>Tuomisto et al. 2008. Uncertainty in mortality response to airborne fine particulate matter: Combining European air pollution experts. Reliability Engineering and System Safety 93, 732-744.</ref><br />
*A structured expert judgement study of the population mortality effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> air pollution.<br />
*Opinions of six European air pollution experts were elicited.<br />
*Percent increase per 1 µg/m<sup>3</sup> increase in PM<sub>2.5</sub>:<br />
**Equal-weight decision-maker<br />
***Best estimate 0.97<br />
***95% quantile 4.54<br />
***5% quantile 0.02<br />
**Performance-based decision-maker<br />
***Best estimate 0.60<br />
***95% quantile 3.80<br />
***5% quantile 0.06<br />
<br />
<br />
''''Mortality effects of short-term (acute) exposure to ambient air PM<br />
<br />
'''''Anderson et al. 2004 <ref>[http://www.euro.who.int/document/E82792.pdf Anderson HR, Atkinson RW, Peacock JL, Marston L & Konstantinou K (2004). Meta-analysis of time-series studies and panel studies of paticulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3). Report of a WHO task group. World Health Organization.]</ref><br />
*0.6% (95% Cl 0.4%-0.8%) increase in all-cause mortality (excluding accidents) per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>10</sub> in all ages<br />
*1.3% (95% Cl 0.5%-2%) increase in respiratory mortality per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>10</sub> in all ages<br />
*0.9% (95% Cl 0.5%-1.3%) increase in cardiovascular mortality per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>10</sub> in all ages<br />
<br />
These coefficients are defined as distributions around estimates of central tendency for each cause of death.<br />
<br />
Relative increase of mortality per 1 μgm-3 increase of outdoor PM2.5 concentration. Values were drawn with equal probability from the two distributions reported in <ref>Dockery, D. W., Pope, C. A., III, Xu, X., Spengler, J. D., Ware, J. H., Fay, M. E., Ferris, B. G., Jr., &amp;amp; Speizer F. E. (1993). An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. The New England Journal of Medicine, 329(24), 1753-1759</ref>, <ref>Pope, C. A. III, Burnett, R. T., Thun, M. J., Calle, E. E., Krewski, D., Ito, K., &amp;amp; Thurston, G. D. (2002). Lung Cancer, Cardiopulmory Mortality, and Long-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 287(9), 1132-1141</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
'''Uncertainties:'''<br />
<br />
* Mortality estimate from Hoek et al. (2002)<ref> Hoek, G, Brunekreef, B, Goldbohm, S, Fischer, P, &amp;amp; van den Brandt, P. A. (2002). Association between mortality and indicators of traffic-related air pollution in the Netherlands: a cohort study.<br />
Lancet, 360 (9341), 1203-1209. </ref> was not included due to many confounding factors related to mortality, e.g. road noise.<br />
* Probability for PM2.5 assumed to be the true cause of the effects in 70&nbsp;%, 90&nbsp;%, and 10&nbsp;% for cardiopulmonary, lung cancer and all other mortality, respectively (author judgement).<br />
* Toxicity differences between ambient air particles and the particles generated by different bus types were not taken into account due to lack of comprehensive data. <ref>Laden, F., Neas, L. M., Dockery, D. W., &amp;amp; Schwartz, J. (2000). Association of fine particulate matter from different sources with daily mortality in six U.S. cities. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108, 941-947. </ref> <ref>Mar, T. F., Norris, G. A., Koenig, J. Q., &amp;amp; Larson, T. V. (2000). Associations between air pollution and mortality in Phoenix, 1995-1997. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108(4), 347-353.</ref><br />
<br />
* No threshold was assumed in the dose-response relationship. <ref>WHO Regional Office for Europe (2003). Health Aspects of Air Pollution with Particulate Matter, Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide, Report on a WHO Working Group. Report on a WHO working group,<br />
Bonn, Germany, January 13-15 2003. Copenhagen. 98 pages. Available at http://www.euro.who.int/eprise/main/who/progs/aiq/newsevents/20030115_2 </ref> <ref>Schwartz, J., Laden, F., &amp;amp; Zanobetti, A. (2002). The concentration-response relation between PM2.5 and daily deaths. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(10), 1025-1029. </ref><br />
<br />
'''Other<br />
<br />
* Burnett RT, Pope CA 3rd, Ezzati M, Olives C, Lim SS, Mehta S, Shin HH, Singh G, Hubbell B, Brauer M, Anderson HR, Smith KR, Balmes JR, Bruce NG, Kan H, Laden F, Prüss-Ustün A, Turner MC, Gapstur SM, Diver WR, Cohen A. An integrated risk function for estimating the global burden of disease attributable to ambient fine particulate matter exposure. Environ Health Perspect. 2014 Apr;122(4):397-403. {{doi|10.1289/ehp.1307049}} Epub 2014 Feb 7. Erratum in Environ Health Perspect. 2014 Sep;122(9):A235. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24518036] [http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307049/]<br />
<br />
===Calculations===<br />
<br />
<rcode name="ERF_airpoll" label="Initiate ovariable ERF_airpoll" embed=1><br />
# This is code Op_en2202/ERF_airpoll on page [[ERF of air pollution]]<br />
<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
ERF_airpoll <- Ovariable("ERF_airpoll", ddata = "Op_en2202", subset="Exposure-response functions of air pollution") <br />
<br />
objects.store(ERF_airpoll)<br />
cat("Ovariable ERF_airpoll stored.\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
== Effect of infiltration ==<br />
<br />
The mortality due to indoor exposure to outdoor pollutants can be described with this equation:<br />
<br />
:<math>log \Delta M_{in,j} = \frac{\Delta C_{out-in} t_{in}}{\Delta C_{out} t_{out} + \Delta C_{out-in} t_{in}}<br />
log \Delta M_{all,j} (1)</math><br />
<br />
:where log&Delta;M<sub>all, j</sub> is the increase in mortality due to the j<sup>th</sup> outcome associated with total PM exposure for each 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> increase in PM<sub>10</sub> or PM<sub>2.5</sub>. <br />
:j represents three major health outcomes: all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality.<br />
:&Delta;C<sub>out</sub> is the increase in outdoor PM<sub>10</sub> or PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations, which is set as 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup>.<br />
:&Delta;C<sub>out-in</sub> is the increase in outdoor-originated PM<sub>10</sub> or PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations found in the indoor environment.<br />
:t<sub>out</sub> is the duration of direct exposure to outdoor PM pollution.<br />
:t<sub>in</sub> is the duration of indoor exposure to PM of outdoor origin.<br />
:log&Delta;M<sub>in, j</sub> estimates the increase in mortality due to the j<sup>th</sup> outcome associated with indoor exposure to outdoor-origin PM for each 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> increase in PM<sub>10</sub> or PM<sub>2.5</sub><br />
<br />
When one compares changes in mortality in different countries and different infiltration factors,<br />
this is what I think actually happens:<br />
<br />
If infiltration factor is relatively low such as for PM<sub>10</sub> in China, the people are exposed less than<br />
predicted based on outdoor concentrations. When an epidemiologic study is performed, the<br />
observed mortality rate is lower than in other places with higher infiltration factors, and this can<br />
be falsely interpreted that the dose-response slope (&Delta;M<sub>all</sub>) is less steep. When this mortality estimate was combined with the lower exposure<br />
estimate (due to low infiltration) in equation 1, you get too low an estimate for the mortality due to<br />
indoor exposure to outdoor PM. In contrast, the local infiltration factor could and should be used<br />
to adjust the observed mortality rate.<br />
<br />
In other words, what you actually observe in epidemiological studies is not &Delta;M<sub>all</sub> but &Delta;M<sub>obs</sub>, which is something close to &Delta;M<sub>in</sub> because so much time is spent indoors. The work should be about<br />
estimating &Delta;M<sub>all</sub> based on &Delta;M<sub>obs</sub> and infiltration and not vice versa. (Here I interpret &Delta;M<sub>all</sub> as the true risk estimate that we would observe, if the<br />
exposure measure was correct.)<br />
<br />
More precisely, let's look at the mathematics of log-linear regression. We assume that the logarithms of the observed probabilities (or rates) of disease have the probability distribution of<br />
<br />
:<math>log(p) \sim a + b C,</math><br />
<br />
: where p is the probability of disease,<br />
: a is a constant describing the background probability,<br />
: b is a risk coefficient for the exposure, and<br />
: C is the exposure concentration in the population.<br />
<br />
What happens with PM is that we observe the differences in the probability of disease due to differences in exposure C. However, we do NOT observe C itself (the actual exposure concentration) but only the surrogate C<sub>obs</sub>, which in this case is the outdoor concentration of PM C<sub>out</sub>. With a given difference in the probability of disease between the exposed and non-exposed groups, we therefore make a biased conclusion about b, and this bias can be described as:<br />
<br />
:<math>log(p_E) - log(p_0) \sim (a + b C_E) - (a + b C_0) = b (C_E - C_0) = b_{obs} (C_{E,obs} - C_{0,obs})</math><br />
<br />
:where E is the exposed group,<br />
: 0 is the non-exposed group, and <br />
: obs is the biased observed variable (in contrast to the actual variable we would observe if all measurements were correct). Let's look at the ratio of the biased and correct risk estimates:<br />
<br />
:<math>\frac{b_{obs}}{b} = \frac{C_E - C_0}{C_{E,obs} - C_{0,obs}}<br />
<br />
= \frac{\Sigma_i C_{E,i} t_i - \Sigma_i C_{0,i} t_i}{C_{E,out} - C_{0,out}}</math><br />
<br />
:where i means different microenvironments and t<sub>i</sub> is the fraction of time spent in each microenvironment. If we use F<sub>i</sub> to denote the relative exposure concentrations in different microenvironments i (in the case of only indoor and outdoor microenvironments F is 1 for outdoor and equal to infiltration factor for indoor), we get<br />
<br />
:<math>\frac{b_{obs}}{b} = \frac{\Sigma_i F_i C_{E,out} t_i - \Sigma_i F_i C_{0,out} t_i}{C_{E,out} - C_{0,out}}<br />
<br />
= \frac{(C_{E,out} - C_{0,out}) \Sigma_i F_i t_i}{C_{E,out} - C_{0,out}}<br />
<br />
= \Sigma_i F_i t_i<br />
<br />
</math><br />
<br />
As we can see, the observed b is biased downward if the population spends a lot of time in microenvironments with low infiltration factor. Therefore, it is a mistake to assume that the b<sub>obs</sub> would reflect log&Delta;M<sub>all</sub>. Instead, <br />
<br />
:<math>log \Delta M_{all} = \frac{log \Delta M_{obs}}{\Sigma_i F_i t_i}.</math><br />
<br />
and this should be used in any related calculations.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* Major upgrade was made to this page on 2021-03-19. For previous content (dated 2015), see [http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=ERF_of_air_pollution&oldid=37260 archive].<br />
*[http://www.euro.who.int/document/E83080.pdf Health aspects of air pollution. Results from the WHO project "Systematic review of health aspects of air pollution in Europe". World Health Organization, 2004.]<br />
*Pope et al. 2004. Cardiovascular mortality and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution. Circulation (109), 71-77.<br />
*[http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/kwn232v1Robin C. Puett, Joel Schwartz, Jaime E. Hart, Jeff D. Yanosky, Frank E. Speizer, Helen Suh, Christopher J. Paciorek, Lucas M. Neas and Francine Laden: Chronic Particulate Exposure, Mortality, and Coronary Heart Disease in the Nurses’ Health Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, doi:10.1093/aje/kwn232]<br />
*[http://www.needs-project.org/docs/results/RS1b/NEEDS_Rs1b_D3.7.pdf NEEDS - New Energy Externalities Developments for Sustainability, Deliverable 3.7 "A set of concentration-response function", Integrated Project, Sixth Framework Programme, Project no. 502687.]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Case_burden&diff=43802Case burden2021-03-20T08:59:28Z<p>Jouni: /* Calculations */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Jouni}}<br />
[[Category: Contains Rcode]]<br />
'''Case burden''' is the burden of disease or other impact that can be attributed to one case or unit, e.g. disease burden per one case of cancer. Typically it is calculated as<br />
<br />
case burden = disability weight caused by the disease * duration of the disease.<br />
<br />
Case burden can also be monetary losses attributed one case.<br />
<br />
For case burdens attributed to waterborne diseases, see [[Case burden of waterborne microbes]].<br />
<br />
==Question==<br />
<br />
What are the case burdens (in DALYs or euros) of relevant environmental health outcomes? <br />
<br />
==Answer==<br />
<br />
==Rationale==<br />
<br />
=== Data ===<br />
<br />
The case burdens are presented as DALYs or euros per case of illness.<br />
<br />
<t2b name="Case burdens of environmental health outcomes" index="Response,Subgroup,Disability weight,Duration,Measure,Unit" obs="Case burden" desc="Description" unit="unit/case"><br />
Annual number of days with bronchitis in children (age 6-12 years)||0.225|0.00274|BoD|DALY/case|0.00062|WHO 2017a<br />
Incidence chronic bronchitis in adults (age 18+ years)||0.099|10|BoD|DALY/case|0.99|Heimtsa & Intarese 2011<br />
Incidence of asthma symptoms in asthmatic children (age 5-19 years)||0.07|0.00274|BoD|DALY/case|0.00019|Heimtsa & Intarese 2011<br />
Hospitalizations, cardiovascular diseases||0.588|0.038|BoD|DALY/case|0.0223|Bachmann & van der Kamp 2017<br />
Hospitalizations, respiratory diseases||0.408|0.038|BoD|DALY/case|0.0155|Bachmann & van der Kamp 2017<br />
Work days lost, working age population (age 20-65 years)||0.099|0.00274|BoD|DALY/case|0.00027126|Heimtsa & Intarese 2011<br />
Lung cancer (age 30+ years)||0.451|1|BoD|DALY/case|0.451|WHO 2017a<br />
Annual number of days with bronchitis in children (age 6-12 years)||||Cost|€/case|49|Holland 2014<br />
Incidence chronic bronchitis in adults (age 18+ years)||||Cost|€/case|62712|Holland 2014<br />
Incidence of asthma symptoms in asthmatic children (age 5-19 years)||||Cost|€/case|49|Holland 2014<br />
Hospitalizations, cardiovascular diseases||||Cost|€/case|2574|Holland 2014<br />
Hospitalizations, respiratory diseases||||Cost|€/case|2574|Holland 2014<br />
Work days lost, working age population (age 20-65 years)||||Cost|€/case|152|Holland 2014<br />
Post-neonatal mortality (age 1-12 months)||1|80|BoD|DALY/case|80|Heimtsa & Intarese 2011<br />
Premature deaths due to air pollution||1|10.6|BoD|DALY/case|10.6|De Leeuw & Horálek 2016/5<br />
Cost of DALY||||Cost|€/DALY|67500|Holland 2014<br />
Dioxin recommendation tolerable daily intake||||BoD|DALY/case|0.0001 - 0.0101|Goherr assessment<br />
Dioxin recommendation tolerable daily intake 2018||||BoD|DALY /case|0.0001 - 0.0101|Goherr assessment<br />
Loss in child's IQ points||||BoD|DALY/IQ|0.11 (0.06 - 0.16)|Arja used 0.013 but here we use Goherr value instead.<br />
PFAS TWI||||BoD|DALY/case|0.0001 - 0.0101|PFAS assessment<br />
Sperm concentration|Gender:Female|||BoD|DALY/case|0|Goherr assessment<br />
Sperm concentration|Gender:Male|||BoD|DALY/case|0 - 5|Goherr assessment<br />
Vitamin D recommendation||||BoD|DALY/case|0.0001 - 0.0101|Goherr assessment<br />
Yes or no dental defect||||BoD|DALY/case|0 - 0.12|Goherr assessment<br />
</t2b><br />
<br />
Sources:<br />
* WHO2017a<br />
* Heimtsa & Intarese 2011<br />
* Bachmann & van der Kamp 2017<br />
* De Leeuw & Horálek 2016/5<br />
* Holland (2014), corrected to price levels of 2015. Amounts are based on the lower limits.<br />
* [[Goherr assessment]]<br />
* [[:op_fi:PFAS-yhdisteiden tautitaakka|PFAS assessment]]<br />
<br />
=== Calculations ===<br />
<br />
<rcode name="case_burden" label="Initiate case burden" embed=1><br />
# This is code Op_en7980/case_burden on page [[Case burden]].<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
case_burden <- Ovariable("case_burden", ddata="Op_en7980", subset="Case burdens of environmental health outcomes")<br />
<br />
objects.latest("Op_en2031", code_name="subgrouping") # [[ERF]] subgrouping<br />
case_burden@data <- subgrouping(case_burden@data)[-(2:3)] # Define subgroups and drop disability weights and durations<br />
<br />
objects.store(case_burden)<br />
cat("Ovariable case_burden saved. \n")<br />
<br />
oprint(case_burden@data)<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Case burden of waterborne microbes]]</div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Case_burden&diff=43801Case burden2021-03-20T08:55:03Z<p>Jouni: /* Rationale */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Jouni}}<br />
[[Category: Contains Rcode]]<br />
'''Case burden''' is the burden of disease or other impact that can be attributed to one case or unit, e.g. disease burden per one case of cancer. Typically it is calculated as<br />
<br />
case burden = disability weight caused by the disease * duration of the disease.<br />
<br />
Case burden can also be monetary losses attributed one case.<br />
<br />
For case burdens attributed to waterborne diseases, see [[Case burden of waterborne microbes]].<br />
<br />
==Question==<br />
<br />
What are the case burdens (in DALYs or euros) of relevant environmental health outcomes? <br />
<br />
==Answer==<br />
<br />
==Rationale==<br />
<br />
=== Data ===<br />
<br />
The case burdens are presented as DALYs or euros per case of illness.<br />
<br />
<t2b name="Case burdens of environmental health outcomes" index="Response,Subgroup,Disability weight,Duration,Measure,Unit" obs="Case burden" desc="Description" unit="unit/case"><br />
Annual number of days with bronchitis in children (age 6-12 years)||0.225|0.00274|BoD|DALY/case|0.00062|WHO 2017a<br />
Incidence chronic bronchitis in adults (age 18+ years)||0.099|10|BoD|DALY/case|0.99|Heimtsa & Intarese 2011<br />
Incidence of asthma symptoms in asthmatic children (age 5-19 years)||0.07|0.00274|BoD|DALY/case|0.00019|Heimtsa & Intarese 2011<br />
Hospitalizations, cardiovascular diseases||0.588|0.038|BoD|DALY/case|0.0223|Bachmann & van der Kamp 2017<br />
Hospitalizations, respiratory diseases||0.408|0.038|BoD|DALY/case|0.0155|Bachmann & van der Kamp 2017<br />
Work days lost, working age population (age 20-65 years)||0.099|0.00274|BoD|DALY/case|0.00027126|Heimtsa & Intarese 2011<br />
Lung cancer (age 30+ years)||0.451|1|BoD|DALY/case|0.451|WHO 2017a<br />
Annual number of days with bronchitis in children (age 6-12 years)||||Cost|€/case|49|Holland 2014<br />
Incidence chronic bronchitis in adults (age 18+ years)||||Cost|€/case|62712|Holland 2014<br />
Incidence of asthma symptoms in asthmatic children (age 5-19 years)||||Cost|€/case|49|Holland 2014<br />
Hospitalizations, cardiovascular diseases||||Cost|€/case|2574|Holland 2014<br />
Hospitalizations, respiratory diseases||||Cost|€/case|2574|Holland 2014<br />
Work days lost, working age population (age 20-65 years)||||Cost|€/case|152|Holland 2014<br />
Post-neonatal mortality (age 1-12 months)||1|80|BoD|DALY/case|80|Heimtsa & Intarese 2011<br />
Premature deaths due to air pollution||1|10.6|BoD|DALY/case|10.6|De Leeuw & Horálek 2016/5<br />
Cost of DALY||||Cost|€/DALY|67500|Holland 2014<br />
Dioxin recommendation tolerable daily intake||||BoD|DALY/case|0.0001 - 0.0101|Goherr assessment<br />
Dioxin recommendation tolerable daily intake 2018||||BoD|DALY /case|0.0001 - 0.0101|Goherr assessment<br />
Loss in child's IQ points||||BoD|DALY/IQ|0.11 (0.06 - 0.16)|Arja used 0.013 but here we use Goherr value instead.<br />
PFAS TWI||||BoD|DALY/case|0.0001 - 0.0101|PFAS assessment<br />
Sperm concentration|Gender:Female|||BoD|DALY/case|0|Goherr assessment<br />
Sperm concentration|Gender:Male|||BoD|DALY/case|0 - 5|Goherr assessment<br />
Vitamin D recommendation||||BoD|DALY/case|0.0001 - 0.0101|Goherr assessment<br />
Yes or no dental defect||||BoD|DALY/case|0 - 0.12|Goherr assessment<br />
</t2b><br />
<br />
Sources:<br />
* WHO2017a<br />
* Heimtsa & Intarese 2011<br />
* Bachmann & van der Kamp 2017<br />
* De Leeuw & Horálek 2016/5<br />
* Holland (2014), corrected to price levels of 2015. Amounts are based on the lower limits.<br />
* [[Goherr assessment]]<br />
* [[:op_fi:PFAS-yhdisteiden tautitaakka|PFAS assessment]]<br />
<br />
=== Calculations ===<br />
<br />
<rcode name="case_burden" label="Initiate case burden" embed=1><br />
# This is code Op_en7947/case_burden on page [[Case burden]].<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
case_burden <- Ovariable("case_burden", ddata="Op_en7947", subset="Case burdens of environmental health outcomes")<br />
<br />
objects.latest("Op_en2031", code_name="subgrouping") # [[ERF]] subgrouping<br />
case_burden@data <- subgrouping(case_burden@data)<br />
<br />
objects.store(case_burden)<br />
cat("Ovariable case_burden saved. \n")<br />
<br />
oprint(case_burden@data)<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Case burden of waterborne microbes]]</div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Case_burden&diff=43800Case burden2021-03-20T08:50:24Z<p>Jouni: /* Calculations */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Jouni}}<br />
[[Category: Contains Rcode]]<br />
'''Case burden''' is the burden of disease or other impact that can be attributed to one case or unit, e.g. disease burden per one case of cancer. Typically it is calculated as<br />
<br />
case burden = disability weight caused by the disease * duration of the disease.<br />
<br />
Case burden can also be monetary losses attributed one case.<br />
<br />
For case burdens attributed to waterborne diseases, see [[Case burden of waterborne microbes]].<br />
<br />
==Question==<br />
<br />
What are the case burdens (in DALYs or euros) of relevant environmental health outcomes? <br />
<br />
==Answer==<br />
<br />
==Rationale==<br />
<br />
=== Data ===<br />
<br />
The case burdens are presented as DALYs or euros per case of illness.<br />
<br />
<t2b name="Case burdens of environmental health outcomes" index="Response,Disability weight,Duration,Measure,Unit" obs="Case burden" desc="Description" unit="unit/case"><br />
Annual number of days with bronchitis in children (age 6-12 years)|0.225|0.00274|BoD|DALY/case|0.00062|WHO 2017a<br />
Incidence chronic bronchitis in adults (age 18+ years)|0.099|10|BoD|DALY/case|0.99|Heimtsa & Intarese 2011<br />
Incidence of asthma symptoms in asthmatic children (age 5-19 years)|0.07|0.00274|BoD|DALY/case|0.00019|Heimtsa & Intarese 2011<br />
Hospitalizations, cardiovascular diseases|0.588|0.038|BoD|DALY/case|0.0223|Bachmann & van der Kamp 2017<br />
Hospitalizations, respiratory diseases|0.408|0.038|BoD|DALY/case|0.0155|Bachmann & van der Kamp 2017<br />
Work days lost, working age population (age 20-65 years)|0.099|0.00274|BoD|DALY/case|0.00027126|Heimtsa & Intarese 2011<br />
Lung cancer (age 30+ years)|0.451|1|BoD|DALY/case|0.451|WHO 2017a<br />
Annual number of days with bronchitis in children (age 6-12 years)|||Cost|€/case|49|Holland 2014<br />
Incidence chronic bronchitis in adults (age 18+ years)|||Cost|€/case|62712|Holland 2014<br />
Incidence of asthma symptoms in asthmatic children (age 5-19 years)|||Cost|€/case|49|Holland 2014<br />
Hospitalizations, cardiovascular diseases|||Cost|€/case|2574|Holland 2014<br />
Hospitalizations, respiratory diseases|||Cost|€/case|2574|Holland 2014<br />
Work days lost, working age population (age 20-65 years)|||Cost|€/case|152|Holland 2014<br />
Post-neonatal mortality (age 1-12 months)|1|80|BoD|DALY/case|80|Heimtsa & Intarese 2011<br />
Premature deaths due to air pollution|1|10.6|BoD|DALY/case|10.6|De Leeuw & Horálek 2016/5<br />
Cost of DALY|||Cost|€/DALY|67500|Holland 2014<br />
Dioxin recommendation tolerable daily intake|||BoD|DALY/case|0.0001 - 0.0101|Goherr assessment<br />
Dioxin recommendation tolerable daily intake 2018|||BoD|DALY /case|0.0001 - 0.0101|Goherr assessment<br />
Loss in child's IQ points|||BoD|DALY/IQ|0.11 (0.06 - 0.16)|Arja used 0.013 but here we use Goherr value instead.<br />
PFAS TWI|||BoD|DALY/case|0.0001 - 0.0101|PFAS assessment<br />
Sperm concentration|||BoD|DALY/case|0 - 5|Goherr assessment, for males<br />
Vitamin D recommendation|||BoD|DALY/case|0.0001 - 0.0101|Goherr assessment<br />
Yes or no dental defect|||BoD|DALY/case|0 - 0.12|Goherr assessment<br />
</t2b><br />
<br />
Sources:<br />
* WHO2017a<br />
* Heimtsa & Intarese 2011<br />
* Bachmann & van der Kamp 2017<br />
* De Leeuw & Horálek 2016/5<br />
* Holland (2014), corrected to price levels of 2015. Amounts are based on the lower limits.<br />
* [[Goherr assessment]]<br />
* [[:op_fi:PFAS-yhdisteiden tautitaakka|PFAS assessment]]<br />
<br />
=== Calculations ===<br />
<br />
<rcode name="case_burden" label="Initiate case burden" embed=1><br />
# This is code Op_en7947/case_burden on page [[Case burden]].<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
case_burden <- Ovariable("case_burden", ddata="Op_en7947", subset="Case burdens of environmental health outcomes")<br />
<br />
objects.latest("Op_en2031", code_name="subgrouping") # [[ERF]] subgrouping<br />
case_burden@data <- subgrouping(case_burden@data)<br />
<br />
objects.store(case_burden)<br />
cat("Ovariable case_burden saved. \n")<br />
<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Case burden of waterborne microbes]]</div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Case_burden&diff=43799Case burden2021-03-20T08:46:46Z<p>Jouni: /* Data */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Jouni}}<br />
[[Category: Contains Rcode]]<br />
'''Case burden''' is the burden of disease or other impact that can be attributed to one case or unit, e.g. disease burden per one case of cancer. Typically it is calculated as<br />
<br />
case burden = disability weight caused by the disease * duration of the disease.<br />
<br />
Case burden can also be monetary losses attributed one case.<br />
<br />
For case burdens attributed to waterborne diseases, see [[Case burden of waterborne microbes]].<br />
<br />
==Question==<br />
<br />
What are the case burdens (in DALYs or euros) of relevant environmental health outcomes? <br />
<br />
==Answer==<br />
<br />
==Rationale==<br />
<br />
=== Data ===<br />
<br />
The case burdens are presented as DALYs or euros per case of illness.<br />
<br />
<t2b name="Case burdens of environmental health outcomes" index="Response,Disability weight,Duration,Measure,Unit" obs="Case burden" desc="Description" unit="unit/case"><br />
Annual number of days with bronchitis in children (age 6-12 years)|0.225|0.00274|BoD|DALY/case|0.00062|WHO 2017a<br />
Incidence chronic bronchitis in adults (age 18+ years)|0.099|10|BoD|DALY/case|0.99|Heimtsa & Intarese 2011<br />
Incidence of asthma symptoms in asthmatic children (age 5-19 years)|0.07|0.00274|BoD|DALY/case|0.00019|Heimtsa & Intarese 2011<br />
Hospitalizations, cardiovascular diseases|0.588|0.038|BoD|DALY/case|0.0223|Bachmann & van der Kamp 2017<br />
Hospitalizations, respiratory diseases|0.408|0.038|BoD|DALY/case|0.0155|Bachmann & van der Kamp 2017<br />
Work days lost, working age population (age 20-65 years)|0.099|0.00274|BoD|DALY/case|0.00027126|Heimtsa & Intarese 2011<br />
Lung cancer (age 30+ years)|0.451|1|BoD|DALY/case|0.451|WHO 2017a<br />
Annual number of days with bronchitis in children (age 6-12 years)|||Cost|€/case|49|Holland 2014<br />
Incidence chronic bronchitis in adults (age 18+ years)|||Cost|€/case|62712|Holland 2014<br />
Incidence of asthma symptoms in asthmatic children (age 5-19 years)|||Cost|€/case|49|Holland 2014<br />
Hospitalizations, cardiovascular diseases|||Cost|€/case|2574|Holland 2014<br />
Hospitalizations, respiratory diseases|||Cost|€/case|2574|Holland 2014<br />
Work days lost, working age population (age 20-65 years)|||Cost|€/case|152|Holland 2014<br />
Post-neonatal mortality (age 1-12 months)|1|80|BoD|DALY/case|80|Heimtsa & Intarese 2011<br />
Premature deaths due to air pollution|1|10.6|BoD|DALY/case|10.6|De Leeuw & Horálek 2016/5<br />
Cost of DALY|||Cost|€/DALY|67500|Holland 2014<br />
Dioxin recommendation tolerable daily intake|||BoD|DALY/case|0.0001 - 0.0101|Goherr assessment<br />
Dioxin recommendation tolerable daily intake 2018|||BoD|DALY /case|0.0001 - 0.0101|Goherr assessment<br />
Loss in child's IQ points|||BoD|DALY/IQ|0.11 (0.06 - 0.16)|Arja used 0.013 but here we use Goherr value instead.<br />
PFAS TWI|||BoD|DALY/case|0.0001 - 0.0101|PFAS assessment<br />
Sperm concentration|||BoD|DALY/case|0 - 5|Goherr assessment, for males<br />
Vitamin D recommendation|||BoD|DALY/case|0.0001 - 0.0101|Goherr assessment<br />
Yes or no dental defect|||BoD|DALY/case|0 - 0.12|Goherr assessment<br />
</t2b><br />
<br />
Sources:<br />
* WHO2017a<br />
* Heimtsa & Intarese 2011<br />
* Bachmann & van der Kamp 2017<br />
* De Leeuw & Horálek 2016/5<br />
* Holland (2014), corrected to price levels of 2015. Amounts are based on the lower limits.<br />
* [[Goherr assessment]]<br />
* [[:op_fi:PFAS-yhdisteiden tautitaakka|PFAS assessment]]<br />
<br />
=== Calculations ===<br />
<br />
<rcode name="caseburden" label="Initiate case burden" embed=1><br />
# This is code "Op_en7947/caseburden" on page [[Case burden]].<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
case_burden <- Ovariable("case_burden", ddata="Op_en7947", subset="Case burdens of environmental health outcomes")<br />
<br />
objects.latest("Op_en2031", code_name="subgrouping") # [[ERF]] subgrouping<br />
case_burden@data <- subgrouping(case_burden@data)<br />
<br />
objects.store(case_burden)<br />
cat("Ovariable case_burden saved. \n")<br />
<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Case burden of waterborne microbes]]</div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Case_burden&diff=43798Case burden2021-03-19T13:33:20Z<p>Jouni: /* Data */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Jouni}}<br />
[[Category: Contains Rcode]]<br />
'''Case burden''' is the burden of disease or other impact that can be attributed to one case or unit, e.g. disease burden per one case of cancer. Typically it is calculated as<br />
<br />
case burden = disability weight caused by the disease * duration of the disease.<br />
<br />
Case burden can also be monetary losses attributed one case.<br />
<br />
For case burdens attributed to waterborne diseases, see [[Case burden of waterborne microbes]].<br />
<br />
==Question==<br />
<br />
What are the case burdens (in DALYs or euros) of relevant environmental health outcomes? <br />
<br />
==Answer==<br />
<br />
==Rationale==<br />
<br />
=== Data ===<br />
<br />
The case burdens are presented as DALYs or euros per case of illness.<br />
<br />
<t2b name="Case burdens of environmental health outcomes" index="Response,Disability weight,Duration,Measure,Unit" obs="Case burden" desc="Description" unit="unit/case"><br />
Annual number of days with bronchitis in children (age 6-12 years)|0.225|0.00274|BoD|DALY/case|0.00062|WHO 2017a<br />
Incidence chronic bronchitis in adults (age 18+ years)|0.099|10|BoD|DALY/case|0.99|Heimtsa & Intarese 2011<br />
Incidence of asthma symptoms in asthmatic children (age 5-19 years)|0.07|0.00274|BoD|DALY/case|0.00019|Heimtsa & Intarese 2011<br />
Hospitalizations, cardiovascular diseases|0.588|0.038|BoD|DALY/case|0.0223|Bachmann & van der Kamp 2017<br />
Hospitalizations, respiratory diseases|0.408|0.038|BoD|DALY/case|0.0155|Bachmann & van der Kamp 2017<br />
Work days lost, working age population (age 20-65 years)|0.099|0.00274|BoD|DALY/case|0.00027126|Heimtsa & Intarese 2011<br />
Lung cancer (age 30+ years)|0.451|1|BoD|DALY/case|0.451|WHO 2017a<br />
Annual number of days with bronchitis in children (age 6-12 years)|||Cost|€/case|49|Holland 2014<br />
Incidence chronic bronchitis in adults (age 18+ years)|||Cost|€/case|62712|Holland 2014<br />
Incidence of asthma symptoms in asthmatic children (age 5-19 years)|||Cost|€/case|49|Holland 2014<br />
Hospitalizations, cardiovascular diseases|||Cost|€/case|2574|Holland 2014<br />
Hospitalizations, respiratory diseases|||Cost|€/case|2574|Holland 2014<br />
Work days lost, working age population (age 20-65 years)|||Cost|€/case|152|Holland 2014<br />
Post-neonatal mortality (age 1-12 months)|1|80|BoD|DALY/case|80|Heimtsa & Intarese 2011<br />
Premature deaths due to air pollution|1|10.6|BoD|DALY/case|10.6|De Leeuw & Horálek 2016/5<br />
Cost of DALY|67500|1|Cost|€/DALY|67500|Holland 2014<br />
Dioxin recommendation tolerable daily intake|||BoD|DALY/case|0.0001 - 0.0101|Goherr assessment<br />
Dioxin recommendation tolerable daily intake 2018|||BoD|DALY /case|0.0001 - 0.0101|Goherr assessment<br />
Loss in child's IQ points|||BoD|DALY/IQ|0.11 (0.06 - 0.16)|Arja used 0.013 but here we use Goherr value instead.<br />
PFAS TWI|||BoD|DALY/case|0.0001 - 0.0101|PFAS assessment<br />
Sperm concentration|||BoD|DALY/case|0|Goherr assessment<br />
Sperm concentration|||BoD|DALY/case|0 - 5|Goherr assessment<br />
Vitamin D recommendation|||BoD|DALY/case|0.0001 - 0.0101|Goherr assessment<br />
Yes or no dental defect|||BoD|DALY/case|0 - 0.12|Goherr assessment<br />
</t2b><br />
<br />
Sources:<br />
* WHO2017a<br />
* Heimtsa & Intarese 2011<br />
* Bachmann & van der Kamp 2017<br />
* De Leeuw & Horálek 2016/5<br />
* Holland (2014), corrected to price levels of 2015. Amounts are based on the lower limits.<br />
* [[Goherr assessment]]<br />
* [[:op_fi:PFAS-yhdisteiden tautitaakka|PFAS assessment]]<br />
<br />
=== Calculations ===<br />
<br />
<rcode name="caseburden" label="Initiate case burden" embed=1><br />
# This is code "Op_en7947/caseburden" on page [[Case burden]].<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
case_burden <- Ovariable("case_burden", ddata="Op_en7947", subset="Case burdens of environmental health outcomes")<br />
<br />
objects.latest("Op_en2031", code_name="subgrouping") # [[ERF]] subgrouping<br />
case_burden@data <- subgrouping(case_burden@data)<br />
<br />
objects.store(case_burden)<br />
cat("Ovariable case_burden saved. \n")<br />
<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Case burden of waterborne microbes]]</div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Case_burden&diff=43797Case burden2021-03-19T13:30:05Z<p>Jouni: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Jouni}}<br />
[[Category: Contains Rcode]]<br />
'''Case burden''' is the burden of disease or other impact that can be attributed to one case or unit, e.g. disease burden per one case of cancer. Typically it is calculated as<br />
<br />
case burden = disability weight caused by the disease * duration of the disease.<br />
<br />
Case burden can also be monetary losses attributed one case.<br />
<br />
For case burdens attributed to waterborne diseases, see [[Case burden of waterborne microbes]].<br />
<br />
==Question==<br />
<br />
What are the case burdens (in DALYs or euros) of relevant environmental health outcomes? <br />
<br />
==Answer==<br />
<br />
==Rationale==<br />
<br />
=== Data ===<br />
<br />
The case burdens are presented as DALYs or euros per case of illness.<br />
<br />
<t2b name="Case burdens of environmental health outcomes" index="Response,Disability weight,Duration,Measure,Unit" obs="Case burden" desc="Description" unit="unit/case"><br />
Annual number of days with bronchitis in children (age 6-12 years)|0.225|0.00274|BoD|DALY/case|0.00062|WHO 2017a<br />
Incidence chronic bronchitis in adults (age 18+ years)|0.099|10|BoD|DALY/case|0.99|Heimtsa & Intarese 2011<br />
Incidence of asthma symptoms in asthmatic children (age 5-19 years)|0.07|0.00274|BoD|DALY/case|0.00019|Heimtsa & Intarese 2011<br />
Hospitalizations, cardiovascular diseases|0.588|0.038|BoD|DALY/case|0.0223|Bachmann & van der Kamp 2017<br />
Hospitalizations, respiratory diseases|0.408|0.038|BoD|DALY/case|0.0155|Bachmann & van der Kamp 2017<br />
Work days lost, working age population (age 20-65 years)|0.099|0.00274|BoD|DALY/case|0.00027126|Heimtsa & Intarese 2011<br />
Lung cancer (age 30+ years)|0.451|1|BoD|DALY/case|0.451|WHO 2017a<br />
Annual number of days with bronchitis in children (age 6-12 years)|||Cost|€/case|49|Holland 2014<br />
Incidence chronic bronchitis in adults (age 18+ years)|||Cost|€/case|62712|Holland 2014<br />
Incidence of asthma symptoms in asthmatic children (age 5-19 years)|||Cost|€/case|49|Holland 2014<br />
Hospitalizations, cardiovascular diseases|||Cost|€/case|2574|Holland 2014<br />
Hospitalizations, respiratory diseases|||Cost|€/case|2574|Holland 2014<br />
Work days lost, working age population (age 20-65 years)|||Cost|€/case|152|Holland 2014<br />
Post-neonatal mortality (age 1-12 months)|1|80|BoD|DALY/case|80|Heimtsa & Intarese 2011<br />
Premature deaths due to air pollution|1|10.6|BoD|DALY/case|10.6|De Leeuw & Horálek 2016/5<br />
Cost of DALY|67500|1|Cost|€/DALY|67500|Holland 2014<br />
Dioxin recommendation tolerable daily intake|||BoD|DALY/case|0.0001 - 0.0101|Goherr assessment<br />
Dioxin recommendation tolerable daily intake 2018|||BoD|DALY /case|0.0001 - 0.0101|Goherr assessment<br />
Loss in child's IQ points|||BoD|DALY/IQ|0.11 (0.06 - 0.16)|Arja used 0.013 but here we use Goherr value instead.<br />
PFAS TWI|||BoD|DALY/case|0.0001 - 0.0101|PFAS assessment<br />
Sperm concentration|||BoD|DALY/case|0|Goherr assessment<br />
Sperm concentration|||BoD|DALY/case|0 - 5|Goherr assessment<br />
Vitamin D recommendation|||BoD|DALY/case|0.0001 - 0.0101|Goherr assessment<br />
Yes or no dental defect|||BoD|DALY/case|0 - 0.12|Goherr assessment<br />
</t2b><br />
<br />
Sources:<br />
* WHO2017a<br />
* Heimtsa & Intarese 2011<br />
* Bachmann & van der Kamp 2017<br />
* De Leeuw & Horálek 2016/5<br />
* Holland (2014), corrected to price levels of 2015. Amounts are based on the lower limits.<br />
* [[Goherr assessment]]<br />
* [[PFAS assessment|:op_fi:PFAS-yhdisteiden tautitaakka]]<br />
<br />
=== Calculations ===<br />
<br />
<rcode name="caseburden" label="Initiate case burden" embed=1><br />
# This is code "Op_en7947/caseburden" on page [[Case burden]].<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
case_burden <- Ovariable("case_burden", ddata="Op_en7947", subset="Case burdens of environmental health outcomes")<br />
<br />
objects.latest("Op_en2031", code_name="subgrouping") # [[ERF]] subgrouping<br />
case_burden@data <- subgrouping(case_burden@data)<br />
<br />
objects.store(case_burden)<br />
cat("Ovariable case_burden saved. \n")<br />
<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Case burden of waterborne microbes]]</div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Case_burden&diff=43796Case burden2021-03-19T13:19:09Z<p>Jouni: first draft</p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Jouni}}<br />
[[Category: Contains Rcode]]<br />
'''Case burden''' is the burden of disease or other impact that can be attributed to one case or unit, e.g. disease burden per one case of cancer. Typically it is calculated as<br />
<br />
case burden = disability weight caused by the disease * duration of the disease.<br />
<br />
Case burden can also be monetary losses attributed one case.<br />
<br />
For case burdens attributed to waterborne diseases, see [[Case burden of waterborne microbes]].<br />
<br />
==Question==<br />
<br />
What are the case burdens (in DALYs or euros) of relevant environmental health outcomes? <br />
<br />
==Answer==<br />
<br />
==Rationale==<br />
<br />
=== Data ===<br />
<br />
The case burdens are presented as DALYs or euros per case of illness.<br />
<br />
<t2b name="Case burdens of environmental health outcomes" index="Response,Disability weight,Duration,Measure,Unit" obs="Case burden" desc="Description" unit="unit/case"><br />
Annual number of days with bronchitis in children (age 6-12 years)|0.225|0.00274|BoD|DALY/case|0.00062|WHO 2017a<br />
Incidence chronic bronchitis in adults (age 18+ years)|0.099|10|BoD|DALY/case|0.99|Heimtsa & Intarese 2011<br />
Incidence of asthma symptoms in asthmatic children (age 5-19 years)|0.07|0.00274|BoD|DALY/case|0.00019|Heimtsa & Intarese 2011<br />
Hospitalizations, cardiovascular diseases|0.588|0.038|BoD|DALY/case|0.0223|Bachmann & van der Kamp 2017<br />
Hospitalizations, respiratory diseases|0.408|0.038|BoD|DALY/case|0.0155|Bachmann & van der Kamp 2017<br />
Work days lost, working age population (age 20-65 years)|0.099|0.00274|BoD|DALY/case|0.00027126|Heimtsa & Intarese 2011<br />
Lung cancer (age 30+ years)|0.451|1|BoD|DALY/case|0.451|WHO 2017a<br />
Annual number of days with bronchitis in children (age 6-12 years)|||Cost|€/case|49|Holland 2014<br />
Incidence chronic bronchitis in adults (age 18+ years)|||Cost|€/case|62712|Holland 2014<br />
Incidence of asthma symptoms in asthmatic children (age 5-19 years)|||Cost|€/case|49|Holland 2014<br />
Hospitalizations, cardiovascular diseases|||Cost|€|2574|Holland 2014<br />
Hospitalizations, respiratory diseases|||Cost|€/case|2574|Holland 2014<br />
Work days lost, working age population (age 20-65 years)|||Cost|€/case|152|Holland 2014<br />
Post-neonatal mortality (age 1-12 months)|1|80|BoD|DALY/case|80|Heimtsa & Intarese 2011<br />
Premature deaths due to air pollution|1|10.6|BoD|DALY/case|10.6|De Leeuw & Horálek 2016/5<br />
Cost of DALY|67500|1|Cost|€/DALY|67500|Holland 2014<br />
Dioxin recommendation tolerable daily intake|||BoD|DALY/case|0.0001 - 0.0101|Goherr assessment<br />
Dioxin recommendation tolerable daily intake 2018|||BoD|DALY /case|0.0001 - 0.0101|Goherr assessment<br />
Loss in child's IQ points|||BoD|DALY/IQ|0.11 (0.06 - 0.16)|Arja used 0.013 but here we use Goherr value instead.<br />
PFAS TWI|||BoD|DALY/case|0.0001 - 0.0101|<br />
Sperm concentration|||BoD|DALY/case|0|Goherr assessment<br />
Sperm concentration|||BoD|DALY/case|0 - 5|Goherr assessment<br />
Vitamin D recommendation|||BoD|DALY/case|0.0001 - 0.0101|Goherr assessment<br />
Yes or no dental defect|||BoD|DALY/case|0 - 0.12|Goherr assessment<br />
</t2b><br />
<br />
Sources:<br />
* Holland (2014), corrected to price levels of 2015. Amounts are based on the lower limits.<br />
* [[Goherr assessment]]<br />
<br />
=== Calculations ===<br />
<br />
<rcode name="caseburden" label="Initiate case burden" embed=1><br />
# This is code "Op_en7947/caseburden" on page [[Case burden]].<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
case_burden <- Ovariable("case_burden", ddata="Op_en7947", subset="Case burdens of environmental health outcomes")<br />
<br />
objects.latest("Op_en2031", code_name="subgrouping") # [[ERF]] subgrouping<br />
case_burden@data <- subgrouping(case_burden@data)<br />
<br />
objects.store(case_burden)<br />
cat("Ovariable case_burden saved. \n")<br />
<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Case burden of waterborne microbes]]</div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=ERF_of_outdoor_air_pollution&diff=43795ERF of outdoor air pollution2021-03-19T11:42:12Z<p>Jouni: /* Data */ removed alternative version of Pope 2002 that was in wrong units</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Exposure-response_functions]]<br />
[[Category:PM2.5]]<br />
[[Category:Air pollution]]<br />
[[Category:Code under inspection]]<br />
{{variable}}<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
What is the the quantitative dose-response relationships between '''outdoor air PM2.5 concentration''' and '''mortality''' due to cardio-pulmonary, lung cancer, and other non-accidental causes (index [[Cause of death 2]])?<br />
<br />
== Answer ==<br />
<br />
This code gets the ovariable of this page and calculates some basic results.<br />
<br />
<rcode embed=1 graphics=1><br />
<br />
library(OpasnetUtils) # A package with Opasnet functionalities<br />
library(ggplot2) # A package with fancy graph formats<br />
<br />
objects.latest("Op_en2202", "ERF_airpoll") # Get the latest ovariables from code calculations on page Op_en2202.<br />
<br />
ERF_airpoll <- EvalOutput(ERF_airpoll)<br />
summary(ERF_airpoll)<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
===Data===<br />
<br />
<t2b name="Exposure-response functions of air pollution" index="Exposure agent,Response,Subgroup,Exposure,ER function,Scaling,Exposure unit,Observation" locations="Threshold,ERF" desc="Description" unit="-"><br />
PM2.5|Natural mortality|Age:30+|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutants|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.08|Chen & Hoek, 2020<br />
PM10|Annual number of days with bronchitis in children|Age:6-12 a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.080 (0.980 – 1.190)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM10|Incidence chronic bronchitis in adults|Age:18+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.117 (1.040 – 1.189)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM10|Incidence of asthma symptoms in asthmatic children|Age:5-19 a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.028 (1.006 – 1.051)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM2.5|Hospitalizations, cardiovascular diseases|Age:all ages|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.0091 (1.0017 – 1.0166)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM2.5|Hospitalizations, respiratory diseases|Age:all ages|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.0190 (0.9982 – 1.0402)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM2.5|Restricted activity days (RADs) (including sick-leave, hospital emergency admission, symptom days per person per year)|Age:all ages|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.0470 (1.0420 – 1.0530)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM2.5|Work days lost per worker per year, working age population|Age:age 20-65 a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.0460 (1.0390 – 1.0530)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM2.5|Lung cancer|Age:age 30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.0900 (1.0400 – 1.1400)|Van der Zee et al., 2016<br />
PM2.5|Low birth weight (< 2500 g at term)|Age:0 a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.1900 (1.0000 – 1.4200)|Van der Zee et al., 2016<br />
PM2.5|Decreased lung function (FEV1) in percentage (per 10 µg/m³)|Age:6-12 a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|ERS|None|10 µg/m3|0|0.015 (-0.003 - 0.032)|Van der Zee et al., 2016<br />
PM10|Post-neonatal mortality|Age:1-12 months = age 0 a*11/12|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.040 (1.020 – 1.070)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM10|YLL (premature deaths)|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.035 (1.004 – 1.066)|Hoek et al., 2013<br />
PM2.5|YLL (premature deaths)|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.062 (1.041 – 1.084)|Hoek et al., 2013<br />
NO2|YLL (premature deaths)|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.020 (1.010 – 1.030)|Atkinson et al., 2017<br />
EC|YLL (premature deaths)|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|µg/m3|0|1.061 (1.049 – 1.073)|Hoek et al., 2013 Note! per 1 µg/m3 <br />
PM10|Decline in life expecancy in days|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|ERS|None|10 µg/m3|0|120 (14 - 223)|Hoek et al., 2013<br />
PM2.5|Decline in life expecancy in days|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|ERS|None|10 µg/m3|0|210 (140 - 281)|Hoek et al., 2013<br />
NO2|Decline in life expecancy in days|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|ERS|None|10 µg/m3|0|69 (35 - 103)|Atkinson et al., 2017<br />
EC|Decline in life expecancy in days|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|ERS|None|µg/m3|0|206 (167 - 246)|Hoek et al., 2013 Note! per 1 µg/m3 <br />
PM2.5|Lung cancer mortality||Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|µg /m3|0|1.014 (1.004-1.023)|Pope et al. 2002<br />
PM2.5|Cardiopulmonary mortality||Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|µg /m3|0|1.009 (1.003-1.016)|Pope et al. 2002<br />
PM2.5|Total mortality||Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|µg /m3|0|1.0062 (1.0014-1.011)|Pope?<br />
Outdoor ozone|Total mortality||Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|µg /m3|0|1.000299596 (1.000099955-1.000399282)|<br />
Outdoor ozone|Mild decreasing on general functioning||Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|UR|None|µg /m3|0|0.115 (0.044-0.186)|<br />
</t2b><br />
<br />
Ozone and PM2.5 used to be on page [[ERFs of environmental pollutants]].<br />
<br />
Cutoff values used in PAQ2018 tool<ref name="paq2018">Partnership on Air Quality. (2019). Air Quality Tool. [https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/air-quality/new-tool-measuring-benefits-generated-terms-impact-citizens-health-and-living]</ref>: <br />
3.9 µg/m³ for PM10,<br />
2.5 µg/m³ for PM2.5,<br />
5.0 µg/m³ for NO2,<br />
0.3 µg/m³ for EC.<br />
<br />
Studies used:<br />
* Chen & Hoek, 2020<br />
* HRAPIE<br />
* WHO 2013<br />
* Van der Zee et al., 2016<br />
* Hoek et al., 2013<br />
* Atkinson et al., 2017<br />
* Dockery et al. 1993<br />
* Pope et al. 2002<br />
<br />
=== Classical literature ===<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+ '''Pope CA et al. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA, 2002, 287:1132-1141<br />
|---<br />
| average exposure level in Europe to PM2,5 || 25 || μg/m<sup>3</sup> annual average<br />
|---<br />
| average inhalation rate || 15 || #/min<br />
|---<br />
| average tidal volume || 0.6 || L<br />
|---<br />
| inhaled air/person*year || 4734 || m<sup>3</sup>/a<br />
|---<br />
| average inhaled PM2,5 per year || 0,12 || g/a<br />
|---<br />
| population of Europe || 515000000 ||<br />
|---<br />
| total PM inhaled by European population || 60945615 || g/a<br />
|---<br />
| BoD increase from EU-26 population exposure to [BH90] || 1,5E+06 || DALY/a<br />
|---<br />
| Population CVD BoD increase || 2,5E-02 || DALY/1g PM2,5 intake<br />
|---<br />
| All-cause mortality increase || 1,04 || RR per 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> PM2,5 increase<br />
|---<br />
| LC mortality increase || 1,14 || RR per 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> PM2,5 increase<br />
|---<br />
| CVD mortality increase || 1,09 || RR per 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> PM2,5 increase<br />
|---<br />
| EU-26 weighed average from Global BoD estimates || || Data from:[http://www.who.int./healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_country/en/index.html]<br />
|}<br />
{{attack|# |The end of this table contains calculations within the excel it was taken from, it only says #REF, because the frmulas have been broken somehow.|--[[User:Heta|Heta]] ([[User talk:Heta|talk]]) 07:36, 10 June 2015 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
'''PM<sub>2.5</sub>''' are fine particles less than 2.5 μm in diameter. Exposure-response function can be derived from exposure modelling, animal toxicology, small clinical or panel studies, and epidemiological studies. Exposed population can be divided into subpopulations (e.g. adults, children, infants, the elderly), and exposure is assessed per certain time period (e.g. daily or annual exposure). <br />
<br />
*Health effects related to '''short-term exposure'''<br />
**respiratory symptoms<br />
**adverse cardiovascular effects<br />
**increased medication usage<br />
**increased number of hospital admissions<br />
**increased mortality<br />
*Health effects related to '''long-term exposure''' (more relevance to public health)<br />
**increased incidence of respiratory symptoms<br />
**reduction in lung function<br />
**increased incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)<br />
**reduction in life expectancy <br />
***increased cardiopulmonary mortality<br />
***increased lung cancer mortality<br />
<br />
Sensitive subgroups: children, the elderly, individuals with heart and lung disease, individuals who are active outdoors.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Mortality effects of long-term (chronic) exposure to ambient air<br />
<br />
In principle the ERFs for long-term exposure (produced by cohort studies) should also capture the mortality effects of short-term exposure (ERFs produced by time-series studies). In practice it is likely that they do not do so fully. This is due to the so-called "harvesting" phenomenon, i.e. it is possible that acute exposure, at least to some extent, only brings forward deaths that would have happened shortly in any case. However, adding effects of acute exposure to effects of long-term exposure is problematic because the risk of double-counting. <ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/air/cafe/pdf/cba_methodology_vol2.pdf Service Contract for Carrying out Cost-Benefit Analysis of Air Quality Related Issues, in particular in the Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) Programme. Volume 2: Health Impact Assessment. AEA Technology Environment, 2005.]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Pope et al. (2002) <ref>*Pope CA III, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Ito K & Thurston KD (2002). Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA 287(9), 1132-1141.</ref><br />
*6% increase in the risk of deaths from all causes (excluding violent death) (95% CI 2-11%) per 10 µg/m3 PM2.5 in age group 30+<br />
*12% increase in the risk of death from cardiovascular diseases and diabetes (95% CI 8-15%) per 10 µg/m3 PM2.5 in age group 30+<br />
*14% increase in the risk of death from lung cancer (95% CI 4-23%) per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>2.5</sub> in age group 30+ <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Woodruff et al (1997) <ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1470072 Woodruff TJ, Grillo J & Schoendorf KC (1997). The relationship between selected causes of postneonatal infant mortality and particulate air pollution in the United States. Environmental Health Perspectives, 105: 608-612.]</ref><br />
*4% (95% Cl 2%-7%) increase in all-cause infant mortality per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>10</sub> (age 1 month to 1 year)<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Tuomisto et al. 2008:<ref>Tuomisto et al. 2008. Uncertainty in mortality response to airborne fine particulate matter: Combining European air pollution experts. Reliability Engineering and System Safety 93, 732-744.</ref><br />
*A structured expert judgement study of the population mortality effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> air pollution.<br />
*Opinions of six European air pollution experts were elicited.<br />
*Percent increase per 1 µg/m<sup>3</sup> increase in PM<sub>2.5</sub>:<br />
**Equal-weight decision-maker<br />
***Best estimate 0.97<br />
***95% quantile 4.54<br />
***5% quantile 0.02<br />
**Performance-based decision-maker<br />
***Best estimate 0.60<br />
***95% quantile 3.80<br />
***5% quantile 0.06<br />
<br />
<br />
''''Mortality effects of short-term (acute) exposure to ambient air PM<br />
<br />
'''''Anderson et al. 2004 <ref>[http://www.euro.who.int/document/E82792.pdf Anderson HR, Atkinson RW, Peacock JL, Marston L & Konstantinou K (2004). Meta-analysis of time-series studies and panel studies of paticulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3). Report of a WHO task group. World Health Organization.]</ref><br />
*0.6% (95% Cl 0.4%-0.8%) increase in all-cause mortality (excluding accidents) per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>10</sub> in all ages<br />
*1.3% (95% Cl 0.5%-2%) increase in respiratory mortality per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>10</sub> in all ages<br />
*0.9% (95% Cl 0.5%-1.3%) increase in cardiovascular mortality per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>10</sub> in all ages<br />
<br />
These coefficients are defined as distributions around estimates of central tendency for each cause of death.<br />
<br />
Relative increase of mortality per 1 μgm-3 increase of outdoor PM2.5 concentration. Values were drawn with equal probability from the two distributions reported in <ref>Dockery, D. W., Pope, C. A., III, Xu, X., Spengler, J. D., Ware, J. H., Fay, M. E., Ferris, B. G., Jr., &amp;amp; Speizer F. E. (1993). An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. The New England Journal of Medicine, 329(24), 1753-1759</ref>, <ref>Pope, C. A. III, Burnett, R. T., Thun, M. J., Calle, E. E., Krewski, D., Ito, K., &amp;amp; Thurston, G. D. (2002). Lung Cancer, Cardiopulmory Mortality, and Long-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 287(9), 1132-1141</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
'''Uncertainties:'''<br />
<br />
* Mortality estimate from Hoek et al. (2002)<ref> Hoek, G, Brunekreef, B, Goldbohm, S, Fischer, P, &amp;amp; van den Brandt, P. A. (2002). Association between mortality and indicators of traffic-related air pollution in the Netherlands: a cohort study.<br />
Lancet, 360 (9341), 1203-1209. </ref> was not included due to many confounding factors related to mortality, e.g. road noise.<br />
* Probability for PM2.5 assumed to be the true cause of the effects in 70&nbsp;%, 90&nbsp;%, and 10&nbsp;% for cardiopulmonary, lung cancer and all other mortality, respectively (author judgement).<br />
* Toxicity differences between ambient air particles and the particles generated by different bus types were not taken into account due to lack of comprehensive data. <ref>Laden, F., Neas, L. M., Dockery, D. W., &amp;amp; Schwartz, J. (2000). Association of fine particulate matter from different sources with daily mortality in six U.S. cities. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108, 941-947. </ref> <ref>Mar, T. F., Norris, G. A., Koenig, J. Q., &amp;amp; Larson, T. V. (2000). Associations between air pollution and mortality in Phoenix, 1995-1997. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108(4), 347-353.</ref><br />
<br />
* No threshold was assumed in the dose-response relationship. <ref>WHO Regional Office for Europe (2003). Health Aspects of Air Pollution with Particulate Matter, Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide, Report on a WHO Working Group. Report on a WHO working group,<br />
Bonn, Germany, January 13-15 2003. Copenhagen. 98 pages. Available at http://www.euro.who.int/eprise/main/who/progs/aiq/newsevents/20030115_2 </ref> <ref>Schwartz, J., Laden, F., &amp;amp; Zanobetti, A. (2002). The concentration-response relation between PM2.5 and daily deaths. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(10), 1025-1029. </ref><br />
<br />
'''Other<br />
<br />
* Burnett RT, Pope CA 3rd, Ezzati M, Olives C, Lim SS, Mehta S, Shin HH, Singh G, Hubbell B, Brauer M, Anderson HR, Smith KR, Balmes JR, Bruce NG, Kan H, Laden F, Prüss-Ustün A, Turner MC, Gapstur SM, Diver WR, Cohen A. An integrated risk function for estimating the global burden of disease attributable to ambient fine particulate matter exposure. Environ Health Perspect. 2014 Apr;122(4):397-403. {{doi|10.1289/ehp.1307049}} Epub 2014 Feb 7. Erratum in Environ Health Perspect. 2014 Sep;122(9):A235. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24518036] [http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307049/]<br />
<br />
===Calculations===<br />
<br />
<rcode name="ERF_airpoll" label="Initiate ovariable ERF_airpoll" embed=1><br />
# This is code Op_en2202/ERF_airpoll on page [[ERF of air pollution]]<br />
<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
ERF_airpoll <- Ovariable("ERF_airpoll", ddata = "Op_en2202", subset="Exposure-response function of air pollution") <br />
<br />
objects.store(ERF_airpoll)<br />
cat("Ovariable ERF_airpoll stored.\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
== Effect of infiltration ==<br />
<br />
The mortality due to indoor exposure to outdoor pollutants can be described with this equation:<br />
<br />
:<math>log \Delta M_{in,j} = \frac{\Delta C_{out-in} t_{in}}{\Delta C_{out} t_{out} + \Delta C_{out-in} t_{in}}<br />
log \Delta M_{all,j} (1)</math><br />
<br />
:where log&Delta;M<sub>all, j</sub> is the increase in mortality due to the j<sup>th</sup> outcome associated with total PM exposure for each 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> increase in PM<sub>10</sub> or PM<sub>2.5</sub>. <br />
:j represents three major health outcomes: all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality.<br />
:&Delta;C<sub>out</sub> is the increase in outdoor PM<sub>10</sub> or PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations, which is set as 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup>.<br />
:&Delta;C<sub>out-in</sub> is the increase in outdoor-originated PM<sub>10</sub> or PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations found in the indoor environment.<br />
:t<sub>out</sub> is the duration of direct exposure to outdoor PM pollution.<br />
:t<sub>in</sub> is the duration of indoor exposure to PM of outdoor origin.<br />
:log&Delta;M<sub>in, j</sub> estimates the increase in mortality due to the j<sup>th</sup> outcome associated with indoor exposure to outdoor-origin PM for each 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> increase in PM<sub>10</sub> or PM<sub>2.5</sub><br />
<br />
When one compares changes in mortality in different countries and different infiltration factors,<br />
this is what I think actually happens:<br />
<br />
If infiltration factor is relatively low such as for PM<sub>10</sub> in China, the people are exposed less than<br />
predicted based on outdoor concentrations. When an epidemiologic study is performed, the<br />
observed mortality rate is lower than in other places with higher infiltration factors, and this can<br />
be falsely interpreted that the dose-response slope (&Delta;M<sub>all</sub>) is less steep. When this mortality estimate was combined with the lower exposure<br />
estimate (due to low infiltration) in equation 1, you get too low an estimate for the mortality due to<br />
indoor exposure to outdoor PM. In contrast, the local infiltration factor could and should be used<br />
to adjust the observed mortality rate.<br />
<br />
In other words, what you actually observe in epidemiological studies is not &Delta;M<sub>all</sub> but &Delta;M<sub>obs</sub>, which is something close to &Delta;M<sub>in</sub> because so much time is spent indoors. The work should be about<br />
estimating &Delta;M<sub>all</sub> based on &Delta;M<sub>obs</sub> and infiltration and not vice versa. (Here I interpret &Delta;M<sub>all</sub> as the true risk estimate that we would observe, if the<br />
exposure measure was correct.)<br />
<br />
More precisely, let's look at the mathematics of log-linear regression. We assume that the logarithms of the observed probabilities (or rates) of disease have the probability distribution of<br />
<br />
:<math>log(p) \sim a + b C,</math><br />
<br />
: where p is the probability of disease,<br />
: a is a constant describing the background probability,<br />
: b is a risk coefficient for the exposure, and<br />
: C is the exposure concentration in the population.<br />
<br />
What happens with PM is that we observe the differences in the probability of disease due to differences in exposure C. However, we do NOT observe C itself (the actual exposure concentration) but only the surrogate C<sub>obs</sub>, which in this case is the outdoor concentration of PM C<sub>out</sub>. With a given difference in the probability of disease between the exposed and non-exposed groups, we therefore make a biased conclusion about b, and this bias can be described as:<br />
<br />
:<math>log(p_E) - log(p_0) \sim (a + b C_E) - (a + b C_0) = b (C_E - C_0) = b_{obs} (C_{E,obs} - C_{0,obs})</math><br />
<br />
:where E is the exposed group,<br />
: 0 is the non-exposed group, and <br />
: obs is the biased observed variable (in contrast to the actual variable we would observe if all measurements were correct). Let's look at the ratio of the biased and correct risk estimates:<br />
<br />
:<math>\frac{b_{obs}}{b} = \frac{C_E - C_0}{C_{E,obs} - C_{0,obs}}<br />
<br />
= \frac{\Sigma_i C_{E,i} t_i - \Sigma_i C_{0,i} t_i}{C_{E,out} - C_{0,out}}</math><br />
<br />
:where i means different microenvironments and t<sub>i</sub> is the fraction of time spent in each microenvironment. If we use F<sub>i</sub> to denote the relative exposure concentrations in different microenvironments i (in the case of only indoor and outdoor microenvironments F is 1 for outdoor and equal to infiltration factor for indoor), we get<br />
<br />
:<math>\frac{b_{obs}}{b} = \frac{\Sigma_i F_i C_{E,out} t_i - \Sigma_i F_i C_{0,out} t_i}{C_{E,out} - C_{0,out}}<br />
<br />
= \frac{(C_{E,out} - C_{0,out}) \Sigma_i F_i t_i}{C_{E,out} - C_{0,out}}<br />
<br />
= \Sigma_i F_i t_i<br />
<br />
</math><br />
<br />
As we can see, the observed b is biased downward if the population spends a lot of time in microenvironments with low infiltration factor. Therefore, it is a mistake to assume that the b<sub>obs</sub> would reflect log&Delta;M<sub>all</sub>. Instead, <br />
<br />
:<math>log \Delta M_{all} = \frac{log \Delta M_{obs}}{\Sigma_i F_i t_i}.</math><br />
<br />
and this should be used in any related calculations.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* Major upgrade was made to this page on 2021-03-19. For previous content (dated 2015), see [http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=ERF_of_air_pollution&oldid=37260 archive].<br />
*[http://www.euro.who.int/document/E83080.pdf Health aspects of air pollution. Results from the WHO project "Systematic review of health aspects of air pollution in Europe". World Health Organization, 2004.]<br />
*Pope et al. 2004. Cardiovascular mortality and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution. Circulation (109), 71-77.<br />
*[http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/kwn232v1Robin C. Puett, Joel Schwartz, Jaime E. Hart, Jeff D. Yanosky, Frank E. Speizer, Helen Suh, Christopher J. Paciorek, Lucas M. Neas and Francine Laden: Chronic Particulate Exposure, Mortality, and Coronary Heart Disease in the Nurses’ Health Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, doi:10.1093/aje/kwn232]<br />
*[http://www.needs-project.org/docs/results/RS1b/NEEDS_Rs1b_D3.7.pdf NEEDS - New Energy Externalities Developments for Sustainability, Deliverable 3.7 "A set of concentration-response function", Integrated Project, Sixth Framework Programme, Project no. 502687.]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=ERF_of_outdoor_air_pollution&diff=43794ERF of outdoor air pollution2021-03-19T11:30:56Z<p>Jouni: /* Data */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Exposure-response_functions]]<br />
[[Category:PM2.5]]<br />
[[Category:Air pollution]]<br />
[[Category:Code under inspection]]<br />
{{variable}}<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
What is the the quantitative dose-response relationships between '''outdoor air PM2.5 concentration''' and '''mortality''' due to cardio-pulmonary, lung cancer, and other non-accidental causes (index [[Cause of death 2]])?<br />
<br />
== Answer ==<br />
<br />
This code gets the ovariable of this page and calculates some basic results.<br />
<br />
<rcode embed=1 graphics=1><br />
<br />
library(OpasnetUtils) # A package with Opasnet functionalities<br />
library(ggplot2) # A package with fancy graph formats<br />
<br />
objects.latest("Op_en2202", "ERF_airpoll") # Get the latest ovariables from code calculations on page Op_en2202.<br />
<br />
ERF_airpoll <- EvalOutput(ERF_airpoll)<br />
summary(ERF_airpoll)<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
===Data===<br />
<br />
<t2b name="Exposure-response functions of air pollution" index="Exposure agent,Response,Subgroup,Exposure,ER function,Scaling,Exposure unit,Observation" locations="Threshold,ERF" desc="Description" unit="-"><br />
PM2.5|Natural mortality|Age:30+|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutants|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.08|Chen & Hoek, 2020<br />
PM10|Annual number of days with bronchitis in children|Age:6-12 a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.080 (0.980 – 1.190)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM10|Incidence chronic bronchitis in adults|Age:18+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.117 (1.040 – 1.189)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM10|Incidence of asthma symptoms in asthmatic children|Age:5-19 a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.028 (1.006 – 1.051)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM2.5|Hospitalizations, cardiovascular diseases|Age:all ages|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.0091 (1.0017 – 1.0166)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM2.5|Hospitalizations, respiratory diseases|Age:all ages|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.0190 (0.9982 – 1.0402)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM2.5|Restricted activity days (RADs) (including sick-leave, hospital emergency admission, symptom days per person per year)|Age:all ages|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.0470 (1.0420 – 1.0530)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM2.5|Work days lost per worker per year, working age population|Age:age 20-65 a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.0460 (1.0390 – 1.0530)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM2.5|Lung cancer|Age:age 30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.0900 (1.0400 – 1.1400)|Van der Zee et al., 2016<br />
PM2.5|Low birth weight (< 2500 g at term)|Age:0 a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.1900 (1.0000 – 1.4200)|Van der Zee et al., 2016<br />
PM2.5|Decreased lung function (FEV1) in percentage (per 10 µg/m³)|Age:6-12 a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|ERS|None|10 µg/m3|0|0.015 (-0.003 - 0.032)|Van der Zee et al., 2016<br />
PM10|Post-neonatal mortality|Age:1-12 months = age 0 a*11/12|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.040 (1.020 – 1.070)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM10|YLL (premature deaths)|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.035 (1.004 – 1.066)|Hoek et al., 2013<br />
PM2.5|YLL (premature deaths)|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.062 (1.041 – 1.084)|Hoek et al., 2013<br />
NO2|YLL (premature deaths)|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.020 (1.010 – 1.030)|Atkinson et al., 2017<br />
EC|YLL (premature deaths)|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|µg/m3|0|1.061 (1.049 – 1.073)|Hoek et al., 2013 Note! per 1 µg/m3 <br />
PM10|Decline in life expecancy in days|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|ERS|None|10 µg/m3|0|120 (14 - 223)|Hoek et al., 2013<br />
PM2.5|Decline in life expecancy in days|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|ERS|None|10 µg/m3|0|210 (140 - 281)|Hoek et al., 2013<br />
NO2|Decline in life expecancy in days|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|ERS|None|10 µg/m3|0|69 (35 - 103)|Atkinson et al., 2017<br />
EC|Decline in life expecancy in days|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|ERS|None|µg/m3|0|206 (167 - 246)|Hoek et al., 2013 Note! per 1 µg/m3 <br />
PM2.5|Cardiopulmonary mortality||Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutants|RR|None|µq/m3|0|0.0128 (-0.0036-0.0375)|Dockery et al. 1993, Pope et al. 2002<br />
PM2.5|Lung cancer mortality||Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutants|RR|None|µq/m3|0|0.0150 (-0.0350-0.0728)|Dockery et al. 1993, Pope et al. 2002<br />
PM2.5|Other causes mortality||Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutants|RR|None|µq/m3|0|0.0008 (-0.0232-0.0252)|Dockery et al. 1993, Pope et al. 2002<br />
PM2.5|All causes mortality||Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutants|RR|None|µq/m3|0|0.0091 (-0.0019-0.0289)|Dockery et al. 1993, Pope et al. 2002<br />
PM2.5|Lung cancer mortality||Annual average outdoor air concentration|RR|None|µg /m3|0|1.014 (1.004-1.023)|Outdoor air, Pope et al. 2002<br />
PM2.5|Cardiopulmonary mortality||Annual average outdoor concentration|RR|None|µg /m3|0|1.009 (1.003-1.016)|Outdoor air, Pope et al. 2002<br />
PM2.5|Total mortality||Annual average outdoor air concentration|RR|None|µg /m3|0|1.0062 (1.0014-1.011)|Outdoor air<br />
Outdoor ozone|Total mortality||Annual average outdoor air concentration|RR|None|µg /m3|0|1.000299596 (1.000099955-1.000399282)|<br />
Outdoor ozone|Mild decreasing on general functioning||Annual average outdoor air concentration|UR|None|µg /m3|0|0.115 (0.044-0.186)|<br />
</t2b><br />
<br />
Ozone and PM2.5 used to be on page [[ERFs of environmental pollutants]].<br />
<br />
Cutoff values used in PAQ2018 tool<ref name="paq2018">Partnership on Air Quality. (2019). Air Quality Tool. [https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/air-quality/new-tool-measuring-benefits-generated-terms-impact-citizens-health-and-living]</ref>: <br />
3.9 µg/m³ for PM10,<br />
2.5 µg/m³ for PM2.5,<br />
5.0 µg/m³ for NO2,<br />
0.3 µg/m³ for EC.<br />
<br />
Studies used:<br />
* Chen & Hoek, 2020<br />
* HRAPIE<br />
* WHO 2013<br />
* Van der Zee et al., 2016<br />
* Hoek et al., 2013<br />
* Atkinson et al., 2017<br />
* Dockery et al. 1993<br />
* Pope et al. 2002<br />
<br />
=== Classical literature ===<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+ '''Pope CA et al. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA, 2002, 287:1132-1141<br />
|---<br />
| average exposure level in Europe to PM2,5 || 25 || μg/m<sup>3</sup> annual average<br />
|---<br />
| average inhalation rate || 15 || #/min<br />
|---<br />
| average tidal volume || 0.6 || L<br />
|---<br />
| inhaled air/person*year || 4734 || m<sup>3</sup>/a<br />
|---<br />
| average inhaled PM2,5 per year || 0,12 || g/a<br />
|---<br />
| population of Europe || 515000000 ||<br />
|---<br />
| total PM inhaled by European population || 60945615 || g/a<br />
|---<br />
| BoD increase from EU-26 population exposure to [BH90] || 1,5E+06 || DALY/a<br />
|---<br />
| Population CVD BoD increase || 2,5E-02 || DALY/1g PM2,5 intake<br />
|---<br />
| All-cause mortality increase || 1,04 || RR per 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> PM2,5 increase<br />
|---<br />
| LC mortality increase || 1,14 || RR per 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> PM2,5 increase<br />
|---<br />
| CVD mortality increase || 1,09 || RR per 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> PM2,5 increase<br />
|---<br />
| EU-26 weighed average from Global BoD estimates || || Data from:[http://www.who.int./healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_country/en/index.html]<br />
|}<br />
{{attack|# |The end of this table contains calculations within the excel it was taken from, it only says #REF, because the frmulas have been broken somehow.|--[[User:Heta|Heta]] ([[User talk:Heta|talk]]) 07:36, 10 June 2015 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
'''PM<sub>2.5</sub>''' are fine particles less than 2.5 μm in diameter. Exposure-response function can be derived from exposure modelling, animal toxicology, small clinical or panel studies, and epidemiological studies. Exposed population can be divided into subpopulations (e.g. adults, children, infants, the elderly), and exposure is assessed per certain time period (e.g. daily or annual exposure). <br />
<br />
*Health effects related to '''short-term exposure'''<br />
**respiratory symptoms<br />
**adverse cardiovascular effects<br />
**increased medication usage<br />
**increased number of hospital admissions<br />
**increased mortality<br />
*Health effects related to '''long-term exposure''' (more relevance to public health)<br />
**increased incidence of respiratory symptoms<br />
**reduction in lung function<br />
**increased incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)<br />
**reduction in life expectancy <br />
***increased cardiopulmonary mortality<br />
***increased lung cancer mortality<br />
<br />
Sensitive subgroups: children, the elderly, individuals with heart and lung disease, individuals who are active outdoors.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Mortality effects of long-term (chronic) exposure to ambient air<br />
<br />
In principle the ERFs for long-term exposure (produced by cohort studies) should also capture the mortality effects of short-term exposure (ERFs produced by time-series studies). In practice it is likely that they do not do so fully. This is due to the so-called "harvesting" phenomenon, i.e. it is possible that acute exposure, at least to some extent, only brings forward deaths that would have happened shortly in any case. However, adding effects of acute exposure to effects of long-term exposure is problematic because the risk of double-counting. <ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/air/cafe/pdf/cba_methodology_vol2.pdf Service Contract for Carrying out Cost-Benefit Analysis of Air Quality Related Issues, in particular in the Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) Programme. Volume 2: Health Impact Assessment. AEA Technology Environment, 2005.]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Pope et al. (2002) <ref>*Pope CA III, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Ito K & Thurston KD (2002). Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA 287(9), 1132-1141.</ref><br />
*6% increase in the risk of deaths from all causes (excluding violent death) (95% CI 2-11%) per 10 µg/m3 PM2.5 in age group 30+<br />
*12% increase in the risk of death from cardiovascular diseases and diabetes (95% CI 8-15%) per 10 µg/m3 PM2.5 in age group 30+<br />
*14% increase in the risk of death from lung cancer (95% CI 4-23%) per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>2.5</sub> in age group 30+ <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Woodruff et al (1997) <ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1470072 Woodruff TJ, Grillo J & Schoendorf KC (1997). The relationship between selected causes of postneonatal infant mortality and particulate air pollution in the United States. Environmental Health Perspectives, 105: 608-612.]</ref><br />
*4% (95% Cl 2%-7%) increase in all-cause infant mortality per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>10</sub> (age 1 month to 1 year)<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Tuomisto et al. 2008:<ref>Tuomisto et al. 2008. Uncertainty in mortality response to airborne fine particulate matter: Combining European air pollution experts. Reliability Engineering and System Safety 93, 732-744.</ref><br />
*A structured expert judgement study of the population mortality effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> air pollution.<br />
*Opinions of six European air pollution experts were elicited.<br />
*Percent increase per 1 µg/m<sup>3</sup> increase in PM<sub>2.5</sub>:<br />
**Equal-weight decision-maker<br />
***Best estimate 0.97<br />
***95% quantile 4.54<br />
***5% quantile 0.02<br />
**Performance-based decision-maker<br />
***Best estimate 0.60<br />
***95% quantile 3.80<br />
***5% quantile 0.06<br />
<br />
<br />
''''Mortality effects of short-term (acute) exposure to ambient air PM<br />
<br />
'''''Anderson et al. 2004 <ref>[http://www.euro.who.int/document/E82792.pdf Anderson HR, Atkinson RW, Peacock JL, Marston L & Konstantinou K (2004). Meta-analysis of time-series studies and panel studies of paticulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3). Report of a WHO task group. World Health Organization.]</ref><br />
*0.6% (95% Cl 0.4%-0.8%) increase in all-cause mortality (excluding accidents) per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>10</sub> in all ages<br />
*1.3% (95% Cl 0.5%-2%) increase in respiratory mortality per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>10</sub> in all ages<br />
*0.9% (95% Cl 0.5%-1.3%) increase in cardiovascular mortality per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>10</sub> in all ages<br />
<br />
These coefficients are defined as distributions around estimates of central tendency for each cause of death.<br />
<br />
Relative increase of mortality per 1 μgm-3 increase of outdoor PM2.5 concentration. Values were drawn with equal probability from the two distributions reported in <ref>Dockery, D. W., Pope, C. A., III, Xu, X., Spengler, J. D., Ware, J. H., Fay, M. E., Ferris, B. G., Jr., &amp;amp; Speizer F. E. (1993). An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. The New England Journal of Medicine, 329(24), 1753-1759</ref>, <ref>Pope, C. A. III, Burnett, R. T., Thun, M. J., Calle, E. E., Krewski, D., Ito, K., &amp;amp; Thurston, G. D. (2002). Lung Cancer, Cardiopulmory Mortality, and Long-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 287(9), 1132-1141</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
'''Uncertainties:'''<br />
<br />
* Mortality estimate from Hoek et al. (2002)<ref> Hoek, G, Brunekreef, B, Goldbohm, S, Fischer, P, &amp;amp; van den Brandt, P. A. (2002). Association between mortality and indicators of traffic-related air pollution in the Netherlands: a cohort study.<br />
Lancet, 360 (9341), 1203-1209. </ref> was not included due to many confounding factors related to mortality, e.g. road noise.<br />
* Probability for PM2.5 assumed to be the true cause of the effects in 70&nbsp;%, 90&nbsp;%, and 10&nbsp;% for cardiopulmonary, lung cancer and all other mortality, respectively (author judgement).<br />
* Toxicity differences between ambient air particles and the particles generated by different bus types were not taken into account due to lack of comprehensive data. <ref>Laden, F., Neas, L. M., Dockery, D. W., &amp;amp; Schwartz, J. (2000). Association of fine particulate matter from different sources with daily mortality in six U.S. cities. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108, 941-947. </ref> <ref>Mar, T. F., Norris, G. A., Koenig, J. Q., &amp;amp; Larson, T. V. (2000). Associations between air pollution and mortality in Phoenix, 1995-1997. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108(4), 347-353.</ref><br />
<br />
* No threshold was assumed in the dose-response relationship. <ref>WHO Regional Office for Europe (2003). Health Aspects of Air Pollution with Particulate Matter, Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide, Report on a WHO Working Group. Report on a WHO working group,<br />
Bonn, Germany, January 13-15 2003. Copenhagen. 98 pages. Available at http://www.euro.who.int/eprise/main/who/progs/aiq/newsevents/20030115_2 </ref> <ref>Schwartz, J., Laden, F., &amp;amp; Zanobetti, A. (2002). The concentration-response relation between PM2.5 and daily deaths. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(10), 1025-1029. </ref><br />
<br />
'''Other<br />
<br />
* Burnett RT, Pope CA 3rd, Ezzati M, Olives C, Lim SS, Mehta S, Shin HH, Singh G, Hubbell B, Brauer M, Anderson HR, Smith KR, Balmes JR, Bruce NG, Kan H, Laden F, Prüss-Ustün A, Turner MC, Gapstur SM, Diver WR, Cohen A. An integrated risk function for estimating the global burden of disease attributable to ambient fine particulate matter exposure. Environ Health Perspect. 2014 Apr;122(4):397-403. {{doi|10.1289/ehp.1307049}} Epub 2014 Feb 7. Erratum in Environ Health Perspect. 2014 Sep;122(9):A235. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24518036] [http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307049/]<br />
<br />
===Calculations===<br />
<br />
<rcode name="ERF_airpoll" label="Initiate ovariable ERF_airpoll" embed=1><br />
# This is code Op_en2202/ERF_airpoll on page [[ERF of air pollution]]<br />
<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
ERF_airpoll <- Ovariable("ERF_airpoll", ddata = "Op_en2202", subset="Exposure-response function of air pollution") <br />
<br />
objects.store(ERF_airpoll)<br />
cat("Ovariable ERF_airpoll stored.\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
== Effect of infiltration ==<br />
<br />
The mortality due to indoor exposure to outdoor pollutants can be described with this equation:<br />
<br />
:<math>log \Delta M_{in,j} = \frac{\Delta C_{out-in} t_{in}}{\Delta C_{out} t_{out} + \Delta C_{out-in} t_{in}}<br />
log \Delta M_{all,j} (1)</math><br />
<br />
:where log&Delta;M<sub>all, j</sub> is the increase in mortality due to the j<sup>th</sup> outcome associated with total PM exposure for each 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> increase in PM<sub>10</sub> or PM<sub>2.5</sub>. <br />
:j represents three major health outcomes: all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality.<br />
:&Delta;C<sub>out</sub> is the increase in outdoor PM<sub>10</sub> or PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations, which is set as 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup>.<br />
:&Delta;C<sub>out-in</sub> is the increase in outdoor-originated PM<sub>10</sub> or PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations found in the indoor environment.<br />
:t<sub>out</sub> is the duration of direct exposure to outdoor PM pollution.<br />
:t<sub>in</sub> is the duration of indoor exposure to PM of outdoor origin.<br />
:log&Delta;M<sub>in, j</sub> estimates the increase in mortality due to the j<sup>th</sup> outcome associated with indoor exposure to outdoor-origin PM for each 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> increase in PM<sub>10</sub> or PM<sub>2.5</sub><br />
<br />
When one compares changes in mortality in different countries and different infiltration factors,<br />
this is what I think actually happens:<br />
<br />
If infiltration factor is relatively low such as for PM<sub>10</sub> in China, the people are exposed less than<br />
predicted based on outdoor concentrations. When an epidemiologic study is performed, the<br />
observed mortality rate is lower than in other places with higher infiltration factors, and this can<br />
be falsely interpreted that the dose-response slope (&Delta;M<sub>all</sub>) is less steep. When this mortality estimate was combined with the lower exposure<br />
estimate (due to low infiltration) in equation 1, you get too low an estimate for the mortality due to<br />
indoor exposure to outdoor PM. In contrast, the local infiltration factor could and should be used<br />
to adjust the observed mortality rate.<br />
<br />
In other words, what you actually observe in epidemiological studies is not &Delta;M<sub>all</sub> but &Delta;M<sub>obs</sub>, which is something close to &Delta;M<sub>in</sub> because so much time is spent indoors. The work should be about<br />
estimating &Delta;M<sub>all</sub> based on &Delta;M<sub>obs</sub> and infiltration and not vice versa. (Here I interpret &Delta;M<sub>all</sub> as the true risk estimate that we would observe, if the<br />
exposure measure was correct.)<br />
<br />
More precisely, let's look at the mathematics of log-linear regression. We assume that the logarithms of the observed probabilities (or rates) of disease have the probability distribution of<br />
<br />
:<math>log(p) \sim a + b C,</math><br />
<br />
: where p is the probability of disease,<br />
: a is a constant describing the background probability,<br />
: b is a risk coefficient for the exposure, and<br />
: C is the exposure concentration in the population.<br />
<br />
What happens with PM is that we observe the differences in the probability of disease due to differences in exposure C. However, we do NOT observe C itself (the actual exposure concentration) but only the surrogate C<sub>obs</sub>, which in this case is the outdoor concentration of PM C<sub>out</sub>. With a given difference in the probability of disease between the exposed and non-exposed groups, we therefore make a biased conclusion about b, and this bias can be described as:<br />
<br />
:<math>log(p_E) - log(p_0) \sim (a + b C_E) - (a + b C_0) = b (C_E - C_0) = b_{obs} (C_{E,obs} - C_{0,obs})</math><br />
<br />
:where E is the exposed group,<br />
: 0 is the non-exposed group, and <br />
: obs is the biased observed variable (in contrast to the actual variable we would observe if all measurements were correct). Let's look at the ratio of the biased and correct risk estimates:<br />
<br />
:<math>\frac{b_{obs}}{b} = \frac{C_E - C_0}{C_{E,obs} - C_{0,obs}}<br />
<br />
= \frac{\Sigma_i C_{E,i} t_i - \Sigma_i C_{0,i} t_i}{C_{E,out} - C_{0,out}}</math><br />
<br />
:where i means different microenvironments and t<sub>i</sub> is the fraction of time spent in each microenvironment. If we use F<sub>i</sub> to denote the relative exposure concentrations in different microenvironments i (in the case of only indoor and outdoor microenvironments F is 1 for outdoor and equal to infiltration factor for indoor), we get<br />
<br />
:<math>\frac{b_{obs}}{b} = \frac{\Sigma_i F_i C_{E,out} t_i - \Sigma_i F_i C_{0,out} t_i}{C_{E,out} - C_{0,out}}<br />
<br />
= \frac{(C_{E,out} - C_{0,out}) \Sigma_i F_i t_i}{C_{E,out} - C_{0,out}}<br />
<br />
= \Sigma_i F_i t_i<br />
<br />
</math><br />
<br />
As we can see, the observed b is biased downward if the population spends a lot of time in microenvironments with low infiltration factor. Therefore, it is a mistake to assume that the b<sub>obs</sub> would reflect log&Delta;M<sub>all</sub>. Instead, <br />
<br />
:<math>log \Delta M_{all} = \frac{log \Delta M_{obs}}{\Sigma_i F_i t_i}.</math><br />
<br />
and this should be used in any related calculations.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* Major upgrade was made to this page on 2021-03-19. For previous content (dated 2015), see [http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=ERF_of_air_pollution&oldid=37260 archive].<br />
*[http://www.euro.who.int/document/E83080.pdf Health aspects of air pollution. Results from the WHO project "Systematic review of health aspects of air pollution in Europe". World Health Organization, 2004.]<br />
*Pope et al. 2004. Cardiovascular mortality and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution. Circulation (109), 71-77.<br />
*[http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/kwn232v1Robin C. Puett, Joel Schwartz, Jaime E. Hart, Jeff D. Yanosky, Frank E. Speizer, Helen Suh, Christopher J. Paciorek, Lucas M. Neas and Francine Laden: Chronic Particulate Exposure, Mortality, and Coronary Heart Disease in the Nurses’ Health Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, doi:10.1093/aje/kwn232]<br />
*[http://www.needs-project.org/docs/results/RS1b/NEEDS_Rs1b_D3.7.pdf NEEDS - New Energy Externalities Developments for Sustainability, Deliverable 3.7 "A set of concentration-response function", Integrated Project, Sixth Framework Programme, Project no. 502687.]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=ERFs_of_environmental_pollutants&diff=43793ERFs of environmental pollutants2021-03-19T11:29:19Z<p>Jouni: /* Data */</p>
<hr />
<div><noinclude><br />
[[op fi:Seturi/Annosvaste]]<br />
{{variable|moderator=}}<br />
[[Category:Exposure-response functions]]<br />
[[Category:Contains R code]]<br />
:''This page contains '''exposure-response functions of several environmental pollutants''' that do not have own pages. This page used to contain e.g. estimates for dioxins, but they were moved to [[ERF of dioxin]].<br />
</noinclude><br />
<br />
==Question==<br />
<br />
What are the exposure-response functions ([[ERF]]) of environmental pollutants that do not have own pages in Opasnet? <br />
<br />
==Answer==<br />
<br />
Exposure-response function (ERF) is a mathematical quantitative description of the relationship between an exposure to an agent and the health responses it causes in the human body. How to actually estimate the responses based on ERF is described in detail on page [[Health impact assessment]].<br />
Relevant example results can be found from [http://fi.opasnet.org/fi_wiki/index.php/Special:R-tools?id=myX1meJgAn8N1twP here] (in Finnish).<br />
<br />
<rcode embed=1><br />
## This is code Op_en5827/ on page [[ERFs of environmental pollutants]]<br />
<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
objects.latest("Op_en5827", "initiate")<br />
<br />
cat("Exposure-response functions of environmental pollutants.\n")<br />
oprint(summary(EvalOutput(ERF_env)))<br />
<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
==Rationale==<br />
<br />
===Data===<br />
<br />
<t2b index="Exposure agent,Response,Subgroup,Exposure,ER function,Scaling,Exposure unit,Observation" locations="Threshold,ERF" desc="Description" unit="-"><br />
Indoor radon|Lung cancer morbidity||Annual average indoor air concentration|RR|None|Bq /m3|0|1.0016 (1.0005-1.0031)| <br />
Chlorination byproducts|Bladder cancer morbidity||Concentration in ingested water|RR|None|µg /l|0|1.0039 (1.00053-1.00722)|<br />
Chlorination byproducts|Bladder cancer morbidity||Concentration in ingested water|RR|None|netrev /l|0|1.000029 (1-1.000072)|<br />
Arsenic|Bladder cancer morbidity||Concentration in ingested water|RR|None|µg /l|0|1.002 (0.999-1.006)| <br />
Formaldehyde|Asthma morbidity|Age:<14|Annual average indoor concentration|RR|None|µg /m3|0|1.0140743178|<br />
Formaldehyde|Asthma morbidity|Age:>=14|Annual average indoor concentration|RR|None|µg /m3|0|1|<br />
Dampness damage|Asthma morbidity||Yes/no moisture damage|RR|None|%|0|1.37 (1.23-1.53)|<br />
Dampness damage|Lower respiratory symptoms morbidity||Yes/no moisture damage|RR|None|%|0|1.5 (1.38-1.86)|<br />
Dampness damage|Upper respiratory symptoms morbidity||Yes/no moisture damage|RR|None|%|0|1.7 (1.44-2)|<br />
Fluoride|Fluorosis|Age:<14|Concentration in ingested water|UR|None||0|0.125|<br />
Fluoride|Fluorosis|Age:>=14|Concentration in ingested water|UR|None||0|0|<br />
Lead|Decrease of IQ below 70 points||Intake level from food|UR|None| ?|0|0.025|<br />
Lead|Increased blood pressure||Intake level from food|UR|None|? |0|0.025|<br />
Lead|IQ loss|Age:Age 1|Blood concentration|UR|None|IQ l /ug|24|0.039 (0.024 - 0.053)|Lanphear et al 2005 https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7688 using the first increment from 24 to 100 ug/l. Assumes threshold at 24 ug/l although this is strong assumption<br />
Aflatoxin|Liver cancer|Hepatitis:Hepatitis B-|Intake via food|UR|None|# /(ng /kg /d /100000py)|0|0.01 (0.002 - 0.03)|WHO. Is this per year or per lifetime?<br />
Aflatoxin|Liver cancer|Hepatitis:Hepatitis B+|Intake via food|UR|None|# /(ng /kg /d /100000py)|0|0.3 (0.01 - 0.5)|WHO. Is this per year or per lifetime?<br />
Formaldehyde|Nasal cancer morbidity||Annual average indoor concentration|UR|None|µg /m3|0|0.000013|<br />
Benzene|Leukemia morbidity||Annual average indoor concentration|UR|None| µg /m3|0|0.000005|<br />
Quatzdust|Silicosis morbidity||Indoor air concentration|UR|None|mg /m3|0|0.125; 0.125; 0.25|<br />
Asbestos at work|Lung cancer and mesothelioma morbidity||Indoor air concentration|UR|None| |0|0.05 (0.01-0.1)|<br />
Noise at work|Hearing damage||Noise level|UR|None| |0|570|Medium noise (80-85 dB)<br />
Noise at work|Hearing damage||Noise level|UR|None| |0|1320|Loud noise (>85 dB)<br />
</t2b><br />
<br />
Ozone and PM2.5 moved to [[ERF of outdoor air pollution]].<br />
<br />
=== Calculations ===<br />
<br />
<rcode name="ERF_env2" label="Initiate ERF_env" embed=1><br />
# This is code Op_en5827/ERF_env2 on page [[ERF of environmental pollutants]]<br />
# Note! This version has ERF and threshold in the same ovariable.<br />
<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
ERF_env <- Ovariable("ERF_env", ddata = "Op_en5827")<br />
colnames(ERF_env@data) <- gsub(" ", "_", colnames(ERF_env@data))<br />
<br />
objects.store(ERF_env)<br />
cat("Ovariable ERF_env stored.\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
<rcode name="initiate" label="Initiate variables (developers only)" embed=1><br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
d <- opbase.data("Op_en5827")<br />
d$Obs <- NULL<br />
colnames(d) <- gsub(" ", "_", colnames(d))<br />
d$Result <- ifelse(d$Result == "", "0", as.character(d$Result))<br />
<br />
ERF_env <- Ovariable("ERF_env", data = d[d$Observation == "ERF", colnames(d) != "Observation"])<br />
<br />
threshold_env <- Ovariable("threshold_env", data = d[d$Observation == "Threshold", colnames(d) != "Observation"])<br />
<br />
objects.store(ERF_env, threshold_env)<br />
cat("Ovariables ERF_env, threshold_env stored. Page: Op_en5827, code: initiate.\n")<br />
<br />
</rcode><br />
<noinclude><br />
<br />
==== Seturi ERFs ====<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+'''Päivitetyt Seturi-hankkeen annosvasteet<ref>Tekaisu-hankkeen työpaketti 2. N:\YMAL\Projects\Tekaisu\TP2\BoD methodology\Seturi_DALY_simple_GHE2012_päivitys.xlsx versio 17.11.2016.</ref><br />
! Altiste|| Altisteen mittasuure ja yksikkö|| Vaikutus|| Tausta- tai kynnys-altistus<ref>Either natural background or if the dose-response slope does not go to zero</ref> || RR (per altistusyksikkö)|| Kuvaus<br />
|----<br />
|| Radon|| Bq/m3|| keuhko syöpä ilmaantuvuus ja kuolleisuus|| 5<ref>Ulkoilman Rn pitoisuus</ref>|| 1.0016||<br />
|----<br />
|| PM2.5 ulkoilma|| µg/m3|| kuolleisuus|| 2|| 1.0062|| <br />
|----<br />
|| Kloorauksen sivutuotteet|| net rev/L|| Virtsarakon syöpä ilmaantuvuus ja kuolleisuus|| 0|| 1.00003<ref>Koivusalo et al. 1998</ref>|| <br />
|----<br />
|| Ulkomelu|| Lden (dB)|| sydäninfarkti ilmaantuvuus ja kuolleisuus|| 59<ref>Ei varsinainen kynnysaltistus, mutta altistusvastekäyrä leikkaa x-akselin noin kohdassa Lden = 59 dB, eli riski alkaa kohota vasta tässä kohden. Ref. Babisch, 2008.</ref>|| NA||<br />
|----<br />
|| || || Kiusallisuus/häiritsevyys|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|| || || Unihäiriö|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|| Arseeni|| ug/l|| Virtsarakon syöpä ilmaantuvuus ja kuolleisuus|| 0.14|| 1.002|| <br />
|----<br />
|| ETS|| Kyllä/ei|| keuhko syöpä ilmaantuvuus ja kuolleisuus|| 0|| 1.21|| <br />
|----<br />
|| ETS|| || IHD ilmaantuvuus ja kuolleisuus|| 0|| 1.27|| <br />
|----<br />
|| ETS|| || Astma ilmaantuvuus ja kuolleisuus|| 0|| 1.97|| <br />
|----<br />
|| ETS|| || Astma ilmaantuvuus ja kuolleisuus|| 0|| 1.32|| <br />
|----<br />
|| ETS|| || Keuhkoinfektiot|| 0|| 1.55|| <br />
|----<br />
|| ETS|| || Välikorvan tulehdus|| 0|| 1.38|| <br />
|----<br />
|| Formaldehydi|| µg m-3|| Astma ilmaantuvuus ja kuolleisuus|| 40|| 1.014|| <br />
|----<br />
|| Kosteusvauriot|| Kyllä/ei|| Astma ilmaantuvuus ja kuolleisuus|| 0|| 1.37<ref>Lääkärin diagnosoima astma: best guess = OR 1.37, Min = OR 1.23, Max = OR 1.53. Astman puhkeaminen: Best guess = OR 1.34, Min = OR 0.86, Max = OR 2.10. Fisk et al. 2007.</ref>||<br />
|----<br />
|| || || Alahengitystieoireet ilmaantuvuus ja kuolleisuus|| 0|| 1.5<ref>Best guess = OR 1.50, Min = OR 1.38, Max = OR 1.86. Fisk et al. 2007.</ref>|| <br />
|----<br />
|| || || Ylähengitystieoireet ilmaantuvuus ja kuolleisuus|| 0|| 1.7<ref>Best guess = OR 1.70, Min = OR 1.44, Max = OR 2.00. Fisk et al. 2007.</ref>|| <br />
|----<br />
|| Otsoni|| µg/m3|| kokonaiskuolleisuus|| 70<ref>SOMO35-altistusmittari on jo vähentänyt kynnysrajan allapuolisen altistuksen<br />
tämä tässä vain tiedoksi.</ref>|| 1.0003|| <br />
|----<br />
|| Auringon UV-säteily|| || Ihosyöpä|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|| CO|| || Kuolleisuus|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|| Ruoan mikrobit|| || Ripuli|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|| Veden mikrobit|| || Ripuli|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|| Kalan metyylielohopea|| || Lievä kehitysvamma vastasyntyneellä|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|| Ympäristön lyijy|| || Lievä kehitysvamma|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|| || || Verenpainetauti|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|| Juomaveden fluoridi|| || Hampaiden fluoroosi|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|| PM2.5 ulkoilma|| µg/m3|| Krooninen bronkiitti|| 2|| 5.33E-05|| <br />
|----<br />
|| || µg/m3|| Vakava oirepäivä|| 2|| 0.0902|| <br />
|----<br />
|| Itämeren kalan dioksiini|| || Syöpä|| 0|| 4.6E-07<ref>Fatty fish PCDD/F Teq * csf * unit conversion,where Fatty fish PCDD/F Teq is toxicity (in Teq's) of dioxin congeners found typically in fatty fish, such as<br />
salmon; csf is cancer slope factor [mg/kg/day]^-1 for TCDD (Teq=1); unit conversion relates to conversion from mg -> pg [http://www.pacelabs.com/services/analytical-services/specialty-analytical-services/dioxins-furans/TEF.pdf].</ref>|| <br />
|----<br />
|| Luonnon radionuklidit porakaivovedessä|| Sv|| Syöpäkuolema|| 0.0009<ref>vesilaitosvedestä saatava annos</ref>|| 0.0007<ref>ICRP 103: based on cancer incidence data, detriment adusted nominal risk coefficients for cancer for whole population = 5,5%/Sv; 5% increase in lifetime cancer deaths/Sv. Muutettu Päivin 25.9. mailin mukaisesti 0.05</ref>|| <br />
|----<br />
|| Tshernobyl laskeuma ja ydinasekokeet|| Sv|| Syöpäkuolema|| || 0.0007<ref>ICRP 103: based on cancer incidence data, detriment adusted nominal risk coefficients for cancer for whole population = 5,5%/Sv; 5% increase in lifetime cancer deaths/Sv. Muutettu Päivin 25.9. mailin mukaisesti 0.05</ref>|| <br />
|----<br />
|| Hengitysilman bentseeni|| || Leukemia|| 0|| 7.14286E-08|| <br />
|----<br />
|| Otsoni|| µg/m3|| Oirepäivä|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|| || || Yskäpäivä|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|| || || Alahengitystie oirepäivä|| || || <br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
*{{comment|# |Check some translations (chlorinating, surrounding's tobacco smoke, fluorosis, dampness damage,Nose-pharynx cancers, Mild decreasing on general funtioning)|--[[User:Heta|Heta]] 18:43, 12 October 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
*{{comment|# |Note that ERFs for "Environmental tobacco smoke" were moved to [[Indoor environment quality (IEQ) factors]] page, where they belong to.|--[[User:Marjo|Marjo]] 13:56, 28 March 2013 (EET)}}<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[:op_fi:Seturi]] (in Finnish)<br />
* [[:op fi:Seturi/Annosvaste]]<br />
<br />
=== Generic variable ===<br />
This variable is included in [[Exposure-response function]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
* Brennan D, Spencer J, 2004. Disability weights for the burden of oral disease in South Australia. Population Health Metrics 2. http://www.pophealthmetrics.com/content/2/1/7 (Accessed 2013-08-08).<br />
* Hänninen O, Knol A (eds.), 2011. European perspectives on Environmental Burden of Disease; Estimates for nine stressors in six countries. THL Reports 1/2011, Helsinki, Finland. 86 pp + 2 appendixes. ISBN 978-952-245-413-3. [http://www.thl.fi/thl-client/pdfs/b75f6999-e7c4-4550-a939-3bccb19e41c1] (viitattu 2011-03-23). <br />
* Hänninen O, Leino O, Kuusisto E, Komulainen H, Meriläinen P, Haverinen-Shaugnessy U, Miettinen I, Pekkanen J, 2010. Elinympäristön altisteiden terveysvaikutukset Suomessa. Ympäristö ja Terveys 3:12-35. <br />
* Hänninen O, 2012. Kansanterveyden ympäristöuhat puntarissa: Ilmansaasteet merkittävässä roolissa. Ympäristö ja Terveys 3/2012: 24-29.<br />
* Hänninen O, Asikainen A (eds.), 2013. Efficient reduction of indoor exposures: Health benefits from optimizing ventilation, filtration and indoor source controls. National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). Report 2/2013. 92 pages. Helsinki 2013. ISBN 978-952-245-821-6 (printed) ISBN 978-952-245-822-3 (online publication) [http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-245-822-3] (Accessed 2013-07-03).<br />
* Jantunen M, Oliveira Fernandes E, Carrer P, Kephalopoulos S, 2011. Promoting actions for healthy indoor air (IAIAQ). European Commission Directorate General for Health and Consumers. Luxembourg. ISBN 978-92-79-20419-7. [http://ec.europa.eu/health/healthy_environments/docs/env_iaiaq.pdf] (accessed 2013-07-04).<br />
* Kauhanen J, Erkkilä A, Korhonen M, Myllykangas M, Pekkanen J, 2013. Kansanterveystiede. Sanoma Pro. ISBN 978-952-63-0277-5.<br />
* Kutvonen J, Asikainen A, Hänninen O, 2012. Tautitaakka-arvioista puuttuvien kemikaalien kartoitus. Ympäristö ja Terveys 10:12-19.<br />
* Liikonen L & Leppänen P, 2005. Altistuminen ympäristömelulle Suomessa. Ympäristöministeriö. 58 ss.<br />
* Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD ym. Comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012; 380: 2224–60.<br />
* Oliveira Fernandes de E, Jantunen M, Carrer P, Seppänen O, Harrison P, Kephalopoulos S, 2009. Co-ordination Action on Indoor Air Quality and Health Effects (ENVIE). Final report, 165 pp. [http://paginas.fe.up.pt/~envie/documents/finalreports/Final%20Reports%20Publishable/Publishable%20final%20activity%20report.pdf] (accessed 2011-11-10).<br />
* Pekkanen J, Hänninen O, Karjalainen A, Kauppinen T, Komulainen H, Kurttio P, Kuusisto E, Leino O, Priha E, 2010. Elin- ja työympäristön altisteet ja terveys Suomessa: Käytetyt menetelmät. Ympäristö ja Terveys 3:6-11.<br />
* Pekkanen J, 2010. Elin- ja työympäristön riskit Suomessa. Ympäristö ja Terveys 3:4-5.<br />
* WHO, 2004. Global burden of disease 2004 update: Disability weights for diseases and conditions. [http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD2004_Disability-Weights.pdf] (accessed 2013 - 07-11).<br />
* WHO, 2009. Global Health Risks. Mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. [http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GlobalHealthRisks_report_full.pdf] (accessed 2013-07-11).<br />
* WHO, 2011. Burden of disease from environmental noise. World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen. 126 pp. [http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/136466/e94888.pdf] (accessed 2013-08-14). <br />
* Héroux M. E., Anderson H. R., Atkinson R.., Brunekreef B., Cohen A., Forastiere F., Hurley F., Katsouyanni K.., Krewski D., Krzyzanowski M., Künzli N., Mills I., Querol X., Ostro B., & Walton H. (2015). Quantifying the health impacts of ambient air pollutants: recommendations of a WHO/Europe project. International Journal of Public Health, 60(5), 619-627. doi:10.1007/s00038-015-0690-y <br />
* Hänninen O., Korhonen A., Lehtomäki H., Asikainen A., & Rumrich I. (2016). Ilmansaasteiden terveys-vaikutukset. Ympäristöministeriön raportteja 16/2016. [http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-11-4604-6]<br />
* Korhonen A, Asikainen A, Rumrich I & Hänninen O. (2015). Ilmansaasteiden altistustasot Suomessa. ISTE-raportti, Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos. [http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe201601122445]<br />
* Lehtomäki H, Asikainen A, Rumrich I & Hänninen O. (2015). Ilmansaasteiden tautitaakka Suomessa. ISTE-raportti. Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos. [http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe201601122444] <br />
* Lehtomäki H. (2016) Quantification of the individual sources of uncertainty in the disease burden estimates of fine particles in Finland. Pro gradu -tutkielma. Itä-Suomen yliopisto. (käsikirjoitus)<br />
* Royal College of Physicians. Every breath we take: the lifelong impact of air pollution. Report of a working party. London: RCP, 2016. [https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/projects/outputs/every-breath-we-take-lifelong-impact-air-pollution] (katsottu 17.11.2016)<br />
* WHO 2016a. Ambient air pollution: A global assessment of exposure and burden of disease. WHO regional [http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/250141/1/9789241511353-eng.pdf?ua=1] (katsottu 9.11.2016)<br />
* WHO 2016b. Health risk assessment of air pollution - general principles. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen. x + 30 pages. ISBN 978 92 890 51316. [http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/environment-and-health/air-quality/publications/2016/health-risk-assessment-of-air-pollution.-general-principles-2016]. (katsottu 14.11.2016). <br />
* Asikainen A, Hänninen O, Pekkanen J. (2013). Ympäristöaltisteisiin liittyvä tautitaakka Suomessa. Ympäristö ja Terveys-lehti 5:68–74.<br />
* Babisch W (2006). Transportation noise and cardiovascular risk: updated review and synthesis of epidemiological studies indicate that the evidence has increased. Noise Health 8:1–29.<br />
* Directive 2002/49/EC. The Environmental Noise Directive (END). [http://ec.europa.eu/environment/noise/directive_en.htm]<br />
* EEA 2010. Good practice guide on noise exposure and potential health effects. European Environmental Agency, Technical report No 11/2010, Denmark. ISSN 1725-2237. [http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/good-practice-guide-on-noise]<br />
* Halonen, JI., Vahtera, J., Stansfeld, S., Yli-Tuomi, T., Salo, P., Pentti, J., Kivimäki,M., Lanki, T. (2012). Associations between Nighttime Traffic Noise and Sleep: The Finnish Public Sector Study. Environmental Health Perspectives, 120:1391–1396.<br />
* Hänninen O, Leino O, Kuusisto E, Komulainen H, Meriläinen P, Haverinen-Shaugnessy U, Miettinen I, Pekkanen J, 2010. Elinympäristön altisteiden terveysvaikutukset Suomessa. Ympäristö ja Terveys 3:12–35.<br />
* Hänninen O, Knol A, Jantunen M, et al., 2014. Environmental burden of disease in Europe: Assessing nine risk factors in six countries. Environmental Health Perspectives 122:439-446. DOI:10.1289/ehp.1206154 [http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1206154/]<br />
* STM 2015. Sosiaali- ja terveysministeriön asetus asunnon ja muun oleskelutilan terveydellisistä olosuhteista sekä ulkopuolisten asiantuntijoiden pätevyysvaatimuksista. Sosiaali- ja terveysministeriön asetus 545/2015. [http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/2015/20150545]<br />
* WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2009. Night noise guidelines for Europe. Copenhagen, World Health Organization. [http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/43316/E92845.pdf].<br />
* RISKY-seminaari 2014. Toimenpiteiden priorisointi riskienhallinnassa: Miten päästään tehokkaisiin tuloksiin. Työterveyslaitoksen luentosali, Topeliuksenkatu 30, Helsinki. Esitykset ovat saatavilla osoitteesta [http://www.soterko.fi/fi/soterkon-tapahtumat/tyo-ja-ymparistoperaisten-terveysriskien-torjunta-miten-paasta-tehokkaisiin-tuloksiin]<br />
* Pekkanen J, 2010. Elin- ja työympäristön riskit Suomessa. Ympäristö ja Terveys 3:4–5.<br />
* Hänninen O, Knol A (eds.), 2011. European perspectives on Environmental Burden of Disease; Estimates for nine stressors in six countries. THL Reports 1/2011, Helsinki, Finland. 86 pp + 2 appendixes. ISBN 978-952-245-413-3. [http://www.thl.fi/thl-client/pdfs/b75f6999-e7c4-4550-a939-3bccb19e41c1] (accessed 2011-03-23).<br />
* Hänninen O, Asikainen A (eds.), 2013a. Efficient reduction of indoor exposures: Health benefits from optimizing ventilation, filtration and indoor source controls. National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). Report 2/2013. 92 pages. Helsinki 2013. ISBN 978-952-245-821-6 (printed) ISBN 978-952-245-822-3 (online publication) [http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-245-822-3].<br />
* Hänninen O, Asikainen A, 2013b. Ilmanvaihto ja terveys – suuria mahdollisuuksia vaikinkkisiä kompromisseja. Ympäristö ja Terveys 5/2013:32–37.<br />
* Asikainen A, Hänninen O, Pekkanen J, 2013. Ympäristöaltisteisiin liittyvä tautitaakka Suomessa. Ympäristö ja Terveys 5/2013:68–74.<br />
* Hänninen O, Knol A et al., 2014. Environmental burden of disease in Europe: Assessing nine risk factors in six countries. Environmental Health Perspectives: 439–446. DOI:10.1289/ehp.1206154 [http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1206154/] (accessed 2014-05-05).<br />
* Kutvonen J. 2014. Ympäristöriskien torjuntatoimenpiteiden terveyshyötyjen, kustannusten ja koettujen arvojen vertailu. Itä-Suomen yliopisto, Kuopio. 96 ss. [http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:uef-20140442]<br />
* Kutvonen J, Asikainen A, Hänninen O, 2014. Tutkimus pienhiukkasaltistuksen alentamisesta: Taajamien puun pienpolttorajoitusten ja alennettujen nopeusrajoitusten terveyshyötypotentiaali sekä kustannus- ja arvotehokkuus. Ilmansuojelu-uutiset 1/2014: 8–11.<br />
* Hänninen O, Kutvonen J, Rumrich I, Asikainen A, Tuomisto J, 2014. Tupakka, radon ja ympäristöterveys. Ympäristö ja Terveys 5/2014: 58 – 62.<br />
* Rumrich I, 2014. Environmental burden of disease of asthma: Impact of control options and protective factors. University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.<br />
* Koskinen S, Aromaa A, Huttunen J, Teperi J (eds.), 2006. Health in Finland. KTL, STAKES, STM. ISBN 951-740-631-2. [http://www.julkari.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/77611/hif.pdf?sequence=3] (viitattu 2014-11-12).<br />
* Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2014. [http://ihmeuw.org/2oqh]<br />
* Evira, 2009. Elintarvikkeiden ja talousveden kemialliset vaarat. Eviran julkaisuja 13/2009. 152 ss. [http://www.evira.fi/files/products/1392184896160_eviran_julkaisuja_2_2013_120214.pdf]<br />
* Leino O, Tainio M, Tuomisto JT. 2008. Comparative Risk Analysis of Dioxins in Fish and Fine Particles from Heavy-Duty Vehicles. Risk Analysis, 28(1):127-140. DOI:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01005.x<br />
* Jokinen J, Nohynek H, Vaarala O, Kilpi T, 2014. Pandemiarokotteen ja narkolepsian yhteys - vuoden 2012 loppuun mennessä kertyneisiin rekisteritietoihin perustuva seurantaraportti. THL Työpaperi 2014 nr 23. [http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-302-255-3]<br />
* Mäkeläinen, 2010. Kuka saa syövän radonista? Ympäristö ja Terveys 41(3): 60–63. <br />
* Asikainen A., Hänninen O. (2015). Ilmanvaihdon terveysperusteiset ohjearvot: sisälähteiden rajoittamisen terveyshyödyt Suomessa. Sisäilmastoseminaari 2015, 303–308. ISBN: 978-952-5236-43-9: SIY-raportti 33.11.3.2015 Helsinki<br />
* Hänninen, O., Lebret, E., Ilacqua, V., Katsouyanni, K., Künzli, N. (2004). Infiltration of ambient PM2. 5 and levels of indoor generated non-ETS PM2. 5 in residences of four European cities. Atmos Environ, 38(37), 6411–6423.<br />
* Hänninen, O., Asikainen, A. (eds.) (2013). Efficient reduction of indoor exposures: Health benefits from optimizing ventilation, filtration and indoor source controls. National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). Report 2/2013. 92 pages. Helsinki 2013. [http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-245-822-3]<br />
* Hänninen O., Asikainen, A., Carrer, P., Kephalopoulos, S., de Oliveira Fernandes, E., Wargocki, P. (2015). Ilmanvaihdon terveysperusteiset EU-ohjearvot. Sisäilmastoseminaari 2015, ISBN 978-952-5236-43-9: SIY-raportti 33.11.3.2015 Helsinki<br />
* STM 2013. Sosiaali- ja terveysministeriön oppaita 2003: Asumisterveysohje. Asuntojen ja muiden oleskelutilojen fysikaaliset, kemialliset ja mikrobiologiset tekijät. [http://www.finlex.fi/pdf/normit/14951-asumisterveysohje_pdf.pdf]<br />
* STM 2015. Sosiaali- ja terveysministeriön asetus asunnon ja muun oleskelutilan terveydellisistä olosuhteista sekä ulkopuolisten asiantuntijoiden pätevyysvaatimuksista. Sosiaali- ja terveysministeriön asetus 545/2015. [http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/2015/20150545]<br />
* Asikainen ja Hänninen (2015). Näkökohtia tieliikennemelun hallintaan. Ympäristö ja Terveys lehti 6:38–40. [http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2015111117079]<br />
* Directive 2002/49/EC. The Environmental Noise Directive (END). [http://ec.europa.eu/environment/noise/directive_en.htm] <br />
* EEA 2010. Good practice guide on noise exposure and potential health effects. Technical report No 11/2010, Luxembourg, ISBN 978-92-9213-140-1, ISSN 1725-2237, doi:10.2800/54080<br />
</noinclude></div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=ERF_of_outdoor_air_pollution&diff=43791ERF of outdoor air pollution2021-03-19T11:26:15Z<p>Jouni: Jouni moved page ERF of air pollution to ERF of outdoor air pollution without leaving a redirect: indoor pollutants are on page ERFs of environmental pollutants</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Exposure-response_functions]]<br />
[[Category:PM2.5]]<br />
[[Category:Air pollution]]<br />
[[Category:Code under inspection]]<br />
{{variable}}<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
What is the the quantitative dose-response relationships between '''outdoor air PM2.5 concentration''' and '''mortality''' due to cardio-pulmonary, lung cancer, and other non-accidental causes (index [[Cause of death 2]])?<br />
<br />
== Answer ==<br />
<br />
This code gets the ovariable of this page and calculates some basic results.<br />
<br />
<rcode embed=1 graphics=1><br />
<br />
library(OpasnetUtils) # A package with Opasnet functionalities<br />
library(ggplot2) # A package with fancy graph formats<br />
<br />
objects.latest("Op_en2202", "ERF_airpoll") # Get the latest ovariables from code calculations on page Op_en2202.<br />
<br />
ERF_airpoll <- EvalOutput(ERF_airpoll)<br />
summary(ERF_airpoll)<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
===Data===<br />
<br />
<t2b name="Exposure-response functions of air pollution" index="Exposure agent,Response,Subgroup,Exposure,ER function,Scaling,Exposure unit,Observation" locations="Threshold,ERF" desc="Description" unit="-"><br />
PM2.5|Natural mortality|Age:30+|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutants|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.08|Chen & Hoek, 2020<br />
PM10|Annual number of days with bronchitis in children|Age:6-12 a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.080 (0.980 – 1.190)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM10|Incidence chronic bronchitis in adults|Age:18+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.117 (1.040 – 1.189)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM10|Incidence of asthma symptoms in asthmatic children|Age:5-19 a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.028 (1.006 – 1.051)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM2.5|Hospitalizations, cardiovascular diseases|Age:all ages|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.0091 (1.0017 – 1.0166)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM2.5|Hospitalizations, respiratory diseases|Age:all ages|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.0190 (0.9982 – 1.0402)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM2.5|Restricted activity days (RADs) (including sick-leave, hospital emergency admission, symptom days per person per year)|Age:all ages|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.0470 (1.0420 – 1.0530)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM2.5|Work days lost per worker per year, working age population|Age:age 20-65 a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.0460 (1.0390 – 1.0530)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM2.5|Lung cancer|Age:age 30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.0900 (1.0400 – 1.1400)|Van der Zee et al., 2016<br />
PM2.5|Low birth weight (< 2500 g at term)|Age:0 a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.1900 (1.0000 – 1.4200)|Van der Zee et al., 2016<br />
PM2.5|Decreased lung function (FEV1) in percentage (per 10 µg/m³)|Age:6-12 a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|ERS|None|10 µg/m3|0|0.015 (-0.003 - 0.032)|Van der Zee et al., 2016<br />
PM10|Post-neonatal mortality|Age:1-12 months = age 0 a*11/12|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.040 (1.020 – 1.070)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM10|YLL (premature deaths)|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.035 (1.004 – 1.066)|Hoek et al., 2013<br />
PM2.5|YLL (premature deaths)|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.062 (1.041 – 1.084)|Hoek et al., 2013<br />
NO2|YLL (premature deaths)|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.020 (1.010 – 1.030)|Atkinson et al., 2017<br />
EC|YLL (premature deaths)|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|µg/m3|0|1.061 (1.049 – 1.073)|Hoek et al., 2013 Note! per 1 µg/m3 <br />
PM10|Decline in life expecancy in days|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|ERS|None|10 µg/m3|0|120 (14 - 223)|Hoek et al., 2013<br />
PM2.5|Decline in life expecancy in days|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|ERS|None|10 µg/m3|0|210 (140 - 281)|Hoek et al., 2013<br />
NO2|Decline in life expecancy in days|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|ERS|None|10 µg/m3|0|69 (35 - 103)|Atkinson et al., 2017<br />
EC|Decline in life expecancy in days|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|ERS|None|µg/m3|0|206 (167 - 246)|Hoek et al., 2013 Note! per 1 µg/m3 <br />
PM2.5|Cardiopulmonary mortality||Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutants|RR|None|µq/m3|0|0.0128 (-0.0036-0.0375)|Dockery et al. 1993, Pope et al. 2002<br />
PM2.5|Lung cancer mortality||Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutants|RR|None|µq/m3|0|0.0150 (-0.0350-0.0728)|Dockery et al. 1993, Pope et al. 2002<br />
PM2.5|Other causes mortality||Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutants|RR|None|µq/m3|0|0.0008 (-0.0232-0.0252)|Dockery et al. 1993, Pope et al. 2002<br />
PM2.5|All causes mortality||Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutants|RR|None|µq/m3|0|0.0091 (-0.0019-0.0289)|Dockery et al. 1993, Pope et al. 2002<br />
</t2b><br />
<br />
Cutoff values used in PAQ2018 tool<ref name="paq2018">Partnership on Air Quality. (2019). Air Quality Tool. [https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/air-quality/new-tool-measuring-benefits-generated-terms-impact-citizens-health-and-living]</ref>: <br />
3.9 µg/m³ for PM10,<br />
2.5 µg/m³ for PM2.5,<br />
5.0 µg/m³ for NO2,<br />
0.3 µg/m³ for EC.<br />
<br />
Studies used:<br />
* Chen & Hoek, 2020<br />
* HRAPIE<br />
* WHO 2013<br />
* Van der Zee et al., 2016<br />
* Hoek et al., 2013<br />
* Atkinson et al., 2017<br />
* Dockery et al. 1993<br />
* Pope et al. 2002<br />
<br />
=== Classical literature ===<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+ '''Pope CA et al. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA, 2002, 287:1132-1141<br />
|---<br />
| average exposure level in Europe to PM2,5 || 25 || μg/m<sup>3</sup> annual average<br />
|---<br />
| average inhalation rate || 15 || #/min<br />
|---<br />
| average tidal volume || 0.6 || L<br />
|---<br />
| inhaled air/person*year || 4734 || m<sup>3</sup>/a<br />
|---<br />
| average inhaled PM2,5 per year || 0,12 || g/a<br />
|---<br />
| population of Europe || 515000000 ||<br />
|---<br />
| total PM inhaled by European population || 60945615 || g/a<br />
|---<br />
| BoD increase from EU-26 population exposure to [BH90] || 1,5E+06 || DALY/a<br />
|---<br />
| Population CVD BoD increase || 2,5E-02 || DALY/1g PM2,5 intake<br />
|---<br />
| All-cause mortality increase || 1,04 || RR per 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> PM2,5 increase<br />
|---<br />
| LC mortality increase || 1,14 || RR per 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> PM2,5 increase<br />
|---<br />
| CVD mortality increase || 1,09 || RR per 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> PM2,5 increase<br />
|---<br />
| EU-26 weighed average from Global BoD estimates || || Data from:[http://www.who.int./healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_country/en/index.html]<br />
|}<br />
{{attack|# |The end of this table contains calculations within the excel it was taken from, it only says #REF, because the frmulas have been broken somehow.|--[[User:Heta|Heta]] ([[User talk:Heta|talk]]) 07:36, 10 June 2015 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
'''PM<sub>2.5</sub>''' are fine particles less than 2.5 μm in diameter. Exposure-response function can be derived from exposure modelling, animal toxicology, small clinical or panel studies, and epidemiological studies. Exposed population can be divided into subpopulations (e.g. adults, children, infants, the elderly), and exposure is assessed per certain time period (e.g. daily or annual exposure). <br />
<br />
*Health effects related to '''short-term exposure'''<br />
**respiratory symptoms<br />
**adverse cardiovascular effects<br />
**increased medication usage<br />
**increased number of hospital admissions<br />
**increased mortality<br />
*Health effects related to '''long-term exposure''' (more relevance to public health)<br />
**increased incidence of respiratory symptoms<br />
**reduction in lung function<br />
**increased incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)<br />
**reduction in life expectancy <br />
***increased cardiopulmonary mortality<br />
***increased lung cancer mortality<br />
<br />
Sensitive subgroups: children, the elderly, individuals with heart and lung disease, individuals who are active outdoors.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Mortality effects of long-term (chronic) exposure to ambient air<br />
<br />
In principle the ERFs for long-term exposure (produced by cohort studies) should also capture the mortality effects of short-term exposure (ERFs produced by time-series studies). In practice it is likely that they do not do so fully. This is due to the so-called "harvesting" phenomenon, i.e. it is possible that acute exposure, at least to some extent, only brings forward deaths that would have happened shortly in any case. However, adding effects of acute exposure to effects of long-term exposure is problematic because the risk of double-counting. <ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/air/cafe/pdf/cba_methodology_vol2.pdf Service Contract for Carrying out Cost-Benefit Analysis of Air Quality Related Issues, in particular in the Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) Programme. Volume 2: Health Impact Assessment. AEA Technology Environment, 2005.]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Pope et al. (2002) <ref>*Pope CA III, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Ito K & Thurston KD (2002). Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA 287(9), 1132-1141.</ref><br />
*6% increase in the risk of deaths from all causes (excluding violent death) (95% CI 2-11%) per 10 µg/m3 PM2.5 in age group 30+<br />
*12% increase in the risk of death from cardiovascular diseases and diabetes (95% CI 8-15%) per 10 µg/m3 PM2.5 in age group 30+<br />
*14% increase in the risk of death from lung cancer (95% CI 4-23%) per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>2.5</sub> in age group 30+ <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Woodruff et al (1997) <ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1470072 Woodruff TJ, Grillo J & Schoendorf KC (1997). The relationship between selected causes of postneonatal infant mortality and particulate air pollution in the United States. Environmental Health Perspectives, 105: 608-612.]</ref><br />
*4% (95% Cl 2%-7%) increase in all-cause infant mortality per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>10</sub> (age 1 month to 1 year)<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Tuomisto et al. 2008:<ref>Tuomisto et al. 2008. Uncertainty in mortality response to airborne fine particulate matter: Combining European air pollution experts. Reliability Engineering and System Safety 93, 732-744.</ref><br />
*A structured expert judgement study of the population mortality effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> air pollution.<br />
*Opinions of six European air pollution experts were elicited.<br />
*Percent increase per 1 µg/m<sup>3</sup> increase in PM<sub>2.5</sub>:<br />
**Equal-weight decision-maker<br />
***Best estimate 0.97<br />
***95% quantile 4.54<br />
***5% quantile 0.02<br />
**Performance-based decision-maker<br />
***Best estimate 0.60<br />
***95% quantile 3.80<br />
***5% quantile 0.06<br />
<br />
<br />
''''Mortality effects of short-term (acute) exposure to ambient air PM<br />
<br />
'''''Anderson et al. 2004 <ref>[http://www.euro.who.int/document/E82792.pdf Anderson HR, Atkinson RW, Peacock JL, Marston L & Konstantinou K (2004). Meta-analysis of time-series studies and panel studies of paticulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3). Report of a WHO task group. World Health Organization.]</ref><br />
*0.6% (95% Cl 0.4%-0.8%) increase in all-cause mortality (excluding accidents) per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>10</sub> in all ages<br />
*1.3% (95% Cl 0.5%-2%) increase in respiratory mortality per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>10</sub> in all ages<br />
*0.9% (95% Cl 0.5%-1.3%) increase in cardiovascular mortality per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>10</sub> in all ages<br />
<br />
These coefficients are defined as distributions around estimates of central tendency for each cause of death.<br />
<br />
Relative increase of mortality per 1 μgm-3 increase of outdoor PM2.5 concentration. Values were drawn with equal probability from the two distributions reported in <ref>Dockery, D. W., Pope, C. A., III, Xu, X., Spengler, J. D., Ware, J. H., Fay, M. E., Ferris, B. G., Jr., &amp;amp; Speizer F. E. (1993). An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. The New England Journal of Medicine, 329(24), 1753-1759</ref>, <ref>Pope, C. A. III, Burnett, R. T., Thun, M. J., Calle, E. E., Krewski, D., Ito, K., &amp;amp; Thurston, G. D. (2002). Lung Cancer, Cardiopulmory Mortality, and Long-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 287(9), 1132-1141</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
'''Uncertainties:'''<br />
<br />
* Mortality estimate from Hoek et al. (2002)<ref> Hoek, G, Brunekreef, B, Goldbohm, S, Fischer, P, &amp;amp; van den Brandt, P. A. (2002). Association between mortality and indicators of traffic-related air pollution in the Netherlands: a cohort study.<br />
Lancet, 360 (9341), 1203-1209. </ref> was not included due to many confounding factors related to mortality, e.g. road noise.<br />
* Probability for PM2.5 assumed to be the true cause of the effects in 70&nbsp;%, 90&nbsp;%, and 10&nbsp;% for cardiopulmonary, lung cancer and all other mortality, respectively (author judgement).<br />
* Toxicity differences between ambient air particles and the particles generated by different bus types were not taken into account due to lack of comprehensive data. <ref>Laden, F., Neas, L. M., Dockery, D. W., &amp;amp; Schwartz, J. (2000). Association of fine particulate matter from different sources with daily mortality in six U.S. cities. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108, 941-947. </ref> <ref>Mar, T. F., Norris, G. A., Koenig, J. Q., &amp;amp; Larson, T. V. (2000). Associations between air pollution and mortality in Phoenix, 1995-1997. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108(4), 347-353.</ref><br />
<br />
* No threshold was assumed in the dose-response relationship. <ref>WHO Regional Office for Europe (2003). Health Aspects of Air Pollution with Particulate Matter, Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide, Report on a WHO Working Group. Report on a WHO working group,<br />
Bonn, Germany, January 13-15 2003. Copenhagen. 98 pages. Available at http://www.euro.who.int/eprise/main/who/progs/aiq/newsevents/20030115_2 </ref> <ref>Schwartz, J., Laden, F., &amp;amp; Zanobetti, A. (2002). The concentration-response relation between PM2.5 and daily deaths. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(10), 1025-1029. </ref><br />
<br />
'''Other<br />
<br />
* Burnett RT, Pope CA 3rd, Ezzati M, Olives C, Lim SS, Mehta S, Shin HH, Singh G, Hubbell B, Brauer M, Anderson HR, Smith KR, Balmes JR, Bruce NG, Kan H, Laden F, Prüss-Ustün A, Turner MC, Gapstur SM, Diver WR, Cohen A. An integrated risk function for estimating the global burden of disease attributable to ambient fine particulate matter exposure. Environ Health Perspect. 2014 Apr;122(4):397-403. {{doi|10.1289/ehp.1307049}} Epub 2014 Feb 7. Erratum in Environ Health Perspect. 2014 Sep;122(9):A235. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24518036] [http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307049/]<br />
<br />
===Calculations===<br />
<br />
<rcode name="ERF_airpoll" label="Initiate ovariable ERF_airpoll" embed=1><br />
# This is code Op_en2202/ERF_airpoll on page [[ERF of air pollution]]<br />
<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
ERF_airpoll <- Ovariable("ERF_airpoll", ddata = "Op_en2202", subset="Exposure-response function of air pollution") <br />
<br />
objects.store(ERF_airpoll)<br />
cat("Ovariable ERF_airpoll stored.\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
== Effect of infiltration ==<br />
<br />
The mortality due to indoor exposure to outdoor pollutants can be described with this equation:<br />
<br />
:<math>log \Delta M_{in,j} = \frac{\Delta C_{out-in} t_{in}}{\Delta C_{out} t_{out} + \Delta C_{out-in} t_{in}}<br />
log \Delta M_{all,j} (1)</math><br />
<br />
:where log&Delta;M<sub>all, j</sub> is the increase in mortality due to the j<sup>th</sup> outcome associated with total PM exposure for each 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> increase in PM<sub>10</sub> or PM<sub>2.5</sub>. <br />
:j represents three major health outcomes: all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality.<br />
:&Delta;C<sub>out</sub> is the increase in outdoor PM<sub>10</sub> or PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations, which is set as 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup>.<br />
:&Delta;C<sub>out-in</sub> is the increase in outdoor-originated PM<sub>10</sub> or PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations found in the indoor environment.<br />
:t<sub>out</sub> is the duration of direct exposure to outdoor PM pollution.<br />
:t<sub>in</sub> is the duration of indoor exposure to PM of outdoor origin.<br />
:log&Delta;M<sub>in, j</sub> estimates the increase in mortality due to the j<sup>th</sup> outcome associated with indoor exposure to outdoor-origin PM for each 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> increase in PM<sub>10</sub> or PM<sub>2.5</sub><br />
<br />
When one compares changes in mortality in different countries and different infiltration factors,<br />
this is what I think actually happens:<br />
<br />
If infiltration factor is relatively low such as for PM<sub>10</sub> in China, the people are exposed less than<br />
predicted based on outdoor concentrations. When an epidemiologic study is performed, the<br />
observed mortality rate is lower than in other places with higher infiltration factors, and this can<br />
be falsely interpreted that the dose-response slope (&Delta;M<sub>all</sub>) is less steep. When this mortality estimate was combined with the lower exposure<br />
estimate (due to low infiltration) in equation 1, you get too low an estimate for the mortality due to<br />
indoor exposure to outdoor PM. In contrast, the local infiltration factor could and should be used<br />
to adjust the observed mortality rate.<br />
<br />
In other words, what you actually observe in epidemiological studies is not &Delta;M<sub>all</sub> but &Delta;M<sub>obs</sub>, which is something close to &Delta;M<sub>in</sub> because so much time is spent indoors. The work should be about<br />
estimating &Delta;M<sub>all</sub> based on &Delta;M<sub>obs</sub> and infiltration and not vice versa. (Here I interpret &Delta;M<sub>all</sub> as the true risk estimate that we would observe, if the<br />
exposure measure was correct.)<br />
<br />
More precisely, let's look at the mathematics of log-linear regression. We assume that the logarithms of the observed probabilities (or rates) of disease have the probability distribution of<br />
<br />
:<math>log(p) \sim a + b C,</math><br />
<br />
: where p is the probability of disease,<br />
: a is a constant describing the background probability,<br />
: b is a risk coefficient for the exposure, and<br />
: C is the exposure concentration in the population.<br />
<br />
What happens with PM is that we observe the differences in the probability of disease due to differences in exposure C. However, we do NOT observe C itself (the actual exposure concentration) but only the surrogate C<sub>obs</sub>, which in this case is the outdoor concentration of PM C<sub>out</sub>. With a given difference in the probability of disease between the exposed and non-exposed groups, we therefore make a biased conclusion about b, and this bias can be described as:<br />
<br />
:<math>log(p_E) - log(p_0) \sim (a + b C_E) - (a + b C_0) = b (C_E - C_0) = b_{obs} (C_{E,obs} - C_{0,obs})</math><br />
<br />
:where E is the exposed group,<br />
: 0 is the non-exposed group, and <br />
: obs is the biased observed variable (in contrast to the actual variable we would observe if all measurements were correct). Let's look at the ratio of the biased and correct risk estimates:<br />
<br />
:<math>\frac{b_{obs}}{b} = \frac{C_E - C_0}{C_{E,obs} - C_{0,obs}}<br />
<br />
= \frac{\Sigma_i C_{E,i} t_i - \Sigma_i C_{0,i} t_i}{C_{E,out} - C_{0,out}}</math><br />
<br />
:where i means different microenvironments and t<sub>i</sub> is the fraction of time spent in each microenvironment. If we use F<sub>i</sub> to denote the relative exposure concentrations in different microenvironments i (in the case of only indoor and outdoor microenvironments F is 1 for outdoor and equal to infiltration factor for indoor), we get<br />
<br />
:<math>\frac{b_{obs}}{b} = \frac{\Sigma_i F_i C_{E,out} t_i - \Sigma_i F_i C_{0,out} t_i}{C_{E,out} - C_{0,out}}<br />
<br />
= \frac{(C_{E,out} - C_{0,out}) \Sigma_i F_i t_i}{C_{E,out} - C_{0,out}}<br />
<br />
= \Sigma_i F_i t_i<br />
<br />
</math><br />
<br />
As we can see, the observed b is biased downward if the population spends a lot of time in microenvironments with low infiltration factor. Therefore, it is a mistake to assume that the b<sub>obs</sub> would reflect log&Delta;M<sub>all</sub>. Instead, <br />
<br />
:<math>log \Delta M_{all} = \frac{log \Delta M_{obs}}{\Sigma_i F_i t_i}.</math><br />
<br />
and this should be used in any related calculations.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* Major upgrade was made to this page on 2021-03-19. For previous content (dated 2015), see [http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=ERF_of_air_pollution&oldid=37260 archive].<br />
*[http://www.euro.who.int/document/E83080.pdf Health aspects of air pollution. Results from the WHO project "Systematic review of health aspects of air pollution in Europe". World Health Organization, 2004.]<br />
*Pope et al. 2004. Cardiovascular mortality and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution. Circulation (109), 71-77.<br />
*[http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/kwn232v1Robin C. Puett, Joel Schwartz, Jaime E. Hart, Jeff D. Yanosky, Frank E. Speizer, Helen Suh, Christopher J. Paciorek, Lucas M. Neas and Francine Laden: Chronic Particulate Exposure, Mortality, and Coronary Heart Disease in the Nurses’ Health Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, doi:10.1093/aje/kwn232]<br />
*[http://www.needs-project.org/docs/results/RS1b/NEEDS_Rs1b_D3.7.pdf NEEDS - New Energy Externalities Developments for Sustainability, Deliverable 3.7 "A set of concentration-response function", Integrated Project, Sixth Framework Programme, Project no. 502687.]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Talk:ERF_of_outdoor_air_pollution&diff=43792Talk:ERF of outdoor air pollution2021-03-19T11:26:15Z<p>Jouni: Jouni moved page Talk:ERF of air pollution to Talk:ERF of outdoor air pollution without leaving a redirect: indoor pollutants are on page ERFs of environmental pollutants</p>
<hr />
<div>== -- [[User:Jgrellier|Jgrellier]] 15:39, 19 February 2008 (EET) ==<br />
<br />
Jouni: "Issues relating to uncertainty could be written under results, rather than scope. The shape of the distribution should not be included here, since it restricts us from updating our model should we come across data at a later stage that suggests different distributions." Added by [[User:Jgrellier|Jgrellier]] 15:39, 19 February 2008 (EET)<br />
<br />
{{comment|1|The result should contain the actual distributions (or descriptive statistic such as mean, SD, and a few fractiles.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 13:58, 21 February 2008 (EET)}}<br />
<br />
{{comment|2|Descriptive statistics are now added to the results. Distributions in the original article were wrong, and therefore not included in the results|--[[User:Päivi Meriläinen|Päivi Meriläinen]] 15:28, 21 February 2008 (EET)}}<br />
<br />
== Unit of dose response -- [[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 14:01, 21 February 2008 (EET) ==<br />
<br />
{{discussion<br />
|Statements= Unit of dose response should be deaths per ug/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|Resolution= <br />
|Argumentation =<br />
{{defend|1|The unit "m3/ug" only refers to the inverse of concentration, but does not really describe the concentration-response relationship, which is the number of deaths expected per unit concentration.|--[[User:Miranda|Miranda]]}}<br />
<br />
{{comment|2|Can the unit be "relative increase of mortality per 1 μgm-3 increase of outdoor PM2.5 concentration"?|--[[User:Päivi Meriläinen|Päivi Meriläinen]] 14:45, 21 February 2008 (EET)}}<br />
<br />
{{attack|3|The unit for relative increase of mortality per 1 μgm-3 increase of outdoor PM2.5 concentration, which refers to the ratio, not the percentage, is "m3/ug" |--[[User:Päivi Meriläinen|Päivi Meriläinen]] 15:26, 21 February 2008 (EET)}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{discussion<br />
|Statements= The unit of this variable passes the unit test in the assessment<br />
|Resolution= <br />
|Argumentation =<br />
<br />
{{attack|1Unitless dose response coefficient is used in the downstream variable (health effects) but the unit in this variable is "m3/ug". |--[[User:Päivi Meriläinen|Päivi Meriläinen]] 15:41, 21 February 2008 (EET)}}<br />
<br />
}}</div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=ERF_of_outdoor_air_pollution&diff=43790ERF of outdoor air pollution2021-03-19T11:19:30Z<p>Jouni: /* Data */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Exposure-response_functions]]<br />
[[Category:PM2.5]]<br />
[[Category:Air pollution]]<br />
[[Category:Code under inspection]]<br />
{{variable}}<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
What is the the quantitative dose-response relationships between '''outdoor air PM2.5 concentration''' and '''mortality''' due to cardio-pulmonary, lung cancer, and other non-accidental causes (index [[Cause of death 2]])?<br />
<br />
== Answer ==<br />
<br />
This code gets the ovariable of this page and calculates some basic results.<br />
<br />
<rcode embed=1 graphics=1><br />
<br />
library(OpasnetUtils) # A package with Opasnet functionalities<br />
library(ggplot2) # A package with fancy graph formats<br />
<br />
objects.latest("Op_en2202", "ERF_airpoll") # Get the latest ovariables from code calculations on page Op_en2202.<br />
<br />
ERF_airpoll <- EvalOutput(ERF_airpoll)<br />
summary(ERF_airpoll)<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
===Data===<br />
<br />
<t2b name="Exposure-response functions of air pollution" index="Exposure agent,Response,Subgroup,Exposure,ER function,Scaling,Exposure unit,Observation" locations="Threshold,ERF" desc="Description" unit="-"><br />
PM2.5|Natural mortality|Age:30+|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutants|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.08|Chen & Hoek, 2020<br />
PM10|Annual number of days with bronchitis in children|Age:6-12 a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.080 (0.980 – 1.190)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM10|Incidence chronic bronchitis in adults|Age:18+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.117 (1.040 – 1.189)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM10|Incidence of asthma symptoms in asthmatic children|Age:5-19 a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.028 (1.006 – 1.051)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM2.5|Hospitalizations, cardiovascular diseases|Age:all ages|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.0091 (1.0017 – 1.0166)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM2.5|Hospitalizations, respiratory diseases|Age:all ages|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.0190 (0.9982 – 1.0402)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM2.5|Restricted activity days (RADs) (including sick-leave, hospital emergency admission, symptom days per person per year)|Age:all ages|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.0470 (1.0420 – 1.0530)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM2.5|Work days lost per worker per year, working age population|Age:age 20-65 a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.0460 (1.0390 – 1.0530)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM2.5|Lung cancer|Age:age 30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.0900 (1.0400 – 1.1400)|Van der Zee et al., 2016<br />
PM2.5|Low birth weight (< 2500 g at term)|Age:0 a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.1900 (1.0000 – 1.4200)|Van der Zee et al., 2016<br />
PM2.5|Decreased lung function (FEV1) in percentage (per 10 µg/m³)|Age:6-12 a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|ERS|None|10 µg/m3|0|0.015 (-0.003 - 0.032)|Van der Zee et al., 2016<br />
PM10|Post-neonatal mortality|Age:1-12 months = age 0 a*11/12|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.040 (1.020 – 1.070)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM10|YLL (premature deaths)|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.035 (1.004 – 1.066)|Hoek et al., 2013<br />
PM2.5|YLL (premature deaths)|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.062 (1.041 – 1.084)|Hoek et al., 2013<br />
NO2|YLL (premature deaths)|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.020 (1.010 – 1.030)|Atkinson et al., 2017<br />
EC|YLL (premature deaths)|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|µg/m3|0|1.061 (1.049 – 1.073)|Hoek et al., 2013 Note! per 1 µg/m3 <br />
PM10|Decline in life expecancy in days|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|ERS|None|10 µg/m3|0|120 (14 - 223)|Hoek et al., 2013<br />
PM2.5|Decline in life expecancy in days|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|ERS|None|10 µg/m3|0|210 (140 - 281)|Hoek et al., 2013<br />
NO2|Decline in life expecancy in days|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|ERS|None|10 µg/m3|0|69 (35 - 103)|Atkinson et al., 2017<br />
EC|Decline in life expecancy in days|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|ERS|None|µg/m3|0|206 (167 - 246)|Hoek et al., 2013 Note! per 1 µg/m3 <br />
PM2.5|Cardiopulmonary mortality||Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutants|RR|None|µq/m3|0|0.0128 (-0.0036-0.0375)|Dockery et al. 1993, Pope et al. 2002<br />
PM2.5|Lung cancer mortality||Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutants|RR|None|µq/m3|0|0.0150 (-0.0350-0.0728)|Dockery et al. 1993, Pope et al. 2002<br />
PM2.5|Other causes mortality||Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutants|RR|None|µq/m3|0|0.0008 (-0.0232-0.0252)|Dockery et al. 1993, Pope et al. 2002<br />
PM2.5|All causes mortality||Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutants|RR|None|µq/m3|0|0.0091 (-0.0019-0.0289)|Dockery et al. 1993, Pope et al. 2002<br />
</t2b><br />
<br />
Cutoff values used in PAQ2018 tool<ref name="paq2018">Partnership on Air Quality. (2019). Air Quality Tool. [https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/air-quality/new-tool-measuring-benefits-generated-terms-impact-citizens-health-and-living]</ref>: <br />
3.9 µg/m³ for PM10,<br />
2.5 µg/m³ for PM2.5,<br />
5.0 µg/m³ for NO2,<br />
0.3 µg/m³ for EC.<br />
<br />
Studies used:<br />
* Chen & Hoek, 2020<br />
* HRAPIE<br />
* WHO 2013<br />
* Van der Zee et al., 2016<br />
* Hoek et al., 2013<br />
* Atkinson et al., 2017<br />
* Dockery et al. 1993<br />
* Pope et al. 2002<br />
<br />
=== Classical literature ===<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+ '''Pope CA et al. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA, 2002, 287:1132-1141<br />
|---<br />
| average exposure level in Europe to PM2,5 || 25 || μg/m<sup>3</sup> annual average<br />
|---<br />
| average inhalation rate || 15 || #/min<br />
|---<br />
| average tidal volume || 0.6 || L<br />
|---<br />
| inhaled air/person*year || 4734 || m<sup>3</sup>/a<br />
|---<br />
| average inhaled PM2,5 per year || 0,12 || g/a<br />
|---<br />
| population of Europe || 515000000 ||<br />
|---<br />
| total PM inhaled by European population || 60945615 || g/a<br />
|---<br />
| BoD increase from EU-26 population exposure to [BH90] || 1,5E+06 || DALY/a<br />
|---<br />
| Population CVD BoD increase || 2,5E-02 || DALY/1g PM2,5 intake<br />
|---<br />
| All-cause mortality increase || 1,04 || RR per 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> PM2,5 increase<br />
|---<br />
| LC mortality increase || 1,14 || RR per 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> PM2,5 increase<br />
|---<br />
| CVD mortality increase || 1,09 || RR per 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> PM2,5 increase<br />
|---<br />
| EU-26 weighed average from Global BoD estimates || || Data from:[http://www.who.int./healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_country/en/index.html]<br />
|}<br />
{{attack|# |The end of this table contains calculations within the excel it was taken from, it only says #REF, because the frmulas have been broken somehow.|--[[User:Heta|Heta]] ([[User talk:Heta|talk]]) 07:36, 10 June 2015 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
'''PM<sub>2.5</sub>''' are fine particles less than 2.5 μm in diameter. Exposure-response function can be derived from exposure modelling, animal toxicology, small clinical or panel studies, and epidemiological studies. Exposed population can be divided into subpopulations (e.g. adults, children, infants, the elderly), and exposure is assessed per certain time period (e.g. daily or annual exposure). <br />
<br />
*Health effects related to '''short-term exposure'''<br />
**respiratory symptoms<br />
**adverse cardiovascular effects<br />
**increased medication usage<br />
**increased number of hospital admissions<br />
**increased mortality<br />
*Health effects related to '''long-term exposure''' (more relevance to public health)<br />
**increased incidence of respiratory symptoms<br />
**reduction in lung function<br />
**increased incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)<br />
**reduction in life expectancy <br />
***increased cardiopulmonary mortality<br />
***increased lung cancer mortality<br />
<br />
Sensitive subgroups: children, the elderly, individuals with heart and lung disease, individuals who are active outdoors.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Mortality effects of long-term (chronic) exposure to ambient air<br />
<br />
In principle the ERFs for long-term exposure (produced by cohort studies) should also capture the mortality effects of short-term exposure (ERFs produced by time-series studies). In practice it is likely that they do not do so fully. This is due to the so-called "harvesting" phenomenon, i.e. it is possible that acute exposure, at least to some extent, only brings forward deaths that would have happened shortly in any case. However, adding effects of acute exposure to effects of long-term exposure is problematic because the risk of double-counting. <ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/air/cafe/pdf/cba_methodology_vol2.pdf Service Contract for Carrying out Cost-Benefit Analysis of Air Quality Related Issues, in particular in the Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) Programme. Volume 2: Health Impact Assessment. AEA Technology Environment, 2005.]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Pope et al. (2002) <ref>*Pope CA III, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Ito K & Thurston KD (2002). Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA 287(9), 1132-1141.</ref><br />
*6% increase in the risk of deaths from all causes (excluding violent death) (95% CI 2-11%) per 10 µg/m3 PM2.5 in age group 30+<br />
*12% increase in the risk of death from cardiovascular diseases and diabetes (95% CI 8-15%) per 10 µg/m3 PM2.5 in age group 30+<br />
*14% increase in the risk of death from lung cancer (95% CI 4-23%) per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>2.5</sub> in age group 30+ <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Woodruff et al (1997) <ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1470072 Woodruff TJ, Grillo J & Schoendorf KC (1997). The relationship between selected causes of postneonatal infant mortality and particulate air pollution in the United States. Environmental Health Perspectives, 105: 608-612.]</ref><br />
*4% (95% Cl 2%-7%) increase in all-cause infant mortality per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>10</sub> (age 1 month to 1 year)<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Tuomisto et al. 2008:<ref>Tuomisto et al. 2008. Uncertainty in mortality response to airborne fine particulate matter: Combining European air pollution experts. Reliability Engineering and System Safety 93, 732-744.</ref><br />
*A structured expert judgement study of the population mortality effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> air pollution.<br />
*Opinions of six European air pollution experts were elicited.<br />
*Percent increase per 1 µg/m<sup>3</sup> increase in PM<sub>2.5</sub>:<br />
**Equal-weight decision-maker<br />
***Best estimate 0.97<br />
***95% quantile 4.54<br />
***5% quantile 0.02<br />
**Performance-based decision-maker<br />
***Best estimate 0.60<br />
***95% quantile 3.80<br />
***5% quantile 0.06<br />
<br />
<br />
''''Mortality effects of short-term (acute) exposure to ambient air PM<br />
<br />
'''''Anderson et al. 2004 <ref>[http://www.euro.who.int/document/E82792.pdf Anderson HR, Atkinson RW, Peacock JL, Marston L & Konstantinou K (2004). Meta-analysis of time-series studies and panel studies of paticulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3). Report of a WHO task group. World Health Organization.]</ref><br />
*0.6% (95% Cl 0.4%-0.8%) increase in all-cause mortality (excluding accidents) per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>10</sub> in all ages<br />
*1.3% (95% Cl 0.5%-2%) increase in respiratory mortality per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>10</sub> in all ages<br />
*0.9% (95% Cl 0.5%-1.3%) increase in cardiovascular mortality per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>10</sub> in all ages<br />
<br />
These coefficients are defined as distributions around estimates of central tendency for each cause of death.<br />
<br />
Relative increase of mortality per 1 μgm-3 increase of outdoor PM2.5 concentration. Values were drawn with equal probability from the two distributions reported in <ref>Dockery, D. W., Pope, C. A., III, Xu, X., Spengler, J. D., Ware, J. H., Fay, M. E., Ferris, B. G., Jr., &amp;amp; Speizer F. E. (1993). An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. The New England Journal of Medicine, 329(24), 1753-1759</ref>, <ref>Pope, C. A. III, Burnett, R. T., Thun, M. J., Calle, E. E., Krewski, D., Ito, K., &amp;amp; Thurston, G. D. (2002). Lung Cancer, Cardiopulmory Mortality, and Long-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 287(9), 1132-1141</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
'''Uncertainties:'''<br />
<br />
* Mortality estimate from Hoek et al. (2002)<ref> Hoek, G, Brunekreef, B, Goldbohm, S, Fischer, P, &amp;amp; van den Brandt, P. A. (2002). Association between mortality and indicators of traffic-related air pollution in the Netherlands: a cohort study.<br />
Lancet, 360 (9341), 1203-1209. </ref> was not included due to many confounding factors related to mortality, e.g. road noise.<br />
* Probability for PM2.5 assumed to be the true cause of the effects in 70&nbsp;%, 90&nbsp;%, and 10&nbsp;% for cardiopulmonary, lung cancer and all other mortality, respectively (author judgement).<br />
* Toxicity differences between ambient air particles and the particles generated by different bus types were not taken into account due to lack of comprehensive data. <ref>Laden, F., Neas, L. M., Dockery, D. W., &amp;amp; Schwartz, J. (2000). Association of fine particulate matter from different sources with daily mortality in six U.S. cities. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108, 941-947. </ref> <ref>Mar, T. F., Norris, G. A., Koenig, J. Q., &amp;amp; Larson, T. V. (2000). Associations between air pollution and mortality in Phoenix, 1995-1997. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108(4), 347-353.</ref><br />
<br />
* No threshold was assumed in the dose-response relationship. <ref>WHO Regional Office for Europe (2003). Health Aspects of Air Pollution with Particulate Matter, Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide, Report on a WHO Working Group. Report on a WHO working group,<br />
Bonn, Germany, January 13-15 2003. Copenhagen. 98 pages. Available at http://www.euro.who.int/eprise/main/who/progs/aiq/newsevents/20030115_2 </ref> <ref>Schwartz, J., Laden, F., &amp;amp; Zanobetti, A. (2002). The concentration-response relation between PM2.5 and daily deaths. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(10), 1025-1029. </ref><br />
<br />
'''Other<br />
<br />
* Burnett RT, Pope CA 3rd, Ezzati M, Olives C, Lim SS, Mehta S, Shin HH, Singh G, Hubbell B, Brauer M, Anderson HR, Smith KR, Balmes JR, Bruce NG, Kan H, Laden F, Prüss-Ustün A, Turner MC, Gapstur SM, Diver WR, Cohen A. An integrated risk function for estimating the global burden of disease attributable to ambient fine particulate matter exposure. Environ Health Perspect. 2014 Apr;122(4):397-403. {{doi|10.1289/ehp.1307049}} Epub 2014 Feb 7. Erratum in Environ Health Perspect. 2014 Sep;122(9):A235. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24518036] [http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307049/]<br />
<br />
===Calculations===<br />
<br />
<rcode name="ERF_airpoll" label="Initiate ovariable ERF_airpoll" embed=1><br />
# This is code Op_en2202/ERF_airpoll on page [[ERF of air pollution]]<br />
<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
ERF_airpoll <- Ovariable("ERF_airpoll", ddata = "Op_en2202", subset="Exposure-response function of air pollution") <br />
<br />
objects.store(ERF_airpoll)<br />
cat("Ovariable ERF_airpoll stored.\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
== Effect of infiltration ==<br />
<br />
The mortality due to indoor exposure to outdoor pollutants can be described with this equation:<br />
<br />
:<math>log \Delta M_{in,j} = \frac{\Delta C_{out-in} t_{in}}{\Delta C_{out} t_{out} + \Delta C_{out-in} t_{in}}<br />
log \Delta M_{all,j} (1)</math><br />
<br />
:where log&Delta;M<sub>all, j</sub> is the increase in mortality due to the j<sup>th</sup> outcome associated with total PM exposure for each 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> increase in PM<sub>10</sub> or PM<sub>2.5</sub>. <br />
:j represents three major health outcomes: all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality.<br />
:&Delta;C<sub>out</sub> is the increase in outdoor PM<sub>10</sub> or PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations, which is set as 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup>.<br />
:&Delta;C<sub>out-in</sub> is the increase in outdoor-originated PM<sub>10</sub> or PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations found in the indoor environment.<br />
:t<sub>out</sub> is the duration of direct exposure to outdoor PM pollution.<br />
:t<sub>in</sub> is the duration of indoor exposure to PM of outdoor origin.<br />
:log&Delta;M<sub>in, j</sub> estimates the increase in mortality due to the j<sup>th</sup> outcome associated with indoor exposure to outdoor-origin PM for each 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> increase in PM<sub>10</sub> or PM<sub>2.5</sub><br />
<br />
When one compares changes in mortality in different countries and different infiltration factors,<br />
this is what I think actually happens:<br />
<br />
If infiltration factor is relatively low such as for PM<sub>10</sub> in China, the people are exposed less than<br />
predicted based on outdoor concentrations. When an epidemiologic study is performed, the<br />
observed mortality rate is lower than in other places with higher infiltration factors, and this can<br />
be falsely interpreted that the dose-response slope (&Delta;M<sub>all</sub>) is less steep. When this mortality estimate was combined with the lower exposure<br />
estimate (due to low infiltration) in equation 1, you get too low an estimate for the mortality due to<br />
indoor exposure to outdoor PM. In contrast, the local infiltration factor could and should be used<br />
to adjust the observed mortality rate.<br />
<br />
In other words, what you actually observe in epidemiological studies is not &Delta;M<sub>all</sub> but &Delta;M<sub>obs</sub>, which is something close to &Delta;M<sub>in</sub> because so much time is spent indoors. The work should be about<br />
estimating &Delta;M<sub>all</sub> based on &Delta;M<sub>obs</sub> and infiltration and not vice versa. (Here I interpret &Delta;M<sub>all</sub> as the true risk estimate that we would observe, if the<br />
exposure measure was correct.)<br />
<br />
More precisely, let's look at the mathematics of log-linear regression. We assume that the logarithms of the observed probabilities (or rates) of disease have the probability distribution of<br />
<br />
:<math>log(p) \sim a + b C,</math><br />
<br />
: where p is the probability of disease,<br />
: a is a constant describing the background probability,<br />
: b is a risk coefficient for the exposure, and<br />
: C is the exposure concentration in the population.<br />
<br />
What happens with PM is that we observe the differences in the probability of disease due to differences in exposure C. However, we do NOT observe C itself (the actual exposure concentration) but only the surrogate C<sub>obs</sub>, which in this case is the outdoor concentration of PM C<sub>out</sub>. With a given difference in the probability of disease between the exposed and non-exposed groups, we therefore make a biased conclusion about b, and this bias can be described as:<br />
<br />
:<math>log(p_E) - log(p_0) \sim (a + b C_E) - (a + b C_0) = b (C_E - C_0) = b_{obs} (C_{E,obs} - C_{0,obs})</math><br />
<br />
:where E is the exposed group,<br />
: 0 is the non-exposed group, and <br />
: obs is the biased observed variable (in contrast to the actual variable we would observe if all measurements were correct). Let's look at the ratio of the biased and correct risk estimates:<br />
<br />
:<math>\frac{b_{obs}}{b} = \frac{C_E - C_0}{C_{E,obs} - C_{0,obs}}<br />
<br />
= \frac{\Sigma_i C_{E,i} t_i - \Sigma_i C_{0,i} t_i}{C_{E,out} - C_{0,out}}</math><br />
<br />
:where i means different microenvironments and t<sub>i</sub> is the fraction of time spent in each microenvironment. If we use F<sub>i</sub> to denote the relative exposure concentrations in different microenvironments i (in the case of only indoor and outdoor microenvironments F is 1 for outdoor and equal to infiltration factor for indoor), we get<br />
<br />
:<math>\frac{b_{obs}}{b} = \frac{\Sigma_i F_i C_{E,out} t_i - \Sigma_i F_i C_{0,out} t_i}{C_{E,out} - C_{0,out}}<br />
<br />
= \frac{(C_{E,out} - C_{0,out}) \Sigma_i F_i t_i}{C_{E,out} - C_{0,out}}<br />
<br />
= \Sigma_i F_i t_i<br />
<br />
</math><br />
<br />
As we can see, the observed b is biased downward if the population spends a lot of time in microenvironments with low infiltration factor. Therefore, it is a mistake to assume that the b<sub>obs</sub> would reflect log&Delta;M<sub>all</sub>. Instead, <br />
<br />
:<math>log \Delta M_{all} = \frac{log \Delta M_{obs}}{\Sigma_i F_i t_i}.</math><br />
<br />
and this should be used in any related calculations.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* Major upgrade was made to this page on 2021-03-19. For previous content (dated 2015), see [http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=ERF_of_air_pollution&oldid=37260 archive].<br />
*[http://www.euro.who.int/document/E83080.pdf Health aspects of air pollution. Results from the WHO project "Systematic review of health aspects of air pollution in Europe". World Health Organization, 2004.]<br />
*Pope et al. 2004. Cardiovascular mortality and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution. Circulation (109), 71-77.<br />
*[http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/kwn232v1Robin C. Puett, Joel Schwartz, Jaime E. Hart, Jeff D. Yanosky, Frank E. Speizer, Helen Suh, Christopher J. Paciorek, Lucas M. Neas and Francine Laden: Chronic Particulate Exposure, Mortality, and Coronary Heart Disease in the Nurses’ Health Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, doi:10.1093/aje/kwn232]<br />
*[http://www.needs-project.org/docs/results/RS1b/NEEDS_Rs1b_D3.7.pdf NEEDS - New Energy Externalities Developments for Sustainability, Deliverable 3.7 "A set of concentration-response function", Integrated Project, Sixth Framework Programme, Project no. 502687.]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=ERF_of_outdoor_air_pollution&diff=43789ERF of outdoor air pollution2021-03-19T10:22:21Z<p>Jouni: data from :op_fi:Kiltova#PAQ2018</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Exposure-response_functions]]<br />
[[Category:PM2.5]]<br />
[[Category:Air pollution]]<br />
[[Category:Code under inspection]]<br />
{{variable}}<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
What is the the quantitative dose-response relationships between '''outdoor air PM2.5 concentration''' and '''mortality''' due to cardio-pulmonary, lung cancer, and other non-accidental causes (index [[Cause of death 2]])?<br />
<br />
== Answer ==<br />
<br />
This code gets the ovariable of this page and calculates some basic results.<br />
<br />
<rcode embed=1 graphics=1><br />
<br />
library(OpasnetUtils) # A package with Opasnet functionalities<br />
library(ggplot2) # A package with fancy graph formats<br />
<br />
objects.latest("Op_en2202", "ERF_airpoll") # Get the latest ovariables from code calculations on page Op_en2202.<br />
<br />
ERF_airpoll <- EvalOutput(ERF_airpoll)<br />
summary(ERF_airpoll)<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
===Data===<br />
<br />
<t2b name="Exposure-response functions of air pollution" index="Exposure agent,Response,Subgroup,Exposure,ER function,Scaling,Exposure unit,Observation" locations="Threshold,ERF" desc="Description" unit="-"><br />
PM2.5|Natural mortality|Age:30+|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutants|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.08|Chen & Hoek, 2020<br />
PM10|Annual number of days with bronchitis in children|Age:6-12 a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.080 (0.980 – 1.190)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM10|Incidence chronic bronchitis in adults|Age:18+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.117 (1.040 – 1.189)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM10|Incidence of asthma symptoms in asthmatic children|Age:5-19 a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.028 (1.006 – 1.051)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM2.5|Hospitalizations, cardiovascular diseases|Age:all ages|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.0091 (1.0017 – 1.0166)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM2.5|Hospitalizations, respiratory diseases|Age:all ages|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.0190 (0.9982 – 1.0402)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM2.5|Restricted activity days (RADs) (including sick-leave, hospital emergency admission, symptom days per person per year)|Age:all ages|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.0470 (1.0420 – 1.0530)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM2.5|Work days lost per worker per year, working age population|Age:age 20-65 a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.0460 (1.0390 – 1.0530)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM2.5|Lung cancer|Age:age 30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.0900 (1.0400 – 1.1400)|Van der Zee et al., 2016<br />
PM2.5|Low birth weight (< 2500 g at term)|Age:0 a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.1900 (1.0000 – 1.4200)|Van der Zee et al., 2016<br />
PM2.5|Decreased lung function (FEV1) in percentage (per 10 µg/m³)|Age:6-12 a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|ERS|None|10 µg/m3|0|0.015 (-0.003 - 0.032)|Van der Zee et al., 2016<br />
PM10|Post-neonatal mortality|Age:1-12 months = age 0 a*11/12|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.040 (1.020 – 1.070)|HRAPIE, WHO 2013<br />
PM10|YLL (premature deaths)|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.035 (1.004 – 1.066)|Hoek et al., 2013<br />
PM2.5|YLL (premature deaths)|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.062 (1.041 – 1.084)|Hoek et al., 2013<br />
NO2|YLL (premature deaths)|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.020 (1.010 – 1.030)|Atkinson et al., 2017<br />
EC|YLL (premature deaths)|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|RR|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.061 (1.049 – 1.073)|Hoek et al., 2013<br />
PM10|Mortality in premature mortality|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|ERS|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.035 (1.004 – 1.066)|Hoek et al., 2013<br />
PM2.5|Mortality in premature mortality|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|ERS|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.062 (1.041 – 1.084)|Hoek et al., 2013<br />
NO2|Mortality in premature mortality|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|ERS|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.020 (1.010 – 1.030)|Atkinson et al., 2017<br />
EC|Mortality in premature mortality|Age:30+ a|Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutant|ERS|None|10 µg/m3|0|1.061 (1.049 – 1.073)|Hoek et al., 2013<br />
PM2.5|Cardiopulmonary mortality||Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutants|RR|None|µq/m3|0|0.0128 (-0.0036-0.0375)|Dockery et al. 1993 and Pope et al. 2002<br />
PM2.5|Lung cancer mortality||Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutants|RR|None|µq/m3|0|0.0150 (-0.0350-0.0728)|Dockery et al. 1993 and Pope et al. 2002<br />
PM2.5|Other causes mortality||Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutants|RR|None|µq/m3|0|0.0008 (-0.0232-0.0252)|Dockery et al. 1993 and Pope et al. 2002<br />
PM2.5|All causes mortality||Long-term exposure to outdoor pollutants|RR|None|µq/m3|0|0.0091 (-0.0019-0.0289)|Dockery et al. 1993 and Pope et al. 2002<br />
</t2b><br />
<br />
{{argument|relat1=attack|id=arg8558|type=truth|content=Check what "Mortality in premature mortality" actually is.|sign=--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 10:22, 19 March 2021 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
==== Classical literature ====<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|+ '''Pope CA et al. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA, 2002, 287:1132-1141<br />
|---<br />
| average exposure level in Europe to PM2,5 || 25 || μg/m<sup>3</sup> annual average<br />
|---<br />
| average inhalation rate || 15 || #/min<br />
|---<br />
| average tidal volume || 0.6 || L<br />
|---<br />
| inhaled air/person*year || 4734 || m<sup>3</sup>/a<br />
|---<br />
| average inhaled PM2,5 per year || 0,12 || g/a<br />
|---<br />
| population of Europe || 515000000 ||<br />
|---<br />
| total PM inhaled by European population || 60945615 || g/a<br />
|---<br />
| BoD increase from EU-26 population exposure to [BH90] || 1,5E+06 || DALY/a<br />
|---<br />
| Population CVD BoD increase || 2,5E-02 || DALY/1g PM2,5 intake<br />
|---<br />
| All-cause mortality increase || 1,04 || RR per 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> PM2,5 increase<br />
|---<br />
| LC mortality increase || 1,14 || RR per 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> PM2,5 increase<br />
|---<br />
| CVD mortality increase || 1,09 || RR per 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> PM2,5 increase<br />
|---<br />
| EU-26 weighed average from Global BoD estimates || || Data from:[http://www.who.int./healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_country/en/index.html]<br />
|}<br />
{{attack|# |The end of this table contains calculations within the excel it was taken from, it only says #REF, because the frmulas have been broken somehow.|--[[User:Heta|Heta]] ([[User talk:Heta|talk]]) 07:36, 10 June 2015 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
'''PM<sub>2.5</sub>''' are fine particles less than 2.5 μm in diameter. Exposure-response function can be derived from exposure modelling, animal toxicology, small clinical or panel studies, and epidemiological studies. Exposed population can be divided into subpopulations (e.g. adults, children, infants, the elderly), and exposure is assessed per certain time period (e.g. daily or annual exposure). <br />
<br />
*Health effects related to '''short-term exposure'''<br />
**respiratory symptoms<br />
**adverse cardiovascular effects<br />
**increased medication usage<br />
**increased number of hospital admissions<br />
**increased mortality<br />
*Health effects related to '''long-term exposure''' (more relevance to public health)<br />
**increased incidence of respiratory symptoms<br />
**reduction in lung function<br />
**increased incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)<br />
**reduction in life expectancy <br />
***increased cardiopulmonary mortality<br />
***increased lung cancer mortality<br />
<br />
Sensitive subgroups: children, the elderly, individuals with heart and lung disease, individuals who are active outdoors.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Mortality effects of long-term (chronic) exposure to ambient air<br />
<br />
In principle the ERFs for long-term exposure (produced by cohort studies) should also capture the mortality effects of short-term exposure (ERFs produced by time-series studies). In practice it is likely that they do not do so fully. This is due to the so-called "harvesting" phenomenon, i.e. it is possible that acute exposure, at least to some extent, only brings forward deaths that would have happened shortly in any case. However, adding effects of acute exposure to effects of long-term exposure is problematic because the risk of double-counting. <ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/air/cafe/pdf/cba_methodology_vol2.pdf Service Contract for Carrying out Cost-Benefit Analysis of Air Quality Related Issues, in particular in the Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) Programme. Volume 2: Health Impact Assessment. AEA Technology Environment, 2005.]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Pope et al. (2002) <ref>*Pope CA III, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Ito K & Thurston KD (2002). Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA 287(9), 1132-1141.</ref><br />
*6% increase in the risk of deaths from all causes (excluding violent death) (95% CI 2-11%) per 10 µg/m3 PM2.5 in age group 30+<br />
*12% increase in the risk of death from cardiovascular diseases and diabetes (95% CI 8-15%) per 10 µg/m3 PM2.5 in age group 30+<br />
*14% increase in the risk of death from lung cancer (95% CI 4-23%) per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>2.5</sub> in age group 30+ <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Woodruff et al (1997) <ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1470072 Woodruff TJ, Grillo J & Schoendorf KC (1997). The relationship between selected causes of postneonatal infant mortality and particulate air pollution in the United States. Environmental Health Perspectives, 105: 608-612.]</ref><br />
*4% (95% Cl 2%-7%) increase in all-cause infant mortality per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>10</sub> (age 1 month to 1 year)<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Tuomisto et al. 2008:<ref>Tuomisto et al. 2008. Uncertainty in mortality response to airborne fine particulate matter: Combining European air pollution experts. Reliability Engineering and System Safety 93, 732-744.</ref><br />
*A structured expert judgement study of the population mortality effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> air pollution.<br />
*Opinions of six European air pollution experts were elicited.<br />
*Percent increase per 1 µg/m<sup>3</sup> increase in PM<sub>2.5</sub>:<br />
**Equal-weight decision-maker<br />
***Best estimate 0.97<br />
***95% quantile 4.54<br />
***5% quantile 0.02<br />
**Performance-based decision-maker<br />
***Best estimate 0.60<br />
***95% quantile 3.80<br />
***5% quantile 0.06<br />
<br />
<br />
''''Mortality effects of short-term (acute) exposure to ambient air PM<br />
<br />
'''''Anderson et al. 2004 <ref>[http://www.euro.who.int/document/E82792.pdf Anderson HR, Atkinson RW, Peacock JL, Marston L & Konstantinou K (2004). Meta-analysis of time-series studies and panel studies of paticulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3). Report of a WHO task group. World Health Organization.]</ref><br />
*0.6% (95% Cl 0.4%-0.8%) increase in all-cause mortality (excluding accidents) per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>10</sub> in all ages<br />
*1.3% (95% Cl 0.5%-2%) increase in respiratory mortality per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>10</sub> in all ages<br />
*0.9% (95% Cl 0.5%-1.3%) increase in cardiovascular mortality per 10 µg/m3 PM<sub>10</sub> in all ages<br />
<br />
These coefficients are defined as distributions around estimates of central tendency for each cause of death.<br />
<br />
Relative increase of mortality per 1 μgm-3 increase of outdoor PM2.5 concentration. Values were drawn with equal probability from the two distributions reported in <ref>Dockery, D. W., Pope, C. A., III, Xu, X., Spengler, J. D., Ware, J. H., Fay, M. E., Ferris, B. G., Jr., &amp;amp; Speizer F. E. (1993). An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. The New England Journal of Medicine, 329(24), 1753-1759</ref>, <ref>Pope, C. A. III, Burnett, R. T., Thun, M. J., Calle, E. E., Krewski, D., Ito, K., &amp;amp; Thurston, G. D. (2002). Lung Cancer, Cardiopulmory Mortality, and Long-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 287(9), 1132-1141</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
'''Uncertainties:'''<br />
<br />
* Mortality estimate from Hoek et al. (2002)<ref> Hoek, G, Brunekreef, B, Goldbohm, S, Fischer, P, &amp;amp; van den Brandt, P. A. (2002). Association between mortality and indicators of traffic-related air pollution in the Netherlands: a cohort study.<br />
Lancet, 360 (9341), 1203-1209. </ref> was not included due to many confounding factors related to mortality, e.g. road noise.<br />
* Probability for PM2.5 assumed to be the true cause of the effects in 70&nbsp;%, 90&nbsp;%, and 10&nbsp;% for cardiopulmonary, lung cancer and all other mortality, respectively (author judgement).<br />
* Toxicity differences between ambient air particles and the particles generated by different bus types were not taken into account due to lack of comprehensive data. <ref>Laden, F., Neas, L. M., Dockery, D. W., &amp;amp; Schwartz, J. (2000). Association of fine particulate matter from different sources with daily mortality in six U.S. cities. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108, 941-947. </ref> <ref>Mar, T. F., Norris, G. A., Koenig, J. Q., &amp;amp; Larson, T. V. (2000). Associations between air pollution and mortality in Phoenix, 1995-1997. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108(4), 347-353.</ref><br />
<br />
* No threshold was assumed in the dose-response relationship. <ref>WHO Regional Office for Europe (2003). Health Aspects of Air Pollution with Particulate Matter, Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide, Report on a WHO Working Group. Report on a WHO working group,<br />
Bonn, Germany, January 13-15 2003. Copenhagen. 98 pages. Available at http://www.euro.who.int/eprise/main/who/progs/aiq/newsevents/20030115_2 </ref> <ref>Schwartz, J., Laden, F., &amp;amp; Zanobetti, A. (2002). The concentration-response relation between PM2.5 and daily deaths. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(10), 1025-1029. </ref><br />
<br />
'''Other<br />
<br />
* Burnett RT, Pope CA 3rd, Ezzati M, Olives C, Lim SS, Mehta S, Shin HH, Singh G, Hubbell B, Brauer M, Anderson HR, Smith KR, Balmes JR, Bruce NG, Kan H, Laden F, Prüss-Ustün A, Turner MC, Gapstur SM, Diver WR, Cohen A. An integrated risk function for estimating the global burden of disease attributable to ambient fine particulate matter exposure. Environ Health Perspect. 2014 Apr;122(4):397-403. {{doi|10.1289/ehp.1307049}} Epub 2014 Feb 7. Erratum in Environ Health Perspect. 2014 Sep;122(9):A235. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24518036] [http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307049/]<br />
<br />
===Calculations===<br />
<br />
<rcode name="ERF_airpoll" label="Initiate ovariable ERF_airpoll" embed=1><br />
# This is code Op_en2202/ERF_airpoll on page [[ERF of air pollution]]<br />
<br />
library(OpasnetUtils)<br />
<br />
ERF_airpoll <- Ovariable("ERF_airpoll", ddata = "Op_en2202", subset="Exposure-response function of air pollution") <br />
<br />
objects.store(ERF_airpoll)<br />
cat("Ovariable ERF_airpoll stored.\n")<br />
</rcode><br />
<br />
== Effect of infiltration ==<br />
<br />
The mortality due to indoor exposure to outdoor pollutants can be described with this equation:<br />
<br />
:<math>log \Delta M_{in,j} = \frac{\Delta C_{out-in} t_{in}}{\Delta C_{out} t_{out} + \Delta C_{out-in} t_{in}}<br />
log \Delta M_{all,j} (1)</math><br />
<br />
:where log&Delta;M<sub>all, j</sub> is the increase in mortality due to the j<sup>th</sup> outcome associated with total PM exposure for each 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> increase in PM<sub>10</sub> or PM<sub>2.5</sub>. <br />
:j represents three major health outcomes: all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality.<br />
:&Delta;C<sub>out</sub> is the increase in outdoor PM<sub>10</sub> or PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations, which is set as 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup>.<br />
:&Delta;C<sub>out-in</sub> is the increase in outdoor-originated PM<sub>10</sub> or PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations found in the indoor environment.<br />
:t<sub>out</sub> is the duration of direct exposure to outdoor PM pollution.<br />
:t<sub>in</sub> is the duration of indoor exposure to PM of outdoor origin.<br />
:log&Delta;M<sub>in, j</sub> estimates the increase in mortality due to the j<sup>th</sup> outcome associated with indoor exposure to outdoor-origin PM for each 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> increase in PM<sub>10</sub> or PM<sub>2.5</sub><br />
<br />
When one compares changes in mortality in different countries and different infiltration factors,<br />
this is what I think actually happens:<br />
<br />
If infiltration factor is relatively low such as for PM<sub>10</sub> in China, the people are exposed less than<br />
predicted based on outdoor concentrations. When an epidemiologic study is performed, the<br />
observed mortality rate is lower than in other places with higher infiltration factors, and this can<br />
be falsely interpreted that the dose-response slope (&Delta;M<sub>all</sub>) is less steep. When this mortality estimate was combined with the lower exposure<br />
estimate (due to low infiltration) in equation 1, you get too low an estimate for the mortality due to<br />
indoor exposure to outdoor PM. In contrast, the local infiltration factor could and should be used<br />
to adjust the observed mortality rate.<br />
<br />
In other words, what you actually observe in epidemiological studies is not &Delta;M<sub>all</sub> but &Delta;M<sub>obs</sub>, which is something close to &Delta;M<sub>in</sub> because so much time is spent indoors. The work should be about<br />
estimating &Delta;M<sub>all</sub> based on &Delta;M<sub>obs</sub> and infiltration and not vice versa. (Here I interpret &Delta;M<sub>all</sub> as the true risk estimate that we would observe, if the<br />
exposure measure was correct.)<br />
<br />
More precisely, let's look at the mathematics of log-linear regression. We assume that the logarithms of the observed probabilities (or rates) of disease have the probability distribution of<br />
<br />
:<math>log(p) \sim a + b C,</math><br />
<br />
: where p is the probability of disease,<br />
: a is a constant describing the background probability,<br />
: b is a risk coefficient for the exposure, and<br />
: C is the exposure concentration in the population.<br />
<br />
What happens with PM is that we observe the differences in the probability of disease due to differences in exposure C. However, we do NOT observe C itself (the actual exposure concentration) but only the surrogate C<sub>obs</sub>, which in this case is the outdoor concentration of PM C<sub>out</sub>. With a given difference in the probability of disease between the exposed and non-exposed groups, we therefore make a biased conclusion about b, and this bias can be described as:<br />
<br />
:<math>log(p_E) - log(p_0) \sim (a + b C_E) - (a + b C_0) = b (C_E - C_0) = b_{obs} (C_{E,obs} - C_{0,obs})</math><br />
<br />
:where E is the exposed group,<br />
: 0 is the non-exposed group, and <br />
: obs is the biased observed variable (in contrast to the actual variable we would observe if all measurements were correct). Let's look at the ratio of the biased and correct risk estimates:<br />
<br />
:<math>\frac{b_{obs}}{b} = \frac{C_E - C_0}{C_{E,obs} - C_{0,obs}}<br />
<br />
= \frac{\Sigma_i C_{E,i} t_i - \Sigma_i C_{0,i} t_i}{C_{E,out} - C_{0,out}}</math><br />
<br />
:where i means different microenvironments and t<sub>i</sub> is the fraction of time spent in each microenvironment. If we use F<sub>i</sub> to denote the relative exposure concentrations in different microenvironments i (in the case of only indoor and outdoor microenvironments F is 1 for outdoor and equal to infiltration factor for indoor), we get<br />
<br />
:<math>\frac{b_{obs}}{b} = \frac{\Sigma_i F_i C_{E,out} t_i - \Sigma_i F_i C_{0,out} t_i}{C_{E,out} - C_{0,out}}<br />
<br />
= \frac{(C_{E,out} - C_{0,out}) \Sigma_i F_i t_i}{C_{E,out} - C_{0,out}}<br />
<br />
= \Sigma_i F_i t_i<br />
<br />
</math><br />
<br />
As we can see, the observed b is biased downward if the population spends a lot of time in microenvironments with low infiltration factor. Therefore, it is a mistake to assume that the b<sub>obs</sub> would reflect log&Delta;M<sub>all</sub>. Instead, <br />
<br />
:<math>log \Delta M_{all} = \frac{log \Delta M_{obs}}{\Sigma_i F_i t_i}.</math><br />
<br />
and this should be used in any related calculations.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* Major upgrade was made to this page on 2021-03-19. For previous content (dated 2015), see [http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=ERF_of_air_pollution&oldid=37260 archive].<br />
*[http://www.euro.who.int/document/E83080.pdf Health aspects of air pollution. Results from the WHO project "Systematic review of health aspects of air pollution in Europe". World Health Organization, 2004.]<br />
*Pope et al. 2004. Cardiovascular mortality and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution. Circulation (109), 71-77.<br />
*[http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/kwn232v1Robin C. Puett, Joel Schwartz, Jaime E. Hart, Jeff D. Yanosky, Frank E. Speizer, Helen Suh, Christopher J. Paciorek, Lucas M. Neas and Francine Laden: Chronic Particulate Exposure, Mortality, and Coronary Heart Disease in the Nurses’ Health Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, doi:10.1093/aje/kwn232]<br />
*[http://www.needs-project.org/docs/results/RS1b/NEEDS_Rs1b_D3.7.pdf NEEDS - New Energy Externalities Developments for Sustainability, Deliverable 3.7 "A set of concentration-response function", Integrated Project, Sixth Framework Programme, Project no. 502687.]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Talk:ERF_of_outdoor_air_pollution&diff=43787Talk:ERF of outdoor air pollution2021-03-19T09:13:57Z<p>Jouni: Jouni moved page Talk:Concentration-response to PM2.5 to Talk:ERF of air pollution: updated nomenclature and more practical scope</p>
<hr />
<div>== -- [[User:Jgrellier|Jgrellier]] 15:39, 19 February 2008 (EET) ==<br />
<br />
Jouni: "Issues relating to uncertainty could be written under results, rather than scope. The shape of the distribution should not be included here, since it restricts us from updating our model should we come across data at a later stage that suggests different distributions." Added by [[User:Jgrellier|Jgrellier]] 15:39, 19 February 2008 (EET)<br />
<br />
{{comment|1|The result should contain the actual distributions (or descriptive statistic such as mean, SD, and a few fractiles.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 13:58, 21 February 2008 (EET)}}<br />
<br />
{{comment|2|Descriptive statistics are now added to the results. Distributions in the original article were wrong, and therefore not included in the results|--[[User:Päivi Meriläinen|Päivi Meriläinen]] 15:28, 21 February 2008 (EET)}}<br />
<br />
== Unit of dose response -- [[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 14:01, 21 February 2008 (EET) ==<br />
<br />
{{discussion<br />
|Statements= Unit of dose response should be deaths per ug/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|Resolution= <br />
|Argumentation =<br />
{{defend|1|The unit "m3/ug" only refers to the inverse of concentration, but does not really describe the concentration-response relationship, which is the number of deaths expected per unit concentration.|--[[User:Miranda|Miranda]]}}<br />
<br />
{{comment|2|Can the unit be "relative increase of mortality per 1 μgm-3 increase of outdoor PM2.5 concentration"?|--[[User:Päivi Meriläinen|Päivi Meriläinen]] 14:45, 21 February 2008 (EET)}}<br />
<br />
{{attack|3|The unit for relative increase of mortality per 1 μgm-3 increase of outdoor PM2.5 concentration, which refers to the ratio, not the percentage, is "m3/ug" |--[[User:Päivi Meriläinen|Päivi Meriläinen]] 15:26, 21 February 2008 (EET)}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{discussion<br />
|Statements= The unit of this variable passes the unit test in the assessment<br />
|Resolution= <br />
|Argumentation =<br />
<br />
{{attack|1Unitless dose response coefficient is used in the downstream variable (health effects) but the unit in this variable is "m3/ug". |--[[User:Päivi Meriläinen|Päivi Meriläinen]] 15:41, 21 February 2008 (EET)}}<br />
<br />
}}</div>Jounihttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Concentration-response_to_PM2.5&diff=43786Concentration-response to PM2.52021-03-19T09:13:57Z<p>Jouni: Jouni moved page Concentration-response to PM2.5 to ERF of air pollution: updated nomenclature and more practical scope</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[ERF of air pollution]]</div>Jouni