http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Alexandra+Kuhn&feedformat=atomOpasnet - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T14:44:34ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.29.1http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Alex_quiz&diff=28489Alex quiz2013-02-07T11:33:58Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: /* Answer */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
{{variable|moderator=|stub=Yes}}<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
===First question===<br />
<br />
# Can you determine who keeps fish? <br />
{{attack|# |The question is not entirely specific enough to be clear.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 19:43, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
::{{defend|# |Yes, you are right. I'm sorry. The exact question is now written down. If you still have trouble, you have not identified the correct context.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:10, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
{{comment|# |The answer to this question is either "yes" or "no". I don't expect you wanting to have one of these answers. Thanks for the hint, but I still cannot figure out the context.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 22:08, 2 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
: {{defend|# |The problem is that you assume that you can figure out the context by reading the question. Of course you can't. You have to find the context outside the question, and then you'll understand it.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 16:24, 3 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
{{comment|# |Then how will I know which the context is? What do you mean by "keep"? Have and then do not give it away? I do you mean breed fisch?|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 16:57, 7 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
: {{defend|# |When you find the context, you will know that you have found it, and all the detailed questions get an answer. It is impossible to guess, but pretty easy to find if you just start searching for it.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:28, 11 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
{{defend|# |Thanks for this hint! I found the question :) Now it's take a while until I'll find the answer.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 17:08, 24 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
===Second question===<br />
<br />
<br />
48.72354, 9.117249, Fagus sylvatica.<br />
<br />
== Answer ==<br />
<br />
===First question===<br />
<br />
# The oceans. {{attack|# |The question says "who", which refers to a person.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:10, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}} {{defend|# |Your are right.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 22:08, 2 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
# Douglas Adams. ;) {{attack|# |The famous fish quote by Douglas Adams says: "[[:en:So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish|So long, and thanks for all the fish.]]" It is not about keeping fish, but dolphins having eaten them. |--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:10, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}} {{defend|# |Yes, you are right.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 22:08, 2 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
The German keeps Fish :)<br />
<br />
yellow blue red green white<br />
Norwegian Dane Brit German Swede<br />
Dunhill Blend Pall Mall Prince Blue Master<br />
Water Tea Milk Coffee Beer<br />
Cats Horses Birds Fish Dogs<br />
<br />
{{defend|# |Correct! Very good. It is a pity that we cannot run Matlab in Opasnet.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 00:42, 12 December 2012 (EET)}}<br />
<br />
===Second question===<br />
<br />
The numbers show the coordinates of the IER in Stuttgart. Fagus sylvatica is a beech. I am just not sure if the tree on the parking lot is a beech. :)<br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Dependencies ===<br />
<br />
=== Formula ===<br />
<br />
{{comment|# |I was too lazy to finish this R code. But it works half way through: [[Einstein quiz]].|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 00:42, 12 December 2012 (EET)}}<br />
<br />
Matlab code:<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
File: einstein.m<br />
<br />
% We will code the Strings into Integers (Doubles) to be able to use Matlab<br />
% more simply<br />
<br />
% There are several atributes of the houses. In brackets are the coding<br />
% numbers.<br />
% House: 1 2 3 4 5<br />
% Colour: red(1), green(2), white(3), yellow(4), blue(5)<br />
% Nationalities: Brit(1), Swede(2), Dane(3), Norwegian(4), German(5)<br />
% Cigar: Pall Mall(1), Dunhill(2), Blend(3), Blue Master(4), Prince(5) <br />
% Drink: Tee(1), Coffee(2), Milk(3), Beer(4), Water(5)<br />
% Pet: Dog(1), Birds(2), Cats(3), Horses(4), Fish(5)<br />
<br />
% What we know already about the places of some attributes:<br />
% Colours: <br />
% * green is left of white<br />
% * blue is the second<br />
<br />
% Nationality:<br />
% * Norwegian in 1st house<br />
<br />
% Drink:<br />
% * Milk in the 3rd House<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
% So the idea is to build up some matrices including all possible<br />
% permuations of the colours, the nationalities, the cigars, the drinks and<br />
% the pets. All impossible permuations will not be allowed.<br />
<br />
% Secondly, from these matrices all combinations will be testes if they<br />
% fulfil the given conditions. If the combination fulfilling the conditions<br />
% is found, the result is printed and the program is aborted. <br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
% Selecting all possible permuatations of the different attributes and<br />
% saving the results in the respective matrices.<br />
<br />
permutcol = permuatationscolours;<br />
permutnat = permutationsnationalities;<br />
permutcig = permutationscigars;<br />
permutdri = permutationsdrink;<br />
permutpet = permutationspets;<br />
<br />
% Trying all combinations and testing the conditions. Printing the result.<br />
<br />
solutionquiz = testingallcombinations(permutcol,permutnat,permutcig,permutdri,permutpet);<br />
<br />
printsolution(solutionquiz);<br />
<br />
%fprintf('\n Colours: ',solutionquiz(1,:));<br />
%fprintf('\n Nationalities: ',solutionquiz(2,:));<br />
%fprintf('\n Cigars: ',solutionquiz(3,:));<br />
%fprintf('\n Drinks: ',solutionquiz(4,:));<br />
%fprintf('\n Pets: ',solutionquiz(5,:));<br />
<br />
disp('My true admiration for Einstein!!!')<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
File: testingallcombinations.m<br />
<br />
function returnarray = testingallcombinations(permutcol,permutnat,permutcig,permutdri,permutpet)<br />
<br />
% Returns the solution ;)<br />
<br />
% We iterate through all combinations of the different matrices and look if<br />
% all the conditions are fulfilled.<br />
<br />
% The conditions are:<br />
% 1) The Brit(1) lives in a red(1) house.<br />
% 2) The Swede(2) keeps dogs(1).<br />
% 3) The Dane(3) drinks tea(1).<br />
% 4) The green house owner(2) drinks coffee(2).<br />
% 5) The person who smokes Pall Mall(1) rears birds(2).<br />
% 6) The owner of the yellow house(4) smokes Dunhill(2).<br />
% 7) The man who smokes Blend(3) lives next to the one who keeps cats(3).<br />
% 8) The man who keeps horses(4) lives next to the man who smokes Dunhill(2).<br />
% 9) The owner who smokes Blue Master(4) drinks beer(4).<br />
% 10) The German(5) smokes Prince(5).<br />
% 11) The man who smokes Blend(3) has a neighbour who drinks water(5).<br />
<br />
% i is the 1st place in the matrices, j the 2nd, k the 3rd, l the 4th, m the<br />
% 5th.<br />
<br />
% a = index going through permutcol.<br />
% b = index going through permutnat.<br />
% c = index going through permutcig.<br />
% d = index going through permutdri.<br />
% e = index going through permutpet.<br />
<br />
%z=0; % z is a counter counting the lines of the result array<br />
<br />
<br />
for a=1:length(permutcol); % from one to the number of lines<br />
for b=1:length(permutnat);<br />
for c=1:length(permutcig);<br />
for d=1:length(permutdri);<br />
for e=1:length(permutpet);<br />
% build up the combinations<br />
tmp_col = permutcol(a,:); % takes the whole line in the a'th place<br />
tmp_nat = permutnat(b,:);<br />
tmp_cig = permutcig(c,:);<br />
tmp_dri = permutdri(d,:);<br />
tmp_pet = permutpet(e,:);<br />
<br />
if (test1(tmp_nat, tmp_col)... %Brit red <br />
&& test2(tmp_nat, tmp_pet)... % Swede dogs <br />
&& test3(tmp_nat, tmp_dri)... % Dane tea <br />
&& test4(tmp_col, tmp_dri)... % green coffee <br />
&& test5(tmp_cig, tmp_pet)... % Pall Mall birds <br />
&& test6(tmp_col, tmp_cig)... % yellow Dunhill <br />
&& test7(tmp_cig, tmp_pet)... % Blend next to cats <br />
&& test8(tmp_pet, tmp_cig)... % horses next to Dunhill <br />
&& test9(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)... % Blue Master beer <br />
&& test10(tmp_nat, tmp_cig)... % German Prince <br />
&& test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)... % Blend next to water <br />
)<br />
returnarray(1,:) = tmp_col;<br />
returnarray(2,:) = tmp_nat;<br />
returnarray(3,:) = tmp_cig;<br />
returnarray(4,:) = tmp_dri;<br />
returnarray(5,:) = tmp_pet;<br />
return<br />
end <br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end <br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: printsolution.m<br />
<br />
function printsolution(solutionquiz)<br />
<br />
colours = solutionquiz(1,:);<br />
disp('\n Colours: ');<br />
for i=1:5<br />
switch colours(i)<br />
case 1<br />
disp('red ')<br />
case 2<br />
disp('green ')<br />
case 3<br />
disp('white ')<br />
case 4<br />
disp('yellow ')<br />
case 5<br />
disp('blue ')<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
nationalities = solutionquiz(2,:);<br />
disp('\n Nationalities: ');<br />
for i=1:5<br />
switch nationalities(i)<br />
case 1<br />
disp('Brit ')<br />
case 2<br />
disp('Swede ')<br />
case 3<br />
disp('Dane ')<br />
case 4<br />
disp('Norwegian ')<br />
case 5<br />
disp('German ')<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
cigars = solutionquiz(3,:);<br />
disp('\n Cigars: ');<br />
for i=1:5<br />
switch cigars(i)<br />
case 1<br />
disp('Pall Mall ')<br />
case 2<br />
disp('Dunhill ')<br />
case 3<br />
disp('Blend ')<br />
case 4<br />
disp('Blue Master ')<br />
case 5<br />
disp('Prince ')<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
drinks = solutionquiz(4,:);<br />
disp('\n Drinks: ');<br />
for i=1:5<br />
switch drinks(i)<br />
case 1<br />
disp('Tea ')<br />
case 2<br />
disp('Coffee ')<br />
case 3<br />
disp('Milk ')<br />
case 4<br />
disp('Beer ')<br />
case 5<br />
disp('Water ')<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
pets = solutionquiz(5,:);<br />
disp('\n Pets: ');<br />
for i=1:5<br />
switch pets(i)<br />
case 1<br />
disp('Dogs ')<br />
case 2<br />
disp('Birds ')<br />
case 3<br />
disp('Cats ')<br />
case 4<br />
disp('Horses ')<br />
case 5<br />
disp('Fish ')<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: permutationspets.m<br />
<br />
function returnarray = permutationspets<br />
<br />
% Returns in a matrix all the possible permutations of the pets.<br />
% We don't konw anything about the pets being kept in any of the<br />
% houses.<br />
% Each pet only occurs once.<br />
<br />
% We iterate through all permuations and pick only those ones which are<br />
% possible according to the given conditions.<br />
<br />
% i is the 1st place in the matrix, j the 2nd, k the 3rd, l the 4th, m the<br />
% 5th.<br />
<br />
<br />
z=0; % z is a counter counting the lines of the result array<br />
<br />
for i=1:5;<br />
for j=1:5;<br />
for k=1:5;<br />
for l=1:5;<br />
for m=1:5;<br />
% no figure is allowed to occur twice;<br />
if (j~=i) && (k~=i) && (k~=j) && (l~=i) && (l~=j) && (l~=k) && (m~=i) && (m~=j) && (m~=k) && (m~=l);<br />
z = z+1;<br />
returnarray(z,1)=i;<br />
returnarray(z,2)=j;<br />
returnarray(z,3)=k;<br />
returnarray(z,4)=l;<br />
returnarray(z,5)=m;<br />
end <br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end <br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: permuatationscolours.m<br />
<br />
function returnarray = permuatationscolours<br />
<br />
% Returns in a matrix all the possible permutations of the colours.<br />
% We know that the green(2) house is left of the white(3) house and that<br />
% blue(5) is the second house. Each colour only occurs once.<br />
<br />
% We iterate through all permuations and pick only those ones which are<br />
% possible according to the given conditions.<br />
<br />
% i is the 1st place in the matrix, j the 2nd, k the 3rd, l the 4th, m the<br />
% 5th.<br />
<br />
j=5; % the 2nd house is blue(5)<br />
z=0; % z is a counter counting the lines of the result array<br />
<br />
for i=1:5;<br />
for k=1:5;<br />
for l=1:5;<br />
for m=1:5;<br />
% no figure is allowed to occur twice; green(2) is left of<br />
% white(3), so they must either be on the 3rd and 4th place<br />
% or on the 4th and 5th place<br />
if (j~=i) && (k~=i) && (k~=j) && (l~=i) && (l~=j) && (l~=k) && (m~=i) && (m~=j) && (m~=k) && (m~=l) &&...;<br />
(((k==2) && (l==3)) || ((l==2) && (m==3)));<br />
z = z+1;<br />
returnarray(z,1)=i;<br />
returnarray(z,2)=j;<br />
returnarray(z,3)=k;<br />
returnarray(z,4)=l;<br />
returnarray(z,5)=m;<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end <br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: permutationscigars.m<br />
<br />
function returnarray = permutationscigars<br />
<br />
% Returns in a matrix all the possible permutations of the cigars.<br />
% We don't konw anything about a cigar brand being smoked in any of the<br />
% houses.<br />
% Each cigar brand only occurs once.<br />
<br />
% We iterate through all permuations and pick only those ones which are<br />
% possible according to the given conditions.<br />
<br />
% i is the 1st place in the matrix, j the 2nd, k the 3rd, l the 4th, m the<br />
% 5th.<br />
<br />
<br />
z=0; % z is a counter counting the lines of the result array<br />
<br />
for i=1:5;<br />
for j=1:5;<br />
for k=1:5;<br />
for l=1:5;<br />
for m=1:5;<br />
% no figure is allowed to occur twice;<br />
if (j~=i) && (k~=i) && (k~=j) && (l~=i) && (l~=j) && (l~=k) && (m~=i) && (m~=j) && (m~=k) && (m~=l);<br />
z = z+1;<br />
returnarray(z,1)=i;<br />
returnarray(z,2)=j;<br />
returnarray(z,3)=k;<br />
returnarray(z,4)=l;<br />
returnarray(z,5)=m;<br />
end <br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end <br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: permutationsdrink.m<br />
<br />
function returnarray = permutationsdrink<br />
<br />
% Returns in a matrix all the possible permutations of the drinks.<br />
% We know that the person living in the 3rd house drinks milk. <br />
% Each drink only occurs once.<br />
<br />
% We iterate through all permuations and pick only those ones which are<br />
% possible according to the given conditions.<br />
<br />
% i is the 1st place in the matrix, j the 2nd, k the 3rd, l the 4th, m the<br />
% 5th.<br />
<br />
k=3; % the person living in the 3rd house drinks milk(3)<br />
z=0; % z is a counter counting the lines of the result array<br />
<br />
for i=1:5;<br />
for j=1:5;<br />
for l=1:5;<br />
for m=1:5;<br />
% no figure is allowed to occur twice;<br />
if (j~=i) && (k~=i) && (k~=j) && (l~=i) && (l~=j) && (l~=k) && (m~=i) && (m~=j) && (m~=k) && (m~=l);<br />
z = z+1;<br />
returnarray(z,1)=i;<br />
returnarray(z,2)=j;<br />
returnarray(z,3)=k;<br />
returnarray(z,4)=l;<br />
returnarray(z,5)=m;<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end <br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: permutationsnationalities.m<br />
<br />
function returnarray = permutationsnationalities<br />
<br />
% Returns in a matrix all the possible permutations of the nationalities.<br />
% We know that the Norwegian lives in the first house. <br />
% Each nationality only occurs once.<br />
<br />
% We iterate through all permuations and pick only those ones which are<br />
% possible according to the given conditions.<br />
<br />
% i is the 1st place in the matrix, j the 2nd, k the 3rd, l the 4th, m the<br />
% 5th.<br />
<br />
i=4; % the Norwegian(4) lives in the 1st house<br />
z=0; % z is a counter counting the lines of the result array<br />
<br />
for j=1:5;<br />
for k=1:5;<br />
for l=1:5;<br />
for m=1:5;<br />
% no figure is allowed to occur twice;<br />
if (j~=i) && (k~=i) && (k~=j) && (l~=i) && (l~=j) && (l~=k) && (m~=i) && (m~=j) && (m~=k) && (m~=l);<br />
z = z+1;<br />
returnarray(z,1)=i;<br />
returnarray(z,2)=j;<br />
returnarray(z,3)=k;<br />
returnarray(z,4)=l;<br />
returnarray(z,5)=m;<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end <br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test1.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)<br />
<br />
% Blend(3) NEXT To water(5)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test2.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)<br />
<br />
% Blend(3) NEXT To water(5)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test3.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)<br />
<br />
% Blend(3) NEXT To water(5)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test4.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)<br />
<br />
% Blend(3) NEXT To water(5)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test5.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test5(tmp_cig, tmp_pet)<br />
<br />
% Pall Mall(1) birds(2)<br />
<br />
if (find(tmp_cig == 1) == find(tmp_pet == 2)) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test6.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test5(tmp_cig, tmp_pet)<br />
<br />
% Pall Mall(1) birds(2)<br />
<br />
if (find(tmp_cig == 1) == find(tmp_pet == 2)) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test7.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test5(tmp_cig, tmp_pet)<br />
<br />
% Pall Mall(1) birds(2)<br />
<br />
if (find(tmp_cig == 1) == find(tmp_pet == 2)) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test8.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test8(tmp_pet, tmp_cig)<br />
<br />
% horses(4) NEXT To Dunhill(2)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_pet == 4) == (find(tmp_cig == 2)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_pet == 4) == (find(tmp_cig == 2)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test9.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)<br />
<br />
% Blend(3) NEXT To water(5)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test10.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)<br />
<br />
% Blend(3) NEXT To water(5)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test11.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)<br />
<br />
% Blend(3) NEXT To water(5)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
==Keywords==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Related files==<br />
<br />
{{mfiles}}<br />
<br />
{{publication<br />
| authors = <br />
| title = <br />
| explanation = <br />
| publishingyear = <br />
| urn = <br />
| reference = <br />
}}</div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Alex_quiz&diff=28488Alex quiz2013-02-07T11:33:37Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: /* Second question */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
{{variable|moderator=|stub=Yes}}<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
===First question===<br />
<br />
# Can you determine who keeps fish? <br />
{{attack|# |The question is not entirely specific enough to be clear.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 19:43, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
::{{defend|# |Yes, you are right. I'm sorry. The exact question is now written down. If you still have trouble, you have not identified the correct context.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:10, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
{{comment|# |The answer to this question is either "yes" or "no". I don't expect you wanting to have one of these answers. Thanks for the hint, but I still cannot figure out the context.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 22:08, 2 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
: {{defend|# |The problem is that you assume that you can figure out the context by reading the question. Of course you can't. You have to find the context outside the question, and then you'll understand it.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 16:24, 3 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
{{comment|# |Then how will I know which the context is? What do you mean by "keep"? Have and then do not give it away? I do you mean breed fisch?|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 16:57, 7 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
: {{defend|# |When you find the context, you will know that you have found it, and all the detailed questions get an answer. It is impossible to guess, but pretty easy to find if you just start searching for it.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:28, 11 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
{{defend|# |Thanks for this hint! I found the question :) Now it's take a while until I'll find the answer.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 17:08, 24 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
===Second question===<br />
<br />
<br />
48.72354, 9.117249, Fagus sylvatica.<br />
<br />
== Answer ==<br />
<br />
===First question===<br />
<br />
# The oceans. {{attack|# |The question says "who", which refers to a person.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:10, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}} {{defend|# |Your are right.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 22:08, 2 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
# Douglas Adams. ;) {{attack|# |The famous fish quote by Douglas Adams says: "[[:en:So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish|So long, and thanks for all the fish.]]" It is not about keeping fish, but dolphins having eaten them. |--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:10, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}} {{defend|# |Yes, you are right.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 22:08, 2 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
The German keeps Fish :)<br />
<br />
yellow blue red green white<br />
Norwegian Dane Brit German Swede<br />
Dunhill Blend Pall Mall Prince Blue Master<br />
Water Tea Milk Coffee Beer<br />
Cats Horses Birds Fish Dogs<br />
<br />
{{defend|# |Correct! Very good. It is a pity that we cannot run Matlab in Opasnet.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 00:42, 12 December 2012 (EET)}}<br />
<br />
===Second question===<br />
<br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Dependencies ===<br />
<br />
=== Formula ===<br />
<br />
{{comment|# |I was too lazy to finish this R code. But it works half way through: [[Einstein quiz]].|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 00:42, 12 December 2012 (EET)}}<br />
<br />
Matlab code:<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
File: einstein.m<br />
<br />
% We will code the Strings into Integers (Doubles) to be able to use Matlab<br />
% more simply<br />
<br />
% There are several atributes of the houses. In brackets are the coding<br />
% numbers.<br />
% House: 1 2 3 4 5<br />
% Colour: red(1), green(2), white(3), yellow(4), blue(5)<br />
% Nationalities: Brit(1), Swede(2), Dane(3), Norwegian(4), German(5)<br />
% Cigar: Pall Mall(1), Dunhill(2), Blend(3), Blue Master(4), Prince(5) <br />
% Drink: Tee(1), Coffee(2), Milk(3), Beer(4), Water(5)<br />
% Pet: Dog(1), Birds(2), Cats(3), Horses(4), Fish(5)<br />
<br />
% What we know already about the places of some attributes:<br />
% Colours: <br />
% * green is left of white<br />
% * blue is the second<br />
<br />
% Nationality:<br />
% * Norwegian in 1st house<br />
<br />
% Drink:<br />
% * Milk in the 3rd House<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
% So the idea is to build up some matrices including all possible<br />
% permuations of the colours, the nationalities, the cigars, the drinks and<br />
% the pets. All impossible permuations will not be allowed.<br />
<br />
% Secondly, from these matrices all combinations will be testes if they<br />
% fulfil the given conditions. If the combination fulfilling the conditions<br />
% is found, the result is printed and the program is aborted. <br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
% Selecting all possible permuatations of the different attributes and<br />
% saving the results in the respective matrices.<br />
<br />
permutcol = permuatationscolours;<br />
permutnat = permutationsnationalities;<br />
permutcig = permutationscigars;<br />
permutdri = permutationsdrink;<br />
permutpet = permutationspets;<br />
<br />
% Trying all combinations and testing the conditions. Printing the result.<br />
<br />
solutionquiz = testingallcombinations(permutcol,permutnat,permutcig,permutdri,permutpet);<br />
<br />
printsolution(solutionquiz);<br />
<br />
%fprintf('\n Colours: ',solutionquiz(1,:));<br />
%fprintf('\n Nationalities: ',solutionquiz(2,:));<br />
%fprintf('\n Cigars: ',solutionquiz(3,:));<br />
%fprintf('\n Drinks: ',solutionquiz(4,:));<br />
%fprintf('\n Pets: ',solutionquiz(5,:));<br />
<br />
disp('My true admiration for Einstein!!!')<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
File: testingallcombinations.m<br />
<br />
function returnarray = testingallcombinations(permutcol,permutnat,permutcig,permutdri,permutpet)<br />
<br />
% Returns the solution ;)<br />
<br />
% We iterate through all combinations of the different matrices and look if<br />
% all the conditions are fulfilled.<br />
<br />
% The conditions are:<br />
% 1) The Brit(1) lives in a red(1) house.<br />
% 2) The Swede(2) keeps dogs(1).<br />
% 3) The Dane(3) drinks tea(1).<br />
% 4) The green house owner(2) drinks coffee(2).<br />
% 5) The person who smokes Pall Mall(1) rears birds(2).<br />
% 6) The owner of the yellow house(4) smokes Dunhill(2).<br />
% 7) The man who smokes Blend(3) lives next to the one who keeps cats(3).<br />
% 8) The man who keeps horses(4) lives next to the man who smokes Dunhill(2).<br />
% 9) The owner who smokes Blue Master(4) drinks beer(4).<br />
% 10) The German(5) smokes Prince(5).<br />
% 11) The man who smokes Blend(3) has a neighbour who drinks water(5).<br />
<br />
% i is the 1st place in the matrices, j the 2nd, k the 3rd, l the 4th, m the<br />
% 5th.<br />
<br />
% a = index going through permutcol.<br />
% b = index going through permutnat.<br />
% c = index going through permutcig.<br />
% d = index going through permutdri.<br />
% e = index going through permutpet.<br />
<br />
%z=0; % z is a counter counting the lines of the result array<br />
<br />
<br />
for a=1:length(permutcol); % from one to the number of lines<br />
for b=1:length(permutnat);<br />
for c=1:length(permutcig);<br />
for d=1:length(permutdri);<br />
for e=1:length(permutpet);<br />
% build up the combinations<br />
tmp_col = permutcol(a,:); % takes the whole line in the a'th place<br />
tmp_nat = permutnat(b,:);<br />
tmp_cig = permutcig(c,:);<br />
tmp_dri = permutdri(d,:);<br />
tmp_pet = permutpet(e,:);<br />
<br />
if (test1(tmp_nat, tmp_col)... %Brit red <br />
&& test2(tmp_nat, tmp_pet)... % Swede dogs <br />
&& test3(tmp_nat, tmp_dri)... % Dane tea <br />
&& test4(tmp_col, tmp_dri)... % green coffee <br />
&& test5(tmp_cig, tmp_pet)... % Pall Mall birds <br />
&& test6(tmp_col, tmp_cig)... % yellow Dunhill <br />
&& test7(tmp_cig, tmp_pet)... % Blend next to cats <br />
&& test8(tmp_pet, tmp_cig)... % horses next to Dunhill <br />
&& test9(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)... % Blue Master beer <br />
&& test10(tmp_nat, tmp_cig)... % German Prince <br />
&& test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)... % Blend next to water <br />
)<br />
returnarray(1,:) = tmp_col;<br />
returnarray(2,:) = tmp_nat;<br />
returnarray(3,:) = tmp_cig;<br />
returnarray(4,:) = tmp_dri;<br />
returnarray(5,:) = tmp_pet;<br />
return<br />
end <br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end <br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: printsolution.m<br />
<br />
function printsolution(solutionquiz)<br />
<br />
colours = solutionquiz(1,:);<br />
disp('\n Colours: ');<br />
for i=1:5<br />
switch colours(i)<br />
case 1<br />
disp('red ')<br />
case 2<br />
disp('green ')<br />
case 3<br />
disp('white ')<br />
case 4<br />
disp('yellow ')<br />
case 5<br />
disp('blue ')<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
nationalities = solutionquiz(2,:);<br />
disp('\n Nationalities: ');<br />
for i=1:5<br />
switch nationalities(i)<br />
case 1<br />
disp('Brit ')<br />
case 2<br />
disp('Swede ')<br />
case 3<br />
disp('Dane ')<br />
case 4<br />
disp('Norwegian ')<br />
case 5<br />
disp('German ')<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
cigars = solutionquiz(3,:);<br />
disp('\n Cigars: ');<br />
for i=1:5<br />
switch cigars(i)<br />
case 1<br />
disp('Pall Mall ')<br />
case 2<br />
disp('Dunhill ')<br />
case 3<br />
disp('Blend ')<br />
case 4<br />
disp('Blue Master ')<br />
case 5<br />
disp('Prince ')<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
drinks = solutionquiz(4,:);<br />
disp('\n Drinks: ');<br />
for i=1:5<br />
switch drinks(i)<br />
case 1<br />
disp('Tea ')<br />
case 2<br />
disp('Coffee ')<br />
case 3<br />
disp('Milk ')<br />
case 4<br />
disp('Beer ')<br />
case 5<br />
disp('Water ')<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
pets = solutionquiz(5,:);<br />
disp('\n Pets: ');<br />
for i=1:5<br />
switch pets(i)<br />
case 1<br />
disp('Dogs ')<br />
case 2<br />
disp('Birds ')<br />
case 3<br />
disp('Cats ')<br />
case 4<br />
disp('Horses ')<br />
case 5<br />
disp('Fish ')<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: permutationspets.m<br />
<br />
function returnarray = permutationspets<br />
<br />
% Returns in a matrix all the possible permutations of the pets.<br />
% We don't konw anything about the pets being kept in any of the<br />
% houses.<br />
% Each pet only occurs once.<br />
<br />
% We iterate through all permuations and pick only those ones which are<br />
% possible according to the given conditions.<br />
<br />
% i is the 1st place in the matrix, j the 2nd, k the 3rd, l the 4th, m the<br />
% 5th.<br />
<br />
<br />
z=0; % z is a counter counting the lines of the result array<br />
<br />
for i=1:5;<br />
for j=1:5;<br />
for k=1:5;<br />
for l=1:5;<br />
for m=1:5;<br />
% no figure is allowed to occur twice;<br />
if (j~=i) && (k~=i) && (k~=j) && (l~=i) && (l~=j) && (l~=k) && (m~=i) && (m~=j) && (m~=k) && (m~=l);<br />
z = z+1;<br />
returnarray(z,1)=i;<br />
returnarray(z,2)=j;<br />
returnarray(z,3)=k;<br />
returnarray(z,4)=l;<br />
returnarray(z,5)=m;<br />
end <br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end <br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: permuatationscolours.m<br />
<br />
function returnarray = permuatationscolours<br />
<br />
% Returns in a matrix all the possible permutations of the colours.<br />
% We know that the green(2) house is left of the white(3) house and that<br />
% blue(5) is the second house. Each colour only occurs once.<br />
<br />
% We iterate through all permuations and pick only those ones which are<br />
% possible according to the given conditions.<br />
<br />
% i is the 1st place in the matrix, j the 2nd, k the 3rd, l the 4th, m the<br />
% 5th.<br />
<br />
j=5; % the 2nd house is blue(5)<br />
z=0; % z is a counter counting the lines of the result array<br />
<br />
for i=1:5;<br />
for k=1:5;<br />
for l=1:5;<br />
for m=1:5;<br />
% no figure is allowed to occur twice; green(2) is left of<br />
% white(3), so they must either be on the 3rd and 4th place<br />
% or on the 4th and 5th place<br />
if (j~=i) && (k~=i) && (k~=j) && (l~=i) && (l~=j) && (l~=k) && (m~=i) && (m~=j) && (m~=k) && (m~=l) &&...;<br />
(((k==2) && (l==3)) || ((l==2) && (m==3)));<br />
z = z+1;<br />
returnarray(z,1)=i;<br />
returnarray(z,2)=j;<br />
returnarray(z,3)=k;<br />
returnarray(z,4)=l;<br />
returnarray(z,5)=m;<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end <br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: permutationscigars.m<br />
<br />
function returnarray = permutationscigars<br />
<br />
% Returns in a matrix all the possible permutations of the cigars.<br />
% We don't konw anything about a cigar brand being smoked in any of the<br />
% houses.<br />
% Each cigar brand only occurs once.<br />
<br />
% We iterate through all permuations and pick only those ones which are<br />
% possible according to the given conditions.<br />
<br />
% i is the 1st place in the matrix, j the 2nd, k the 3rd, l the 4th, m the<br />
% 5th.<br />
<br />
<br />
z=0; % z is a counter counting the lines of the result array<br />
<br />
for i=1:5;<br />
for j=1:5;<br />
for k=1:5;<br />
for l=1:5;<br />
for m=1:5;<br />
% no figure is allowed to occur twice;<br />
if (j~=i) && (k~=i) && (k~=j) && (l~=i) && (l~=j) && (l~=k) && (m~=i) && (m~=j) && (m~=k) && (m~=l);<br />
z = z+1;<br />
returnarray(z,1)=i;<br />
returnarray(z,2)=j;<br />
returnarray(z,3)=k;<br />
returnarray(z,4)=l;<br />
returnarray(z,5)=m;<br />
end <br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end <br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: permutationsdrink.m<br />
<br />
function returnarray = permutationsdrink<br />
<br />
% Returns in a matrix all the possible permutations of the drinks.<br />
% We know that the person living in the 3rd house drinks milk. <br />
% Each drink only occurs once.<br />
<br />
% We iterate through all permuations and pick only those ones which are<br />
% possible according to the given conditions.<br />
<br />
% i is the 1st place in the matrix, j the 2nd, k the 3rd, l the 4th, m the<br />
% 5th.<br />
<br />
k=3; % the person living in the 3rd house drinks milk(3)<br />
z=0; % z is a counter counting the lines of the result array<br />
<br />
for i=1:5;<br />
for j=1:5;<br />
for l=1:5;<br />
for m=1:5;<br />
% no figure is allowed to occur twice;<br />
if (j~=i) && (k~=i) && (k~=j) && (l~=i) && (l~=j) && (l~=k) && (m~=i) && (m~=j) && (m~=k) && (m~=l);<br />
z = z+1;<br />
returnarray(z,1)=i;<br />
returnarray(z,2)=j;<br />
returnarray(z,3)=k;<br />
returnarray(z,4)=l;<br />
returnarray(z,5)=m;<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end <br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: permutationsnationalities.m<br />
<br />
function returnarray = permutationsnationalities<br />
<br />
% Returns in a matrix all the possible permutations of the nationalities.<br />
% We know that the Norwegian lives in the first house. <br />
% Each nationality only occurs once.<br />
<br />
% We iterate through all permuations and pick only those ones which are<br />
% possible according to the given conditions.<br />
<br />
% i is the 1st place in the matrix, j the 2nd, k the 3rd, l the 4th, m the<br />
% 5th.<br />
<br />
i=4; % the Norwegian(4) lives in the 1st house<br />
z=0; % z is a counter counting the lines of the result array<br />
<br />
for j=1:5;<br />
for k=1:5;<br />
for l=1:5;<br />
for m=1:5;<br />
% no figure is allowed to occur twice;<br />
if (j~=i) && (k~=i) && (k~=j) && (l~=i) && (l~=j) && (l~=k) && (m~=i) && (m~=j) && (m~=k) && (m~=l);<br />
z = z+1;<br />
returnarray(z,1)=i;<br />
returnarray(z,2)=j;<br />
returnarray(z,3)=k;<br />
returnarray(z,4)=l;<br />
returnarray(z,5)=m;<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end <br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test1.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)<br />
<br />
% Blend(3) NEXT To water(5)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test2.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)<br />
<br />
% Blend(3) NEXT To water(5)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test3.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)<br />
<br />
% Blend(3) NEXT To water(5)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test4.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)<br />
<br />
% Blend(3) NEXT To water(5)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test5.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test5(tmp_cig, tmp_pet)<br />
<br />
% Pall Mall(1) birds(2)<br />
<br />
if (find(tmp_cig == 1) == find(tmp_pet == 2)) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test6.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test5(tmp_cig, tmp_pet)<br />
<br />
% Pall Mall(1) birds(2)<br />
<br />
if (find(tmp_cig == 1) == find(tmp_pet == 2)) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test7.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test5(tmp_cig, tmp_pet)<br />
<br />
% Pall Mall(1) birds(2)<br />
<br />
if (find(tmp_cig == 1) == find(tmp_pet == 2)) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test8.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test8(tmp_pet, tmp_cig)<br />
<br />
% horses(4) NEXT To Dunhill(2)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_pet == 4) == (find(tmp_cig == 2)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_pet == 4) == (find(tmp_cig == 2)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test9.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)<br />
<br />
% Blend(3) NEXT To water(5)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test10.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)<br />
<br />
% Blend(3) NEXT To water(5)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test11.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)<br />
<br />
% Blend(3) NEXT To water(5)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
==Keywords==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Related files==<br />
<br />
{{mfiles}}<br />
<br />
{{publication<br />
| authors = <br />
| title = <br />
| explanation = <br />
| publishingyear = <br />
| urn = <br />
| reference = <br />
}}</div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Alex_quiz&diff=28487Alex quiz2013-02-07T11:33:19Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: /* Second question */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
{{variable|moderator=|stub=Yes}}<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
===First question===<br />
<br />
# Can you determine who keeps fish? <br />
{{attack|# |The question is not entirely specific enough to be clear.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 19:43, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
::{{defend|# |Yes, you are right. I'm sorry. The exact question is now written down. If you still have trouble, you have not identified the correct context.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:10, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
{{comment|# |The answer to this question is either "yes" or "no". I don't expect you wanting to have one of these answers. Thanks for the hint, but I still cannot figure out the context.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 22:08, 2 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
: {{defend|# |The problem is that you assume that you can figure out the context by reading the question. Of course you can't. You have to find the context outside the question, and then you'll understand it.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 16:24, 3 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
{{comment|# |Then how will I know which the context is? What do you mean by "keep"? Have and then do not give it away? I do you mean breed fisch?|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 16:57, 7 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
: {{defend|# |When you find the context, you will know that you have found it, and all the detailed questions get an answer. It is impossible to guess, but pretty easy to find if you just start searching for it.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:28, 11 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
{{defend|# |Thanks for this hint! I found the question :) Now it's take a while until I'll find the answer.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 17:08, 24 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
===Second question===<br />
<br />
<br />
48.72354, 9.117249, Fagus sylvatica.<br />
<br />
<br />
The numbers show the coordinates of the IER in Stuttgart. Fagus sylvatica is a beech. I am just not sure if the tree on the parking lot is a beech. :)<br />
<br />
== Answer ==<br />
<br />
===First question===<br />
<br />
# The oceans. {{attack|# |The question says "who", which refers to a person.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:10, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}} {{defend|# |Your are right.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 22:08, 2 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
# Douglas Adams. ;) {{attack|# |The famous fish quote by Douglas Adams says: "[[:en:So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish|So long, and thanks for all the fish.]]" It is not about keeping fish, but dolphins having eaten them. |--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:10, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}} {{defend|# |Yes, you are right.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 22:08, 2 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
The German keeps Fish :)<br />
<br />
yellow blue red green white<br />
Norwegian Dane Brit German Swede<br />
Dunhill Blend Pall Mall Prince Blue Master<br />
Water Tea Milk Coffee Beer<br />
Cats Horses Birds Fish Dogs<br />
<br />
{{defend|# |Correct! Very good. It is a pity that we cannot run Matlab in Opasnet.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 00:42, 12 December 2012 (EET)}}<br />
<br />
===Second question===<br />
<br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Dependencies ===<br />
<br />
=== Formula ===<br />
<br />
{{comment|# |I was too lazy to finish this R code. But it works half way through: [[Einstein quiz]].|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 00:42, 12 December 2012 (EET)}}<br />
<br />
Matlab code:<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
File: einstein.m<br />
<br />
% We will code the Strings into Integers (Doubles) to be able to use Matlab<br />
% more simply<br />
<br />
% There are several atributes of the houses. In brackets are the coding<br />
% numbers.<br />
% House: 1 2 3 4 5<br />
% Colour: red(1), green(2), white(3), yellow(4), blue(5)<br />
% Nationalities: Brit(1), Swede(2), Dane(3), Norwegian(4), German(5)<br />
% Cigar: Pall Mall(1), Dunhill(2), Blend(3), Blue Master(4), Prince(5) <br />
% Drink: Tee(1), Coffee(2), Milk(3), Beer(4), Water(5)<br />
% Pet: Dog(1), Birds(2), Cats(3), Horses(4), Fish(5)<br />
<br />
% What we know already about the places of some attributes:<br />
% Colours: <br />
% * green is left of white<br />
% * blue is the second<br />
<br />
% Nationality:<br />
% * Norwegian in 1st house<br />
<br />
% Drink:<br />
% * Milk in the 3rd House<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
% So the idea is to build up some matrices including all possible<br />
% permuations of the colours, the nationalities, the cigars, the drinks and<br />
% the pets. All impossible permuations will not be allowed.<br />
<br />
% Secondly, from these matrices all combinations will be testes if they<br />
% fulfil the given conditions. If the combination fulfilling the conditions<br />
% is found, the result is printed and the program is aborted. <br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
% Selecting all possible permuatations of the different attributes and<br />
% saving the results in the respective matrices.<br />
<br />
permutcol = permuatationscolours;<br />
permutnat = permutationsnationalities;<br />
permutcig = permutationscigars;<br />
permutdri = permutationsdrink;<br />
permutpet = permutationspets;<br />
<br />
% Trying all combinations and testing the conditions. Printing the result.<br />
<br />
solutionquiz = testingallcombinations(permutcol,permutnat,permutcig,permutdri,permutpet);<br />
<br />
printsolution(solutionquiz);<br />
<br />
%fprintf('\n Colours: ',solutionquiz(1,:));<br />
%fprintf('\n Nationalities: ',solutionquiz(2,:));<br />
%fprintf('\n Cigars: ',solutionquiz(3,:));<br />
%fprintf('\n Drinks: ',solutionquiz(4,:));<br />
%fprintf('\n Pets: ',solutionquiz(5,:));<br />
<br />
disp('My true admiration for Einstein!!!')<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
File: testingallcombinations.m<br />
<br />
function returnarray = testingallcombinations(permutcol,permutnat,permutcig,permutdri,permutpet)<br />
<br />
% Returns the solution ;)<br />
<br />
% We iterate through all combinations of the different matrices and look if<br />
% all the conditions are fulfilled.<br />
<br />
% The conditions are:<br />
% 1) The Brit(1) lives in a red(1) house.<br />
% 2) The Swede(2) keeps dogs(1).<br />
% 3) The Dane(3) drinks tea(1).<br />
% 4) The green house owner(2) drinks coffee(2).<br />
% 5) The person who smokes Pall Mall(1) rears birds(2).<br />
% 6) The owner of the yellow house(4) smokes Dunhill(2).<br />
% 7) The man who smokes Blend(3) lives next to the one who keeps cats(3).<br />
% 8) The man who keeps horses(4) lives next to the man who smokes Dunhill(2).<br />
% 9) The owner who smokes Blue Master(4) drinks beer(4).<br />
% 10) The German(5) smokes Prince(5).<br />
% 11) The man who smokes Blend(3) has a neighbour who drinks water(5).<br />
<br />
% i is the 1st place in the matrices, j the 2nd, k the 3rd, l the 4th, m the<br />
% 5th.<br />
<br />
% a = index going through permutcol.<br />
% b = index going through permutnat.<br />
% c = index going through permutcig.<br />
% d = index going through permutdri.<br />
% e = index going through permutpet.<br />
<br />
%z=0; % z is a counter counting the lines of the result array<br />
<br />
<br />
for a=1:length(permutcol); % from one to the number of lines<br />
for b=1:length(permutnat);<br />
for c=1:length(permutcig);<br />
for d=1:length(permutdri);<br />
for e=1:length(permutpet);<br />
% build up the combinations<br />
tmp_col = permutcol(a,:); % takes the whole line in the a'th place<br />
tmp_nat = permutnat(b,:);<br />
tmp_cig = permutcig(c,:);<br />
tmp_dri = permutdri(d,:);<br />
tmp_pet = permutpet(e,:);<br />
<br />
if (test1(tmp_nat, tmp_col)... %Brit red <br />
&& test2(tmp_nat, tmp_pet)... % Swede dogs <br />
&& test3(tmp_nat, tmp_dri)... % Dane tea <br />
&& test4(tmp_col, tmp_dri)... % green coffee <br />
&& test5(tmp_cig, tmp_pet)... % Pall Mall birds <br />
&& test6(tmp_col, tmp_cig)... % yellow Dunhill <br />
&& test7(tmp_cig, tmp_pet)... % Blend next to cats <br />
&& test8(tmp_pet, tmp_cig)... % horses next to Dunhill <br />
&& test9(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)... % Blue Master beer <br />
&& test10(tmp_nat, tmp_cig)... % German Prince <br />
&& test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)... % Blend next to water <br />
)<br />
returnarray(1,:) = tmp_col;<br />
returnarray(2,:) = tmp_nat;<br />
returnarray(3,:) = tmp_cig;<br />
returnarray(4,:) = tmp_dri;<br />
returnarray(5,:) = tmp_pet;<br />
return<br />
end <br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end <br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: printsolution.m<br />
<br />
function printsolution(solutionquiz)<br />
<br />
colours = solutionquiz(1,:);<br />
disp('\n Colours: ');<br />
for i=1:5<br />
switch colours(i)<br />
case 1<br />
disp('red ')<br />
case 2<br />
disp('green ')<br />
case 3<br />
disp('white ')<br />
case 4<br />
disp('yellow ')<br />
case 5<br />
disp('blue ')<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
nationalities = solutionquiz(2,:);<br />
disp('\n Nationalities: ');<br />
for i=1:5<br />
switch nationalities(i)<br />
case 1<br />
disp('Brit ')<br />
case 2<br />
disp('Swede ')<br />
case 3<br />
disp('Dane ')<br />
case 4<br />
disp('Norwegian ')<br />
case 5<br />
disp('German ')<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
cigars = solutionquiz(3,:);<br />
disp('\n Cigars: ');<br />
for i=1:5<br />
switch cigars(i)<br />
case 1<br />
disp('Pall Mall ')<br />
case 2<br />
disp('Dunhill ')<br />
case 3<br />
disp('Blend ')<br />
case 4<br />
disp('Blue Master ')<br />
case 5<br />
disp('Prince ')<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
drinks = solutionquiz(4,:);<br />
disp('\n Drinks: ');<br />
for i=1:5<br />
switch drinks(i)<br />
case 1<br />
disp('Tea ')<br />
case 2<br />
disp('Coffee ')<br />
case 3<br />
disp('Milk ')<br />
case 4<br />
disp('Beer ')<br />
case 5<br />
disp('Water ')<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
pets = solutionquiz(5,:);<br />
disp('\n Pets: ');<br />
for i=1:5<br />
switch pets(i)<br />
case 1<br />
disp('Dogs ')<br />
case 2<br />
disp('Birds ')<br />
case 3<br />
disp('Cats ')<br />
case 4<br />
disp('Horses ')<br />
case 5<br />
disp('Fish ')<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: permutationspets.m<br />
<br />
function returnarray = permutationspets<br />
<br />
% Returns in a matrix all the possible permutations of the pets.<br />
% We don't konw anything about the pets being kept in any of the<br />
% houses.<br />
% Each pet only occurs once.<br />
<br />
% We iterate through all permuations and pick only those ones which are<br />
% possible according to the given conditions.<br />
<br />
% i is the 1st place in the matrix, j the 2nd, k the 3rd, l the 4th, m the<br />
% 5th.<br />
<br />
<br />
z=0; % z is a counter counting the lines of the result array<br />
<br />
for i=1:5;<br />
for j=1:5;<br />
for k=1:5;<br />
for l=1:5;<br />
for m=1:5;<br />
% no figure is allowed to occur twice;<br />
if (j~=i) && (k~=i) && (k~=j) && (l~=i) && (l~=j) && (l~=k) && (m~=i) && (m~=j) && (m~=k) && (m~=l);<br />
z = z+1;<br />
returnarray(z,1)=i;<br />
returnarray(z,2)=j;<br />
returnarray(z,3)=k;<br />
returnarray(z,4)=l;<br />
returnarray(z,5)=m;<br />
end <br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end <br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: permuatationscolours.m<br />
<br />
function returnarray = permuatationscolours<br />
<br />
% Returns in a matrix all the possible permutations of the colours.<br />
% We know that the green(2) house is left of the white(3) house and that<br />
% blue(5) is the second house. Each colour only occurs once.<br />
<br />
% We iterate through all permuations and pick only those ones which are<br />
% possible according to the given conditions.<br />
<br />
% i is the 1st place in the matrix, j the 2nd, k the 3rd, l the 4th, m the<br />
% 5th.<br />
<br />
j=5; % the 2nd house is blue(5)<br />
z=0; % z is a counter counting the lines of the result array<br />
<br />
for i=1:5;<br />
for k=1:5;<br />
for l=1:5;<br />
for m=1:5;<br />
% no figure is allowed to occur twice; green(2) is left of<br />
% white(3), so they must either be on the 3rd and 4th place<br />
% or on the 4th and 5th place<br />
if (j~=i) && (k~=i) && (k~=j) && (l~=i) && (l~=j) && (l~=k) && (m~=i) && (m~=j) && (m~=k) && (m~=l) &&...;<br />
(((k==2) && (l==3)) || ((l==2) && (m==3)));<br />
z = z+1;<br />
returnarray(z,1)=i;<br />
returnarray(z,2)=j;<br />
returnarray(z,3)=k;<br />
returnarray(z,4)=l;<br />
returnarray(z,5)=m;<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end <br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: permutationscigars.m<br />
<br />
function returnarray = permutationscigars<br />
<br />
% Returns in a matrix all the possible permutations of the cigars.<br />
% We don't konw anything about a cigar brand being smoked in any of the<br />
% houses.<br />
% Each cigar brand only occurs once.<br />
<br />
% We iterate through all permuations and pick only those ones which are<br />
% possible according to the given conditions.<br />
<br />
% i is the 1st place in the matrix, j the 2nd, k the 3rd, l the 4th, m the<br />
% 5th.<br />
<br />
<br />
z=0; % z is a counter counting the lines of the result array<br />
<br />
for i=1:5;<br />
for j=1:5;<br />
for k=1:5;<br />
for l=1:5;<br />
for m=1:5;<br />
% no figure is allowed to occur twice;<br />
if (j~=i) && (k~=i) && (k~=j) && (l~=i) && (l~=j) && (l~=k) && (m~=i) && (m~=j) && (m~=k) && (m~=l);<br />
z = z+1;<br />
returnarray(z,1)=i;<br />
returnarray(z,2)=j;<br />
returnarray(z,3)=k;<br />
returnarray(z,4)=l;<br />
returnarray(z,5)=m;<br />
end <br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end <br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: permutationsdrink.m<br />
<br />
function returnarray = permutationsdrink<br />
<br />
% Returns in a matrix all the possible permutations of the drinks.<br />
% We know that the person living in the 3rd house drinks milk. <br />
% Each drink only occurs once.<br />
<br />
% We iterate through all permuations and pick only those ones which are<br />
% possible according to the given conditions.<br />
<br />
% i is the 1st place in the matrix, j the 2nd, k the 3rd, l the 4th, m the<br />
% 5th.<br />
<br />
k=3; % the person living in the 3rd house drinks milk(3)<br />
z=0; % z is a counter counting the lines of the result array<br />
<br />
for i=1:5;<br />
for j=1:5;<br />
for l=1:5;<br />
for m=1:5;<br />
% no figure is allowed to occur twice;<br />
if (j~=i) && (k~=i) && (k~=j) && (l~=i) && (l~=j) && (l~=k) && (m~=i) && (m~=j) && (m~=k) && (m~=l);<br />
z = z+1;<br />
returnarray(z,1)=i;<br />
returnarray(z,2)=j;<br />
returnarray(z,3)=k;<br />
returnarray(z,4)=l;<br />
returnarray(z,5)=m;<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end <br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: permutationsnationalities.m<br />
<br />
function returnarray = permutationsnationalities<br />
<br />
% Returns in a matrix all the possible permutations of the nationalities.<br />
% We know that the Norwegian lives in the first house. <br />
% Each nationality only occurs once.<br />
<br />
% We iterate through all permuations and pick only those ones which are<br />
% possible according to the given conditions.<br />
<br />
% i is the 1st place in the matrix, j the 2nd, k the 3rd, l the 4th, m the<br />
% 5th.<br />
<br />
i=4; % the Norwegian(4) lives in the 1st house<br />
z=0; % z is a counter counting the lines of the result array<br />
<br />
for j=1:5;<br />
for k=1:5;<br />
for l=1:5;<br />
for m=1:5;<br />
% no figure is allowed to occur twice;<br />
if (j~=i) && (k~=i) && (k~=j) && (l~=i) && (l~=j) && (l~=k) && (m~=i) && (m~=j) && (m~=k) && (m~=l);<br />
z = z+1;<br />
returnarray(z,1)=i;<br />
returnarray(z,2)=j;<br />
returnarray(z,3)=k;<br />
returnarray(z,4)=l;<br />
returnarray(z,5)=m;<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end <br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test1.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)<br />
<br />
% Blend(3) NEXT To water(5)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test2.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)<br />
<br />
% Blend(3) NEXT To water(5)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test3.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)<br />
<br />
% Blend(3) NEXT To water(5)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test4.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)<br />
<br />
% Blend(3) NEXT To water(5)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test5.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test5(tmp_cig, tmp_pet)<br />
<br />
% Pall Mall(1) birds(2)<br />
<br />
if (find(tmp_cig == 1) == find(tmp_pet == 2)) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test6.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test5(tmp_cig, tmp_pet)<br />
<br />
% Pall Mall(1) birds(2)<br />
<br />
if (find(tmp_cig == 1) == find(tmp_pet == 2)) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test7.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test5(tmp_cig, tmp_pet)<br />
<br />
% Pall Mall(1) birds(2)<br />
<br />
if (find(tmp_cig == 1) == find(tmp_pet == 2)) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test8.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test8(tmp_pet, tmp_cig)<br />
<br />
% horses(4) NEXT To Dunhill(2)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_pet == 4) == (find(tmp_cig == 2)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_pet == 4) == (find(tmp_cig == 2)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test9.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)<br />
<br />
% Blend(3) NEXT To water(5)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test10.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)<br />
<br />
% Blend(3) NEXT To water(5)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test11.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)<br />
<br />
% Blend(3) NEXT To water(5)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
==Keywords==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Related files==<br />
<br />
{{mfiles}}<br />
<br />
{{publication<br />
| authors = <br />
| title = <br />
| explanation = <br />
| publishingyear = <br />
| urn = <br />
| reference = <br />
}}</div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Alex_quiz&diff=26845Alex quiz2012-12-11T18:04:32Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: /* Answer */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
{{variable|moderator=|stub=Yes}}<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
# Can you determine who keeps fish? <br />
{{attack|# |The question is not entirely specific enough to be clear.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 19:43, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
::{{defend|# |Yes, you are right. I'm sorry. The exact question is now written down. If you still have trouble, you have not identified the correct context.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:10, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
{{comment|# |The answer to this question is either "yes" or "no". I don't expect you wanting to have one of these answers. Thanks for the hint, but I still cannot figure out the context.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 22:08, 2 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
: {{defend|# |The problem is that you assume that you can figure out the context by reading the question. Of course you can't. You have to find the context outside the question, and then you'll understand it.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 16:24, 3 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
{{comment|# |Then how will I know which the context is? What do you mean by "keep"? Have and then do not give it away? I do you mean breed fisch?|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 16:57, 7 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
: {{defend|# |When you find the context, you will know that you have found it, and all the detailed questions get an answer. It is impossible to guess, but pretty easy to find if you just start searching for it.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:28, 11 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
{{defend|# |Thanks for this hint! I found the question :) Now it's take a while until I'll find the answer.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 17:08, 24 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
== Answer ==<br />
<br />
# The oceans. {{attack|# |The question says "who", which refers to a person.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:10, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}} {{defend|# |Your are right.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 22:08, 2 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
# Douglas Adams. ;) {{attack|# |The famous fish quote by Douglas Adams says: "[[:en:So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish|So long, and thanks for all the fish.]]" It is not about keeping fish, but dolphins having eaten them. |--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:10, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}} {{defend|# |Yes, you are right.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 22:08, 2 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
The German keeps Fish :)<br />
<br />
yellow blue red green white<br />
Norwegian Dane Brit German Swede<br />
Dunhill Blend Pall Mall Prince Blue Master<br />
Water Tea Milk Coffee Beer<br />
Cats Horses Birds Fish Dogs<br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Dependencies ===<br />
<br />
=== Formula ===<br />
<br />
Matlab code:<br />
<br />
File: einstein.m<br />
<br />
% We will code the Strings into Integers (Doubles) to be able to use Matlab<br />
% more simply<br />
<br />
% There are several atributes of the houses. In brackets are the coding<br />
% numbers.<br />
% House: 1 2 3 4 5<br />
% Colour: red(1), green(2), white(3), yellow(4), blue(5)<br />
% Nationalities: Brit(1), Swede(2), Dane(3), Norwegian(4), German(5)<br />
% Cigar: Pall Mall(1), Dunhill(2), Blend(3), Blue Master(4), Prince(5) <br />
% Drink: Tee(1), Coffee(2), Milk(3), Beer(4), Water(5)<br />
% Pet: Dog(1), Birds(2), Cats(3), Horses(4), Fish(5)<br />
<br />
% What we know already about the places of some attributes:<br />
% Colours: <br />
% * green is left of white<br />
% * blue is the second<br />
<br />
% Nationality:<br />
% * Norwegian in 1st house<br />
<br />
% Drink:<br />
% * Milk in the 3rd House<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
% So the idea is to build up some matrices including all possible<br />
% permuations of the colours, the nationalities, the cigars, the drinks and<br />
% the pets. All impossible permuations will not be allowed.<br />
<br />
% Secondly, from these matrices all combinations will be testes if they<br />
% fulfil the given conditions. If the combination fulfilling the conditions<br />
% is found, the result is printed and the program is aborted. <br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
% Selecting all possible permuatations of the different attributes and<br />
% saving the results in the respective matrices.<br />
<br />
permutcol = permuatationscolours;<br />
permutnat = permutationsnationalities;<br />
permutcig = permutationscigars;<br />
permutdri = permutationsdrink;<br />
permutpet = permutationspets;<br />
<br />
% Trying all combinations and testing the conditions. Printing the result.<br />
<br />
solutionquiz = testingallcombinations(permutcol,permutnat,permutcig,permutdri,permutpet);<br />
<br />
printsolution(solutionquiz);<br />
<br />
%fprintf('\n Colours: ',solutionquiz(1,:));<br />
%fprintf('\n Nationalities: ',solutionquiz(2,:));<br />
%fprintf('\n Cigars: ',solutionquiz(3,:));<br />
%fprintf('\n Drinks: ',solutionquiz(4,:));<br />
%fprintf('\n Pets: ',solutionquiz(5,:));<br />
<br />
disp('My true admiration for Einstein!!!')<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
File: testingallcombinations.m<br />
<br />
function returnarray = testingallcombinations(permutcol,permutnat,permutcig,permutdri,permutpet)<br />
<br />
% Returns the solution ;)<br />
<br />
% We iterate through all combinations of the different matrices and look if<br />
% all the conditions are fulfilled.<br />
<br />
% The conditions are:<br />
% 1) The Brit(1) lives in a red(1) house.<br />
% 2) The Swede(2) keeps dogs(1).<br />
% 3) The Dane(3) drinks tea(1).<br />
% 4) The green house owner(2) drinks coffee(2).<br />
% 5) The person who smokes Pall Mall(1) rears birds(2).<br />
% 6) The owner of the yellow house(4) smokes Dunhill(2).<br />
% 7) The man who smokes Blend(3) lives next to the one who keeps cats(3).<br />
% 8) The man who keeps horses(4) lives next to the man who smokes Dunhill(2).<br />
% 9) The owner who smokes Blue Master(4) drinks beer(4).<br />
% 10) The German(5) smokes Prince(5).<br />
% 11) The man who smokes Blend(3) has a neighbour who drinks water(5).<br />
<br />
% i is the 1st place in the matrices, j the 2nd, k the 3rd, l the 4th, m the<br />
% 5th.<br />
<br />
% a = index going through permutcol.<br />
% b = index going through permutnat.<br />
% c = index going through permutcig.<br />
% d = index going through permutdri.<br />
% e = index going through permutpet.<br />
<br />
%z=0; % z is a counter counting the lines of the result array<br />
<br />
<br />
for a=1:length(permutcol); % from one to the number of lines<br />
for b=1:length(permutnat);<br />
for c=1:length(permutcig);<br />
for d=1:length(permutdri);<br />
for e=1:length(permutpet);<br />
% build up the combinations<br />
tmp_col = permutcol(a,:); % takes the whole line in the a'th place<br />
tmp_nat = permutnat(b,:);<br />
tmp_cig = permutcig(c,:);<br />
tmp_dri = permutdri(d,:);<br />
tmp_pet = permutpet(e,:);<br />
<br />
if (test1(tmp_nat, tmp_col)... %Brit red <br />
&& test2(tmp_nat, tmp_pet)... % Swede dogs <br />
&& test3(tmp_nat, tmp_dri)... % Dane tea <br />
&& test4(tmp_col, tmp_dri)... % green coffee <br />
&& test5(tmp_cig, tmp_pet)... % Pall Mall birds <br />
&& test6(tmp_col, tmp_cig)... % yellow Dunhill <br />
&& test7(tmp_cig, tmp_pet)... % Blend next to cats <br />
&& test8(tmp_pet, tmp_cig)... % horses next to Dunhill <br />
&& test9(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)... % Blue Master beer <br />
&& test10(tmp_nat, tmp_cig)... % German Prince <br />
&& test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)... % Blend next to water <br />
)<br />
returnarray(1,:) = tmp_col;<br />
returnarray(2,:) = tmp_nat;<br />
returnarray(3,:) = tmp_cig;<br />
returnarray(4,:) = tmp_dri;<br />
returnarray(5,:) = tmp_pet;<br />
return<br />
end <br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end <br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: printsolution.m<br />
<br />
function printsolution(solutionquiz)<br />
<br />
colours = solutionquiz(1,:);<br />
disp('\n Colours: ');<br />
for i=1:5<br />
switch colours(i)<br />
case 1<br />
disp('red ')<br />
case 2<br />
disp('green ')<br />
case 3<br />
disp('white ')<br />
case 4<br />
disp('yellow ')<br />
case 5<br />
disp('blue ')<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
nationalities = solutionquiz(2,:);<br />
disp('\n Nationalities: ');<br />
for i=1:5<br />
switch nationalities(i)<br />
case 1<br />
disp('Brit ')<br />
case 2<br />
disp('Swede ')<br />
case 3<br />
disp('Dane ')<br />
case 4<br />
disp('Norwegian ')<br />
case 5<br />
disp('German ')<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
cigars = solutionquiz(3,:);<br />
disp('\n Cigars: ');<br />
for i=1:5<br />
switch cigars(i)<br />
case 1<br />
disp('Pall Mall ')<br />
case 2<br />
disp('Dunhill ')<br />
case 3<br />
disp('Blend ')<br />
case 4<br />
disp('Blue Master ')<br />
case 5<br />
disp('Prince ')<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
drinks = solutionquiz(4,:);<br />
disp('\n Drinks: ');<br />
for i=1:5<br />
switch drinks(i)<br />
case 1<br />
disp('Tea ')<br />
case 2<br />
disp('Coffee ')<br />
case 3<br />
disp('Milk ')<br />
case 4<br />
disp('Beer ')<br />
case 5<br />
disp('Water ')<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
pets = solutionquiz(5,:);<br />
disp('\n Pets: ');<br />
for i=1:5<br />
switch pets(i)<br />
case 1<br />
disp('Dogs ')<br />
case 2<br />
disp('Birds ')<br />
case 3<br />
disp('Cats ')<br />
case 4<br />
disp('Horses ')<br />
case 5<br />
disp('Fish ')<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: permutationspets.m<br />
<br />
function returnarray = permutationspets<br />
<br />
% Returns in a matrix all the possible permutations of the pets.<br />
% We don't konw anything about the pets being kept in any of the<br />
% houses.<br />
% Each pet only occurs once.<br />
<br />
% We iterate through all permuations and pick only those ones which are<br />
% possible according to the given conditions.<br />
<br />
% i is the 1st place in the matrix, j the 2nd, k the 3rd, l the 4th, m the<br />
% 5th.<br />
<br />
<br />
z=0; % z is a counter counting the lines of the result array<br />
<br />
for i=1:5;<br />
for j=1:5;<br />
for k=1:5;<br />
for l=1:5;<br />
for m=1:5;<br />
% no figure is allowed to occur twice;<br />
if (j~=i) && (k~=i) && (k~=j) && (l~=i) && (l~=j) && (l~=k) && (m~=i) && (m~=j) && (m~=k) && (m~=l);<br />
z = z+1;<br />
returnarray(z,1)=i;<br />
returnarray(z,2)=j;<br />
returnarray(z,3)=k;<br />
returnarray(z,4)=l;<br />
returnarray(z,5)=m;<br />
end <br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end <br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: permuatationscolours.m<br />
<br />
function returnarray = permuatationscolours<br />
<br />
% Returns in a matrix all the possible permutations of the colours.<br />
% We know that the green(2) house is left of the white(3) house and that<br />
% blue(5) is the second house. Each colour only occurs once.<br />
<br />
% We iterate through all permuations and pick only those ones which are<br />
% possible according to the given conditions.<br />
<br />
% i is the 1st place in the matrix, j the 2nd, k the 3rd, l the 4th, m the<br />
% 5th.<br />
<br />
j=5; % the 2nd house is blue(5)<br />
z=0; % z is a counter counting the lines of the result array<br />
<br />
for i=1:5;<br />
for k=1:5;<br />
for l=1:5;<br />
for m=1:5;<br />
% no figure is allowed to occur twice; green(2) is left of<br />
% white(3), so they must either be on the 3rd and 4th place<br />
% or on the 4th and 5th place<br />
if (j~=i) && (k~=i) && (k~=j) && (l~=i) && (l~=j) && (l~=k) && (m~=i) && (m~=j) && (m~=k) && (m~=l) &&...;<br />
(((k==2) && (l==3)) || ((l==2) && (m==3)));<br />
z = z+1;<br />
returnarray(z,1)=i;<br />
returnarray(z,2)=j;<br />
returnarray(z,3)=k;<br />
returnarray(z,4)=l;<br />
returnarray(z,5)=m;<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end <br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: permutationscigars.m<br />
<br />
function returnarray = permutationscigars<br />
<br />
% Returns in a matrix all the possible permutations of the cigars.<br />
% We don't konw anything about a cigar brand being smoked in any of the<br />
% houses.<br />
% Each cigar brand only occurs once.<br />
<br />
% We iterate through all permuations and pick only those ones which are<br />
% possible according to the given conditions.<br />
<br />
% i is the 1st place in the matrix, j the 2nd, k the 3rd, l the 4th, m the<br />
% 5th.<br />
<br />
<br />
z=0; % z is a counter counting the lines of the result array<br />
<br />
for i=1:5;<br />
for j=1:5;<br />
for k=1:5;<br />
for l=1:5;<br />
for m=1:5;<br />
% no figure is allowed to occur twice;<br />
if (j~=i) && (k~=i) && (k~=j) && (l~=i) && (l~=j) && (l~=k) && (m~=i) && (m~=j) && (m~=k) && (m~=l);<br />
z = z+1;<br />
returnarray(z,1)=i;<br />
returnarray(z,2)=j;<br />
returnarray(z,3)=k;<br />
returnarray(z,4)=l;<br />
returnarray(z,5)=m;<br />
end <br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end <br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: permutationsdrink.m<br />
<br />
function returnarray = permutationsdrink<br />
<br />
% Returns in a matrix all the possible permutations of the drinks.<br />
% We know that the person living in the 3rd house drinks milk. <br />
% Each drink only occurs once.<br />
<br />
% We iterate through all permuations and pick only those ones which are<br />
% possible according to the given conditions.<br />
<br />
% i is the 1st place in the matrix, j the 2nd, k the 3rd, l the 4th, m the<br />
% 5th.<br />
<br />
k=3; % the person living in the 3rd house drinks milk(3)<br />
z=0; % z is a counter counting the lines of the result array<br />
<br />
for i=1:5;<br />
for j=1:5;<br />
for l=1:5;<br />
for m=1:5;<br />
% no figure is allowed to occur twice;<br />
if (j~=i) && (k~=i) && (k~=j) && (l~=i) && (l~=j) && (l~=k) && (m~=i) && (m~=j) && (m~=k) && (m~=l);<br />
z = z+1;<br />
returnarray(z,1)=i;<br />
returnarray(z,2)=j;<br />
returnarray(z,3)=k;<br />
returnarray(z,4)=l;<br />
returnarray(z,5)=m;<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end <br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: permutationsnationalities.m<br />
<br />
function returnarray = permutationsnationalities<br />
<br />
% Returns in a matrix all the possible permutations of the nationalities.<br />
% We know that the Norwegian lives in the first house. <br />
% Each nationality only occurs once.<br />
<br />
% We iterate through all permuations and pick only those ones which are<br />
% possible according to the given conditions.<br />
<br />
% i is the 1st place in the matrix, j the 2nd, k the 3rd, l the 4th, m the<br />
% 5th.<br />
<br />
i=4; % the Norwegian(4) lives in the 1st house<br />
z=0; % z is a counter counting the lines of the result array<br />
<br />
for j=1:5;<br />
for k=1:5;<br />
for l=1:5;<br />
for m=1:5;<br />
% no figure is allowed to occur twice;<br />
if (j~=i) && (k~=i) && (k~=j) && (l~=i) && (l~=j) && (l~=k) && (m~=i) && (m~=j) && (m~=k) && (m~=l);<br />
z = z+1;<br />
returnarray(z,1)=i;<br />
returnarray(z,2)=j;<br />
returnarray(z,3)=k;<br />
returnarray(z,4)=l;<br />
returnarray(z,5)=m;<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end <br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test1.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)<br />
<br />
% Blend(3) NEXT To water(5)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test2.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)<br />
<br />
% Blend(3) NEXT To water(5)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test3.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)<br />
<br />
% Blend(3) NEXT To water(5)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test4.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)<br />
<br />
% Blend(3) NEXT To water(5)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test5.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test5(tmp_cig, tmp_pet)<br />
<br />
% Pall Mall(1) birds(2)<br />
<br />
if (find(tmp_cig == 1) == find(tmp_pet == 2)) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test6.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test5(tmp_cig, tmp_pet)<br />
<br />
% Pall Mall(1) birds(2)<br />
<br />
if (find(tmp_cig == 1) == find(tmp_pet == 2)) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test7.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test5(tmp_cig, tmp_pet)<br />
<br />
% Pall Mall(1) birds(2)<br />
<br />
if (find(tmp_cig == 1) == find(tmp_pet == 2)) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test8.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test8(tmp_pet, tmp_cig)<br />
<br />
% horses(4) NEXT To Dunhill(2)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_pet == 4) == (find(tmp_cig == 2)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_pet == 4) == (find(tmp_cig == 2)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test9.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)<br />
<br />
% Blend(3) NEXT To water(5)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test10.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)<br />
<br />
% Blend(3) NEXT To water(5)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test11.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)<br />
<br />
% Blend(3) NEXT To water(5)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
==Keywords==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Related files==<br />
<br />
{{mfiles}}<br />
<br />
{{publication<br />
| authors = <br />
| title = <br />
| explanation = <br />
| publishingyear = <br />
| urn = <br />
| reference = <br />
}}</div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Alex_quiz&diff=26844Alex quiz2012-12-11T18:02:33Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: /* Formula */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
{{variable|moderator=|stub=Yes}}<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
# Can you determine who keeps fish? <br />
{{attack|# |The question is not entirely specific enough to be clear.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 19:43, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
::{{defend|# |Yes, you are right. I'm sorry. The exact question is now written down. If you still have trouble, you have not identified the correct context.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:10, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
{{comment|# |The answer to this question is either "yes" or "no". I don't expect you wanting to have one of these answers. Thanks for the hint, but I still cannot figure out the context.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 22:08, 2 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
: {{defend|# |The problem is that you assume that you can figure out the context by reading the question. Of course you can't. You have to find the context outside the question, and then you'll understand it.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 16:24, 3 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
{{comment|# |Then how will I know which the context is? What do you mean by "keep"? Have and then do not give it away? I do you mean breed fisch?|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 16:57, 7 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
: {{defend|# |When you find the context, you will know that you have found it, and all the detailed questions get an answer. It is impossible to guess, but pretty easy to find if you just start searching for it.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:28, 11 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
{{defend|# |Thanks for this hint! I found the question :) Now it's take a while until I'll find the answer.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 17:08, 24 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
== Answer ==<br />
<br />
# The oceans. {{attack|# |The question says "who", which refers to a person.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:10, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}} {{defend|# |Your are right.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 22:08, 2 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
# Douglas Adams. ;) {{attack|# |The famous fish quote by Douglas Adams says: "[[:en:So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish|So long, and thanks for all the fish.]]" It is not about keeping fish, but dolphins having eaten them. |--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:10, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}} {{defend|# |Yes, you are right.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 22:08, 2 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
The German keeps Fish :)<br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Dependencies ===<br />
<br />
=== Formula ===<br />
<br />
Matlab code:<br />
<br />
File: einstein.m<br />
<br />
% We will code the Strings into Integers (Doubles) to be able to use Matlab<br />
% more simply<br />
<br />
% There are several atributes of the houses. In brackets are the coding<br />
% numbers.<br />
% House: 1 2 3 4 5<br />
% Colour: red(1), green(2), white(3), yellow(4), blue(5)<br />
% Nationalities: Brit(1), Swede(2), Dane(3), Norwegian(4), German(5)<br />
% Cigar: Pall Mall(1), Dunhill(2), Blend(3), Blue Master(4), Prince(5) <br />
% Drink: Tee(1), Coffee(2), Milk(3), Beer(4), Water(5)<br />
% Pet: Dog(1), Birds(2), Cats(3), Horses(4), Fish(5)<br />
<br />
% What we know already about the places of some attributes:<br />
% Colours: <br />
% * green is left of white<br />
% * blue is the second<br />
<br />
% Nationality:<br />
% * Norwegian in 1st house<br />
<br />
% Drink:<br />
% * Milk in the 3rd House<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
% So the idea is to build up some matrices including all possible<br />
% permuations of the colours, the nationalities, the cigars, the drinks and<br />
% the pets. All impossible permuations will not be allowed.<br />
<br />
% Secondly, from these matrices all combinations will be testes if they<br />
% fulfil the given conditions. If the combination fulfilling the conditions<br />
% is found, the result is printed and the program is aborted. <br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
% Selecting all possible permuatations of the different attributes and<br />
% saving the results in the respective matrices.<br />
<br />
permutcol = permuatationscolours;<br />
permutnat = permutationsnationalities;<br />
permutcig = permutationscigars;<br />
permutdri = permutationsdrink;<br />
permutpet = permutationspets;<br />
<br />
% Trying all combinations and testing the conditions. Printing the result.<br />
<br />
solutionquiz = testingallcombinations(permutcol,permutnat,permutcig,permutdri,permutpet);<br />
<br />
printsolution(solutionquiz);<br />
<br />
%fprintf('\n Colours: ',solutionquiz(1,:));<br />
%fprintf('\n Nationalities: ',solutionquiz(2,:));<br />
%fprintf('\n Cigars: ',solutionquiz(3,:));<br />
%fprintf('\n Drinks: ',solutionquiz(4,:));<br />
%fprintf('\n Pets: ',solutionquiz(5,:));<br />
<br />
disp('My true admiration for Einstein!!!')<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
File: testingallcombinations.m<br />
<br />
function returnarray = testingallcombinations(permutcol,permutnat,permutcig,permutdri,permutpet)<br />
<br />
% Returns the solution ;)<br />
<br />
% We iterate through all combinations of the different matrices and look if<br />
% all the conditions are fulfilled.<br />
<br />
% The conditions are:<br />
% 1) The Brit(1) lives in a red(1) house.<br />
% 2) The Swede(2) keeps dogs(1).<br />
% 3) The Dane(3) drinks tea(1).<br />
% 4) The green house owner(2) drinks coffee(2).<br />
% 5) The person who smokes Pall Mall(1) rears birds(2).<br />
% 6) The owner of the yellow house(4) smokes Dunhill(2).<br />
% 7) The man who smokes Blend(3) lives next to the one who keeps cats(3).<br />
% 8) The man who keeps horses(4) lives next to the man who smokes Dunhill(2).<br />
% 9) The owner who smokes Blue Master(4) drinks beer(4).<br />
% 10) The German(5) smokes Prince(5).<br />
% 11) The man who smokes Blend(3) has a neighbour who drinks water(5).<br />
<br />
% i is the 1st place in the matrices, j the 2nd, k the 3rd, l the 4th, m the<br />
% 5th.<br />
<br />
% a = index going through permutcol.<br />
% b = index going through permutnat.<br />
% c = index going through permutcig.<br />
% d = index going through permutdri.<br />
% e = index going through permutpet.<br />
<br />
%z=0; % z is a counter counting the lines of the result array<br />
<br />
<br />
for a=1:length(permutcol); % from one to the number of lines<br />
for b=1:length(permutnat);<br />
for c=1:length(permutcig);<br />
for d=1:length(permutdri);<br />
for e=1:length(permutpet);<br />
% build up the combinations<br />
tmp_col = permutcol(a,:); % takes the whole line in the a'th place<br />
tmp_nat = permutnat(b,:);<br />
tmp_cig = permutcig(c,:);<br />
tmp_dri = permutdri(d,:);<br />
tmp_pet = permutpet(e,:);<br />
<br />
if (test1(tmp_nat, tmp_col)... %Brit red <br />
&& test2(tmp_nat, tmp_pet)... % Swede dogs <br />
&& test3(tmp_nat, tmp_dri)... % Dane tea <br />
&& test4(tmp_col, tmp_dri)... % green coffee <br />
&& test5(tmp_cig, tmp_pet)... % Pall Mall birds <br />
&& test6(tmp_col, tmp_cig)... % yellow Dunhill <br />
&& test7(tmp_cig, tmp_pet)... % Blend next to cats <br />
&& test8(tmp_pet, tmp_cig)... % horses next to Dunhill <br />
&& test9(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)... % Blue Master beer <br />
&& test10(tmp_nat, tmp_cig)... % German Prince <br />
&& test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)... % Blend next to water <br />
)<br />
returnarray(1,:) = tmp_col;<br />
returnarray(2,:) = tmp_nat;<br />
returnarray(3,:) = tmp_cig;<br />
returnarray(4,:) = tmp_dri;<br />
returnarray(5,:) = tmp_pet;<br />
return<br />
end <br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end <br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: printsolution.m<br />
<br />
function printsolution(solutionquiz)<br />
<br />
colours = solutionquiz(1,:);<br />
disp('\n Colours: ');<br />
for i=1:5<br />
switch colours(i)<br />
case 1<br />
disp('red ')<br />
case 2<br />
disp('green ')<br />
case 3<br />
disp('white ')<br />
case 4<br />
disp('yellow ')<br />
case 5<br />
disp('blue ')<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
nationalities = solutionquiz(2,:);<br />
disp('\n Nationalities: ');<br />
for i=1:5<br />
switch nationalities(i)<br />
case 1<br />
disp('Brit ')<br />
case 2<br />
disp('Swede ')<br />
case 3<br />
disp('Dane ')<br />
case 4<br />
disp('Norwegian ')<br />
case 5<br />
disp('German ')<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
cigars = solutionquiz(3,:);<br />
disp('\n Cigars: ');<br />
for i=1:5<br />
switch cigars(i)<br />
case 1<br />
disp('Pall Mall ')<br />
case 2<br />
disp('Dunhill ')<br />
case 3<br />
disp('Blend ')<br />
case 4<br />
disp('Blue Master ')<br />
case 5<br />
disp('Prince ')<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
drinks = solutionquiz(4,:);<br />
disp('\n Drinks: ');<br />
for i=1:5<br />
switch drinks(i)<br />
case 1<br />
disp('Tea ')<br />
case 2<br />
disp('Coffee ')<br />
case 3<br />
disp('Milk ')<br />
case 4<br />
disp('Beer ')<br />
case 5<br />
disp('Water ')<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
pets = solutionquiz(5,:);<br />
disp('\n Pets: ');<br />
for i=1:5<br />
switch pets(i)<br />
case 1<br />
disp('Dogs ')<br />
case 2<br />
disp('Birds ')<br />
case 3<br />
disp('Cats ')<br />
case 4<br />
disp('Horses ')<br />
case 5<br />
disp('Fish ')<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: permutationspets.m<br />
<br />
function returnarray = permutationspets<br />
<br />
% Returns in a matrix all the possible permutations of the pets.<br />
% We don't konw anything about the pets being kept in any of the<br />
% houses.<br />
% Each pet only occurs once.<br />
<br />
% We iterate through all permuations and pick only those ones which are<br />
% possible according to the given conditions.<br />
<br />
% i is the 1st place in the matrix, j the 2nd, k the 3rd, l the 4th, m the<br />
% 5th.<br />
<br />
<br />
z=0; % z is a counter counting the lines of the result array<br />
<br />
for i=1:5;<br />
for j=1:5;<br />
for k=1:5;<br />
for l=1:5;<br />
for m=1:5;<br />
% no figure is allowed to occur twice;<br />
if (j~=i) && (k~=i) && (k~=j) && (l~=i) && (l~=j) && (l~=k) && (m~=i) && (m~=j) && (m~=k) && (m~=l);<br />
z = z+1;<br />
returnarray(z,1)=i;<br />
returnarray(z,2)=j;<br />
returnarray(z,3)=k;<br />
returnarray(z,4)=l;<br />
returnarray(z,5)=m;<br />
end <br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end <br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: permuatationscolours.m<br />
<br />
function returnarray = permuatationscolours<br />
<br />
% Returns in a matrix all the possible permutations of the colours.<br />
% We know that the green(2) house is left of the white(3) house and that<br />
% blue(5) is the second house. Each colour only occurs once.<br />
<br />
% We iterate through all permuations and pick only those ones which are<br />
% possible according to the given conditions.<br />
<br />
% i is the 1st place in the matrix, j the 2nd, k the 3rd, l the 4th, m the<br />
% 5th.<br />
<br />
j=5; % the 2nd house is blue(5)<br />
z=0; % z is a counter counting the lines of the result array<br />
<br />
for i=1:5;<br />
for k=1:5;<br />
for l=1:5;<br />
for m=1:5;<br />
% no figure is allowed to occur twice; green(2) is left of<br />
% white(3), so they must either be on the 3rd and 4th place<br />
% or on the 4th and 5th place<br />
if (j~=i) && (k~=i) && (k~=j) && (l~=i) && (l~=j) && (l~=k) && (m~=i) && (m~=j) && (m~=k) && (m~=l) &&...;<br />
(((k==2) && (l==3)) || ((l==2) && (m==3)));<br />
z = z+1;<br />
returnarray(z,1)=i;<br />
returnarray(z,2)=j;<br />
returnarray(z,3)=k;<br />
returnarray(z,4)=l;<br />
returnarray(z,5)=m;<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end <br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: permutationscigars.m<br />
<br />
function returnarray = permutationscigars<br />
<br />
% Returns in a matrix all the possible permutations of the cigars.<br />
% We don't konw anything about a cigar brand being smoked in any of the<br />
% houses.<br />
% Each cigar brand only occurs once.<br />
<br />
% We iterate through all permuations and pick only those ones which are<br />
% possible according to the given conditions.<br />
<br />
% i is the 1st place in the matrix, j the 2nd, k the 3rd, l the 4th, m the<br />
% 5th.<br />
<br />
<br />
z=0; % z is a counter counting the lines of the result array<br />
<br />
for i=1:5;<br />
for j=1:5;<br />
for k=1:5;<br />
for l=1:5;<br />
for m=1:5;<br />
% no figure is allowed to occur twice;<br />
if (j~=i) && (k~=i) && (k~=j) && (l~=i) && (l~=j) && (l~=k) && (m~=i) && (m~=j) && (m~=k) && (m~=l);<br />
z = z+1;<br />
returnarray(z,1)=i;<br />
returnarray(z,2)=j;<br />
returnarray(z,3)=k;<br />
returnarray(z,4)=l;<br />
returnarray(z,5)=m;<br />
end <br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end <br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: permutationsdrink.m<br />
<br />
function returnarray = permutationsdrink<br />
<br />
% Returns in a matrix all the possible permutations of the drinks.<br />
% We know that the person living in the 3rd house drinks milk. <br />
% Each drink only occurs once.<br />
<br />
% We iterate through all permuations and pick only those ones which are<br />
% possible according to the given conditions.<br />
<br />
% i is the 1st place in the matrix, j the 2nd, k the 3rd, l the 4th, m the<br />
% 5th.<br />
<br />
k=3; % the person living in the 3rd house drinks milk(3)<br />
z=0; % z is a counter counting the lines of the result array<br />
<br />
for i=1:5;<br />
for j=1:5;<br />
for l=1:5;<br />
for m=1:5;<br />
% no figure is allowed to occur twice;<br />
if (j~=i) && (k~=i) && (k~=j) && (l~=i) && (l~=j) && (l~=k) && (m~=i) && (m~=j) && (m~=k) && (m~=l);<br />
z = z+1;<br />
returnarray(z,1)=i;<br />
returnarray(z,2)=j;<br />
returnarray(z,3)=k;<br />
returnarray(z,4)=l;<br />
returnarray(z,5)=m;<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end <br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: permutationsnationalities.m<br />
<br />
function returnarray = permutationsnationalities<br />
<br />
% Returns in a matrix all the possible permutations of the nationalities.<br />
% We know that the Norwegian lives in the first house. <br />
% Each nationality only occurs once.<br />
<br />
% We iterate through all permuations and pick only those ones which are<br />
% possible according to the given conditions.<br />
<br />
% i is the 1st place in the matrix, j the 2nd, k the 3rd, l the 4th, m the<br />
% 5th.<br />
<br />
i=4; % the Norwegian(4) lives in the 1st house<br />
z=0; % z is a counter counting the lines of the result array<br />
<br />
for j=1:5;<br />
for k=1:5;<br />
for l=1:5;<br />
for m=1:5;<br />
% no figure is allowed to occur twice;<br />
if (j~=i) && (k~=i) && (k~=j) && (l~=i) && (l~=j) && (l~=k) && (m~=i) && (m~=j) && (m~=k) && (m~=l);<br />
z = z+1;<br />
returnarray(z,1)=i;<br />
returnarray(z,2)=j;<br />
returnarray(z,3)=k;<br />
returnarray(z,4)=l;<br />
returnarray(z,5)=m;<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end <br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test1.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)<br />
<br />
% Blend(3) NEXT To water(5)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test2.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)<br />
<br />
% Blend(3) NEXT To water(5)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test3.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)<br />
<br />
% Blend(3) NEXT To water(5)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test4.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)<br />
<br />
% Blend(3) NEXT To water(5)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test5.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test5(tmp_cig, tmp_pet)<br />
<br />
% Pall Mall(1) birds(2)<br />
<br />
if (find(tmp_cig == 1) == find(tmp_pet == 2)) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test6.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test5(tmp_cig, tmp_pet)<br />
<br />
% Pall Mall(1) birds(2)<br />
<br />
if (find(tmp_cig == 1) == find(tmp_pet == 2)) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test7.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test5(tmp_cig, tmp_pet)<br />
<br />
% Pall Mall(1) birds(2)<br />
<br />
if (find(tmp_cig == 1) == find(tmp_pet == 2)) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test8.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test8(tmp_pet, tmp_cig)<br />
<br />
% horses(4) NEXT To Dunhill(2)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_pet == 4) == (find(tmp_cig == 2)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_pet == 4) == (find(tmp_cig == 2)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test9.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)<br />
<br />
% Blend(3) NEXT To water(5)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test10.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)<br />
<br />
% Blend(3) NEXT To water(5)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
<br />
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br />
<br />
File: test11.m<br />
<br />
function bool = test11(tmp_cig, tmp_dri)<br />
<br />
% Blend(3) NEXT To water(5)<br />
<br />
if ((find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)-1)) ||...<br />
(find(tmp_cig == 3) == (find(tmp_dri == 5)+1)) ) <br />
bool = 1; % represents 'true' in Matlab<br />
else<br />
bool = 0; % if true wasn't returned<br />
end<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
==Keywords==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Related files==<br />
<br />
{{mfiles}}<br />
<br />
{{publication<br />
| authors = <br />
| title = <br />
| explanation = <br />
| publishingyear = <br />
| urn = <br />
| reference = <br />
}}</div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Alex_quiz&diff=26843Alex quiz2012-12-11T17:52:01Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: /* Answer */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
{{variable|moderator=|stub=Yes}}<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
# Can you determine who keeps fish? <br />
{{attack|# |The question is not entirely specific enough to be clear.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 19:43, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
::{{defend|# |Yes, you are right. I'm sorry. The exact question is now written down. If you still have trouble, you have not identified the correct context.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:10, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
{{comment|# |The answer to this question is either "yes" or "no". I don't expect you wanting to have one of these answers. Thanks for the hint, but I still cannot figure out the context.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 22:08, 2 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
: {{defend|# |The problem is that you assume that you can figure out the context by reading the question. Of course you can't. You have to find the context outside the question, and then you'll understand it.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 16:24, 3 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
{{comment|# |Then how will I know which the context is? What do you mean by "keep"? Have and then do not give it away? I do you mean breed fisch?|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 16:57, 7 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
: {{defend|# |When you find the context, you will know that you have found it, and all the detailed questions get an answer. It is impossible to guess, but pretty easy to find if you just start searching for it.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:28, 11 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
{{defend|# |Thanks for this hint! I found the question :) Now it's take a while until I'll find the answer.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 17:08, 24 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
== Answer ==<br />
<br />
# The oceans. {{attack|# |The question says "who", which refers to a person.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:10, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}} {{defend|# |Your are right.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 22:08, 2 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
# Douglas Adams. ;) {{attack|# |The famous fish quote by Douglas Adams says: "[[:en:So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish|So long, and thanks for all the fish.]]" It is not about keeping fish, but dolphins having eaten them. |--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:10, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}} {{defend|# |Yes, you are right.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 22:08, 2 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
The German keeps Fish :)<br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Dependencies ===<br />
<br />
=== Formula ===<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
==Keywords==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Related files==<br />
<br />
{{mfiles}}<br />
<br />
{{publication<br />
| authors = <br />
| title = <br />
| explanation = <br />
| publishingyear = <br />
| urn = <br />
| reference = <br />
}}</div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Alex_quiz&diff=26432Alex quiz2012-09-24T14:08:48Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: /* Question */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
{{variable|moderator=|stub=Yes}}<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
# Can you determine who keeps fish? <br />
{{attack|# |The question is not entirely specific enough to be clear.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 19:43, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
::{{defend|# |Yes, you are right. I'm sorry. The exact question is now written down. If you still have trouble, you have not identified the correct context.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:10, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
{{comment|# |The answer to this question is either "yes" or "no". I don't expect you wanting to have one of these answers. Thanks for the hint, but I still cannot figure out the context.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 22:08, 2 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
: {{defend|# |The problem is that you assume that you can figure out the context by reading the question. Of course you can't. You have to find the context outside the question, and then you'll understand it.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 16:24, 3 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
{{comment|# |Then how will I know which the context is? What do you mean by "keep"? Have and then do not give it away? I do you mean breed fisch?|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 16:57, 7 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
: {{defend|# |When you find the context, you will know that you have found it, and all the detailed questions get an answer. It is impossible to guess, but pretty easy to find if you just start searching for it.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:28, 11 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
{{defend|# |Thanks for this hint! I found the question :) Now it's take a while until I'll find the answer.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 17:08, 24 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
== Answer ==<br />
<br />
# The oceans. {{attack|# |The question says "who", which refers to a person.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:10, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}} {{defend|# |Your are right.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 22:08, 2 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
# Douglas Adams. ;) {{attack|# |The famous fish quote by Douglas Adams says: "[[:en:So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish|So long, and thanks for all the fish.]]" It is not about keeping fish, but dolphins having eaten them. |--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:10, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}} {{defend|# |Yes, you are right.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 22:08, 2 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Dependencies ===<br />
<br />
=== Formula ===<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
==Keywords==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Related files==<br />
<br />
{{mfiles}}<br />
<br />
{{publication<br />
| authors = <br />
| title = <br />
| explanation = <br />
| publishingyear = <br />
| urn = <br />
| reference = <br />
}}</div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Alex_quiz&diff=26241Alex quiz2012-09-07T13:58:31Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
{{variable|moderator=|stub=Yes}}<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
# Can you determine who keeps fish? <br />
{{attack|# |The question is not entirely specific enough to be clear.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 19:43, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
::{{defend|# |Yes, you are right. I'm sorry. The exact question is now written down. If you still have trouble, you have not identified the correct context.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:10, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
{{comment|# |The answer to this question is either "yes" or "no". I don't expect you wanting to have one of these answers. Thanks for the hint, but I still cannot figure out the context.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 22:08, 2 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
: {{defend|# |The problem is that you assume that you can figure out the context by reading the question. Of course you can't. You have to find the context outside the question, and then you'll understand it.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 16:24, 3 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
{{comment|# |Then how will I know which the context is? What do you mean by "keep"? Have and then do not give it away? I do you mean breed fisch?|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 16:57, 7 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
== Answer ==<br />
<br />
# The oceans. {{attack|# |The question says "who", which refers to a person.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:10, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}} {{defend|# |Your are right.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 22:08, 2 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
# Douglas Adams. ;) {{attack|# |The famous fish quote by Douglas Adams says: "[[:en:So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish|So long, and thanks for all the fish.]]" It is not about keeping fish, but dolphins having eaten them. |--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:10, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}} {{defend|# |Yes, you are right.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 22:08, 2 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Dependencies ===<br />
<br />
=== Formula ===<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
==Keywords==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Related files==<br />
<br />
{{mfiles}}<br />
<br />
{{publication<br />
| authors = <br />
| title = <br />
| explanation = <br />
| publishingyear = <br />
| urn = <br />
| reference = <br />
}}</div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Alex_quiz&diff=26240Alex quiz2012-09-07T13:57:24Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: /* Question */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
{{variable|moderator=|stub=Yes}}<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
# Can you determine who keeps fish? <br />
{{attack|# |The question is not entirely specific enough to be clear.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 19:43, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
::{{defend|# |Yes, you are right. I'm sorry. The exact question is now written down. If you still have trouble, you have not identified the correct context.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:10, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
{{comment|# |The answer to this question is either "yes" or "no". I don't expect you wanting to have one of these answers. Thanks for the hint, but I still cannot figure out the context.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 22:08, 2 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
: {{defend|# |The problem is that you assume that you can figure out the context by reading the question. Of course you can't. You have to find the context outside the question, and then you'll understand it.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 16:24, 3 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
{{comment|# |Then how will I know which the context is?|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 16:57, 7 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
== Answer ==<br />
<br />
# The oceans. {{attack|# |The question says "who", which refers to a person.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:10, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}} {{defend|# |Your are right.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 22:08, 2 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
# Douglas Adams. ;) {{attack|# |The famous fish quote by Douglas Adams says: "[[:en:So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish|So long, and thanks for all the fish.]]" It is not about keeping fish, but dolphins having eaten them. |--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:10, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}} {{defend|# |Yes, you are right.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 22:08, 2 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Dependencies ===<br />
<br />
=== Formula ===<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
==Keywords==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Related files==<br />
<br />
{{mfiles}}<br />
<br />
{{publication<br />
| authors = <br />
| title = <br />
| explanation = <br />
| publishingyear = <br />
| urn = <br />
| reference = <br />
}}</div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Alex_quiz&diff=26143Alex quiz2012-09-02T19:08:19Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
{{variable|moderator=|stub=Yes}}<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
# Can you determine who keeps fish? <br />
{{attack|# |The question is not entirely specific enough to be clear.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 19:43, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
::{{defend|# |Yes, you are right. I'm sorry. The exact question is now written down. If you still have trouble, you have not identified the correct context.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:10, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
{{comment|# |The answer to this question is either "yes" or "no". I don't expect you wanting to have one of these answers. Thanks for the hint, but I still cannot figure out the context.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 22:08, 2 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
== Answer ==<br />
<br />
# The oceans. {{attack|# |The question says "who", which refers to a person.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:10, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}} {{defend|# |Your are right.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 22:08, 2 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
# Douglas Adams. ;) {{attack|# |The famous fish quote by Douglas Adams says: "[[:en:So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish|So long, and thanks for all the fish.]]" It is not about keeping fish, but dolphins having eaten them. |--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 23:10, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}} {{defend|# |Yes, you are right.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 22:08, 2 September 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Dependencies ===<br />
<br />
=== Formula ===<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
==Keywords==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Related files==<br />
<br />
{{mfiles}}<br />
<br />
{{publication<br />
| authors = <br />
| title = <br />
| explanation = <br />
| publishingyear = <br />
| urn = <br />
| reference = <br />
}}</div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Alex_quiz&diff=26123Alex quiz2012-08-30T16:44:29Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: /* Answer */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
{{variable|moderator=|stub=Yes}}<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
# Who keeps fish?<br />
{{attack|# |The question is not entirely specific enough to be clear.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 19:43, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
== Answer ==<br />
<br />
# The oceans.<br />
# Douglas Adams. ;)<br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Dependencies ===<br />
<br />
=== Formula ===<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
==Keywords==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Related files==<br />
<br />
{{mfiles}}<br />
<br />
{{publication<br />
| authors = <br />
| title = <br />
| explanation = <br />
| publishingyear = <br />
| urn = <br />
| reference = <br />
}}</div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Alex_quiz&diff=26122Alex quiz2012-08-30T16:43:36Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: /* Question */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
{{variable|moderator=|stub=Yes}}<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
# Who keeps fish?<br />
{{attack|# |The question is not entirely specific enough to be clear.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 19:43, 30 August 2012 (EEST)}}<br />
<br />
== Answer ==<br />
<br />
# Add your hypothesis here.<br />
<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Dependencies ===<br />
<br />
=== Formula ===<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
==Keywords==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Related files==<br />
<br />
{{mfiles}}<br />
<br />
{{publication<br />
| authors = <br />
| title = <br />
| explanation = <br />
| publishingyear = <br />
| urn = <br />
| reference = <br />
}}</div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Talk:Intarese&diff=18427Talk:Intarese2011-02-16T07:23:42Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Intarese WP1.4 activities and achievements==<br />
<br />
'''Summary of INTARESE WP1.4 activities and achievements for the whole project duration 2005-2011<br />
<br />
''A contribution to the SP1/Full project final report<br />
<br />
In hindsight the overall objectives of WP1.4 can be characterized as having been to:<br />
* Identify and review the main methods and approaches to risk characterization in issues relevant to environment and health.<br />
* Develop a framework that combines and connects these methods and approaches with the broader context of assessment and societal decision making.<br />
* Train the project participants, particularly in SP3, to apply the methods, approaches, and the framework in practical assessment work<br />
* Test the methods, approaches, and the framework in terms of their:<br />
** acceptability (by training); and<br />
** applicability and effectiveness (by case studies)<br />
* Publish the developments in risk characterization as:<br />
** INTARESE guidance system (IEHIAS) content; and<br />
** scientific journal articles<br />
<br />
<br />
In the early phases of the project there were altogether eight partners in the work package, but as the efforts were reallocated and refocused along the course of the project, the number of participants during the last years of the project was reduced to five (THL, USTUTT, RIVM, PBL, IC). Also the detailed plans and task descriptions changed several times along the way as the project progressed and new knowledge emerged. However, at the end of the project, it can be seen that the majority of all work done within the WP did, after all, promote the endeavor of striving towards the goals of the WP. In the end many of the objectives were fulfilled, at least in a satisfactory manner, but on the other hand we also fall somewhat short regarding some objectives.<br />
<br />
The deliverables on risk characterization methodology and protocol, and corresponding contributions to the INTARESE guidance system (IEHIAS) content, altogether describe a new perspective to creating and using knowledge in assessment and societal decision making upon issues relevant to environment and health. It is probably best described as the collaborative perspective to environmental health assessment. In brief, assessment is not seen as a task for experts, separated from the tasks of decision-makers. Instead, assessment is seen as a collaborative or group effort aiming at developing shared understanding about health impacts ("what do we know about health impacts such that is useful to improve health"), and risk management is seen as a closely related group effort which only has a slightly different focus ("what do we know about what should be done, now that we have learned about health impacts"). <br />
<br />
WP1.4 was able to develop a fairly coherent view of participatory assessments. Risk characterisation is not seen as a phase of work in the end of the assessment process. Rather, it is an idea that assessment as a whole is a process of characterising relevant risks for the group that is participating, until the characterisation is satisfactory for the practical needs of the users. WP1.4 also developed a lot of practices and web tools to enable such characterisation work to take place. Some of these were tested during the fifth year (see below), but many things have not yet met their practical challenges in real-world assessments with large-scale participation.<br />
<br />
Specific aspects of this perspective are also scrutinized and presented in more detail in the scientific articles already published and manuscripts to be published, written by the WP participants. In terms of developing new ideas and publishing them, the WP can be considered to having performed relatively well.<br />
<br />
In terms of disseminating and applying the new knowledge within the project, the WP was not quite as successful. Perhaps this can be partially attributed to the scheduling and overall dynamics of the project as other WP’s in SP1 also faced similar difficulties. The fact, however, is that the SP3 case studies were mainly conducted without much attention to the developments of WP1.4, or other SP1 WP’s for that matter. As the supply and demand for methodological guidance in SP1 and SP3, respectively, did not quite meet as intended, the main fora for disseminating WP 1.4 outputs were the open assessment workshops held in Kuopio. These workshops that also attracted participants from other projects were very influential in terms of presentation, discussion, and development of different aspects of the new perspective to risk characterization, particularly its collaborative aspects. In the end, some of the methods and aspects of the collaborative perspective were tested, at least in terms of plausibility, in certain parts of the Common Case Study (WP4.3).<br />
<br />
Many new ideas developed in WP1.4 were so unorthodox that they received either active opposition or plain ignorance. One of the lessons was that willingness to test new, possibly false or stupid ideas was quite low and occurred mainly in a group of enthusiastic PhD students. On the one hand, this slowed down the development process, as practical knowledge about what works and what doesn't didn't accumulate as wished for. On the one hand, this created a unique positive atmosphere among that unprejudiced group. This outcome is likely to maintain active collaboration between the people in the group also in the future. But in addition to its use value, it has clearly had its intrinsic value. A practical example of the attitude and a sign of intrinsic results was seen in 2008 when a part of the group built two igloos and slept in them during a cold Finnish winter night.<br />
<br />
'''Timeline of work in WP1.4<br />
<br />
The original key objectives for the first phase of this work package were:<br />
<br />
* To review and evaluate a number of current methods and their use for risk characterisation including:<br />
** health impact assessment (HIA),<br />
** disability-adjusted life years (DALY),<br />
** cost-benefit analysis (CBA), impact pathway methodology (IPM),<br />
** Bayesian belief networks (BBN),<br />
** value-of-information (VOI) method.<br />
* To develop a meta-framework, an environment and health planner, and evaluate its usability in this project.<br />
* To review the WHO 'Environmental health indicators for Europe' project and incorporate relevant practices into the procedures utilised in INTARESE.<br />
* To enhance the integration of the methods reviewed, and the methods developed in other WPs in SP1.<br />
* To provide the new methodology for use in SP3 policy analyses, to collect feedback from SP3 and SP5 on various stages during the project, and incorporate that into an updated methodology.<br />
<br />
<br />
Work in the '''first reporting period''' focused on developing the foundations for a coherent methodology for risk characterisation, for application in the SP3 case studies specifically, and for integrated risk assessment more generally. To this end, the work package started with a scoping phase, aimed at defining the range of relevant indicators that might be used for risk characterisation under different circumstances. This was based on a review of the literature, consultation with partners and brainstorming by the work package team. DALYs, HIA and impact pathways {{comment|# |What do you mean with impact pathways were reviewed???|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 07:23, 16 February 2011 (UTC)}} were all reviewed and a draft report completed.<br />
<br />
As a context for risk characterisation, a meta-framework was also developed and reported in draft form. This is intended to define the ‘rules for engagement’ in risk characterisation, including the ways in which key stakeholders can be involved in framing issues, defining indicators and interpreting their results.<br />
<br />
The third main task has been to review Bayesian belief networks and value-of-information methods, as tools for risk characterisation. A preliminary draft of this has been compiled on Bayesian methods, and work on VOI is about to start.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''The second year''' contained the following activities and achievements:<br />
* D17 Risk characterization methodology review: indicator selection and specification, VOI, CEA and CBA, monetization of impacts, DALY, Bayesian analysis, BBN, HIA, IPA, risk perception & MNP environment and health planner<br />
* D16 Risk characterisation protocol: general properties of good risk assessments, overview of Intarese general method, collaborative work in risk assessment, managing stakeholder involvement, collective structured learning.<br />
* Contribution to the SP3 Training workshop on WP1.4 Causal networks and indicator selection, 22-23 May 2007.<br />
* Provide guidance to SP3 on several issues: issue framing and causal network descriptions, indicator selection and specification, variable definition and structure, purpose and properties of good risk assessments, value judgements in risk assessment, collective structured learning, mass collaboration and stakeholder involvement, dealing with disputes, value of information.<br />
* Implementing the risk characterization protocol in toolbox design.<br />
* Toolbox design meeting in Oslo 1-3 August.<br />
* Selected Intarese method, assessment protocol and toolbox descriptions in Intarese-wiki compiled into an Open Risk Assessment book.<br />
<br />
<br />
During '''the third year''' of the project, the work in this WP has been mainly focused on disseminating information about the risk characterisation methods and protocol and also developing tools for supporting their use.<br />
<br />
The information dissemination has taken place in the form of the 2nd Kuopio risk assessment workshop, held in February 2008, and preparing manuscripts based on the developments in this WP. The planned demand-driven guidance to SP3 cases has not realized due to lack of demand from the SP3 case teams.<br />
<br />
The work on developing supporting tools for the risk characterisation protocol and methods has been realized in development of a tool for calculating health impacts in DALYs as well as development of both the content and functionalities on the open assessment website called Opasnet (http://opasnet.org, formerly Heande: http://heande.pyrkilo.fi).<br />
<br />
As the third year has drawn closer to its end, also evaluation, testing and improvement of the methods and protocol have become timely. The protocol and methods are being evaluated based on the experiences of SP3 cases during the 1st pass in order to identify and address the main points of improvement. The methods and protocol have also been planned to be tested and developed in a case study during the fourth year of the project.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''The fourth year''' of the project started with the main emphasis on a case study for testing the risk characterization methods and tools developed in this WP. As the WP4.3 mega case study planning progressed, it was decided that the case study be merged with the mega case. Consequently the method and tool testing has now become rather a part of WP4.3 than WP1.4. Notable amount of work was anyhow done under this WP in scoping the case study assessment. Participation in the scientific Climate Congress in Copenhagen in March 2009 was also a part of that scoping work.<br />
<br />
After some reallocation of work distribution among WP’s, the WP1.4 work returned back to basics, meaning protocol updating, guidance system content creation and, most of all, writing manuscripts in order to publish the results of the research in this WP. One article has already been published, one manuscript is to be submitted before the end of year 4, and work is on-going on a few more manuscripts to be submitted later. The protocol updating work has been taking place continuously in Opasnet, an open collaborative assessment workspace, and parts of this work have also been already imported to the guidance system. A separate deliverable report summarizing the major updates to the risk characterization protocol was compiled.<br />
<br />
The open assessment workshop, addressing also the main developments in risk characterization achieved by this WP, was organized by THL in February 2009 in Kuopio.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''During the fifth year''' a large part of the planned WP1.4 work was redirected into WP4.3 to produce sub-assessments to the Common Case Study. The sub-assessments were used to test functionalities of the collaborative workspace Opasnet to host openly performed assessments in the spirit that was developed in WP1.4. Collaboration as such was not tested, only the tools that are needed to enable open participation to make assessments. Three major functionalities were tested and proved to be functional. <br />
# Wiki-based workspace Opasnet for writing and commenting descriptions about the assessment content. <br />
# Opasnet Base, a database that was developed in Heimtsa for storing background incidence information but can now be used for storing any input data needed in assessments or intermediate or final results produced by assessments. <br />
# Statistical software R that is embedded in Opasnet in such a way that each part of an assessment can be modelled and run separately with open code within the workspace. In this way, parts can also be used in several assessments simultaneously enabling coherent analyses: radon and dampness sub-assessments shared several parts although they were otherwise independent.<br />
<br />
Apart from the Common Case Study, WP1.4 focussed on reporting its main methodological developments in the IEHIAS website, Opasnet workspace, and scientific manuscripts. The main topics include e.g. participation in assessments, performance of assessments, and comparison of different assessment approaches.</div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Talk:Intarese&diff=18426Talk:Intarese2011-02-16T07:21:41Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Intarese WP1.4 activities and achievements==<br />
<br />
'''Summary of INTARESE WP1.4 activities and achievements for the whole project duration 2005-2011<br />
<br />
''A contribution to the SP1/Full project final report<br />
<br />
In hindsight the overall objectives of WP1.4 can be characterized as having been to:<br />
* Identify and review the main methods and approaches to risk characterization in issues relevant to environment and health.<br />
* Develop a framework that combines and connects these methods and approaches with the broader context of assessment and societal decision making.<br />
* Train the project participants, particularly in SP3, to apply the methods, approaches, and the framework in practical assessment work<br />
* Test the methods, approaches, and the framework in terms of their:<br />
** acceptability (by training); and<br />
** applicability and effectiveness (by case studies)<br />
* Publish the developments in risk characterization as:<br />
** INTARESE guidance system (IEHIAS) content; and<br />
** scientific journal articles<br />
<br />
<br />
In the early phases of the project there were altogether eight partners in the work package, but as the efforts were reallocated and refocused along the course of the project, the number of participants during the last years of the project was reduced to five (THL, USTUTT, RIVM, PBL, IC). Also the detailed plans and task descriptions changed several times along the way as the project progressed and new knowledge emerged. However, at the end of the project, it can be seen that the majority of all work done within the WP did, after all, promote the endeavor of striving towards the goals of the WP. In the end many of the objectives were fulfilled, at least in a satisfactory manner, but on the other hand we also fall somewhat short regarding some objectives.<br />
<br />
The deliverables on risk characterization methodology and protocol, and corresponding contributions to the INTARESE guidance system (IEHIAS) content, altogether describe a new perspective to creating and using knowledge in assessment and societal decision making upon issues relevant to environment and health. It is probably best described as the collaborative perspective to environmental health assessment. In brief, assessment is not seen as a task for experts, separated from the tasks of decision-makers. Instead, assessment is seen as a collaborative or group effort aiming at developing shared understanding about health impacts ("what do we know about health impacts such that is useful to improve health"), and risk management is seen as a closely related group effort which only has a slightly different focus ("what do we know about what should be done, now that we have learned about health impacts"). <br />
<br />
WP1.4 was able to develop a fairly coherent view of participatory assessments. Risk characterisation is not seen as a phase of work in the end of the assessment process. Rather, it is an idea that assessment as a whole is a process of characterising relevant risks for the group that is participating, until the characterisation is satisfactory for the practical needs of the users. WP1.4 also developed a lot of practices and web tools to enable such characterisation work to take place. Some of these were tested during the fifth year (see below), but many things have not yet met their practical challenges in real-world assessments with large-scale participation.<br />
<br />
Specific aspects of this perspective are also scrutinized and presented in more detail in the scientific articles already published and manuscripts to be published, written by the WP participants. In terms of developing new ideas and publishing them, the WP can be considered to having performed relatively well.<br />
<br />
In terms of disseminating and applying the new knowledge within the project, the WP was not quite as successful. Perhaps this can be partially attributed to the scheduling and overall dynamics of the project as other WP’s in SP1 also faced similar difficulties. The fact, however, is that the SP3 case studies were mainly conducted without much attention to the developments of WP1.4, or other SP1 WP’s for that matter. As the supply and demand for methodological guidance in SP1 and SP3, respectively, did not quite meet as intended, the main fora for disseminating WP 1.4 outputs were the open assessment workshops held in Kuopio. These workshops that also attracted participants from other projects were very influential in terms of presentation, discussion, and development of different aspects of the new perspective to risk characterization, particularly its collaborative aspects. In the end, some of the methods and aspects of the collaborative perspective were tested, at least in terms of plausibility, in certain parts of the Common Case Study (WP4.3).<br />
<br />
Many new ideas developed in WP1.4 were so unorthodox that they received either active opposition or plain ignorance. One of the lessons was that willingness to test new, possibly false or stupid ideas was quite low and occurred mainly in a group of enthusiastic PhD students. On the one hand, this slowed down the development process, as practical knowledge about what works and what doesn't didn't accumulate as wished for. On the one hand, this created a unique positive atmosphere among that unprejudiced group. This outcome is likely to maintain active collaboration between the people in the group also in the future. But in addition to its use value, it has clearly had its intrinsic value. A practical example of the attitude and a sign of intrinsic results was seen in 2008 when a part of the group built two igloos and slept in them during a cold Finnish winter night.<br />
<br />
'''Timeline of work in WP1.4<br />
<br />
The original key objectives for the first phase of this work package were:<br />
<br />
* To review and evaluate a number of current methods and their use for risk characterisation including:<br />
** health impact assessment (HIA),<br />
** disability-adjusted life years (DALY),<br />
** cost-benefit analysis (CBA), impact pathway methodology (IPM),<br />
** Bayesian belief networks (BBN),<br />
** value-of-information (VOI) method.<br />
* To develop a meta-framework, an environment and health planner, and evaluate its usability in this project.<br />
* To review the WHO 'Environmental health indicators for Europe' project and incorporate relevant practices into the procedures utilised in INTARESE.<br />
* To enhance the integration of the methods reviewed, and the methods developed in other WPs in SP1.<br />
* To provide the new methodology for use in SP3 policy analyses, to collect feedback from SP3 and SP5 on various stages during the project, and incorporate that into an updated methodology.<br />
<br />
<br />
Work in the '''first reporting period''' focused on developing the foundations for a coherent methodology for risk characterisation, for application in the SP3 case studies specifically, and for integrated risk assessment more generally. To this end, the work package started with a scoping phase, aimed at defining the range of relevant indicators that might be used for risk characterisation under different circumstances. This was based on a review of the literature, consultation with partners and brainstorming by the work package team. DALYs, HIA and impact pathways were all reviewed and a draft report completed.<br />
<br />
As a context for risk characterisation, a meta-framework was also developed and reported in draft form. This is intended to define the ‘rules for engagement’ in risk characterisation, including the ways in which key stakeholders can be involved in framing issues, defining indicators and interpreting their results.<br />
<br />
The third main task has been to review Bayesian belief networks and value-of-information methods, as tools for risk characterisation. A preliminary draft of this has been compiled on Bayesian methods, and work on VOI is about to start.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''The second year''' contained the following activities and achievements:<br />
* D17 Risk characterization methodology review: indicator selection and specification, VOI, CEA and CBA, monetization of impacts, DALY, Bayesian analysis, BBN, HIA, IPA, risk perception & MNP environment and health planner<br />
* D16 Risk characterisation protocol: general properties of good risk assessments, overview of Intarese general method, collaborative work in risk assessment, managing stakeholder involvement, collective structured learning.<br />
* Contribution to the SP3 Training workshop on WP1.4 Causal networks and indicator selection, 22-23 May 2007.<br />
* Provide guidance to SP3 on several issues: issue framing and causal network descriptions, indicator selection and specification, variable definition and structure, purpose and properties of good risk assessments, value judgements in risk assessment, collective structured learning, mass collaboration and stakeholder involvement, dealing with disputes, value of information.<br />
* Implementing the risk characterization protocol in toolbox design.<br />
* Toolbox design meeting in Oslo 1-3 August.<br />
* Selected Intarese method, assessment protocol and toolbox descriptions in Intarese-wiki compiled into an Open Risk Assessment book.<br />
<br />
<br />
During '''the third year''' of the project, the work in this WP has been mainly focused on disseminating information about the risk characterisation methods and protocol and also developing tools for supporting their use.<br />
<br />
The information dissemination has taken place in the form of the 2nd Kuopio risk assessment workshop, held in February 2008, and preparing manuscripts based on the developments in this WP. The planned demand-driven guidance to SP3 cases has not realized due to lack of demand from the SP3 case teams.<br />
<br />
The work on developing supporting tools for the risk characterisation protocol and methods has been realized in development of a tool for calculating health impacts in DALYs as well as development of both the content and functionalities on the open assessment website called Opasnet (http://opasnet.org, formerly Heande: http://heande.pyrkilo.fi).<br />
<br />
As the third year has drawn closer to its end, also evaluation, testing and improvement of the methods and protocol have become timely. The protocol and methods are being evaluated based on the experiences of SP3 cases during the 1st pass in order to identify and address the main points of improvement. The methods and protocol have also been planned to be tested and developed in a case study during the fourth year of the project.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''The fourth year''' of the project started with the main emphasis on a case study for testing the risk characterization methods and tools developed in this WP. As the WP4.3 mega case study planning progressed, it was decided that the case study be merged with the mega case. Consequently the method and tool testing has now become rather a part of WP4.3 than WP1.4. Notable amount of work was anyhow done under this WP in scoping the case study assessment. Participation in the scientific Climate Congress in Copenhagen in March 2009 was also a part of that scoping work.<br />
<br />
After some reallocation of work distribution among WP’s, the WP1.4 work returned back to basics, meaning protocol updating, guidance system content creation and, most of all, writing manuscripts in order to publish the results of the research in this WP. One article has already been published, one manuscript is to be submitted before the end of year 4, and work is on-going on a few more manuscripts to be submitted later. The protocol updating work has been taking place continuously in Opasnet, an open collaborative assessment workspace, and parts of this work have also been already imported to the guidance system. A separate deliverable report summarizing the major updates to the risk characterization protocol was compiled.<br />
<br />
The open assessment workshop, addressing also the main developments in risk characterization achieved by this WP, was organized by THL in February 2009 in Kuopio.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''During the fifth year''' a large part of the planned WP1.4 work was redirected into WP4.3 to produce sub-assessments to the Common Case Study. The sub-assessments were used to test functionalities of the collaborative workspace Opasnet to host openly performed assessments in the spirit that was developed in WP1.4. Collaboration as such was not tested, only the tools that are needed to enable open participation to make assessments. Three major functionalities were tested and proved to be functional. <br />
# Wiki-based workspace Opasnet for writing and commenting descriptions about the assessment content. <br />
# Opasnet Base, a database that was developed in Heimtsa for storing background incidence information but can now be used for storing any input data needed in assessments or intermediate or final results produced by assessments. <br />
# Statistical software R that is embedded in Opasnet in such a way that each part of an assessment can be modelled and run separately with open code within the workspace. In this way, parts can also be used in several assessments simultaneously enabling coherent analyses: radon and dampness sub-assessments shared several parts although they were otherwise independent.<br />
<br />
Apart from the Common Case Study, WP1.4 focussed on reporting its main methodological developments in the IEHIAS website, Opasnet workspace, and scientific manuscripts. The main topics include e.g. participation in assessments, performance of assessments, and comparison of different assessment approaches.</div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Talk:Intarese&diff=18425Talk:Intarese2011-02-16T07:18:51Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Intarese WP1.4 activities and achievements==<br />
<br />
'''Summary of INTARESE WP1.4 activities and achievements for the whole project duration 2005-2011<br />
<br />
''A contribution to the SP1/Full project final report<br />
<br />
In hindsight the overall objectives of WP1.4 can be characterized as having been to:<br />
* Identify and review the main methods and approaches to risk characterization in issues relevant to environment and health.<br />
* Develop a framework that combines and connects these methods and approaches with the broader context of assessment and societal decision making.<br />
* Train the project participants, particularly in SP3, to apply the methods, approaches, and the framework in practical assessment work<br />
* Test the methods, approaches, and the framework in terms of their:<br />
** acceptability (by training); and<br />
** applicability and effectiveness (by case studies)<br />
* Publish the developments in risk characterization as:<br />
** INTARESE guidance system (IEHIAS) content; and<br />
** scientific journal articles<br />
<br />
<br />
In the early phases of the project there were altogether eight partners in the work package, but as the efforts were reallocated and refocused along the course of the project, the number of participants during the last years of the project was reduced to five (THL, USTUTT, RIVM, PBL, IC). Also the detailed plans and task descriptions changed several times along the way as the project progressed and new knowledge emerged. However, at the end of the project, it can be seen that the majority of all work done within the WP did, after all, promote the endeavor of striving towards the goals of the WP. In the end many of the objectives were fulfilled, at least in a satisfactory manner, but on the other hand we also fall somewhat short regarding some objectives.<br />
<br />
The deliverables on risk characterization methodology and protocol, and corresponding contributions to the INTARESE guidance system (IEHIAS) content, altogether describe a new perspective to creating and using knowledge in assessment and societal decision making upon issues relevant to environment and health. It is probably best described as the collaborative perspective to environmental health assessment. In brief, assessment is not seen as a task for experts, separated from the tasks of decision-makers. Instead, assessment is seen as a collaborative or group effort aiming at developing shared understanding about health impacts ("what do we know about health impacts such that is useful to improve health"), and risk management is seen as a closely related group effort which only has a slightly different focus ("what do we know about what should be done, now that we have learned about health impacts"). <br />
<br />
WP1.4 was able to develop a fairly coherent view of participatory assessments. Risk characterisation is not seen as a phase of work in the end of the assessment process. Rather, it is an idea that assessment as a whole is a process of characterising relevant risks for the group that is participating, until the characterisation is satisfactory for the practical needs of the users. WP1.4 also developed a lot of practices and web tools to enable such characterisation work to take place. Some of these were tested during the fifth year (see below), but many things have not yet met their practical challenges in real-world assessments with large-scale participation.<br />
<br />
Specific aspects of this perspective are also scrutinized and presented in more detail in the scientific articles already published and manuscripts to be published, written by the WP participants. In terms of developing new ideas and publishing them, the WP can be considered to having performed relatively well.<br />
<br />
In terms of disseminating and applying the new knowledge within the project, the WP was not quite as successful. Perhaps this can be partially attributed to the scheduling and overall dynamics of the project as other WP’s in SP1 also faced similar difficulties. The fact, however, is that the SP3 case studies were mainly conducted without much attention to the developments of WP1.4, or other SP1 WP’s for that matter. As the supply and demand for methodological guidance in SP1 and SP3, respectively, did not quite meet as intended, the main fora for disseminating WP 1.4 outputs were the open assessment workshops held in Kuopio. These workshops that also attracted participants from other projects were very influential in terms of presentation, discussion, and development of different aspects of the new perspective to risk characterization, particularly its collaborative aspects. In the end, some of the methods and aspects of the collaborative perspective were tested, at least in terms of plausibility, in certain parts of the Common Case Study (WP4.3).<br />
<br />
Many new ideas developed in WP1.4 were so unorthodox that they received either active opposition or plain ignorance. One of the lessons was that willingness to test new, possibly false or stupid ideas was quite low and occurred mainly in a group of enthusiastic PhD students. On the one hand, this slowed down the development process, as practical knowledge about what works and what doesn't didn't accumulate as wished for. On the other hand, this created a unique positive atmosphere among that unprejudiced group. This outcome is likely to maintain active collaboration between the people in the group also in the future. But in addition to its use value, it has clearly had its intrinsic value. A practical example of the attitude and a sign of intrinsic results was seen in 2008 when a part of the group built two igloos and slept in them during a cold Finnish winter night.<br />
<br />
'''Timeline of work in WP1.4<br />
<br />
The original key objectives for the first phase of this work package were:<br />
<br />
* To review and evaluate a number of current methods and their use for risk characterisation including:<br />
** health impact assessment (HIA),<br />
** disability-adjusted life years (DALY),<br />
** cost-benefit analysis (CBA), impact pathway methodology (IPM),<br />
** Bayesian belief networks (BBN),<br />
** value-of-information (VOI) method.<br />
* To develop a meta-framework, an environment and health planner, and evaluate its usability in this project.<br />
* To review the WHO 'Environmental health indicators for Europe' project and incorporate relevant practices into the procedures utilised in INTARESE.<br />
* To enhance the integration of the methods reviewed, and the methods developed in other WPs in SP1.<br />
* To provide the new methodology for use in SP3 policy analyses, to collect feedback from SP3 and SP5 on various stages during the project, and incorporate that into an updated methodology.<br />
<br />
<br />
Work in the '''first reporting period''' focused on developing the foundations for a coherent methodology for risk characterisation, for application in the SP3 case studies specifically, and for integrated risk assessment more generally. To this end, the work package started with a scoping phase, aimed at defining the range of relevant indicators that might be used for risk characterisation under different circumstances. This was based on a review of the literature, consultation with partners and brainstorming by the work package team. DALYs, HIA and impact pathways were all reviewed and a draft report completed.<br />
<br />
As a context for risk characterisation, a meta-framework was also developed and reported in draft form. This is intended to define the ‘rules for engagement’ in risk characterisation, including the ways in which key stakeholders can be involved in framing issues, defining indicators and interpreting their results.<br />
<br />
The third main task has been to review Bayesian belief networks and value-of-information methods, as tools for risk characterisation. A preliminary draft of this has been compiled on Bayesian methods, and work on VOI is about to start.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''The second year''' contained the following activities and achievements:<br />
* D17 Risk characterization methodology review: indicator selection and specification, VOI, CEA and CBA, monetization of impacts, DALY, Bayesian analysis, BBN, HIA, IPA, risk perception & MNP environment and health planner<br />
* D16 Risk characterisation protocol: general properties of good risk assessments, overview of Intarese general method, collaborative work in risk assessment, managing stakeholder involvement, collective structured learning.<br />
* Contribution to the SP3 Training workshop on WP1.4 Causal networks and indicator selection, 22-23 May 2007.<br />
* Provide guidance to SP3 on several issues: issue framing and causal network descriptions, indicator selection and specification, variable definition and structure, purpose and properties of good risk assessments, value judgements in risk assessment, collective structured learning, mass collaboration and stakeholder involvement, dealing with disputes, value of information.<br />
* Implementing the risk characterization protocol in toolbox design.<br />
* Toolbox design meeting in Oslo 1-3 August.<br />
* Selected Intarese method, assessment protocol and toolbox descriptions in Intarese-wiki compiled into an Open Risk Assessment book.<br />
<br />
<br />
During '''the third year''' of the project, the work in this WP has been mainly focused on disseminating information about the risk characterisation methods and protocol and also developing tools for supporting their use.<br />
<br />
The information dissemination has taken place in the form of the 2nd Kuopio risk assessment workshop, held in February 2008, and preparing manuscripts based on the developments in this WP. The planned demand-driven guidance to SP3 cases has not realized due to lack of demand from the SP3 case teams.<br />
<br />
The work on developing supporting tools for the risk characterisation protocol and methods has been realized in development of a tool for calculating health impacts in DALYs as well as development of both the content and functionalities on the open assessment website called Opasnet (http://opasnet.org, formerly Heande: http://heande.pyrkilo.fi).<br />
<br />
As the third year has drawn closer to its end, also evaluation, testing and improvement of the methods and protocol have become timely. The protocol and methods are being evaluated based on the experiences of SP3 cases during the 1st pass in order to identify and address the main points of improvement. The methods and protocol have also been planned to be tested and developed in a case study during the fourth year of the project.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''The fourth year''' of the project started with the main emphasis on a case study for testing the risk characterization methods and tools developed in this WP. As the WP4.3 mega case study planning progressed, it was decided that the case study be merged with the mega case. Consequently the method and tool testing has now become rather a part of WP4.3 than WP1.4. Notable amount of work was anyhow done under this WP in scoping the case study assessment. Participation in the scientific Climate Congress in Copenhagen in March 2009 was also a part of that scoping work.<br />
<br />
After some reallocation of work distribution among WP’s, the WP1.4 work returned back to basics, meaning protocol updating, guidance system content creation and, most of all, writing manuscripts in order to publish the results of the research in this WP. One article has already been published, one manuscript is to be submitted before the end of year 4, and work is on-going on a few more manuscripts to be submitted later. The protocol updating work has been taking place continuously in Opasnet, an open collaborative assessment workspace, and parts of this work have also been already imported to the guidance system. A separate deliverable report summarizing the major updates to the risk characterization protocol was compiled.<br />
<br />
The open assessment workshop, addressing also the main developments in risk characterization achieved by this WP, was organized by THL in February 2009 in Kuopio.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''During the fifth year''' a large part of the planned WP1.4 work was redirected into WP4.3 to produce sub-assessments to the Common Case Study. The sub-assessments were used to test functionalities of the collaborative workspace Opasnet to host openly performed assessments in the spirit that was developed in WP1.4. Collaboration as such was not tested, only the tools that are needed to enable open participation to make assessments. Three major functionalities were tested and proved to be functional. <br />
# Wiki-based workspace Opasnet for writing and commenting descriptions about the assessment content. <br />
# Opasnet Base, a database that was developed in Heimtsa for storing background incidence information but can now be used for storing any input data needed in assessments or intermediate or final results produced by assessments. <br />
# Statistical software R that is embedded in Opasnet in such a way that each part of an assessment can be modelled and run separately with open code within the workspace. In this way, parts can also be used in several assessments simultaneously enabling coherent analyses: radon and dampness sub-assessments shared several parts although they were otherwise independent.<br />
<br />
Apart from the Common Case Study, WP1.4 focussed on reporting its main methodological developments in the IEHIAS website, Opasnet workspace, and scientific manuscripts. The main topics include e.g. participation in assessments, performance of assessments, and comparison of different assessment approaches.</div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Talk:Intarese&diff=18424Talk:Intarese2011-02-16T07:17:04Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Intarese WP1.4 activities and achievements==<br />
<br />
'''Summary of INTARESE WP1.4 activities and achievements for the whole project duration 2005-2011<br />
<br />
''A contribution to the SP1/Full project final report<br />
<br />
In hindsight the overall objectives of WP1.4 can be characterized as having been to:<br />
* Identify and review the main methods and approaches to risk characterization in issues relevant to environment and health.<br />
* Develop a framework that combines and connects these methods and approaches with the broader context of assessment and societal decision making.<br />
* Train the project participants, particularly in SP3, to apply the methods, approaches, and the framework in practical assessment work<br />
* Test the methods, approaches, and the framework in terms of their:<br />
** acceptability (by training); and<br />
** applicability and effectiveness (by case studies)<br />
* Publish the developments in risk characterization as:<br />
** INTARESE guidance system (IEHIAS) content; and<br />
** scientific journal articles<br />
<br />
<br />
In the early phases of the project there were altogether eight partners in the work package, but as the efforts were reallocated and refocused along the course of the project, the number of participants during the last years of the project was reduced to five (THL, USTUTT, RIVM, PBL, IC). Also the detailed plans and task descriptions changed several times along the way as the project progressed and new knowledge emerged. However, at the end of the project, it can be seen that the majority of all work done within the WP did, after all, promote the endeavor of striving towards the goals of the WP. In the end many of the objectives were fulfilled, at least in a satisfactory manner, but the other hand we also fall somewhat short regarding some objectives.<br />
<br />
The deliverables on risk characterization methodology and protocol, and corresponding contributions to the INTARESE guidance system (IEHIAS) content, altogether describe a new perspective to creating and using knowledge in assessment and societal decision making upon issues relevant to environment and health. It is probably best described as the collaborative perspective to environmental health assessment. In brief, assessment is not seen as a task for experts, separated from the tasks of decision-makers. Instead, assessment is seen as a collaborative or group effort aiming at developing shared understanding about health impacts ("what do we know about health impacts such that is useful to improve health"), and risk management is seen as a closely related group effort which only has a slightly different focus ("what do we know about what should be done, now that we have learned about health impacts"). <br />
<br />
WP1.4 was able to develop a fairly coherent view of participatory assessments. Risk characterisation is not seen as a phase of work in the end of the assessment process. Rather, it is an idea that assessment as a whole is a process of characterising relevant risks for the group that is participating, until the characterisation is satisfactory for the practical needs of the users. WP1.4 also developed a lot of practices and web tools to enable such characterisation work to take place. Some of these were tested during the fifth year (see below), but many things have not yet met their practical challenges in real-world assessments with large-scale participation.<br />
<br />
Specific aspects of this perspective are also scrutinized and presented in more detail in the scientific articles already published and manuscripts to be published, written by the WP participants. In terms of developing new ideas and publishing them, the WP can be considered to having performed relatively well.<br />
<br />
In terms of disseminating and applying the new knowledge within the project, the WP was not quite as successful. Perhaps this can be partially attributed to the scheduling and overall dynamics of the project as other WP’s in SP1 also faced similar difficulties. The fact, however, is that the SP3 case studies were mainly conducted without much attention to the developments of WP1.4, or other SP1 WP’s for that matter. As the supply and demand for methodological guidance in SP1 and SP3, respectively, did not quite meet as intended, the main fora for disseminating WP 1.4 outputs were the open assessment workshops held in Kuopio. These workshops that also attracted participants from other projects were very influential in terms of presentation, discussion, and development of different aspects of the new perspective to risk characterization, particularly its collaborative aspects. In the end, some of the methods and aspects of the collaborative perspective were tested, at least in terms of plausibility, in certain parts of the Common Case Study (WP4.3).<br />
<br />
Many new ideas developed in WP1.4 were so unorthodox that they received either active opposition or plain ignorance. One of the lessons was that willingness to test new, possibly false or stupid ideas was quite low and occurred mainly in a group of enthusiastic PhD students. On the one hand, this slowed down the development process, as practical knowledge about what works and what doesn't didn't accumulate as wished for. On the other hand, this created a unique positive atmosphere among that unprejudiced group. This outcome is likely to maintain active collaboration between the people in the group also in the future. But in addition to its use value, it has clearly had its intrinsic value. A practical example of the attitude and a sign of intrinsic results was seen in 2008 when a part of the group built two igloos and slept in them during a cold Finnish winter night.<br />
<br />
'''Timeline of work in WP1.4<br />
<br />
The original key objectives for the first phase of this work package were:<br />
<br />
* To review and evaluate a number of current methods and their use for risk characterisation including:<br />
** health impact assessment (HIA),<br />
** disability-adjusted life years (DALY),<br />
** cost-benefit analysis (CBA), impact pathway methodology (IPM),<br />
** Bayesian belief networks (BBN),<br />
** value-of-information (VOI) method.<br />
* To develop a meta-framework, an environment and health planner, and evaluate its usability in this project.<br />
* To review the WHO 'Environmental health indicators for Europe' project and incorporate relevant practices into the procedures utilised in INTARESE.<br />
* To enhance the integration of the methods reviewed, and the methods developed in other WPs in SP1.<br />
* To provide the new methodology for use in SP3 policy analyses, to collect feedback from SP3 and SP5 on various stages during the project, and incorporate that into an updated methodology.<br />
<br />
<br />
Work in the '''first reporting period''' focused on developing the foundations for a coherent methodology for risk characterisation, for application in the SP3 case studies specifically, and for integrated risk assessment more generally. To this end, the work package started with a scoping phase, aimed at defining the range of relevant indicators that might be used for risk characterisation under different circumstances. This was based on a review of the literature, consultation with partners and brainstorming by the work package team. DALYs, HIA and impact pathways were all reviewed and a draft report completed.<br />
<br />
As a context for risk characterisation, a meta-framework was also developed and reported in draft form. This is intended to define the ‘rules for engagement’ in risk characterisation, including the ways in which key stakeholders can be involved in framing issues, defining indicators and interpreting their results.<br />
<br />
The third main task has been to review Bayesian belief networks and value-of-information methods, as tools for risk characterisation. A preliminary draft of this has been compiled on Bayesian methods, and work on VOI is about to start.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''The second year''' contained the following activities and achievements:<br />
* D17 Risk characterization methodology review: indicator selection and specification, VOI, CEA and CBA, monetization of impacts, DALY, Bayesian analysis, BBN, HIA, IPA, risk perception & MNP environment and health planner<br />
* D16 Risk characterisation protocol: general properties of good risk assessments, overview of Intarese general method, collaborative work in risk assessment, managing stakeholder involvement, collective structured learning.<br />
* Contribution to the SP3 Training workshop on WP1.4 Causal networks and indicator selection, 22-23 May 2007.<br />
* Provide guidance to SP3 on several issues: issue framing and causal network descriptions, indicator selection and specification, variable definition and structure, purpose and properties of good risk assessments, value judgements in risk assessment, collective structured learning, mass collaboration and stakeholder involvement, dealing with disputes, value of information.<br />
* Implementing the risk characterization protocol in toolbox design.<br />
* Toolbox design meeting in Oslo 1-3 August.<br />
* Selected Intarese method, assessment protocol and toolbox descriptions in Intarese-wiki compiled into an Open Risk Assessment book.<br />
<br />
<br />
During '''the third year''' of the project, the work in this WP has been mainly focused on disseminating information about the risk characterisation methods and protocol and also developing tools for supporting their use.<br />
<br />
The information dissemination has taken place in the form of the 2nd Kuopio risk assessment workshop, held in February 2008, and preparing manuscripts based on the developments in this WP. The planned demand-driven guidance to SP3 cases has not realized due to lack of demand from the SP3 case teams.<br />
<br />
The work on developing supporting tools for the risk characterisation protocol and methods has been realized in development of a tool for calculating health impacts in DALYs as well as development of both the content and functionalities on the open assessment website called Opasnet (http://opasnet.org, formerly Heande: http://heande.pyrkilo.fi).<br />
<br />
As the third year has drawn closer to its end, also evaluation, testing and improvement of the methods and protocol have become timely. The protocol and methods are being evaluated based on the experiences of SP3 cases during the 1st pass in order to identify and address the main points of improvement. The methods and protocol have also been planned to be tested and developed in a case study during the fourth year of the project.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''The fourth year''' of the project started with the main emphasis on a case study for testing the risk characterization methods and tools developed in this WP. As the WP4.3 mega case study planning progressed, it was decided that the case study be merged with the mega case. Consequently the method and tool testing has now become rather a part of WP4.3 than WP1.4. Notable amount of work was anyhow done under this WP in scoping the case study assessment. Participation in the scientific Climate Congress in Copenhagen in March 2009 was also a part of that scoping work.<br />
<br />
After some reallocation of work distribution among WP’s, the WP1.4 work returned back to basics, meaning protocol updating, guidance system content creation and, most of all, writing manuscripts in order to publish the results of the research in this WP. One article has already been published, one manuscript is to be submitted before the end of year 4, and work is on-going on a few more manuscripts to be submitted later. The protocol updating work has been taking place continuously in Opasnet, an open collaborative assessment workspace, and parts of this work have also been already imported to the guidance system. A separate deliverable report summarizing the major updates to the risk characterization protocol was compiled.<br />
<br />
The open assessment workshop, addressing also the main developments in risk characterization achieved by this WP, was organized by THL in February 2009 in Kuopio.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''During the fifth year''' a large part of the planned WP1.4 work was redirected into WP4.3 to produce sub-assessments to the Common Case Study. The sub-assessments were used to test functionalities of the collaborative workspace Opasnet to host openly performed assessments in the spirit that was developed in WP1.4. Collaboration as such was not tested, only the tools that are needed to enable open participation to make assessments. Three major functionalities were tested and proved to be functional. <br />
# Wiki-based workspace Opasnet for writing and commenting descriptions about the assessment content. <br />
# Opasnet Base, a database that was developed in Heimtsa for storing background incidence information but can now be used for storing any input data needed in assessments or intermediate or final results produced by assessments. <br />
# Statistical software R that is embedded in Opasnet in such a way that each part of an assessment can be modelled and run separately with open code within the workspace. In this way, parts can also be used in several assessments simultaneously enabling coherent analyses: radon and dampness sub-assessments shared several parts although they were otherwise independent.<br />
<br />
Apart from the Common Case Study, WP1.4 focussed on reporting its main methodological developments in the IEHIAS website, Opasnet workspace, and scientific manuscripts. The main topics include e.g. participation in assessments, performance of assessments, and comparison of different assessment approaches.</div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Population_of_Europe&diff=17065Population of Europe2010-09-03T05:39:55Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: /* Unit */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Jouni}}<br />
<br />
'''Population of Europe''' estimates the size of the population in Europe in 2000-2050.{{disclink|Units, boundaries, and other things}}<br />
<br />
==Scope==<br />
<br />
What is the the number of people in the countries of the European Union and on the 50x50 km Emep grid, for the years 2000, 2010, 2020, 2030, 2050, disaggregated by age (5 year age groups), gender and spatial location of residence?<br />
<br />
==Definition==<br />
<br />
<br />
===Data===<br />
<br />
'''Used sources'''<br />
<br />
A) Census data [http://www.integrated-assessment.eu/resource_centre/small_area_population_data] are available on LAU level 2 for the year 2001. They are stratified by gender and age and used as basis data set for 2000/2001. They give spatial information as well as information on age groups and gender. However, they do not give information about the development in the future. Only data for 23 countries are available. BG, CY, LV, RO, CH, NO and IS are missing.<br />
<br />
B) UN data [http://esa.un.org/unpp/index.asp?panel=2] are available by country for the years 1950 to 2050 stratified by gender and 5-year age groups. They were used for filling of information gaps on country totals and gender and age stratification for those countries for which no LAU census data was available. Furthermore, they are used for deriving growth rates of population subgroups for future years. If for some reason not gridded data are needed but country totals, UN data can be taken. They give information on a country level. No further spatial information is available.<br />
<br />
C) GWP(Gridded World Population) [http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw/global.jsp] data are available from CIESIN/SEDAC. They provide gridded data on several resolutions for several regions. Interesting for the INTARESE/HEITMSA study were the data for 2000 and 2010 for a resolution of ½°. GWP data are used for filling of spatial information gaps for those countries for which no LAU census data is available. They furthermore give some feeling for spatial shift of population from 2000 to 2010. No information for the years 2020, 2030 and 2050 is available. No stratification regarding gender or age groups is available.<br />
<br />
D) EUROSTAT data [http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=de&pcode=tps00002&plugin=1] and projections are available for all required years. EUROSTAT data, including projections to the future, are used as one basic assumption for the energy modellinginfo, which in turn is an important basis for emissioninfo scenario modelling. No stratification regarding gender or age groups is available for future years. Comparisons indicate that EUROSTAT data, including projections, does not differ much from UN data, including projections. Thus, consistency is preserved.<br />
<br />
'''Other sources (partly outdated)'''<br />
* United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Bulletin of Housing Statistics for Europe and North America 2006. [http://www.unece.org/hlm/prgm/hsstat/Bulletin_06.htm]<br />
* [[Population of the World]]<br />
* [[IIASA World Population Program]]<br />
* [http://www.oeaw.ac.at/vid/datasheet/download_2008.shtml IIASA population in Europe by country]<br />
* IPCC / SRES. Source: Lutz / IIASA 1995 (not used) {{reslink|Lutz data}}<br />
** From 1995; 13 regions of the world; stratified by 5 year age groups and gender, 1995 – 2100 in 5 year steps<br />
<br />
<br />
Surveys were performed as a basis for the population data sources applied in the assessment (for past estimations). <br />
<br />
Data used:<br />
Population data was derived by making use of different data sources: UN data, CIESIN / SEDAC Gridded World Population and national census data.<br />
<br />
===Causality===<br />
<br />
* The number of people living in a grid cell, or country, is dependent on the birth rate, the mortality rate and the migration rate.<br />
<br />
===Unit===<br />
<br />
<nowiki># of people</nowiki><br />
<br />
===Formula===<br />
<br />
* For national data the UN data is used directly.<br />
<br />
* For the gridded data the following steps were performed:<br />
<br />
'''Step 1a''': Processing LAU census data to fit it to the Emep grid cell <br />
* Filling gaps in the available data sets (e.g. for some countries for some LAU regions only the total number of persons was available, not split by age and gender)<br />
* Filling missing age groups (e.g. for some countries no 5-year age bands were given but e.g. 15-year bands: they were further split up using age group fractions derived from the UN data)<br />
* Intersection with Emep 50 km x 50 km grid<br />
* Summing up per grid cell, age and gender<br />
<br />
'''Step 1b''': Filling gaps: Filling data for those countries for which no LAU census data was available <br />
* Using UN data for country totals<br />
* Splitting into subgroups on a country level using UN data (subgroup fractions)<br />
* Area-weigh total population using GWP data (using percentages of grid cells compared to the total GWP population)<br />
<br />
UN data are used for country totals as country totals for all sources are relatively small, so there is no reason against using them. Furthermore, UN data country totals and growth rates are used for projections to the future (see step 2). Thus, consistency is preserved.<br />
<br />
'''Step 1c''': Summing up data from both sources <br />
* Summing up values for each grid cell from both sources<br />
<br />
'''Step 2''': Projections to the future<br />
* Growth rates from UN data (for each subgroup separately) are taken to project the basic data set to the future.<br />
* Resultinfo: Data set including for each grid cell the number of persons of each subgroup in the years 2000, 2010, 2020, 2030 and 2050. For 2020, 2030 and 2050, mediuminfo, high and low estimates are available.<br />
<br />
Growth rates from UN data are taken because i) UN data are taken whenever possible for consistency reasons, ii) UN data have several growth rates (middle, high, low) which gives some kind of uncertaintyinfo bounds, and iii) EUROSTAT growth rates fit quite well with the UN data growth rates so there is no inconsistency here.<br />
<br />
For further information see the [[media:Population_data_documentation.pdf | preliminary documentation]].<br />
<br />
<br />
''Analytica solution'' was not used but preparation of data was carried out using a database.<br />
<br />
Given the numbers for the sub groups and years, the percentages for age groups, the percentages for working/non-working status:<br />
<br />
Let the following.<br />
* [[Country]] is the index for European countries. There should be a row "Sea" for sea areas.<br />
* [[Year]] is the index for years considered (selected years between 2000-2050)<br />
* [[Sex]] is the index for sex (Male or Female)<br />
* EMEP is the index for EMEP grid identifiers (1 - ca. 3000)<br />
* [[Age]] is the index for 5-year age groups of the population.<br />
* Population_by_country is the total population in Europe, indexed by country, age group, and year.<br />
* Country_emep is an indicator (indexed by EMEP and Country), which tells the fraction of each EMEP grid cell that belongs to the specified country. This sums up to 1 when summed up over Country.<br />
* Population_emep is the current population disaggregated into the EMEP grid.<br />
* Population_ic is the disaggregated population data for 2001. This should be first aggregated to EMEP grid (if that's what we want). This is indexed by age and sex.<br />
<br />
The [[Analytica]] code for disaggretagion could look like this {{disclink|Disaggregation}}:<br />
<br />
<anacode><br />
var a:= population_emep*country_emep;<br />
a:= a/sum(a,emep);<br />
a:= a*population_by_country<br />
</anacode><br />
<br />
<br />
See also<br />
* [[media:Population_data_documentation.pdf | Preliminary documentation]]<br />
* [[:image:Agriculture mega case study.ANA|Agriculture mega case study.ANA]]<br />
<br />
==Result==<br />
<br />
The current result is based on data obtained from IC. Not final version, though.<br />
<br />
{{resultlink}}<br />
<br />
Note that new results were not uploaded yet.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Mega case study]]<br />
* [[Risk assessment of nitrate in drinking water]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Population_of_Europe&diff=17047Population of Europe2010-09-02T11:48:15Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: /* Definition */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Jouni}}<br />
<br />
'''Population of Europe''' estimates the size of the population in Europe in 2000-2050.{{disclink|Units, boundaries, and other things}}<br />
<br />
==Scope==<br />
<br />
What is the the number of people in the countries of the European Union and on the 50x50 km Emep grid, for the years 2000, 2010, 2020, 2030, 2050, disaggregated by age (5 year age groups), gender and spatial location of residence?<br />
<br />
==Definition==<br />
<br />
<br />
===Data===<br />
<br />
'''Used sources'''<br />
<br />
A) Census data [http://www.integrated-assessment.eu/resource_centre/small_area_population_data] are available on LAU level 2 for the year 2001. They are stratified by gender and age and used as basis data set for 2000/2001. They give spatial information as well as information on age groups and gender. However, they do not give information about the development in the future. Only data for 23 countries are available. BG, CY, LV, RO, CH, NO and IS are missing.<br />
<br />
B) UN data [http://esa.un.org/unpp/index.asp?panel=2] are available by country for the years 1950 to 2050 stratified by gender and 5-year age groups. They were used for filling of information gaps on country totals and gender and age stratification for those countries for which no LAU census data was available. Furthermore, they are used for deriving growth rates of population subgroups for future years. If for some reason not gridded data are needed but country totals, UN data can be taken. They give information on a country level. No further spatial information is available.<br />
<br />
C) GWP(Gridded World Population) [http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw/global.jsp] data are available from CIESIN/SEDAC. They provide gridded data on several resolutions for several regions. Interesting for the INTARESE/HEITMSA study were the data for 2000 and 2010 for a resolution of ½°. GWP data are used for filling of spatial information gaps for those countries for which no LAU census data is available. They furthermore give some feeling for spatial shift of population from 2000 to 2010. No information for the years 2020, 2030 and 2050 is available. No stratification regarding gender or age groups is available.<br />
<br />
D) EUROSTAT data [http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=de&pcode=tps00002&plugin=1] and projections are available for all required years. EUROSTAT data, including projections to the future, are used as one basic assumption for the energy modellinginfo, which in turn is an important basis for emissioninfo scenario modelling. No stratification regarding gender or age groups is available for future years. Comparisons indicate that EUROSTAT data, including projections, does not differ much from UN data, including projections. Thus, consistency is preserved.<br />
<br />
'''Other sources (partly outdated)'''<br />
* United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Bulletin of Housing Statistics for Europe and North America 2006. [http://www.unece.org/hlm/prgm/hsstat/Bulletin_06.htm]<br />
* [[Population of the World]]<br />
* [[IIASA World Population Program]]<br />
* [http://www.oeaw.ac.at/vid/datasheet/download_2008.shtml IIASA population in Europe by country]<br />
* IPCC / SRES. Source: Lutz / IIASA 1995 (not used) {{reslink|Lutz data}}<br />
** From 1995; 13 regions of the world; stratified by 5 year age groups and gender, 1995 – 2100 in 5 year steps<br />
<br />
<br />
Surveys were performed as a basis for the population data sources applied in the assessment (for past estimations). <br />
<br />
Data used:<br />
Population data was derived by making use of different data sources: UN data, CIESIN / SEDAC Gridded World Population and national census data.<br />
<br />
===Causality===<br />
<br />
* The number of people living in a grid cell, or country, is dependent on the birth rate, the mortality rate and the migration rate.<br />
<br />
===Unit===<br />
<br />
<nowiki>#</nowiki><br />
<br />
===Formula===<br />
<br />
* For national data the UN data is used directly.<br />
<br />
* For the gridded data the following steps were performed:<br />
<br />
'''Step 1a''': Processing LAU census data to fit it to the Emep grid cell <br />
* Filling gaps in the available data sets (e.g. for some countries for some LAU regions only the total number of persons was available, not split by age and gender)<br />
* Filling missing age groups (e.g. for some countries no 5-year age bands were given but e.g. 15-year bands: they were further split up using age group fractions derived from the UN data)<br />
* Intersection with Emep 50 km x 50 km grid<br />
* Summing up per grid cell, age and gender<br />
<br />
'''Step 1b''': Filling gaps: Filling data for those countries for which no LAU census data was available <br />
* Using UN data for country totals<br />
* Splitting into subgroups on a country level using UN data (subgroup fractions)<br />
* Area-weigh total population using GWP data (using percentages of grid cells compared to the total GWP population)<br />
<br />
UN data are used for country totals as country totals for all sources are relatively small, so there is no reason against using them. Furthermore, UN data country totals and growth rates are used for projections to the future (see step 2). Thus, consistency is preserved.<br />
<br />
'''Step 1c''': Summing up data from both sources <br />
* Summing up values for each grid cell from both sources<br />
<br />
'''Step 2''': Projections to the future<br />
* Growth rates from UN data (for each subgroup separately) are taken to project the basic data set to the future.<br />
* Resultinfo: Data set including for each grid cell the number of persons of each subgroup in the years 2000, 2010, 2020, 2030 and 2050. For 2020, 2030 and 2050, mediuminfo, high and low estimates are available.<br />
<br />
Growth rates from UN data are taken because i) UN data are taken whenever possible for consistency reasons, ii) UN data have several growth rates (middle, high, low) which gives some kind of uncertaintyinfo bounds, and iii) EUROSTAT growth rates fit quite well with the UN data growth rates so there is no inconsistency here.<br />
<br />
For further information see the [[media:Population_data_documentation.pdf | preliminary documentation]].<br />
<br />
<br />
''Analytica solution'' was not used but preparation of data was carried out using a database.<br />
<br />
Given the numbers for the sub groups and years, the percentages for age groups, the percentages for working/non-working status:<br />
<br />
Let the following.<br />
* [[Country]] is the index for European countries. There should be a row "Sea" for sea areas.<br />
* [[Year]] is the index for years considered (selected years between 2000-2050)<br />
* [[Sex]] is the index for sex (Male or Female)<br />
* EMEP is the index for EMEP grid identifiers (1 - ca. 3000)<br />
* [[Age]] is the index for 5-year age groups of the population.<br />
* Population_by_country is the total population in Europe, indexed by country, age group, and year.<br />
* Country_emep is an indicator (indexed by EMEP and Country), which tells the fraction of each EMEP grid cell that belongs to the specified country. This sums up to 1 when summed up over Country.<br />
* Population_emep is the current population disaggregated into the EMEP grid.<br />
* Population_ic is the disaggregated population data for 2001. This should be first aggregated to EMEP grid (if that's what we want). This is indexed by age and sex.<br />
<br />
The [[Analytica]] code for disaggretagion could look like this {{disclink|Disaggregation}}:<br />
<br />
<anacode><br />
var a:= population_emep*country_emep;<br />
a:= a/sum(a,emep);<br />
a:= a*population_by_country<br />
</anacode><br />
<br />
<br />
See also<br />
* [[media:Population_data_documentation.pdf | Preliminary documentation]]<br />
* [[:image:Agriculture mega case study.ANA|Agriculture mega case study.ANA]]<br />
<br />
==Result==<br />
<br />
The current result is based on data obtained from IC. Not final version, though.<br />
<br />
{{resultlink}}<br />
<br />
Note that new results were not uploaded yet.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Mega case study]]<br />
* [[Risk assessment of nitrate in drinking water]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=File:Population_data_documentation.pdf&diff=17046File:Population data documentation.pdf2010-09-02T11:46:22Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Population_of_Europe&diff=17045Population of Europe2010-09-02T11:45:23Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: /* Result */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Jouni}}<br />
<br />
'''Population of Europe''' estimates the size of the population in Europe in 2000-2050.{{disclink|Units, boundaries, and other things}}<br />
<br />
==Scope==<br />
<br />
What is the the number of people in the countries of the European Union and on the 50x50 km Emep grid, for the years 2000, 2010, 2020, 2030, 2050, disaggregated by age (5 year age groups), gender and spatial location of residence?<br />
<br />
==Definition==<br />
<br />
<br />
===Data===<br />
<br />
'''Used sources'''<br />
<br />
A) Census data [http://www.integrated-assessment.eu/resource_centre/small_area_population_data] are available on LAU level 2 for the year 2001. They are stratified by gender and age and used as basis data set for 2000/2001. They give spatial information as well as information on age groups and gender. However, they do not give information about the development in the future. Only data for 23 countries are available. BG, CY, LV, RO, CH, NO and IS are missing.<br />
<br />
B) UN data [http://esa.un.org/unpp/index.asp?panel=2] are available by country for the years 1950 to 2050 stratified by gender and 5-year age groups. They were used for filling of information gaps on country totals and gender and age stratification for those countries for which no LAU census data was available. Furthermore, they are used for deriving growth rates of population subgroups for future years. If for some reason not gridded data are needed but country totals, UN data can be taken. They give information on a country level. No further spatial information is available.<br />
<br />
C) GWP(Gridded World Population) [http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw/global.jsp] data are available from CIESIN/SEDAC. They provide gridded data on several resolutions for several regions. Interesting for the INTARESE/HEITMSA study were the data for 2000 and 2010 for a resolution of ½°. GWP data are used for filling of spatial information gaps for those countries for which no LAU census data is available. They furthermore give some feeling for spatial shift of population from 2000 to 2010. No information for the years 2020, 2030 and 2050 is available. No stratification regarding gender or age groups is available.<br />
<br />
D) EUROSTAT data [http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=de&pcode=tps00002&plugin=1] and projections are available for all required years. EUROSTAT data, including projections to the future, are used as one basic assumption for the energy modellinginfo, which in turn is an important basis for emissioninfo scenario modelling. No stratification regarding gender or age groups is available for future years. Comparisons indicate that EUROSTAT data, including projections, does not differ much from UN data, including projections. Thus, consistency is preserved.<br />
<br />
'''Other sources (partly outdated)'''<br />
* United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Bulletin of Housing Statistics for Europe and North America 2006. [http://www.unece.org/hlm/prgm/hsstat/Bulletin_06.htm]<br />
* [[Population of the World]]<br />
* [[IIASA World Population Program]]<br />
* [http://www.oeaw.ac.at/vid/datasheet/download_2008.shtml IIASA population in Europe by country]<br />
* IPCC / SRES. Source: Lutz / IIASA 1995 (not used) {{reslink|Lutz data}}<br />
** From 1995; 13 regions of the world; stratified by 5 year age groups and gender, 1995 – 2100 in 5 year steps<br />
<br />
<br />
Surveys were performed as a basis for the population data sources applied in the assessment (for past estimations). <br />
<br />
Data used:<br />
Population data was derived by making use of different data sources: UN data, CIESIN / SEDAC Gridded World Population and national census data.<br />
<br />
===Causality===<br />
<br />
* The number of people living in a grid cell, or country, is dependent on the birth rate, the mortality rate and the migration rate.<br />
<br />
===Unit===<br />
<br />
<nowiki>#</nowiki><br />
<br />
===Formula===<br />
<br />
* For national data the UN data is used directly.<br />
<br />
* For the gridded data the following steps were performed:<br />
<br />
'''Step 1a''': Processing LAU census data to fit it to the Emep grid cell <br />
* Filling gaps in the available data sets (e.g. for some countries for some LAU regions only the total number of persons was available, not split by age and gender)<br />
* Filling missing age groups (e.g. for some countries no 5-year age bands were given but e.g. 15-year bands: they were further split up using age group fractions derived from the UN data)<br />
* Intersection with Emep 50 km x 50 km grid<br />
* Summing up per grid cell, age and gender<br />
<br />
'''Step 1b''': Filling gaps: Filling data for those countries for which no LAU census data was available <br />
* Using UN data for country totals<br />
* Splitting into subgroups on a country level using UN data (subgroup fractions)<br />
* Area-weigh total population using GWP data (using percentages of grid cells compared to the total GWP population)<br />
<br />
UN data are used for country totals as country totals for all sources are relatively small, so there is no reason against using them. Furthermore, UN data country totals and growth rates are used for projections to the future (see step 2). Thus, consistency is preserved.<br />
<br />
'''Step 1c''': Summing up data from both sources <br />
* Summing up values for each grid cell from both sources<br />
<br />
'''Step 2''': Projections to the future<br />
* Growth rates from UN data (for each subgroup separately) are taken to project the basic data set to the future.<br />
* Resultinfo: Data set including for each grid cell the number of persons of each subgroup in the years 2000, 2010, 2020, 2030 and 2050. For 2020, 2030 and 2050, mediuminfo, high and low estimates are available.<br />
<br />
Growth rates from UN data are taken because i) UN data are taken whenever possible for consistency reasons, ii) UN data have several growth rates (middle, high, low) which gives some kind of uncertaintyinfo bounds, and iii) EUROSTAT growth rates fit quite well with the UN data growth rates so there is no inconsistency here.<br />
<br />
For further information see the preliminary documentation.<br />
<br />
<br />
''Analytica solution'' was not used but preparation of data was carried out using a database.<br />
<br />
Given the numbers for the sub groups and years, the percentages for age groups, the percentages for working/non-working status:<br />
<br />
Let the following.<br />
* [[Country]] is the index for European countries. There should be a row "Sea" for sea areas.<br />
* [[Year]] is the index for years considered (selected years between 2000-2050)<br />
* [[Sex]] is the index for sex (Male or Female)<br />
* EMEP is the index for EMEP grid identifiers (1 - ca. 3000)<br />
* [[Age]] is the index for 5-year age groups of the population.<br />
* Population_by_country is the total population in Europe, indexed by country, age group, and year.<br />
* Country_emep is an indicator (indexed by EMEP and Country), which tells the fraction of each EMEP grid cell that belongs to the specified country. This sums up to 1 when summed up over Country.<br />
* Population_emep is the current population disaggregated into the EMEP grid.<br />
* Population_ic is the disaggregated population data for 2001. This should be first aggregated to EMEP grid (if that's what we want). This is indexed by age and sex.<br />
<br />
The [[Analytica]] code for disaggretagion could look like this {{disclink|Disaggregation}}:<br />
<br />
<anacode><br />
var a:= population_emep*country_emep;<br />
a:= a/sum(a,emep);<br />
a:= a*population_by_country<br />
</anacode><br />
<br />
<br />
See also<br />
* Preliminary documentation<br />
* [[:image:Agriculture mega case study.ANA|Agriculture mega case study.ANA]]<br />
<br />
==Result==<br />
<br />
The current result is based on data obtained from IC. Not final version, though.<br />
<br />
{{resultlink}}<br />
<br />
Note that new results were not uploaded yet.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Mega case study]]<br />
* [[Risk assessment of nitrate in drinking water]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Population_of_Europe&diff=17044Population of Europe2010-09-02T11:44:31Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: /* Data */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Jouni}}<br />
<br />
'''Population of Europe''' estimates the size of the population in Europe in 2000-2050.{{disclink|Units, boundaries, and other things}}<br />
<br />
==Scope==<br />
<br />
What is the the number of people in the countries of the European Union and on the 50x50 km Emep grid, for the years 2000, 2010, 2020, 2030, 2050, disaggregated by age (5 year age groups), gender and spatial location of residence?<br />
<br />
==Definition==<br />
<br />
<br />
===Data===<br />
<br />
'''Used sources'''<br />
<br />
A) Census data [http://www.integrated-assessment.eu/resource_centre/small_area_population_data] are available on LAU level 2 for the year 2001. They are stratified by gender and age and used as basis data set for 2000/2001. They give spatial information as well as information on age groups and gender. However, they do not give information about the development in the future. Only data for 23 countries are available. BG, CY, LV, RO, CH, NO and IS are missing.<br />
<br />
B) UN data [http://esa.un.org/unpp/index.asp?panel=2] are available by country for the years 1950 to 2050 stratified by gender and 5-year age groups. They were used for filling of information gaps on country totals and gender and age stratification for those countries for which no LAU census data was available. Furthermore, they are used for deriving growth rates of population subgroups for future years. If for some reason not gridded data are needed but country totals, UN data can be taken. They give information on a country level. No further spatial information is available.<br />
<br />
C) GWP(Gridded World Population) [http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw/global.jsp] data are available from CIESIN/SEDAC. They provide gridded data on several resolutions for several regions. Interesting for the INTARESE/HEITMSA study were the data for 2000 and 2010 for a resolution of ½°. GWP data are used for filling of spatial information gaps for those countries for which no LAU census data is available. They furthermore give some feeling for spatial shift of population from 2000 to 2010. No information for the years 2020, 2030 and 2050 is available. No stratification regarding gender or age groups is available.<br />
<br />
D) EUROSTAT data [http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=de&pcode=tps00002&plugin=1] and projections are available for all required years. EUROSTAT data, including projections to the future, are used as one basic assumption for the energy modellinginfo, which in turn is an important basis for emissioninfo scenario modelling. No stratification regarding gender or age groups is available for future years. Comparisons indicate that EUROSTAT data, including projections, does not differ much from UN data, including projections. Thus, consistency is preserved.<br />
<br />
'''Other sources (partly outdated)'''<br />
* United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Bulletin of Housing Statistics for Europe and North America 2006. [http://www.unece.org/hlm/prgm/hsstat/Bulletin_06.htm]<br />
* [[Population of the World]]<br />
* [[IIASA World Population Program]]<br />
* [http://www.oeaw.ac.at/vid/datasheet/download_2008.shtml IIASA population in Europe by country]<br />
* IPCC / SRES. Source: Lutz / IIASA 1995 (not used) {{reslink|Lutz data}}<br />
** From 1995; 13 regions of the world; stratified by 5 year age groups and gender, 1995 – 2100 in 5 year steps<br />
<br />
<br />
Surveys were performed as a basis for the population data sources applied in the assessment (for past estimations). <br />
<br />
Data used:<br />
Population data was derived by making use of different data sources: UN data, CIESIN / SEDAC Gridded World Population and national census data.<br />
<br />
===Causality===<br />
<br />
* The number of people living in a grid cell, or country, is dependent on the birth rate, the mortality rate and the migration rate.<br />
<br />
===Unit===<br />
<br />
<nowiki>#</nowiki><br />
<br />
===Formula===<br />
<br />
* For national data the UN data is used directly.<br />
<br />
* For the gridded data the following steps were performed:<br />
<br />
'''Step 1a''': Processing LAU census data to fit it to the Emep grid cell <br />
* Filling gaps in the available data sets (e.g. for some countries for some LAU regions only the total number of persons was available, not split by age and gender)<br />
* Filling missing age groups (e.g. for some countries no 5-year age bands were given but e.g. 15-year bands: they were further split up using age group fractions derived from the UN data)<br />
* Intersection with Emep 50 km x 50 km grid<br />
* Summing up per grid cell, age and gender<br />
<br />
'''Step 1b''': Filling gaps: Filling data for those countries for which no LAU census data was available <br />
* Using UN data for country totals<br />
* Splitting into subgroups on a country level using UN data (subgroup fractions)<br />
* Area-weigh total population using GWP data (using percentages of grid cells compared to the total GWP population)<br />
<br />
UN data are used for country totals as country totals for all sources are relatively small, so there is no reason against using them. Furthermore, UN data country totals and growth rates are used for projections to the future (see step 2). Thus, consistency is preserved.<br />
<br />
'''Step 1c''': Summing up data from both sources <br />
* Summing up values for each grid cell from both sources<br />
<br />
'''Step 2''': Projections to the future<br />
* Growth rates from UN data (for each subgroup separately) are taken to project the basic data set to the future.<br />
* Resultinfo: Data set including for each grid cell the number of persons of each subgroup in the years 2000, 2010, 2020, 2030 and 2050. For 2020, 2030 and 2050, mediuminfo, high and low estimates are available.<br />
<br />
Growth rates from UN data are taken because i) UN data are taken whenever possible for consistency reasons, ii) UN data have several growth rates (middle, high, low) which gives some kind of uncertaintyinfo bounds, and iii) EUROSTAT growth rates fit quite well with the UN data growth rates so there is no inconsistency here.<br />
<br />
For further information see the preliminary documentation.<br />
<br />
<br />
''Analytica solution'' was not used but preparation of data was carried out using a database.<br />
<br />
Given the numbers for the sub groups and years, the percentages for age groups, the percentages for working/non-working status:<br />
<br />
Let the following.<br />
* [[Country]] is the index for European countries. There should be a row "Sea" for sea areas.<br />
* [[Year]] is the index for years considered (selected years between 2000-2050)<br />
* [[Sex]] is the index for sex (Male or Female)<br />
* EMEP is the index for EMEP grid identifiers (1 - ca. 3000)<br />
* [[Age]] is the index for 5-year age groups of the population.<br />
* Population_by_country is the total population in Europe, indexed by country, age group, and year.<br />
* Country_emep is an indicator (indexed by EMEP and Country), which tells the fraction of each EMEP grid cell that belongs to the specified country. This sums up to 1 when summed up over Country.<br />
* Population_emep is the current population disaggregated into the EMEP grid.<br />
* Population_ic is the disaggregated population data for 2001. This should be first aggregated to EMEP grid (if that's what we want). This is indexed by age and sex.<br />
<br />
The [[Analytica]] code for disaggretagion could look like this {{disclink|Disaggregation}}:<br />
<br />
<anacode><br />
var a:= population_emep*country_emep;<br />
a:= a/sum(a,emep);<br />
a:= a*population_by_country<br />
</anacode><br />
<br />
<br />
See also<br />
* Preliminary documentation<br />
* [[:image:Agriculture mega case study.ANA|Agriculture mega case study.ANA]]<br />
<br />
==Result==<br />
<br />
The current result is based on data obtained from IC. Not final version, though.<br />
<br />
{{resultlink}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Mega case study]]<br />
* [[Risk assessment of nitrate in drinking water]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Population_of_Europe&diff=17043Population of Europe2010-09-02T11:44:09Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: /* Data */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Jouni}}<br />
<br />
'''Population of Europe''' estimates the size of the population in Europe in 2000-2050.{{disclink|Units, boundaries, and other things}}<br />
<br />
==Scope==<br />
<br />
What is the the number of people in the countries of the European Union and on the 50x50 km Emep grid, for the years 2000, 2010, 2020, 2030, 2050, disaggregated by age (5 year age groups), gender and spatial location of residence?<br />
<br />
==Definition==<br />
<br />
<br />
===Data===<br />
<br />
'''Used sources'''<br />
A) Census data [http://www.integrated-assessment.eu/resource_centre/small_area_population_data] are available on LAU level 2 for the year 2001. They are stratified by gender and age and used as basis data set for 2000/2001. They give spatial information as well as information on age groups and gender. However, they do not give information about the development in the future. Only data for 23 countries are available. BG, CY, LV, RO, CH, NO and IS are missing.<br />
<br />
B) UN data [http://esa.un.org/unpp/index.asp?panel=2] are available by country for the years 1950 to 2050 stratified by gender and 5-year age groups. They were used for filling of information gaps on country totals and gender and age stratification for those countries for which no LAU census data was available. Furthermore, they are used for deriving growth rates of population subgroups for future years. If for some reason not gridded data are needed but country totals, UN data can be taken. They give information on a country level. No further spatial information is available.<br />
<br />
C) GWP(Gridded World Population) [http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw/global.jsp] data are available from CIESIN/SEDAC. They provide gridded data on several resolutions for several regions. Interesting for the INTARESE/HEITMSA study were the data for 2000 and 2010 for a resolution of ½°. GWP data are used for filling of spatial information gaps for those countries for which no LAU census data is available. They furthermore give some feeling for spatial shift of population from 2000 to 2010. No information for the years 2020, 2030 and 2050 is available. No stratification regarding gender or age groups is available.<br />
<br />
D) EUROSTAT data [http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=de&pcode=tps00002&plugin=1] and projections are available for all required years. EUROSTAT data, including projections to the future, are used as one basic assumption for the energy modellinginfo, which in turn is an important basis for emissioninfo scenario modelling. No stratification regarding gender or age groups is available for future years. Comparisons indicate that EUROSTAT data, including projections, does not differ much from UN data, including projections. Thus, consistency is preserved.<br />
<br />
'''Other sources (partly outdated)'''<br />
* United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Bulletin of Housing Statistics for Europe and North America 2006. [http://www.unece.org/hlm/prgm/hsstat/Bulletin_06.htm]<br />
* [[Population of the World]]<br />
* [[IIASA World Population Program]]<br />
* [http://www.oeaw.ac.at/vid/datasheet/download_2008.shtml IIASA population in Europe by country]<br />
* IPCC / SRES. Source: Lutz / IIASA 1995 (not used) {{reslink|Lutz data}}<br />
** From 1995; 13 regions of the world; stratified by 5 year age groups and gender, 1995 – 2100 in 5 year steps<br />
<br />
<br />
Surveys were performed as a basis for the population data sources applied in the assessment (for past estimations). <br />
<br />
Data used:<br />
Population data was derived by making use of different data sources: UN data, CIESIN / SEDAC Gridded World Population and national census data.<br />
<br />
===Causality===<br />
<br />
* The number of people living in a grid cell, or country, is dependent on the birth rate, the mortality rate and the migration rate.<br />
<br />
===Unit===<br />
<br />
<nowiki>#</nowiki><br />
<br />
===Formula===<br />
<br />
* For national data the UN data is used directly.<br />
<br />
* For the gridded data the following steps were performed:<br />
<br />
'''Step 1a''': Processing LAU census data to fit it to the Emep grid cell <br />
* Filling gaps in the available data sets (e.g. for some countries for some LAU regions only the total number of persons was available, not split by age and gender)<br />
* Filling missing age groups (e.g. for some countries no 5-year age bands were given but e.g. 15-year bands: they were further split up using age group fractions derived from the UN data)<br />
* Intersection with Emep 50 km x 50 km grid<br />
* Summing up per grid cell, age and gender<br />
<br />
'''Step 1b''': Filling gaps: Filling data for those countries for which no LAU census data was available <br />
* Using UN data for country totals<br />
* Splitting into subgroups on a country level using UN data (subgroup fractions)<br />
* Area-weigh total population using GWP data (using percentages of grid cells compared to the total GWP population)<br />
<br />
UN data are used for country totals as country totals for all sources are relatively small, so there is no reason against using them. Furthermore, UN data country totals and growth rates are used for projections to the future (see step 2). Thus, consistency is preserved.<br />
<br />
'''Step 1c''': Summing up data from both sources <br />
* Summing up values for each grid cell from both sources<br />
<br />
'''Step 2''': Projections to the future<br />
* Growth rates from UN data (for each subgroup separately) are taken to project the basic data set to the future.<br />
* Resultinfo: Data set including for each grid cell the number of persons of each subgroup in the years 2000, 2010, 2020, 2030 and 2050. For 2020, 2030 and 2050, mediuminfo, high and low estimates are available.<br />
<br />
Growth rates from UN data are taken because i) UN data are taken whenever possible for consistency reasons, ii) UN data have several growth rates (middle, high, low) which gives some kind of uncertaintyinfo bounds, and iii) EUROSTAT growth rates fit quite well with the UN data growth rates so there is no inconsistency here.<br />
<br />
For further information see the preliminary documentation.<br />
<br />
<br />
''Analytica solution'' was not used but preparation of data was carried out using a database.<br />
<br />
Given the numbers for the sub groups and years, the percentages for age groups, the percentages for working/non-working status:<br />
<br />
Let the following.<br />
* [[Country]] is the index for European countries. There should be a row "Sea" for sea areas.<br />
* [[Year]] is the index for years considered (selected years between 2000-2050)<br />
* [[Sex]] is the index for sex (Male or Female)<br />
* EMEP is the index for EMEP grid identifiers (1 - ca. 3000)<br />
* [[Age]] is the index for 5-year age groups of the population.<br />
* Population_by_country is the total population in Europe, indexed by country, age group, and year.<br />
* Country_emep is an indicator (indexed by EMEP and Country), which tells the fraction of each EMEP grid cell that belongs to the specified country. This sums up to 1 when summed up over Country.<br />
* Population_emep is the current population disaggregated into the EMEP grid.<br />
* Population_ic is the disaggregated population data for 2001. This should be first aggregated to EMEP grid (if that's what we want). This is indexed by age and sex.<br />
<br />
The [[Analytica]] code for disaggretagion could look like this {{disclink|Disaggregation}}:<br />
<br />
<anacode><br />
var a:= population_emep*country_emep;<br />
a:= a/sum(a,emep);<br />
a:= a*population_by_country<br />
</anacode><br />
<br />
<br />
See also<br />
* Preliminary documentation<br />
* [[:image:Agriculture mega case study.ANA|Agriculture mega case study.ANA]]<br />
<br />
==Result==<br />
<br />
The current result is based on data obtained from IC. Not final version, though.<br />
<br />
{{resultlink}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Mega case study]]<br />
* [[Risk assessment of nitrate in drinking water]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Population_of_Europe&diff=17042Population of Europe2010-09-02T11:43:41Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: /* Definition */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Jouni}}<br />
<br />
'''Population of Europe''' estimates the size of the population in Europe in 2000-2050.{{disclink|Units, boundaries, and other things}}<br />
<br />
==Scope==<br />
<br />
What is the the number of people in the countries of the European Union and on the 50x50 km Emep grid, for the years 2000, 2010, 2020, 2030, 2050, disaggregated by age (5 year age groups), gender and spatial location of residence?<br />
<br />
==Definition==<br />
<br />
<br />
===Data===<br />
<br />
Data available:<br />
'''Used sources'''<br />
A) Census data [http://www.integrated-assessment.eu/resource_centre/small_area_population_data] are available on LAU level 2 for the year 2001. They are stratified by gender and age and used as basis data set for 2000/2001. They give spatial information as well as information on age groups and gender. However, they do not give information about the development in the future. Only data for 23 countries are available. BG, CY, LV, RO, CH, NO and IS are missing.<br />
<br />
B) UN data [http://esa.un.org/unpp/index.asp?panel=2] are available by country for the years 1950 to 2050 stratified by gender and 5-year age groups. They were used for filling of information gaps on country totals and gender and age stratification for those countries for which no LAU census data was available. Furthermore, they are used for deriving growth rates of population subgroups for future years. If for some reason not gridded data are needed but country totals, UN data can be taken. They give information on a country level. No further spatial information is available.<br />
<br />
C) GWP(Gridded World Population) [http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw/global.jsp] data are available from CIESIN/SEDAC. They provide gridded data on several resolutions for several regions. Interesting for the INTARESE/HEITMSA study were the data for 2000 and 2010 for a resolution of ½°. GWP data are used for filling of spatial information gaps for those countries for which no LAU census data is available. They furthermore give some feeling for spatial shift of population from 2000 to 2010. No information for the years 2020, 2030 and 2050 is available. No stratification regarding gender or age groups is available.<br />
<br />
D) EUROSTAT data [http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=de&pcode=tps00002&plugin=1] and projections are available for all required years. EUROSTAT data, including projections to the future, are used as one basic assumption for the energy modellinginfo, which in turn is an important basis for emissioninfo scenario modelling. No stratification regarding gender or age groups is available for future years. Comparisons indicate that EUROSTAT data, including projections, does not differ much from UN data, including projections. Thus, consistency is preserved.<br />
<br />
'''Other sources (partly outdated)'''<br />
* United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Bulletin of Housing Statistics for Europe and North America 2006. [http://www.unece.org/hlm/prgm/hsstat/Bulletin_06.htm]<br />
* [[Population of the World]]<br />
* [[IIASA World Population Program]]<br />
* [http://www.oeaw.ac.at/vid/datasheet/download_2008.shtml IIASA population in Europe by country]<br />
* IPCC / SRES. Source: Lutz / IIASA 1995 (not used) {{reslink|Lutz data}}<br />
** From 1995; 13 regions of the world; stratified by 5 year age groups and gender, 1995 – 2100 in 5 year steps<br />
<br />
<br />
Surveys were performed as a basis for the population data sources applied in the assessment (for past estimations). <br />
<br />
Data used:<br />
Population data was derived by making use of different data sources: UN data, CIESIN / SEDAC Gridded World Population and national census data.<br />
<br />
<br />
===Causality===<br />
<br />
* The number of people living in a grid cell, or country, is dependent on the birth rate, the mortality rate and the migration rate.<br />
<br />
===Unit===<br />
<br />
<nowiki>#</nowiki><br />
<br />
===Formula===<br />
<br />
* For national data the UN data is used directly.<br />
<br />
* For the gridded data the following steps were performed:<br />
<br />
'''Step 1a''': Processing LAU census data to fit it to the Emep grid cell <br />
* Filling gaps in the available data sets (e.g. for some countries for some LAU regions only the total number of persons was available, not split by age and gender)<br />
* Filling missing age groups (e.g. for some countries no 5-year age bands were given but e.g. 15-year bands: they were further split up using age group fractions derived from the UN data)<br />
* Intersection with Emep 50 km x 50 km grid<br />
* Summing up per grid cell, age and gender<br />
<br />
'''Step 1b''': Filling gaps: Filling data for those countries for which no LAU census data was available <br />
* Using UN data for country totals<br />
* Splitting into subgroups on a country level using UN data (subgroup fractions)<br />
* Area-weigh total population using GWP data (using percentages of grid cells compared to the total GWP population)<br />
<br />
UN data are used for country totals as country totals for all sources are relatively small, so there is no reason against using them. Furthermore, UN data country totals and growth rates are used for projections to the future (see step 2). Thus, consistency is preserved.<br />
<br />
'''Step 1c''': Summing up data from both sources <br />
* Summing up values for each grid cell from both sources<br />
<br />
'''Step 2''': Projections to the future<br />
* Growth rates from UN data (for each subgroup separately) are taken to project the basic data set to the future.<br />
* Resultinfo: Data set including for each grid cell the number of persons of each subgroup in the years 2000, 2010, 2020, 2030 and 2050. For 2020, 2030 and 2050, mediuminfo, high and low estimates are available.<br />
<br />
Growth rates from UN data are taken because i) UN data are taken whenever possible for consistency reasons, ii) UN data have several growth rates (middle, high, low) which gives some kind of uncertaintyinfo bounds, and iii) EUROSTAT growth rates fit quite well with the UN data growth rates so there is no inconsistency here.<br />
<br />
For further information see the preliminary documentation.<br />
<br />
<br />
''Analytica solution'' was not used but preparation of data was carried out using a database.<br />
<br />
Given the numbers for the sub groups and years, the percentages for age groups, the percentages for working/non-working status:<br />
<br />
Let the following.<br />
* [[Country]] is the index for European countries. There should be a row "Sea" for sea areas.<br />
* [[Year]] is the index for years considered (selected years between 2000-2050)<br />
* [[Sex]] is the index for sex (Male or Female)<br />
* EMEP is the index for EMEP grid identifiers (1 - ca. 3000)<br />
* [[Age]] is the index for 5-year age groups of the population.<br />
* Population_by_country is the total population in Europe, indexed by country, age group, and year.<br />
* Country_emep is an indicator (indexed by EMEP and Country), which tells the fraction of each EMEP grid cell that belongs to the specified country. This sums up to 1 when summed up over Country.<br />
* Population_emep is the current population disaggregated into the EMEP grid.<br />
* Population_ic is the disaggregated population data for 2001. This should be first aggregated to EMEP grid (if that's what we want). This is indexed by age and sex.<br />
<br />
The [[Analytica]] code for disaggretagion could look like this {{disclink|Disaggregation}}:<br />
<br />
<anacode><br />
var a:= population_emep*country_emep;<br />
a:= a/sum(a,emep);<br />
a:= a*population_by_country<br />
</anacode><br />
<br />
<br />
See also<br />
* Preliminary documentation<br />
* [[:image:Agriculture mega case study.ANA|Agriculture mega case study.ANA]]<br />
<br />
==Result==<br />
<br />
The current result is based on data obtained from IC. Not final version, though.<br />
<br />
{{resultlink}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Mega case study]]<br />
* [[Risk assessment of nitrate in drinking water]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Intarese_framework&diff=16851Intarese framework2010-08-06T07:34:15Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Guidebook}}<br />
[[Category:Assessment frameworks]]<br />
{{encyclopedia|moderator=Alexandra Kuhn}}<br />
[[Category:Glossary term]]<br />
<section begin=glossary /><br />
:'''The INTARESE framework''' comprises all relevant aspects and builds on all relevant methods to provide guidance for a comprehensive integrated environmental health impact assessment.<ref name="Intarese_framework">[http://www.intarese.org/kt/action.php?kt_path_info=ktcore.actions.document.view&fDocumentId=26 D5 Intarese Conceptual Model of Assessment Framework] (May 2007)</ref> It recognised the concept of the DPSIR, DPSEEA and MEME frameworks but provides a more flexible and comprehensive framework. The key [[Attribute | attributes]] are:<br />
:* the full chain approach, including variables and causal relationships linking the different steps in the chain from source to impact<br />
:* the logical process of assessment (steps involved in the execution of the assessment, tasks and responsibilities of the parties involved)<br />
:* information input and models (data input and processing, applying models, transforming intermediate variables into meaningful indicators and summary indices)<br />
:* appraisal of the information from multiple perspectives<br />
<br />
<section end=glossary /><br />
<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|-<br />
! Framework<br />
! Impact Pathway Approach<br />
! Full chain<br />
! DPSIR<br />
! DPSEEA<br />
|-<br />
| '''Used by whom'''<br />
| '''ExternE'''<br />
| '''Intarese / Heimtsa'''<br />
| '''EEA'''<br />
| '''WHO'''<br />
|- <br />
! '''Source'''<br />
| <ref>http://www.externe.info/</ref><br />
| <ref>http://www.intarese.org</ref> <ref>Briggs, D. (2008). "A framework for integrated environmental health impact assessment of systemic risks." Environmental Health 7:61. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-7-61</ref><br />
| <ref>http://glossary.eea.europa.eu/EEAGlossary/D/DPSIR</ref> <ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPSIR</ref> <ref>http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPSIR</ref><br />
| <ref>http://www.euro.who.int/EHindicators/Indicators/20030527_2</ref><br />
|-<br />
! '''Summary'''<br />
| The impact pathway approach allows for the determination of impacts (e.g. health effects) and damages (external costs) due to emissions of pollutants.<br />
| The full chain covers all the aspects from the other frameworks and focuses on comprehensiveness and integration. It acknowledges the importance of multi-causalities, complexity, interdependencies and uncertainty. It is limited to human health.<br />
| The causal framework for describing the interactions between society and the environment adopted by the European Environment Agency: driving forces, pressures, states, impacts, responses (extension of the PSR model developed by OECD).<br />
| The DPSEEA (Driving Forces - Pressures - State - Exposure - Effects - Actions) model is useful in designing a system of environmental health indicators within the decision-making context.<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! '''Scenarios'''<br />
| Scenario development / description: comparison of (a) policy option(s) to a reference scenario<br />
| Either consider the status quo or investigate scenarios<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! '''Driving forces'''<br />
| '''Activities''' <br> Activities that lead to emissions, e.g. driving a car, producing energy, using hairspray<br />
| '''Activities''' <br> Activities that lead to emissions, e.g. driving a car, producing energy, using hairspray, natural activities like volcanoe eruptions<br />
| '''Driving forces''' <br> Areas in public life that exert pressure on the environment, e.g. economic sectors, households.<br />
| '''Driving forces''' <br> The driving forces refer to the factors that motivate and push the environmental processes involved.<br />
|-<br />
! '''Pressures, e.g. emissions'''<br />
| '''Emissions''' <br> Emissions into air, water and soil, depending on activities and emission factors; can be reduced by applying mitigation measures<br />
| '''Sources: emissions, releases''' <br> Due to activities and processes (natural and anthropogenic)<br />
| '''Pressures''' <br> Resulting environmental burden, e.g. due to waste and built-up areas<br />
| '''Pressures''' <br> This result is the generation of pressures on the environment.<br />
|-<br />
! '''State of the environmental media'''<br />
| '''Concentrations / Depositions''' <br> Changes in the state of the environmental media leading to impacts<br />
| '''Quality of environmental media: concentration''' <br> After dispersion and transformation<br />
| '''State''' <br> State of an environmental compartment that is exposed to the burden, e.g. changes in atmosphere and lithosphere<br />
| '''State''' <br> In response to the pressures, the state of the environment is often modified.<br />
|-<br />
! '''Exposure'''<br />
| '''Concentrations / Depositions / Intake/Uptake''' <br> Concentrations that effect the population intake via ingestion. <br> Sensible area that is exposed to deposition <br> Material that is exposed to depostion<br />
| '''Exposure settings: Exposure''' <br> Depending on population behaviour, e.g. time-activity pattern, product use, diet<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| '''Exposure''' <br> Deterioration in the state of the environment, however, poses risks to human well-being only when there is interplay between people and the hazards in the environment. Exposure is therefore rarely an automatic consequence of the existence of a hazard: it requires that people are present both at the place and at the time that the hazard occurs. Exposure to environmental hazards, in turn, leads to a wide spectrum of health effects, which may be acute or chronic. The concept of exposure is best developed in relation to pollutants in environmental media. The amount of the pollutant absorbed, i.e. the "dose", depends on the duration and intensity of the exposure.<br />
|-<br />
! '''Impacts / Effects, e.g. health effects'''<br />
| '''Impacts''' <br> Impacts on the receptors, e.g. human health effects, adverse effects on crops, materials and ecosystems<br />
| '''Human body: dose, health effects''' <br> After inhalation, dermal exposure, ingestion Pathophysiological processes lead from a dose to a health effect <br />
| '''Impacts''' <br> Specific impact due to the environmental burden, e.g. greenhouse effect, soil pollution<br />
| '''Effects''' <br>Some hazards may have a rapid effect following exposure, whereas others may require a long time to produce an adverse health effect.<br />
|-<br />
! '''Damages'''<br />
| '''Damages''' <br> External costs of the impacts due to the emissions. Thus, the impacts are made comparable; and a cost-benefit-analysis can be conducted.<br />
| rowspan=2 valign="centre" | '''Social, cultural, political, economical and judicial settings: Impacts''' <br> Taking place of valuation and weighing; risk characterisation; e.g. policy deficits, disease burden, societal (external) costs, perceptions<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! '''Answers of society / Actions'''<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| '''Responses''' <br> Social reaction to the burden, e.g. research and laws<br />
| '''Actions''' <br> In face of the environmental problems and consequent health effects, society attempts to adopt and implement a range of actions. These may take many forms and be targeted at different points within the environment-health continuum. Actions may be taken to reduce or control the hazards concerned, such as by limiting emissions of pollutants or introducing flood control measures. The most effective long-term actions, however, are those that are preventive in approach, aimed at eliminating or reducing the forces that drive the system. <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Intarese_framework&diff=16850Intarese framework2010-08-06T07:16:21Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Guidebook}}<br />
[[Category:Assessment frameworks]]<br />
{{encyclopedia|moderator=Alexandra Kuhn}}<br />
[[Category:Glossary term]]<br />
<section begin=glossary /><br />
:'''The INTARESE framework''' comprises all relevant aspects and builds on all relevant methods to provide guidance for a comprehensive integrated environmental health impact assessment.<ref name="Intarese_framework">[http://www.intarese.org/kt/action.php?kt_path_info=ktcore.actions.document.view&fDocumentId=26 D5 Intarese Conceptual Model of Assessment Framework] (May 2007)</ref> It recognised the concept of the DPSIR, DPSEEA and MEME frameworks but provides a more flexible and comprehensive framework. The key [[Attribute | attributes]] are:<br />
:* the full chain approach, including variables and causal relationships linking the different steps in the chain from source to impact<br />
:* the logical process of assessment (steps involved in the execution of the assessment, tasks and responsibilities of the parties involved)<br />
:* information input and models (data input and processing, applying models, transforming intermediate variables into meaningful indicators and summary indices)<br />
:* appraisal of the information from multiple perspectives<br />
<br />
<section end=glossary /><br />
<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|-<br />
! Framework<br />
! Impact Pathway Approach<br />
! Full chain<br />
! DPSIR<br />
! DPSEEA<br />
|-<br />
| '''Used by whom'''<br />
| '''ExternE'''<br />
| '''Intarese / Heimtsa'''<br />
| '''EEA'''<br />
| '''WHO'''<br />
|- <br />
! '''Source'''<br />
| <ref>http://www.externe.info/</ref><br />
| <ref>http://www.intarese.org</ref> <ref>Briggs, D. (2008). "A framework for integrated environmental health impact assessment of systemic risks." Environmental Health 7:61. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-7-61</ref><br />
| <ref>http://glossary.eea.europa.eu/EEAGlossary/D/DPSIR</ref> <ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPSIR</ref> <ref>http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPSIR</ref><br />
| <ref>http://www.euro.who.int/EHindicators/Indicators/20030527_2</ref><br />
|-<br />
! '''Summary'''<br />
| The impact pathway approach allows for the determination of impacts (e.g. health effects) and damages (external costs) due to emissions of pollutants.<br />
| The full chain covers all the aspects from the other frameworks and focuses on comprehensiveness and integration. It acknowledges the importance of multi-causalities, complexity, interdependencies and uncertainty. It is limited to human health.<br />
| The causal framework for describing the interactions between society and the environment adopted by the European Environment Agency: driving forces, pressures, states, impacts, responses (extension of the PSR model developed by OECD).<br />
| The DPSEEA (Driving Forces - Pressures - State - Exposure - Effects - Actions) model is useful in designing a system of environmental health indicators within the decision-making context.<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! '''Scenarios'''<br />
| Scenario development / description: comparison of (a) policy option(s) to a reference scenario<br />
| Either consider the status quo or investigate scenarios<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! '''Driving forces'''<br />
| '''Activities''' <br> Activities that lead to emissions, e.g. driving a car, producing energy, using hairspray<br />
| '''Activities''' <br> Activities that lead to emissions, e.g. driving a car, producing energy, using hairspray, natural activities like volcanoe eruptions<br />
| '''Driving forces''' <br> Areas in public life that exert pressure on the environment, e.g. economic sectors, households.<br />
| '''Driving forces''' <br> The driving forces refer to the factors that motivate and push the environmental processes involved.<br />
|-<br />
! '''Pressures, e.g. emissions'''<br />
| '''Emissions''' <br> Emissions into air, water and soil, depending on activities and emission factors; can be reduced by applying mitigation measures<br />
| '''Sources: emissions, releases''' <br> Due to activities and processes (natural and anthropogenic)<br />
| '''Pressures''' <br> Resulting environmental burden, e.g. due to waste and built-up areas<br />
| '''Pressures''' <br> This result is the generation of pressures on the environment.<br />
|-<br />
! '''State of the environmental media'''<br />
| '''Concentrations / Depositions''' <br> Changes in the state of the environmental media leading to impacts<br />
| '''Quality of environmental media: concentration''' <br> After dispersion and transformation<br />
| '''State''' <br> State of an environmental compartment that is exposed to the burden, e.g. changes in atmosphere and lithosphere<br />
| '''State''' <br> In response to the pressures, the state of the environment is often modified.<br />
|-<br />
! '''Exposure'''<br />
| '''Concentrations / Depositions / Intake/Uptake''' <br> Concentrations that effect the population intake via ingestion. <br> Sensible area that is exposed to deposition <br> Material that is exposed to depostion<br />
| '''Exposure settings: Exposure''' <br> Depending on population behaviour, e.g. time-activity pattern, product use, diet<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| '''Exposure''' <br> Deterioration in the state of the environment, however, poses risks to human well-being only when there is interplay between people and the hazards in the environment. Exposure is therefore rarely an automatic consequence of the existence of a hazard: it requires that people are present both at the place and at the time that the hazard occurs. Exposure to environmental hazards, in turn, leads to a wide spectrum of health effects, which may be acute or chronic. The concept of exposure is best developed in relation to pollutants in environmental media. The amount of the pollutant absorbed, i.e. the "dose", depends on the duration and intensity of the exposure.<br />
|-<br />
! '''Impacts / Effects, e.g. health effects'''<br />
| '''Impacts''' <br> Impacts on the receptors, e.g. human health effects, adverse effects on crops, materials and ecosystems<br />
| '''Human body: dose, health effects''' <br> After inhalation, dermal exposure, ingestion Pathophysiological processes lead from a dose to a health effect <br />
| '''Impacts''' <br> Specific impact due to the environmental burden, e.g. greenhouse effect, soil pollution<br />
| '''Effects''' <br>Some hazards may have a rapid effect following exposure, whereas others may require a long time to produce an adverse health effect.<br />
|-<br />
! '''Damages'''<br />
| '''Damages''' <br> External costs of the impacts due to the emissions. Thus, the impacts are made comparable; and a cost-benefit-analysis can be conducted.<br />
| rowspan=2 valign="centre" | '''Social, cultural, political, economical and judicial settings: Impacts''' <br> Taking place of valuation and weighing; risk characterisation; e.g. policy deficits, disease burden, societal (external) costs, perceptions<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! '''Answers of society / Actions'''<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| '''Responses''' <br> Social reaction to the burden, e.g. research and laws<br />
| '''Actions''' <br> In face of the environmental problems and consequent health effects, society attempts to adopt and implement a<br />
range of actions. These may take many forms and be targeted at different points within the environment-health continuum. Actions may be taken to reduce or control the hazards concerned, such as by limiting emissions of pollutants or introducing flood control measures. The most effective long-term actions, however, are those that are preventive in approach, aimed at eliminating or reducing the forces that drive the system. <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Intarese_framework&diff=16849Intarese framework2010-08-06T07:00:23Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Guidebook}}<br />
[[Category:Assessment frameworks]]<br />
{{encyclopedia|moderator=Alexandra Kuhn}}<br />
[[Category:Glossary term]]<br />
<section begin=glossary /><br />
:'''The INTARESE framework''' comprises all relevant aspects and builds on all relevant methods to provide guidance for a comprehensive integrated environmental health impact assessment.<ref name="Intarese_framework">[http://www.intarese.org/kt/action.php?kt_path_info=ktcore.actions.document.view&fDocumentId=26 D5 Intarese Conceptual Model of Assessment Framework] (May 2007)</ref> It recognised the concept of the DPSIR, DPSEEA and MEME frameworks but provides a more flexible and comprehensive framework. The key [[Attribute | attributes]] are:<br />
:* the full chain approach, including variables and causal relationships linking the different steps in the chain from source to impact<br />
:* the logical process of assessment (steps involved in the execution of the assessment, tasks and responsibilities of the parties involved)<br />
:* information input and models (data input and processing, applying models, transforming intermediate variables into meaningful indicators and summary indices)<br />
:* appraisal of the information from multiple perspectives<br />
<br />
<section end=glossary /><br />
<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|-<br />
! Framework<br />
! Impact Pathway Approach<br />
! Full chain<br />
! DPSIR<br />
! DPSEEA<br />
|-<br />
| '''Used by whom'''<br />
| '''ExternE'''<br />
| '''Intarese / Heimtsa'''<br />
| '''EEA'''<br />
| '''WHO'''<br />
|- <br />
! '''Source'''<br />
| <ref>http://www.externe.info/</ref><br />
| <ref>http://www.intarese.org</ref> <ref>Briggs, D. (2008). "A framework for integrated environmental health impact assessment of systemic risks." Environmental Health 7:61. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-7-61</ref><br />
| <ref>http://glossary.eea.europa.eu/EEAGlossary/D/DPSIR</ref> <ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPSIR</ref> <ref>http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPSIR</ref><br />
| <ref>http://www.euro.who.int/EHindicators/Indicators/20030527_2</ref><br />
|-<br />
! '''Summary'''<br />
| The impact pathway approach allows for the determination of impacts (e.g. health effects) and damages (external costs) due to emissions of pollutants.<br />
| The full chain covers all the aspects from the other frameworks and focuses on comprehensiveness and integration. It acknowledges the importance of multi-causalities, complexity, interdependencies and uncertainty. It is limited to human health.<br />
| The causal framework for describing the interactions between society and the environment adopted by the European Environment Agency: driving forces, pressures, states, impacts, responses (extension of the PSR model developed by OECD).<br />
| The DPSEEA (Driving Forces - Pressures - State - Exposure - Effects - Actions) model is useful in designing a system of environmental health indicators within the decision-making context.<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! '''Scenarios'''<br />
| Scenario development / description: comparison of (a) policy option(s) to a reference scenario<br />
| Either consider the status quo or investigate scenarios<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! '''Driving forces'''<br />
| '''Activities''' <br> Activities that lead to emissions, e.g. driving a car, producing energy, using hairspray<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| '''Driving forces''' <br> Areas in public life that exert pressure on the environment, e.g. economic sectors, households.<br />
| '''Driving forces''' <br> The driving forces refer to the factors that motivate and push the environmental processes involved.<br />
|-<br />
! '''Pressures, e.g. emissions'''<br />
| '''Emissions''' <br> Emissions into air, water and soil, depending on activities and emission factors; can be reduced by applying mitigation measures<br />
| '''Sources: emissions, releases''' <br> Due to activities and processes (natural and anthropogenic)<br />
| '''Pressures''' <br> Resulting environmental burden, e.g. due to waste and built-up areas<br />
| '''Pressures''' <br> This result is the generation of pressures on the environment.<br />
|-<br />
! '''State of the environmental media'''<br />
| '''Concentrations / Depositions''' <br> Changes in the state of the environmental media leading to impacts<br />
| '''Quality of environmental media: concentration''' <br> After dispersion and transformation<br />
| '''State''' <br> State of an environmental compartment that is exposed to the burden, e.g. changes in atmosphere and lithosphere<br />
| '''State''' <br> In response to the pressures, the state of the environment is often modified.<br />
|-<br />
! '''Exposure'''<br />
| '''Concentrations / Depositions / Intake/Uptake''' <br> Concentrations that effect the population intake via ingestion. <br> Sensible area that is exposed to deposition <br> Material that is exposed to depostion<br />
| '''Exposure settings: Exposure''' <br> Depending on population behaviour, e.g. time-activity pattern, product use, diet<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| '''Exposure''' <br> Deterioration in the state of the environment, however, poses risks to human well-being only when there is interplay between people and the hazards in the environment. Exposure is therefore rarely an automatic consequence of the existence of a hazard: it requires that people are present both at the place and at the time that the hazard occurs. Exposure to environmental hazards, in turn, leads to a wide spectrum of health effects, which may be acute or chronic. The concept of exposure is best developed in relation to pollutants in environmental media. The amount of the pollutant absorbed, i.e. the "dose", depends on the duration and intensity of the exposure.<br />
|-<br />
! '''Impacts / Effects, e.g. health effects'''<br />
| '''Impacts''' <br> Impacts on the receptors, e.g. human health effects, adverse effects on crops, materials and ecosystems<br />
| '''Human body: dose, health effects''' <br> After inhalation, dermal exposure, ingestion Pathophysiological processes lead from a dose to a health effect <br />
| '''Impacts''' <br> Specific impact due to the environmental burden, e.g. greenhouse effect, soil pollution<br />
| '''Effects''' <br>Some hazards may have a rapid effect following exposure, whereas others may require a long time to produce an adverse health effect.<br />
|-<br />
! '''Damages'''<br />
| '''Damages''' <br> External costs of the impacts due to the emissions. Thus, the impacts are made comparable; and a cost-benefit-analysis can be conducted.<br />
| rowspan=2 valign="centre" | '''Social, cultural, political, economical and judicial settings: Impacts''' <br> Taking place of valuation and weighing; risk characterisation; e.g. policy deficits, disease burden, societal (external) costs, perceptions<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! '''Answers of society / Actions'''<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| '''Responses''' <br> Social reaction to the burden, e.g. research and laws<br />
| '''Actions''' <br> In face of the environmental problems and consequent health effects, society attempts to adopt and implement a<br />
range of actions. These may take many forms and be targeted at different points within the environment-health continuum. Actions may be taken to reduce or control the hazards concerned, such as by limiting emissions of pollutants or introducing flood control measures. The most effective long-term actions, however, are those that are preventive in approach, aimed at eliminating or reducing the forces that drive the system. <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Intarese_framework&diff=16848Intarese framework2010-08-06T06:56:59Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Guidebook}}<br />
[[Category:Assessment frameworks]]<br />
{{encyclopedia|moderator=Alexandra Kuhn}}<br />
[[Category:Glossary term]]<br />
<section begin=glossary /><br />
:'''The INTARESE framework''' comprises all relevant aspects and builds on all relevant methods to provide guidance for a comprehensive integrated environmental health impact assessment.<ref name="Intarese_framework">[http://www.intarese.org/kt/action.php?kt_path_info=ktcore.actions.document.view&fDocumentId=26 D5 Intarese Conceptual Model of Assessment Framework] (May 2007)</ref> It recognised the concept of the DPSIR, DPSEEA and MEME frameworks but provides a more flexible and comprehensive framework. The key [[Attribute | attributes]] are:<br />
:* the full chain approach, including variables and causal relationships linking the different steps in the chain from source to impact<br />
:* the logical process of assessment (steps involved in the execution of the assessment, tasks and responsibilities of the parties involved)<br />
:* information input and models (data input and processing, applying models, transforming intermediate variables into meaningful indicators and summary indices)<br />
:* appraisal of the information from multiple perspectives<br />
<br />
<section end=glossary /><br />
<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|-<br />
! Framework<br />
! Impact Pathway Approach<br />
! Full chain<br />
! DPSIR<br />
! DPSEEA<br />
|-<br />
| '''Used by whom'''<br />
| '''ExternE / Heimtsa'''<br />
| '''Intarese'''<br />
| '''EEA'''<br />
| '''WHO'''<br />
|- <br />
! '''Source'''<br />
| <ref>http://www.externe.info/</ref><br />
| <ref>http://www.intarese.org</ref><br />
| <ref>http://glossary.eea.europa.eu/EEAGlossary/D/DPSIR</ref> <ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPSIR</ref> <ref>http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPSIR</ref><br />
| <ref>http://www.euro.who.int/EHindicators/Indicators/20030527_2</ref><br />
|-<br />
! '''Summary'''<br />
| The impact pathway approach allows for the determination of impacts (e.g. health effects) and damages (external costs) due to emissions of pollutants.<br />
| The full chain covers all the aspects from the other frameworks and focuses on comprehensiveness and integration. It acknowledges the importance of multi-causalities, complexity, interdependencies and uncertainty. It is limited to human health.<br />
| The causal framework for describing the interactions between society and the environment adopted by the European Environment Agency: driving forces, pressures, states, impacts, responses (extension of the PSR model developed by OECD).<br />
| The DPSEEA (Driving Forces - Pressures - State - Exposure - Effects - Actions) model is useful in designing a system of environmental health indicators within the decision-making context.<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! '''Scenarios'''<br />
| Scenario development / description: comparison of (a) policy option(s) to a reference scenario<br />
| Either consider the status quo or investigate scenarios<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! '''Driving forces'''<br />
| '''Activities''' <br> Activities that lead to emissions, e.g. driving a car, producing energy, using hairspray<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| '''Driving forces''' <br> Areas in public life that exert pressure on the environment, e.g. economic sectors, households.<br />
| '''Driving forces''' <br> The driving forces refer to the factors that motivate and push the environmental processes involved.<br />
|-<br />
! '''Pressures, e.g. emissions'''<br />
| '''Emissions''' <br> Emissions into air, water and soil, depending on activities and emission factors; can be reduced by applying mitigation measures<br />
| '''Sources: emissions, releases''' <br> Due to activities and processes (natural and anthropogenic)<br />
| '''Pressures''' <br> Resulting environmental burden, e.g. due to waste and built-up areas<br />
| '''Pressures''' <br> This result is the generation of pressures on the environment.<br />
|-<br />
! '''State of the environmental media'''<br />
| '''Concentrations / Depositions''' <br> Changes in the state of the environmental media leading to impacts<br />
| '''Quality of environmental media: concentration''' <br> After dispersion and transformation<br />
| '''State''' <br> State of an environmental compartment that is exposed to the burden, e.g. changes in atmosphere and lithosphere<br />
| '''State''' <br> In response to the pressures, the state of the environment is often modified.<br />
|-<br />
! '''Exposure'''<br />
| '''Concentrations / Depositions / Intake/Uptake''' <br> Concentrations that effect the population intake via ingestion. <br> Sensible area that is exposed to deposition <br> Material that is exposed to depostion<br />
| '''Exposure settings: Exposure''' <br> Depending on population behaviour, e.g. time-activity pattern, product use, diet<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| '''Exposure''' <br> Deterioration in the state of the environment, however, poses risks to human well-being only when there is interplay between people and the hazards in the environment. Exposure is therefore rarely an automatic consequence of the existence of a hazard: it requires that people are present both at the place and at the time that the hazard occurs. Exposure to environmental hazards, in turn, leads to a wide spectrum of health effects, which may be acute or chronic. The concept of exposure is best developed in relation to pollutants in environmental media. The amount of the pollutant absorbed, i.e. the "dose", depends on the duration and intensity of the exposure.<br />
|-<br />
! '''Impacts / Effects, e.g. health effects'''<br />
| '''Impacts''' <br> Impacts on the receptors, e.g. human health effects, adverse effects on crops, materials and ecosystems<br />
| '''Human body: dose, health effects''' <br> After inhalation, dermal exposure, ingestion Pathophysiological processes lead from a dose to a health effect <br />
| '''Impacts''' <br> Specific impact due to the environmental burden, e.g. greenhouse effect, soil pollution<br />
| '''Effects''' <br>Some hazards may have a rapid effect following exposure, whereas others may require a long time to produce an adverse health effect.<br />
|-<br />
! '''Damages'''<br />
| '''Damages''' <br> External costs of the impacts due to the emissions. Thus, the impacts are made comparable; and a cost-benefit-analysis can be conducted.<br />
| rowspan=2 valign="centre" | '''Social, cultural, political, economical and judicial settings: Impacts''' <br> Taking place of valuation and weighing; risk characterisation; e.g. policy deficits, disease burden, societal (external) costs, perceptions<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! '''Answers of society / Actions'''<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| '''Responses''' <br> Social reaction to the burden, e.g. research and laws<br />
| '''Actions''' <br> In face of the environmental problems and consequent health effects, society attempts to adopt and implement a<br />
range of actions. These may take many forms and be targeted at different points within the environment-health continuum. Actions may be taken to reduce or control the hazards concerned, such as by limiting emissions of pollutants or introducing flood control measures. The most effective long-term actions, however, are those that are preventive in approach, aimed at eliminating or reducing the forces that drive the system. <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Intarese_framework&diff=16847Intarese framework2010-08-06T06:55:48Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Guidebook}}<br />
[[Category:Assessment frameworks]]<br />
{{encyclopedia|moderator=Alexandra Kuhn}}<br />
[[Category:Glossary term]]<br />
<section begin=glossary /><br />
:'''The INTARESE framework''' comprises all relevant aspects and builds on all relevant methods to provide guidance for a comprehensive and integrated risk/impact assessment.<ref name="Intarese_framework">[http://www.intarese.org/kt/action.php?kt_path_info=ktcore.actions.document.view&fDocumentId=26 D5 Intarese Conceptual Model of Assessment Framework] (May 2007)</ref> It recognised the concept of the DPSIR, DPSEEA and MEME frameworks but provides a more flexible and comprehensive framework. The key [[Attribute | attributes]] are:<br />
:* the full chain approach, including variables and causal relationships linking the different steps in the chain from source to impact<br />
:* the logical process of assessment (steps involved in the execution of the assessment, tasks and responsibilities of the parties involved)<br />
:* information input and models (data input and processing, applying models, transforming intermediate variables into meaningful indicators and summary indices)<br />
:* appraisal of the information from multiple perspectives<br />
<br />
<section end=glossary /><br />
<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|-<br />
! Framework<br />
! Impact Pathway Approach<br />
! Full chain<br />
! DPSIR<br />
! DPSEEA<br />
|-<br />
| '''Used by whom'''<br />
| '''ExternE / Heimtsa'''<br />
| '''Intarese'''<br />
| '''EEA'''<br />
| '''WHO'''<br />
|- <br />
! '''Source'''<br />
| <ref>http://www.externe.info/</ref><br />
| <ref>http://www.intarese.org</ref><br />
| <ref>http://glossary.eea.europa.eu/EEAGlossary/D/DPSIR</ref> <ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPSIR</ref> <ref>http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPSIR</ref><br />
| <ref>http://www.euro.who.int/EHindicators/Indicators/20030527_2</ref><br />
|-<br />
! '''Summary'''<br />
| The impact pathway approach allows for the determination of impacts (e.g. health effects) and damages (external costs) due to emissions of pollutants.<br />
| The full chain covers all the aspects from the other frameworks and focuses on comprehensiveness and integration. It acknowledges the importance of multi-causalities, complexity, interdependencies and uncertainty. It is limited to human health.<br />
| The causal framework for describing the interactions between society and the environment adopted by the European Environment Agency: driving forces, pressures, states, impacts, responses (extension of the PSR model developed by OECD).<br />
| The DPSEEA (Driving Forces - Pressures - State - Exposure - Effects - Actions) model is useful in designing a system of environmental health indicators within the decision-making context.<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! '''Scenarios'''<br />
| Scenario development / description: comparison of (a) policy option(s) to a reference scenario<br />
| Either consider the status quo or investigate scenarios<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! '''Driving forces'''<br />
| '''Activities''' <br> Activities that lead to emissions, e.g. driving a car, producing energy, using hairspray<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| '''Driving forces''' <br> Areas in public life that exert pressure on the environment, e.g. economic sectors, households.<br />
| '''Driving forces''' <br> The driving forces refer to the factors that motivate and push the environmental processes involved.<br />
|-<br />
! '''Pressures, e.g. emissions'''<br />
| '''Emissions''' <br> Emissions into air, water and soil, depending on activities and emission factors; can be reduced by applying mitigation measures<br />
| '''Sources: emissions, releases''' <br> Due to activities and processes (natural and anthropogenic)<br />
| '''Pressures''' <br> Resulting environmental burden, e.g. due to waste and built-up areas<br />
| '''Pressures''' <br> This result is the generation of pressures on the environment.<br />
|-<br />
! '''State of the environmental media'''<br />
| '''Concentrations / Depositions''' <br> Changes in the state of the environmental media leading to impacts<br />
| '''Quality of environmental media: concentration''' <br> After dispersion and transformation<br />
| '''State''' <br> State of an environmental compartment that is exposed to the burden, e.g. changes in atmosphere and lithosphere<br />
| '''State''' <br> In response to the pressures, the state of the environment is often modified.<br />
|-<br />
! '''Exposure'''<br />
| '''Concentrations / Depositions / Intake/Uptake''' <br> Concentrations that effect the population intake via ingestion. <br> Sensible area that is exposed to deposition <br> Material that is exposed to depostion<br />
| '''Exposure settings: Exposure''' <br> Depending on population behaviour, e.g. time-activity pattern, product use, diet<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| '''Exposure''' <br> Deterioration in the state of the environment, however, poses risks to human well-being only when there is interplay between people and the hazards in the environment. Exposure is therefore rarely an automatic consequence of the existence of a hazard: it requires that people are present both at the place and at the time that the hazard occurs. Exposure to environmental hazards, in turn, leads to a wide spectrum of health effects, which may be acute or chronic. The concept of exposure is best developed in relation to pollutants in environmental media. The amount of the pollutant absorbed, i.e. the "dose", depends on the duration and intensity of the exposure.<br />
|-<br />
! '''Impacts / Effects, e.g. health effects'''<br />
| '''Impacts''' <br> Impacts on the receptors, e.g. human health effects, adverse effects on crops, materials and ecosystems<br />
| '''Human body: dose, health effects''' <br> After inhalation, dermal exposure, ingestion Pathophysiological processes lead from a dose to a health effect <br />
| '''Impacts''' <br> Specific impact due to the environmental burden, e.g. greenhouse effect, soil pollution<br />
| '''Effects''' <br>Some hazards may have a rapid effect following exposure, whereas others may require a long time to produce an adverse health effect.<br />
|-<br />
! '''Damages'''<br />
| '''Damages''' <br> External costs of the impacts due to the emissions. Thus, the impacts are made comparable; and a cost-benefit-analysis can be conducted.<br />
| rowspan=2 valign="centre" | '''Social, cultural, political, economical and judicial settings: Impacts''' <br> Taking place of valuation and weighing; risk characterisation; e.g. policy deficits, disease burden, societal (external) costs, perceptions<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! '''Answers of society / Actions'''<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| '''Responses''' <br> Social reaction to the burden, e.g. research and laws<br />
| '''Actions''' <br> In face of the environmental problems and consequent health effects, society attempts to adopt and implement a<br />
range of actions. These may take many forms and be targeted at different points within the environment-health continuum. Actions may be taken to reduce or control the hazards concerned, such as by limiting emissions of pollutants or introducing flood control measures. The most effective long-term actions, however, are those that are preventive in approach, aimed at eliminating or reducing the forces that drive the system. <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=List_of_open_tasks&diff=15407List of open tasks2010-05-18T07:24:47Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: /* Writing of Intarese Toolbox pages (WP1.4) */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{task|moderator=Jouni}}<br />
<br />
==Information collection==<br />
<br />
*[[Information collection tasks for Opasnet]] are tasks that do not require detailed understanding about the [[open assessment]] method, and are important for the overall functionality or coverage of [[Opasnet]].<br />
<br />
==Writing of [[Intarese]] Toolbox pages (WP1.4)==<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
! Specification of deliverables (according to deliverables list Feb 2010)<br />
! Planned deadline deliverable<br />
! Delivered as general product (yes/ no/ partly)<br />
! Location in toolbox<sup>2</sup><br />
! Delivered into the toolbox (yes/ no/ partly)<br />
! Type of page<sup>1</sup><br />
! Person responsible for remaining tasks<br />
! Comments<br />
|----<br />
| Indicator selection|| 54|| yes|| What indicators should be used.../ building good indicators|| no|| G|| PBL Eva|| <br />
|----<br />
| Calculating DALYs and QALYs|| 54|| yes|| Execution/ impact analysis/ measures of impact || partly|| G|| RIVM Anne|| <br />
|----<br />
| Calculating DALYs and QALYs|| 54|| no|| Execution/ impact analysis/ measures of impact || [http://www.integrated-assessment.eu/resource_centre/impact_calculation_tool partly]|| M|| RIVM Anne?|| <br />
|----<br />
| [[DALY weights|Severity weights]]|| 54|| no|| Execution/ impact analysis/ measures of impact/Calculating DALYs and QALYs || || D|| RIVM Anne|| SAME AS D128. SOME MATERIAL from the link<br />
|----<br />
| Monetisation methods|| 54|| yes?|| Execution/ impact analysis/ measures of impact || partly?|| G + M + D|| Alistair Hunt (HEIMTSA) with help from Tifanny from RIVM|| <br />
|----<br />
| Risk Perception|| 54|| yes?|| What indicators should be used... || no|| G + M?|| RIVM Ric?|| <br />
|----<br />
| [[Open assessment]]|| 54|| ready|| Issue framing/ key points/ concept of IEHIA/ other assessment methodologies|| no|| G|| THL Jouni|| <br />
|----<br />
| [[Collaborative workspace]] || -|| ready|| Execution/ Key considerations/ collaborating on an assessment || no|| D || THL Jouni||<br />
|----<br />
| [[Opasnet Base|Result database]]|| 54|| no|| Design/ feasibility testing/ information needs || no|| D|| THL Jouni|| <br />
|----<br />
| Multiple bias [http://heande.opasnet.org/wiki/Combining_dioxin_epidemiology_and_toxicology]|| 54|| no|| Design/ feasibility testing/ information needs/ exposure-response functions || no|| G|| THL Marjo|| <br />
|----<br />
| [[Value of information]]|| 54|| yes|| Execution/ uncertainty analysis|| [http://www.integrated-assessment.eu/node/221 yes]|| G|| THL Jouni|| <br />
|----<br />
| [[:File:VOI_analysis.ANA|Value of information model]]|| 54|| yes|| Execution/ uncertainty analysis/ value of information|| no|| M|| THL Jouni|| <br />
|----<br />
| Quality/Performance [http://heande.opasnet.org/wiki/Purpose_and_properties_of_good_assessments]|| 54|| yes|| Execution/ uncertainty analysis|| no|| G|| THL Mikko|| <br />
|----<br />
| [[:heande:Protocol on stakeholder involvement|Protocol on stakeholder involvement]]. [http://heande.opasnet.org/wiki/Organizing_stakeholder_involvement]|| 50|| yes|| Issue framing/ Who are the stakeholders/ Engaging stakeholders/ methods for stakeholder engagement|| no|| G|| THL Mikko|| Part of D47 (detailed description). Delivered at mo 50.<br />
|----<br />
| [[Participating in assessments]] [http://heande.opasnet.org/wiki/HI:D47_Protocol_on_stakeholder_involvement] || 50|| yes|| Issue framing/ Who are the stakeholders/ Engaging stakeholders/ methods for stakeholder engagement|| no|| G|| THL Mikko|| Part of D47 (an overview).<br />
|----<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<sup>1</sup> Types of toolbox pages: (Guidebook/ Resource - Model or tool/ Resource - Worked Example/ Resource - Data)<br><br />
<sup>2</sup> Based on the toolbox structure on 6 May 2010 [http://N:\YMTO\PROJECTS\INTARESE\WP4_2\Toolbox_structure_v4.ppt]<br />
<br />
==Templates of page types==<br />
<br />
The following template pages should be updated based on the following object structure descriptions. The [[Template:Assessment structure]] has been done as example.<br />
* [[Template:Variablestructure]] based on [[Variable structure]] DONE<br />
* [[Template:Assessment structure]] based on [[Assessment structure]] DONE<br />
* [[Template:Method structure]] based on [[Method]]<br />
* [[Template:Tool structure]] based on [[Tool]]<br />
* [[Template:Study structure]] based on [[Study]]<br />
* [[Template:Lecture structure]] based on [[Lecture]]<br />
* [[Template:Encyclopedia structure]] based on [[Encyclopedia article]]<br />
* [[Template:Task structure]] based on [[Task]]<br />
* [[Template:Nugget structure]] based on [[Nugget]]<br />
* [[Template:Class structure]] based on [[Class]]<br />
<br />
==Rewriting existing topics in [[Opasnet]]==<br />
<br />
Some pages are outdated or overlapping with other pages. Therefore, there are needs to restructure and rewrite existing pages.<br />
* Merge overlapping text in [[Opasnet]] and [[Welcome to Opasnet]].<br />
<br />
<br />
==Page type update==<br />
<br />
All pages should have a page type. Also, some pages have been classified into a poor page type, because the practices have changed over time. Also the structure should be improved towards Scope, Definition, Result if applicable. Therefore, there are tasks to:<br />
* develop a page that lists all pages without a page type,<br />
* go through all pages without a page type and classify them,<br />
* reclassifying pages into better types when they are being edited for other reasons.<br />
* The current pages will be cleaned up. Two major things: check the page type (variable, assessment...), and add any relevant categories. <br />
* The Variable namespace should be checked, as a lot of it seems to have moved to the Main namespace. The original tasks were divided as follows:<br />
** Variable namespace A-D Päivi<br />
** E-F Mikko<br />
** G-O Erkki DONE<br />
** P-W Pasi<br />
** Main namespace A-B Virpi<br />
** C Pauliina<br />
<br />
==Improving categorisation==<br />
<br />
The existing categories are not well developed and systematic. Therefore, there are tasks to:<br />
* improve the categorisation system, preferably based on some existing classification,<br />
* go through the pages and update categories.<br />
* Category:Assessment method articles categorized to Category:Method instead.<br />
<br />
==Writing about important topics==<br />
<br />
There are several important topics that should be covered in [[Opasnet]]. However, these are not simple copy-paste work and they require that someone gets acquainted with the topics and summarises them. Such topics are listed here:<br />
* Artikkeli bisneksestä, jossa valtio maksaa siitä, että joku auttaa toista säästämään energiaa. Ennen säästötoimia kirjataan energiankulutus, ja säästöä seurataan. Konsultti saa palkkionsa toteutuneen säästön mukaan. Jos tulee lisäkulua, konsultti joutuu maksumieheksi. Onko tästä jo artikkeli jossain? Tyjakissa?<br />
<br />
<br />
==Checking potentially important web links==<br />
<br />
Some web links seem interesting and important for [[Opasnet]], but more time is needed to look at those. Only then it is possible to decide, whether the information should be linked to from some [[Opasnet]] pages, or whether the information deserves a page of its own. These web links include:<br />
* [http://eurpub.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/extract/ckn019 A network strategy to advance public health in Europe by Jan C. Semenza]<br />
* http://www.lvm.fi/web/fi/tiedote/view/842376 Liikenneministeriön ilmatopoliittinen suunnitelma<br />
* http://pehmo.hut.fi/turku/htdocs/flash/ PehmoGIS paikkatietoliittymä<br />
* [http://www.envie-iaq.eu/documents/finalreports/Final%20Reports%20Publishable/Publishable%20final%20activity%20report.pdf Envie project report and conclusions] http://www.envie-iaq.eu/finalreports.html<br />
* Stern report<br />
** http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/d/PART_VI_Introduction_group.pdf<br />
** http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/stern_review_report.htm<br />
** http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern_Review<br />
* [http://akseli.tekes.fi/opencms/opencms/OhjelmaPortaali/ohjelmat/Yhdyskunta/fi/etusivu.html Tekes seminaari]<br />
* [http://sustainabilitysummit.mit.edu/agenda MIT sustainability summit]<br />
* [http://akseli.tekes.fi/opencms/opencms/OhjelmaPortaali/ohjelmat/Yhdyskunta/fi/system/tapahtuma.html?id=2224&nav=Tapahtuma Tekes energiatehokkuusseminaari]<br />
* [http://akseli.tekes.fi/opencms/opencms/OhjelmaPortaali/ohjelmat/Yhdyskunta/fi/system/tapahtuma.html?id=2232&nav=Tapahtuma Tekes elinkaarimalli]<br />
* [http://akseli.tekes.fi/opencms/opencms/OhjelmaPortaali/ohjelmat/Yhdyskunta/fi/system/tapahtuma.html?id=2199&nav=Tapahtuma Tekes intelligent energy management]<br />
* [[:fi:David Bohm]] [[:en:David Bohm]]<br />
* [http://www.david-bohm.net/ Homepage of David Bohm] <br />
* [[:en:Bohm Dialogue]]<br />
* [http://nuortenhelsinki.foorumit.fi/index.php Nuorten Helsinki: nuorisovaltuusto Helsinkiin!]<br />
* [http://nuorisovaltuusto-hel.blogspot.com/ Nuorten Helsinki: toimintasuunnitelma 2009-2010]<br />
<br />
==Upload the results of the models into the [[Opasnet Base]]==<br />
<br />
* [[:Image:Greenhouse gas emissions.ANA]]<br />
* [[:Image:Nitrate.ANA]]<br />
* [[:Image:WHO mortality data.ANA]]<br />
* [[:Image:WHO morbidity data.ANA]]<br />
<br />
==Copying dissertation theses of THL/YMTO to [[Opasnet]]==<br />
<br />
* All theses produced in THL/YMTO should be chopped into pieces and encyclopedia articles should be made out of them in Opasnet.</div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Respect_theory&diff=14002Respect theory2009-12-01T11:55:00Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: /* Result */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Costs and valuations]]<br />
[[Category:Glossary term]]<br />
{{variable|moderator = Jouni}}<br />
<section begin=glossary /><br />
:'''Respect theory''' is a theory about how people perceive respect and distribute their respect to other people based on their deeds or properties. It also studies implementations of the respect within a society (descriptive), and properties of a theoretically optimal implementation (normative). Respect theory claims to be a major solution to the dilemma of economic growth and sustainability of resources: It is a method to redistribute resources based on the intrinsic value of things, unlike economics that measures utility. In addition, economics gives higher value to scarce utilities, while even if being good to others is abundant, it is still highly respected. Thus, respect theory captures the most important things better than the economic theory in a wealthy world where most people have already fulfilled their basic needs.<br />
<section end=glossary /><br />
<br />
==Scope==<br />
<br />
What are the properties of respect, how is it perceived, and how does it form, accumulate, and distribute in a society?<br />
<br />
More specifically, respect can be thought as a social activity, where voluntary, individual expressions of respect about things and deeds are handled with specific rules in such a way that a synthesis of these individual expressions tends to converge towards the social respect about the things and deeds. Specific questions about respect theory include:<br />
* How and in what format should the individual expressions of respect be collected?<br />
* What are the rules for handling the expressions?<br />
* What does "social respect" mean, and how can it be measured?<br />
<br />
==Definition==<br />
<br />
===Data===<br />
<br />
All the current currencies basically measure resources or services that can be traded to other resources or services. However, [[:en:Eric S. Raymond|Eric S. Raymond]]<ref>Eric S. Raymond: The Cathedral and the Bazaar [http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/cathedral-bazaar/]</ref> has noted that in a society where the basic needs have been fulfilled, social respect cannot be gained by collecting more wealth but instead giving something for common good. Therefore, it is actually necessary for a society to have some currency for social respect, in addition to the measure of resources. Otherwise respect remains implicit or hard to recognise, and it is inefficient in motivating people to work for social development. It is not enough to have the current focus on efficient resource distribution by using money as a means to create trust between people within the society.<br />
<br />
There should be a currency for respect. The respect currency should measure the amount of respect a certain act gains from the society. There exists some primitive examples of such a currency already. Honorary and other medals that are given to respected people e.g. on the 91st independence day of Finland (which is the day when the first draft of this page was written) are one kind of respect currency. Gifts in general also show respect. However, these currencies are not quantitative (i.e. they do not actually measure the amount of respect), and they are not (easily) tradeable to material benefits.<br />
<br />
The respect theory has a practical objective. We believe that respect is, in general, a positive phenomenon both at an individual and a social level. Individually, it is an important factor improving quality of life. In a society, it is a method to guide its members towards behaviour that is acceptable in and useful for the society. The respect theory aims to improve the explication of respect in a beneficial way. It also may encourage people to express their respect more, which may be a good thing for the society and its members. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Psychology<br />
<br />
Respect is a feeling of good opinion, honour, or admiration.<ref>[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/respect Respect in Wiktionary]</ref> It is related to an event, object, or individual. It clearly exists in humans, but it seems to exist in many social mammals and maybe in other animals as well. The respect theory should be able to capture the essential properties of this feeling. <br />
<br />
However, an individual may have strong feelings of respect (or disrespect) but the individual may not want to reveal this feeling to others for various reasons. Thus, there will be feelings of respect that will not be explicated. The following discussion differentiates the feeling itself and the ''explication of respect'', which is an expression of the feeling of respect. Because we cannot know whether an individual actually feels the individual claims, we need to assume that this is the case. Anyway, the respect theory only operates with the expressions of respect. To be precise about these, we use different symbols. R<nowiki>''</nowiki> denotes the actual feeling of of respect of an individual, R' denotes the explicated individual respect, and R denotes the aggregated respect perceived by the subject ("I").<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Economics<br />
<br />
Respect theory relates to [[:en:externality|externalities]], which are benefits or costs to people that are not involved in an economic transaction. For example, a piece of freely available information may benefit anyone irrespective of who actually paid for producing it. An external cost occurs when the production of goods cause pollution that is not charged from the polluter in a form of e.g. a pollution tax. Respect theory may be able to capture some of these externalities and thus create an economic system that is more efficient than one without respect. Respect theory, if properly applied, may be more efficient way of capturing externalities than [[:en:Externality#Possible solutions|many traditional methods]] such as taxation, criminalisation, government provision, or [[:en:tort|tort]] laws. {{attack|# |If someone pollutes the environment he should pay for this, e.g. via taxation. This has nothing to do with respect. Applying respect theory might mean that people receiving high respect must pay less than people with low respect. So the "penalty" is not base on the cause of the externalities.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 11:38, 1 December 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Ethics <br />
<br />
The above mentioned economic tools are not refined to actually capture efficiently the ethical aspects of actions. There are lots of things that are ethically questionable but still do not trigger any tort, not to mention criminal, laws. Also, ethically respected deeds are not at all covered by laws, which focus on forbidding bad things rather than rewarding good deeds.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Personal experience of a trialogue<br />
<br />
Respect can be viewed as a "[[trialogue]]" of a good property or deed, respect given by someone, and the good feeling of the owner of the property of deed by recognising the respect by others. Even babies are able to understand that someone is happy about something the baby did. And small boys are happy that their dads are proud of their skills in football. Respect is a very strong motivator of human life and endeavour. Actually, Robert Baden-Powell has stated that the true road to happiness is to help other people<ref>Robert Baden-Powell: Aids to Scoutmastership. Stevens Publishing (May 1992); originally published 1919. ISBN 0963205420</ref>. This is also a trialogue of respect, assuming that other people give value to your helpfulness (which is, usually, a reasonable assumption).<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Coherence of social respect<br />
<br />
There is a hypothesis that social respect, and also social valuations, MUST be coherent within the society at a given time.<ref>I don't know whether this hypothesis already existed, but [http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Respect_theory&oldid=13953 now it does]. --[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 00:10, 26 November 2009 (UCT)</ref> (Actually, this can be viewed as a definition for a society: society is a group of people, who accept the idea of belonging to the group given its coherent social valuation structure.) This coherence requirement does not apply to individuals, who are allowed to have inconsistent valuations, and they are also allowed to disagree with the social valuations.<br />
<br />
If this hypothesis holds, it means that when starting from inconsistent individual expressions of respect, the rules must make a synthesis that is internally coherent.<br />
<br />
===Rationale for rules===<br />
<br />
The rules of respect should follow general patterns of thinking that are deep in the brains of human beings. The ability of thinking about respect is inherent to humans (and probably other mammals, too). Therefore, the main source of information about the rules of respect lie in our own brains. <br />
<br />
* An individual should be allowed to express respect about anything. Also disrespect should be allowed, because it clearly exists in human thinking of respect. <br />
* An explication of respect is more valuable if<br />
** the respector is highly respected, <br />
** the explication is a large fraction of the total explications of respect by the respector,<br />
** the explication is informative ("I respect the whole world" is very uninformative and therefore not valuable),<br />
** the explication is true (i.e. felt by the individual expressing it, and not only said due to being polite).<br />
* The expression of respect reduces the respect of the giver, if the object of expression is disrespected by others.<br />
<br />
==Result==<br />
<br />
The respect currency should have the following properties: <br />
:{{attack_invalid|0 |How is this respect currency actually any different from traditional money?|--[[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 11:15, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
:: {{attack|5 |The point is not that respect currency has similar properties to money. The point is that it has some properties that money does not and cannot have. The major difference is that money measures scarce things, where someone's negotiating power sets prices of goods to high enough a level where people are interested in transactions. Respect currency works in situations where there is no scarcity (e.g. public information), so nobody has negotiating power, and the money price is zero. Respect currency works because it is free to give away but valuable to receive.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 22:10, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{comment|# |Money applies to material goods. Respect currency applies to immaterial goods.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 11:45, 1 December 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
* It should show the respect of the giver about an act (or the property) of the receiver. {{comment|1 |Traditional money already have this property|--[[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 11:15, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}} {{attack|# |If I pay you a euro for an apple I do so because I receive the good, not because I pay you respect.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 11:46, 1 December 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
* Once given, it should gradually diminish in time, so that the respect should be gained constantly. {{comment|2 |Traditional money already have this property (See [[:en:Time value of money|time value of money]])|--[[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 11:15, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
* It should be tradable to some material benefits, such as traditional money. {{comment|# |Can you say why?|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 11:50, 1 December 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
* Highly respected people should be able to show more respect (i.e., their respect is valued more by the society). {{attack|# |Depends. I once saw a karate sensei who was respected by everyone just because he was sensei. He and they argued because he put effort in being so good in karate means that he has earned the respect. (Same could apply to factory owners, football and media stars, presidents.) But in reality people should be respected because of their properties and deeds (e.g. being polite, not being arrogant). So even if people are highly respected they sometimes shouldn't be and thus the value of their respect to others should not be valued more.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 11:50, 1 December 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
* There should be some kind of accounting, so that the acts worth respect are documented (i.e. it should be difficult to create fake respect by e.g. two people falsely respecting each other more and more and thus accumulating respect currency). {{comment|3 |Traditional money already have this property|--[[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 11:15, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
* A person doing respectful deeds full-time should be able to live with the respect currency he/she receives and trades for traditional money. {{comment|4 |Traditional money already have this property|--[[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 11:15, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}} {{attack|# |Not if you are doing it for free voluntarily.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 11:52, 1 December 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
<br />
The respect theory, combined with [[trialogue]], is able to describe many complex societal and inter-individual relationships. The descriptions are based on '''the [[trialogue]] of respect''', which is defined as follows:<br />
# The basic actors in the respect situation are you, I, and the topic. "You" and "I" are interchangeable, as the difference is only the point of view. They can be individuals or groups. The topic can be anything, e.g. an act, a personal skill, a feeling, a valuation, or an object.<br />
# The topic is "owned" by me, i.e. it is my act, skill, feeling, valuation, or object.<br />
# Respect means the you give value to the fact that the ownership of the topic belongs to me.<br />
# The trialogue of respect occurs if and only if I give value to the fact that you give respect to the fact that the topic belongs to me.<br />
{{attack|# |What if topics belong so several owners? Respect could also be payed by acknowledging contributions to the topic by you, not only for I being the owner.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 11:54, 1 December 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
Although the definition sounds complicated, everyone knows the feeling created by the trialogue of respect. Just see the examples in the definition.<br />
<br />
The respect theory is also able to explain and operationalise ethics systems. Then, the topics are valuations shared by a group of people, e.g. a society. There are valuations that are shared by all members of the group and that are seen as indispensable valuations. Such a valuation forms a trialogue of respect with any two individuals from this group. The trialogue of respect strengthens a certain value system within a society. Another society may and will have another set of indispensable valuations.<br />
<br />
The valuation structure may be hierarchical so that a society divides into subgroups with additional indispensable valuations shared within the subgroup but not necessarily outside the group. Cultural clashes can often be explained by understanding the indispensable valuations and how the trialogue of respect about these valuations does not exist between some groups.<br />
<br />
===Mathematical expression of respect===<br />
<br />
The '''intrinsic respect''' can be calculated based on the individual respect explicated by the respectors. The instrumental respect (see later) can be calculated based on the intrinsic respect.<br />
<br />
R<sub>s</sub>(i:k|l) = &Sigma;<sub>j</sub> ((R'(j:k|l) / (&Sigma;<sub>k</sub> |R'(j:k|l)|)) * R'(i:j|l), where<br />
<br />
R = R<sub>0</sub> e<sup>-r(i|l) t</sup>, and<br />
<br />
R = aggregate measure of respect.<br />
R' = explicated individual measure of respect.<br />
R<sub>s</sub> = intrinsic respect.<br />
R<sub>d</sub> = instrumental respect.<br />
i = subject, an individual who observes respect ("I").<br />
j = respector, an individual who gives respect ("you").<br />
k = topic of respect.<br />
R'(i:k|l) = "i gives R amount of respect to k, given conditions l". Alternative expression: R'<sub>i,k,l</sub>.<br />
R(i:k|l) = "i perceives that R amount of total respect is given to k, given conditions l".<br />
R<sub>0</sub> = amount of respect at the time when it is given.<br />
r = (annual) discount rate; specifically r(i|l) = R(i:r|l). <br />
{{comment|1|Is it possible to have respect distributions?|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 08:35, 30 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
t = time since the explication of a respect (in years).<br />
l = conditions in which the amount of respect is applicable (e.g. respect may be very different under war or peace).<br />
<br />
It should be noted that j is an index of all relevant respectors. This includes i, who is also the subject as well as a respector. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between the explicated individual respect that the subject i oneself gives to k irrespective of other respectors, and the aggregated respect that the subject i perceives that the topic k has in the group j of respectors. To clarify this, R' denotes the explicated individual respect, and R denotes the aggregated respect.<br />
<br />
The '''instrumental respect''' (or extrinsic respect) is respect that can be derived from intrinsic, explicated respect. For example, respectors can give respect to a particular article or other information object. This respect can be further distributed to the contributors of the object based on how much each one has contributed.<br />
:{{comment|2 |Is it so that instrumental respect ''cannot'' be explicated, but it is always derived? If so, the derivation functions must be applicable to all relevant situations.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 07:35, 1 December 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
R<sub>d</sub>(i:j|l) = &Sigma;<sub>k</sub> R(i:k|l) RF(k:j), where<br />
<br />
RF(k:j) = respect fraction of topic k divided to j contributors. <br />
<br />
The j contributors mutually agree on (or use [[pragma-dialectics]] to resolve the dispute about) their fractions in such a way that<br />
<br />
&Sigma;<sub>j</sub> RF(k:j) = 1 for all k.<br />
<br />
In addition to derive respect to contributors (people), instrumental respect can be derived in a causal diagram to variables. This way, it is possible to start from valuable (or respected) outcome variables and distribute the respect to other variables, and ultimately, to people whose contributions improve the variable content and thus the assessment as a whole. There is some kind of connection between respect and [[value of information]], but it not yet clear what that connection is.<br />
<br />
The intrinsic respect can be written as R<sub>s</sub> ("respect of ''self''"), and the instrumental (or extrinsic) respect can be written as R<sub>d</sub> ("respect of ''deeds''"). The total respect R<sub>tot</sub> is<br />
<br />
R<sub>tot</sub> = R<sub>s</sub> + R<sub>d</sub>.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Application<br />
<br />
The first practical application of this mathematical expression is to estimate social respect. Society is thought as "I", with a few additional requirements:<br />
* The society must be coherent in its respect valuations; this is not required from individuals.<br />
* Because R' is an expression of valuations of an individual, the society cannot have intrinsic respect R'.<br />
* Instead, R' of the society should be seen as an R aggregated from several individuals' R and/or R'. The mathematics of this may become complex. I do not yet understand what this means, but additional requirements may be needed because of this.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Open money]]<br />
* [[Respect currency]]<br />
* [[Onor]]<br />
* [[:op_fi:Ilmastotekokilpailu|Ilmastotekokilpailu]]<br />
* [http://ethics.sandiego.edu/ Ethics matters] from the University of San Diego<br />
* [[:en:The Theory of Moral Sentiments|The Theory of Moral Sentiments]] of Adam Smith in Wikipedia<br />
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/respect/ Respect in Stanford Encyclopedia]<br />
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/value-theory/ Value theory in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]<br />
* [[:en:Subjective theory of value|Subjective theory of value]]<br />
* [[:en:Intrinsic value (ethics)|Intrinsic value]]<br />
* [[:en:Instrumental value|Instrumental value]]<br />
* [[:en:Value theory|Value theory]]<br />
* [[:en:Axiology|Axiology]]<br />
* [http://www.respectresearchgroup.org Respect research Group] in the University of Hamburg<br />
* [http://www.respectresearchgroup.org/respect_1652__Measurements_and_scales_for_respect.htm Measuring respect]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
* [http://www.respectresearchgroup.org/respect_109__Publications_on_respect.htm Literature about respect]<br />
* [http://www.respectresearchgroup.org/rrg/files/pdf/Articles/van%20Quaquebeke%2C%20N.%2C%20Henrich%2C%20D.%20C.%2C%20Eckloff%2C%20T.%20%282007%29.%20A%20conceptual%20framework%20to%20differentiate%20between%20tolerance%2C%20acceptance%20and%20respect.pdf van Quaquebeke]</div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Respect_theory&diff=14001Respect theory2009-12-01T11:52:40Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: /* Result */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Costs and valuations]]<br />
[[Category:Glossary term]]<br />
{{variable|moderator = Jouni}}<br />
<section begin=glossary /><br />
:'''Respect theory''' is a theory about how people perceive respect and distribute their respect to other people based on their deeds or properties. It also studies implementations of the respect within a society (descriptive), and properties of a theoretically optimal implementation (normative). Respect theory claims to be a major solution to the dilemma of economic growth and sustainability of resources: It is a method to redistribute resources based on the intrinsic value of things, unlike economics that measures utility. In addition, economics gives higher value to scarce utilities, while even if being good to others is abundant, it is still highly respected. Thus, respect theory captures the most important things better than the economic theory in a wealthy world where most people have already fulfilled their basic needs.<br />
<section end=glossary /><br />
<br />
==Scope==<br />
<br />
What are the properties of respect, how is it perceived, and how does it form, accumulate, and distribute in a society?<br />
<br />
More specifically, respect can be thought as a social activity, where voluntary, individual expressions of respect about things and deeds are handled with specific rules in such a way that a synthesis of these individual expressions tends to converge towards the social respect about the things and deeds. Specific questions about respect theory include:<br />
* How and in what format should the individual expressions of respect be collected?<br />
* What are the rules for handling the expressions?<br />
* What does "social respect" mean, and how can it be measured?<br />
<br />
==Definition==<br />
<br />
===Data===<br />
<br />
All the current currencies basically measure resources or services that can be traded to other resources or services. However, [[:en:Eric S. Raymond|Eric S. Raymond]]<ref>Eric S. Raymond: The Cathedral and the Bazaar [http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/cathedral-bazaar/]</ref> has noted that in a society where the basic needs have been fulfilled, social respect cannot be gained by collecting more wealth but instead giving something for common good. Therefore, it is actually necessary for a society to have some currency for social respect, in addition to the measure of resources. Otherwise respect remains implicit or hard to recognise, and it is inefficient in motivating people to work for social development. It is not enough to have the current focus on efficient resource distribution by using money as a means to create trust between people within the society.<br />
<br />
There should be a currency for respect. The respect currency should measure the amount of respect a certain act gains from the society. There exists some primitive examples of such a currency already. Honorary and other medals that are given to respected people e.g. on the 91st independence day of Finland (which is the day when the first draft of this page was written) are one kind of respect currency. Gifts in general also show respect. However, these currencies are not quantitative (i.e. they do not actually measure the amount of respect), and they are not (easily) tradeable to material benefits.<br />
<br />
The respect theory has a practical objective. We believe that respect is, in general, a positive phenomenon both at an individual and a social level. Individually, it is an important factor improving quality of life. In a society, it is a method to guide its members towards behaviour that is acceptable in and useful for the society. The respect theory aims to improve the explication of respect in a beneficial way. It also may encourage people to express their respect more, which may be a good thing for the society and its members. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Psychology<br />
<br />
Respect is a feeling of good opinion, honour, or admiration.<ref>[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/respect Respect in Wiktionary]</ref> It is related to an event, object, or individual. It clearly exists in humans, but it seems to exist in many social mammals and maybe in other animals as well. The respect theory should be able to capture the essential properties of this feeling. <br />
<br />
However, an individual may have strong feelings of respect (or disrespect) but the individual may not want to reveal this feeling to others for various reasons. Thus, there will be feelings of respect that will not be explicated. The following discussion differentiates the feeling itself and the ''explication of respect'', which is an expression of the feeling of respect. Because we cannot know whether an individual actually feels the individual claims, we need to assume that this is the case. Anyway, the respect theory only operates with the expressions of respect. To be precise about these, we use different symbols. R<nowiki>''</nowiki> denotes the actual feeling of of respect of an individual, R' denotes the explicated individual respect, and R denotes the aggregated respect perceived by the subject ("I").<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Economics<br />
<br />
Respect theory relates to [[:en:externality|externalities]], which are benefits or costs to people that are not involved in an economic transaction. For example, a piece of freely available information may benefit anyone irrespective of who actually paid for producing it. An external cost occurs when the production of goods cause pollution that is not charged from the polluter in a form of e.g. a pollution tax. Respect theory may be able to capture some of these externalities and thus create an economic system that is more efficient than one without respect. Respect theory, if properly applied, may be more efficient way of capturing externalities than [[:en:Externality#Possible solutions|many traditional methods]] such as taxation, criminalisation, government provision, or [[:en:tort|tort]] laws. {{attack|# |If someone pollutes the environment he should pay for this, e.g. via taxation. This has nothing to do with respect. Applying respect theory might mean that people receiving high respect must pay less than people with low respect. So the "penalty" is not base on the cause of the externalities.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 11:38, 1 December 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Ethics <br />
<br />
The above mentioned economic tools are not refined to actually capture efficiently the ethical aspects of actions. There are lots of things that are ethically questionable but still do not trigger any tort, not to mention criminal, laws. Also, ethically respected deeds are not at all covered by laws, which focus on forbidding bad things rather than rewarding good deeds.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Personal experience of a trialogue<br />
<br />
Respect can be viewed as a "[[trialogue]]" of a good property or deed, respect given by someone, and the good feeling of the owner of the property of deed by recognising the respect by others. Even babies are able to understand that someone is happy about something the baby did. And small boys are happy that their dads are proud of their skills in football. Respect is a very strong motivator of human life and endeavour. Actually, Robert Baden-Powell has stated that the true road to happiness is to help other people<ref>Robert Baden-Powell: Aids to Scoutmastership. Stevens Publishing (May 1992); originally published 1919. ISBN 0963205420</ref>. This is also a trialogue of respect, assuming that other people give value to your helpfulness (which is, usually, a reasonable assumption).<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Coherence of social respect<br />
<br />
There is a hypothesis that social respect, and also social valuations, MUST be coherent within the society at a given time.<ref>I don't know whether this hypothesis already existed, but [http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Respect_theory&oldid=13953 now it does]. --[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 00:10, 26 November 2009 (UCT)</ref> (Actually, this can be viewed as a definition for a society: society is a group of people, who accept the idea of belonging to the group given its coherent social valuation structure.) This coherence requirement does not apply to individuals, who are allowed to have inconsistent valuations, and they are also allowed to disagree with the social valuations.<br />
<br />
If this hypothesis holds, it means that when starting from inconsistent individual expressions of respect, the rules must make a synthesis that is internally coherent.<br />
<br />
===Rationale for rules===<br />
<br />
The rules of respect should follow general patterns of thinking that are deep in the brains of human beings. The ability of thinking about respect is inherent to humans (and probably other mammals, too). Therefore, the main source of information about the rules of respect lie in our own brains. <br />
<br />
* An individual should be allowed to express respect about anything. Also disrespect should be allowed, because it clearly exists in human thinking of respect. <br />
* An explication of respect is more valuable if<br />
** the respector is highly respected, <br />
** the explication is a large fraction of the total explications of respect by the respector,<br />
** the explication is informative ("I respect the whole world" is very uninformative and therefore not valuable),<br />
** the explication is true (i.e. felt by the individual expressing it, and not only said due to being polite).<br />
* The expression of respect reduces the respect of the giver, if the object of expression is disrespected by others.<br />
<br />
==Result==<br />
<br />
The respect currency should have the following properties: <br />
:{{attack_invalid|0 |How is this respect currency actually any different from traditional money?|--[[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 11:15, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
:: {{attack|5 |The point is not that respect currency has similar properties to money. The point is that it has some properties that money does not and cannot have. The major difference is that money measures scarce things, where someone's negotiating power sets prices of goods to high enough a level where people are interested in transactions. Respect currency works in situations where there is no scarcity (e.g. public information), so nobody has negotiating power, and the money price is zero. Respect currency works because it is free to give away but valuable to receive.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 22:10, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{comment|# |Money applies to material goods. Respect currency applies to immaterial goods.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 11:45, 1 December 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
* It should show the respect of the giver about an act (or the property) of the receiver. {{comment|1 |Traditional money already have this property|--[[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 11:15, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}} {{attack|# |If I pay you a euro for an apple I do so because I receive the good, not because I pay you respect.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 11:46, 1 December 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
* Once given, it should gradually diminish in time, so that the respect should be gained constantly. {{comment|2 |Traditional money already have this property (See [[:en:Time value of money|time value of money]])|--[[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 11:15, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
* It should be tradable to some material benefits, such as traditional money. {{comment|# |Can you say why?|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 11:50, 1 December 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
* Highly respected people should be able to show more respect (i.e., their respect is valued more by the society). {{attack|# |Depends. I once saw a karate sensei who was respected by everyone just because he was sensei. He and they argued because he put effort in being so good in karate means that he has earned the respect. (Same could apply to factory owners, football and media stars, presidents.) But in reality people should be respected because of their properties and deeds (e.g. being polite, not being arrogant). So even if people are highly respected they sometimes shouldn't be and thus the value of their respect to others should not be valued more.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 11:50, 1 December 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
* There should be some kind of accounting, so that the acts worth respect are documented (i.e. it should be difficult to create fake respect by e.g. two people falsely respecting each other more and more and thus accumulating respect currency). {{comment|3 |Traditional money already have this property|--[[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 11:15, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
* A person doing respectful deeds full-time should be able to live with the respect currency he/she receives and trades for traditional money. {{comment|4 |Traditional money already have this property|--[[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 11:15, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}} {{attack|# |Not if you are doing it for free voluntarily.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 11:52, 1 December 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
<br />
The respect theory, combined with [[trialogue]], is able to describe many complex societal and inter-individual relationships. The descriptions are based on '''the [[trialogue]] of respect''', which is defined as follows:<br />
# The basic actors in the respect situation are you, I, and the topic. "You" and "I" are interchangeable, as the difference is only the point of view. They can be individuals or groups. The topic can be anything, e.g. an act, a personal skill, a feeling, a valuation, or an object.<br />
# The topic is "owned" by me, i.e. it is my act, skill, feeling, valuation, or object.<br />
# Respect means the you give value to the fact that the ownership of the topic belongs to me.<br />
# The trialogue of respect occurs if and only if I give value to the fact that you give respect to the fact that the topic belongs to me.<br />
<br />
Although the definition sounds complicated, everyone knows the feeling created by the trialogue of respect. Just see the examples in the definition.<br />
<br />
The respect theory is also able to explain and operationalise ethics systems. Then, the topics are valuations shared by a group of people, e.g. a society. There are valuations that are shared by all members of the group and that are seen as indispensable valuations. Such a valuation forms a trialogue of respect with any two individuals from this group. The trialogue of respect strengthens a certain value system within a society. Another society may and will have another set of indispensable valuations.<br />
<br />
The valuation structure may be hierarchical so that a society divides into subgroups with additional indispensable valuations shared within the subgroup but not necessarily outside the group. Cultural clashes can often be explained by understanding the indispensable valuations and how the trialogue of respect about these valuations does not exist between some groups.<br />
<br />
===Mathematical expression of respect===<br />
<br />
The '''intrinsic respect''' can be calculated based on the individual respect explicated by the respectors. The instrumental respect (see later) can be calculated based on the intrinsic respect.<br />
<br />
R<sub>s</sub>(i:k|l) = &Sigma;<sub>j</sub> ((R'(j:k|l) / (&Sigma;<sub>k</sub> |R'(j:k|l)|)) * R'(i:j|l), where<br />
<br />
R = R<sub>0</sub> e<sup>-r(i|l) t</sup>, and<br />
<br />
R = aggregate measure of respect.<br />
R' = explicated individual measure of respect.<br />
R<sub>s</sub> = intrinsic respect.<br />
R<sub>d</sub> = instrumental respect.<br />
i = subject, an individual who observes respect ("I").<br />
j = respector, an individual who gives respect ("you").<br />
k = topic of respect.<br />
R'(i:k|l) = "i gives R amount of respect to k, given conditions l". Alternative expression: R'<sub>i,k,l</sub>.<br />
R(i:k|l) = "i perceives that R amount of total respect is given to k, given conditions l".<br />
R<sub>0</sub> = amount of respect at the time when it is given.<br />
r = (annual) discount rate; specifically r(i|l) = R(i:r|l). <br />
{{comment|1|Is it possible to have respect distributions?|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 08:35, 30 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
t = time since the explication of a respect (in years).<br />
l = conditions in which the amount of respect is applicable (e.g. respect may be very different under war or peace).<br />
<br />
It should be noted that j is an index of all relevant respectors. This includes i, who is also the subject as well as a respector. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between the explicated individual respect that the subject i oneself gives to k irrespective of other respectors, and the aggregated respect that the subject i perceives that the topic k has in the group j of respectors. To clarify this, R' denotes the explicated individual respect, and R denotes the aggregated respect.<br />
<br />
The '''instrumental respect''' (or extrinsic respect) is respect that can be derived from intrinsic, explicated respect. For example, respectors can give respect to a particular article or other information object. This respect can be further distributed to the contributors of the object based on how much each one has contributed.<br />
:{{comment|2 |Is it so that instrumental respect ''cannot'' be explicated, but it is always derived? If so, the derivation functions must be applicable to all relevant situations.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 07:35, 1 December 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
R<sub>d</sub>(i:j|l) = &Sigma;<sub>k</sub> R(i:k|l) RF(k:j), where<br />
<br />
RF(k:j) = respect fraction of topic k divided to j contributors. <br />
<br />
The j contributors mutually agree on (or use [[pragma-dialectics]] to resolve the dispute about) their fractions in such a way that<br />
<br />
&Sigma;<sub>j</sub> RF(k:j) = 1 for all k.<br />
<br />
In addition to derive respect to contributors (people), instrumental respect can be derived in a causal diagram to variables. This way, it is possible to start from valuable (or respected) outcome variables and distribute the respect to other variables, and ultimately, to people whose contributions improve the variable content and thus the assessment as a whole. There is some kind of connection between respect and [[value of information]], but it not yet clear what that connection is.<br />
<br />
The intrinsic respect can be written as R<sub>s</sub> ("respect of ''self''"), and the instrumental (or extrinsic) respect can be written as R<sub>d</sub> ("respect of ''deeds''"). The total respect R<sub>tot</sub> is<br />
<br />
R<sub>tot</sub> = R<sub>s</sub> + R<sub>d</sub>.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Application<br />
<br />
The first practical application of this mathematical expression is to estimate social respect. Society is thought as "I", with a few additional requirements:<br />
* The society must be coherent in its respect valuations; this is not required from individuals.<br />
* Because R' is an expression of valuations of an individual, the society cannot have intrinsic respect R'.<br />
* Instead, R' of the society should be seen as an R aggregated from several individuals' R and/or R'. The mathematics of this may become complex. I do not yet understand what this means, but additional requirements may be needed because of this.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Open money]]<br />
* [[Respect currency]]<br />
* [[Onor]]<br />
* [[:op_fi:Ilmastotekokilpailu|Ilmastotekokilpailu]]<br />
* [http://ethics.sandiego.edu/ Ethics matters] from the University of San Diego<br />
* [[:en:The Theory of Moral Sentiments|The Theory of Moral Sentiments]] of Adam Smith in Wikipedia<br />
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/respect/ Respect in Stanford Encyclopedia]<br />
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/value-theory/ Value theory in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]<br />
* [[:en:Subjective theory of value|Subjective theory of value]]<br />
* [[:en:Intrinsic value (ethics)|Intrinsic value]]<br />
* [[:en:Instrumental value|Instrumental value]]<br />
* [[:en:Value theory|Value theory]]<br />
* [[:en:Axiology|Axiology]]<br />
* [http://www.respectresearchgroup.org Respect research Group] in the University of Hamburg<br />
* [http://www.respectresearchgroup.org/respect_1652__Measurements_and_scales_for_respect.htm Measuring respect]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
* [http://www.respectresearchgroup.org/respect_109__Publications_on_respect.htm Literature about respect]<br />
* [http://www.respectresearchgroup.org/rrg/files/pdf/Articles/van%20Quaquebeke%2C%20N.%2C%20Henrich%2C%20D.%20C.%2C%20Eckloff%2C%20T.%20%282007%29.%20A%20conceptual%20framework%20to%20differentiate%20between%20tolerance%2C%20acceptance%20and%20respect.pdf van Quaquebeke]</div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Respect_theory&diff=14000Respect theory2009-12-01T11:50:52Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: /* Result */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Costs and valuations]]<br />
[[Category:Glossary term]]<br />
{{variable|moderator = Jouni}}<br />
<section begin=glossary /><br />
:'''Respect theory''' is a theory about how people perceive respect and distribute their respect to other people based on their deeds or properties. It also studies implementations of the respect within a society (descriptive), and properties of a theoretically optimal implementation (normative). Respect theory claims to be a major solution to the dilemma of economic growth and sustainability of resources: It is a method to redistribute resources based on the intrinsic value of things, unlike economics that measures utility. In addition, economics gives higher value to scarce utilities, while even if being good to others is abundant, it is still highly respected. Thus, respect theory captures the most important things better than the economic theory in a wealthy world where most people have already fulfilled their basic needs.<br />
<section end=glossary /><br />
<br />
==Scope==<br />
<br />
What are the properties of respect, how is it perceived, and how does it form, accumulate, and distribute in a society?<br />
<br />
More specifically, respect can be thought as a social activity, where voluntary, individual expressions of respect about things and deeds are handled with specific rules in such a way that a synthesis of these individual expressions tends to converge towards the social respect about the things and deeds. Specific questions about respect theory include:<br />
* How and in what format should the individual expressions of respect be collected?<br />
* What are the rules for handling the expressions?<br />
* What does "social respect" mean, and how can it be measured?<br />
<br />
==Definition==<br />
<br />
===Data===<br />
<br />
All the current currencies basically measure resources or services that can be traded to other resources or services. However, [[:en:Eric S. Raymond|Eric S. Raymond]]<ref>Eric S. Raymond: The Cathedral and the Bazaar [http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/cathedral-bazaar/]</ref> has noted that in a society where the basic needs have been fulfilled, social respect cannot be gained by collecting more wealth but instead giving something for common good. Therefore, it is actually necessary for a society to have some currency for social respect, in addition to the measure of resources. Otherwise respect remains implicit or hard to recognise, and it is inefficient in motivating people to work for social development. It is not enough to have the current focus on efficient resource distribution by using money as a means to create trust between people within the society.<br />
<br />
There should be a currency for respect. The respect currency should measure the amount of respect a certain act gains from the society. There exists some primitive examples of such a currency already. Honorary and other medals that are given to respected people e.g. on the 91st independence day of Finland (which is the day when the first draft of this page was written) are one kind of respect currency. Gifts in general also show respect. However, these currencies are not quantitative (i.e. they do not actually measure the amount of respect), and they are not (easily) tradeable to material benefits.<br />
<br />
The respect theory has a practical objective. We believe that respect is, in general, a positive phenomenon both at an individual and a social level. Individually, it is an important factor improving quality of life. In a society, it is a method to guide its members towards behaviour that is acceptable in and useful for the society. The respect theory aims to improve the explication of respect in a beneficial way. It also may encourage people to express their respect more, which may be a good thing for the society and its members. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Psychology<br />
<br />
Respect is a feeling of good opinion, honour, or admiration.<ref>[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/respect Respect in Wiktionary]</ref> It is related to an event, object, or individual. It clearly exists in humans, but it seems to exist in many social mammals and maybe in other animals as well. The respect theory should be able to capture the essential properties of this feeling. <br />
<br />
However, an individual may have strong feelings of respect (or disrespect) but the individual may not want to reveal this feeling to others for various reasons. Thus, there will be feelings of respect that will not be explicated. The following discussion differentiates the feeling itself and the ''explication of respect'', which is an expression of the feeling of respect. Because we cannot know whether an individual actually feels the individual claims, we need to assume that this is the case. Anyway, the respect theory only operates with the expressions of respect. To be precise about these, we use different symbols. R<nowiki>''</nowiki> denotes the actual feeling of of respect of an individual, R' denotes the explicated individual respect, and R denotes the aggregated respect perceived by the subject ("I").<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Economics<br />
<br />
Respect theory relates to [[:en:externality|externalities]], which are benefits or costs to people that are not involved in an economic transaction. For example, a piece of freely available information may benefit anyone irrespective of who actually paid for producing it. An external cost occurs when the production of goods cause pollution that is not charged from the polluter in a form of e.g. a pollution tax. Respect theory may be able to capture some of these externalities and thus create an economic system that is more efficient than one without respect. Respect theory, if properly applied, may be more efficient way of capturing externalities than [[:en:Externality#Possible solutions|many traditional methods]] such as taxation, criminalisation, government provision, or [[:en:tort|tort]] laws. {{attack|# |If someone pollutes the environment he should pay for this, e.g. via taxation. This has nothing to do with respect. Applying respect theory might mean that people receiving high respect must pay less than people with low respect. So the "penalty" is not base on the cause of the externalities.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 11:38, 1 December 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Ethics <br />
<br />
The above mentioned economic tools are not refined to actually capture efficiently the ethical aspects of actions. There are lots of things that are ethically questionable but still do not trigger any tort, not to mention criminal, laws. Also, ethically respected deeds are not at all covered by laws, which focus on forbidding bad things rather than rewarding good deeds.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Personal experience of a trialogue<br />
<br />
Respect can be viewed as a "[[trialogue]]" of a good property or deed, respect given by someone, and the good feeling of the owner of the property of deed by recognising the respect by others. Even babies are able to understand that someone is happy about something the baby did. And small boys are happy that their dads are proud of their skills in football. Respect is a very strong motivator of human life and endeavour. Actually, Robert Baden-Powell has stated that the true road to happiness is to help other people<ref>Robert Baden-Powell: Aids to Scoutmastership. Stevens Publishing (May 1992); originally published 1919. ISBN 0963205420</ref>. This is also a trialogue of respect, assuming that other people give value to your helpfulness (which is, usually, a reasonable assumption).<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Coherence of social respect<br />
<br />
There is a hypothesis that social respect, and also social valuations, MUST be coherent within the society at a given time.<ref>I don't know whether this hypothesis already existed, but [http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Respect_theory&oldid=13953 now it does]. --[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 00:10, 26 November 2009 (UCT)</ref> (Actually, this can be viewed as a definition for a society: society is a group of people, who accept the idea of belonging to the group given its coherent social valuation structure.) This coherence requirement does not apply to individuals, who are allowed to have inconsistent valuations, and they are also allowed to disagree with the social valuations.<br />
<br />
If this hypothesis holds, it means that when starting from inconsistent individual expressions of respect, the rules must make a synthesis that is internally coherent.<br />
<br />
===Rationale for rules===<br />
<br />
The rules of respect should follow general patterns of thinking that are deep in the brains of human beings. The ability of thinking about respect is inherent to humans (and probably other mammals, too). Therefore, the main source of information about the rules of respect lie in our own brains. <br />
<br />
* An individual should be allowed to express respect about anything. Also disrespect should be allowed, because it clearly exists in human thinking of respect. <br />
* An explication of respect is more valuable if<br />
** the respector is highly respected, <br />
** the explication is a large fraction of the total explications of respect by the respector,<br />
** the explication is informative ("I respect the whole world" is very uninformative and therefore not valuable),<br />
** the explication is true (i.e. felt by the individual expressing it, and not only said due to being polite).<br />
* The expression of respect reduces the respect of the giver, if the object of expression is disrespected by others.<br />
<br />
==Result==<br />
<br />
The respect currency should have the following properties: <br />
:{{attack_invalid|0 |How is this respect currency actually any different from traditional money?|--[[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 11:15, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
:: {{attack|5 |The point is not that respect currency has similar properties to money. The point is that it has some properties that money does not and cannot have. The major difference is that money measures scarce things, where someone's negotiating power sets prices of goods to high enough a level where people are interested in transactions. Respect currency works in situations where there is no scarcity (e.g. public information), so nobody has negotiating power, and the money price is zero. Respect currency works because it is free to give away but valuable to receive.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 22:10, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{comment|# |Money applies to material goods. Respect currency applies to immaterial goods.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 11:45, 1 December 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
* It should show the respect of the giver about an act (or the property) of the receiver. {{comment|1 |Traditional money already have this property|--[[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 11:15, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}} {{attack|# |If I pay you a euro for an apple I do so because I receive the good, not because I pay you respect.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 11:46, 1 December 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
* Once given, it should gradually diminish in time, so that the respect should be gained constantly. {{comment|2 |Traditional money already have this property (See [[:en:Time value of money|time value of money]])|--[[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 11:15, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
* It should be tradable to some material benefits, such as traditional money. {{comment|# |Can you say why?|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 11:50, 1 December 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
* Highly respected people should be able to show more respect (i.e., their respect is valued more by the society). {{attack|# |Depends. I once saw a karate sensei who was respected by everyone just because he was sensei. He and they argued because he put effort in being so good in karate means that he has earned the respect. (Same could apply to factory owners, football and media stars, presidents.) But in reality people should be respected because of their properties and deeds (e.g. being polite, not being arrogant). So even if people are highly respected they sometimes shouldn't be and thus the value of their respect to others should not be valued more.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 11:50, 1 December 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
* There should be some kind of accounting, so that the acts worth respect are documented (i.e. it should be difficult to create fake respect by e.g. two people falsely respecting each other more and more and thus accumulating respect currency). {{comment|3 |Traditional money already have this property|--[[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 11:15, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
* A person doing respectful deeds full-time should be able to live with the respect currency he/she receives and trades for traditional money. {{comment|4 |Traditional money already have this property|--[[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 11:15, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
<br />
The respect theory, combined with [[trialogue]], is able to describe many complex societal and inter-individual relationships. The descriptions are based on '''the [[trialogue]] of respect''', which is defined as follows:<br />
# The basic actors in the respect situation are you, I, and the topic. "You" and "I" are interchangeable, as the difference is only the point of view. They can be individuals or groups. The topic can be anything, e.g. an act, a personal skill, a feeling, a valuation, or an object.<br />
# The topic is "owned" by me, i.e. it is my act, skill, feeling, valuation, or object.<br />
# Respect means the you give value to the fact that the ownership of the topic belongs to me.<br />
# The trialogue of respect occurs if and only if I give value to the fact that you give respect to the fact that the topic belongs to me.<br />
<br />
Although the definition sounds complicated, everyone knows the feeling created by the trialogue of respect. Just see the examples in the definition.<br />
<br />
The respect theory is also able to explain and operationalise ethics systems. Then, the topics are valuations shared by a group of people, e.g. a society. There are valuations that are shared by all members of the group and that are seen as indispensable valuations. Such a valuation forms a trialogue of respect with any two individuals from this group. The trialogue of respect strengthens a certain value system within a society. Another society may and will have another set of indispensable valuations.<br />
<br />
The valuation structure may be hierarchical so that a society divides into subgroups with additional indispensable valuations shared within the subgroup but not necessarily outside the group. Cultural clashes can often be explained by understanding the indispensable valuations and how the trialogue of respect about these valuations does not exist between some groups.<br />
<br />
===Mathematical expression of respect===<br />
<br />
The '''intrinsic respect''' can be calculated based on the individual respect explicated by the respectors. The instrumental respect (see later) can be calculated based on the intrinsic respect.<br />
<br />
R<sub>s</sub>(i:k|l) = &Sigma;<sub>j</sub> ((R'(j:k|l) / (&Sigma;<sub>k</sub> |R'(j:k|l)|)) * R'(i:j|l), where<br />
<br />
R = R<sub>0</sub> e<sup>-r(i|l) t</sup>, and<br />
<br />
R = aggregate measure of respect.<br />
R' = explicated individual measure of respect.<br />
R<sub>s</sub> = intrinsic respect.<br />
R<sub>d</sub> = instrumental respect.<br />
i = subject, an individual who observes respect ("I").<br />
j = respector, an individual who gives respect ("you").<br />
k = topic of respect.<br />
R'(i:k|l) = "i gives R amount of respect to k, given conditions l". Alternative expression: R'<sub>i,k,l</sub>.<br />
R(i:k|l) = "i perceives that R amount of total respect is given to k, given conditions l".<br />
R<sub>0</sub> = amount of respect at the time when it is given.<br />
r = (annual) discount rate; specifically r(i|l) = R(i:r|l). <br />
{{comment|1|Is it possible to have respect distributions?|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 08:35, 30 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
t = time since the explication of a respect (in years).<br />
l = conditions in which the amount of respect is applicable (e.g. respect may be very different under war or peace).<br />
<br />
It should be noted that j is an index of all relevant respectors. This includes i, who is also the subject as well as a respector. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between the explicated individual respect that the subject i oneself gives to k irrespective of other respectors, and the aggregated respect that the subject i perceives that the topic k has in the group j of respectors. To clarify this, R' denotes the explicated individual respect, and R denotes the aggregated respect.<br />
<br />
The '''instrumental respect''' (or extrinsic respect) is respect that can be derived from intrinsic, explicated respect. For example, respectors can give respect to a particular article or other information object. This respect can be further distributed to the contributors of the object based on how much each one has contributed.<br />
:{{comment|2 |Is it so that instrumental respect ''cannot'' be explicated, but it is always derived? If so, the derivation functions must be applicable to all relevant situations.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 07:35, 1 December 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
R<sub>d</sub>(i:j|l) = &Sigma;<sub>k</sub> R(i:k|l) RF(k:j), where<br />
<br />
RF(k:j) = respect fraction of topic k divided to j contributors. <br />
<br />
The j contributors mutually agree on (or use [[pragma-dialectics]] to resolve the dispute about) their fractions in such a way that<br />
<br />
&Sigma;<sub>j</sub> RF(k:j) = 1 for all k.<br />
<br />
In addition to derive respect to contributors (people), instrumental respect can be derived in a causal diagram to variables. This way, it is possible to start from valuable (or respected) outcome variables and distribute the respect to other variables, and ultimately, to people whose contributions improve the variable content and thus the assessment as a whole. There is some kind of connection between respect and [[value of information]], but it not yet clear what that connection is.<br />
<br />
The intrinsic respect can be written as R<sub>s</sub> ("respect of ''self''"), and the instrumental (or extrinsic) respect can be written as R<sub>d</sub> ("respect of ''deeds''"). The total respect R<sub>tot</sub> is<br />
<br />
R<sub>tot</sub> = R<sub>s</sub> + R<sub>d</sub>.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Application<br />
<br />
The first practical application of this mathematical expression is to estimate social respect. Society is thought as "I", with a few additional requirements:<br />
* The society must be coherent in its respect valuations; this is not required from individuals.<br />
* Because R' is an expression of valuations of an individual, the society cannot have intrinsic respect R'.<br />
* Instead, R' of the society should be seen as an R aggregated from several individuals' R and/or R'. The mathematics of this may become complex. I do not yet understand what this means, but additional requirements may be needed because of this.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Open money]]<br />
* [[Respect currency]]<br />
* [[Onor]]<br />
* [[:op_fi:Ilmastotekokilpailu|Ilmastotekokilpailu]]<br />
* [http://ethics.sandiego.edu/ Ethics matters] from the University of San Diego<br />
* [[:en:The Theory of Moral Sentiments|The Theory of Moral Sentiments]] of Adam Smith in Wikipedia<br />
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/respect/ Respect in Stanford Encyclopedia]<br />
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/value-theory/ Value theory in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]<br />
* [[:en:Subjective theory of value|Subjective theory of value]]<br />
* [[:en:Intrinsic value (ethics)|Intrinsic value]]<br />
* [[:en:Instrumental value|Instrumental value]]<br />
* [[:en:Value theory|Value theory]]<br />
* [[:en:Axiology|Axiology]]<br />
* [http://www.respectresearchgroup.org Respect research Group] in the University of Hamburg<br />
* [http://www.respectresearchgroup.org/respect_1652__Measurements_and_scales_for_respect.htm Measuring respect]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
* [http://www.respectresearchgroup.org/respect_109__Publications_on_respect.htm Literature about respect]<br />
* [http://www.respectresearchgroup.org/rrg/files/pdf/Articles/van%20Quaquebeke%2C%20N.%2C%20Henrich%2C%20D.%20C.%2C%20Eckloff%2C%20T.%20%282007%29.%20A%20conceptual%20framework%20to%20differentiate%20between%20tolerance%2C%20acceptance%20and%20respect.pdf van Quaquebeke]</div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Respect_theory&diff=13999Respect theory2009-12-01T11:46:19Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: /* Result */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Costs and valuations]]<br />
[[Category:Glossary term]]<br />
{{variable|moderator = Jouni}}<br />
<section begin=glossary /><br />
:'''Respect theory''' is a theory about how people perceive respect and distribute their respect to other people based on their deeds or properties. It also studies implementations of the respect within a society (descriptive), and properties of a theoretically optimal implementation (normative). Respect theory claims to be a major solution to the dilemma of economic growth and sustainability of resources: It is a method to redistribute resources based on the intrinsic value of things, unlike economics that measures utility. In addition, economics gives higher value to scarce utilities, while even if being good to others is abundant, it is still highly respected. Thus, respect theory captures the most important things better than the economic theory in a wealthy world where most people have already fulfilled their basic needs.<br />
<section end=glossary /><br />
<br />
==Scope==<br />
<br />
What are the properties of respect, how is it perceived, and how does it form, accumulate, and distribute in a society?<br />
<br />
More specifically, respect can be thought as a social activity, where voluntary, individual expressions of respect about things and deeds are handled with specific rules in such a way that a synthesis of these individual expressions tends to converge towards the social respect about the things and deeds. Specific questions about respect theory include:<br />
* How and in what format should the individual expressions of respect be collected?<br />
* What are the rules for handling the expressions?<br />
* What does "social respect" mean, and how can it be measured?<br />
<br />
==Definition==<br />
<br />
===Data===<br />
<br />
All the current currencies basically measure resources or services that can be traded to other resources or services. However, [[:en:Eric S. Raymond|Eric S. Raymond]]<ref>Eric S. Raymond: The Cathedral and the Bazaar [http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/cathedral-bazaar/]</ref> has noted that in a society where the basic needs have been fulfilled, social respect cannot be gained by collecting more wealth but instead giving something for common good. Therefore, it is actually necessary for a society to have some currency for social respect, in addition to the measure of resources. Otherwise respect remains implicit or hard to recognise, and it is inefficient in motivating people to work for social development. It is not enough to have the current focus on efficient resource distribution by using money as a means to create trust between people within the society.<br />
<br />
There should be a currency for respect. The respect currency should measure the amount of respect a certain act gains from the society. There exists some primitive examples of such a currency already. Honorary and other medals that are given to respected people e.g. on the 91st independence day of Finland (which is the day when the first draft of this page was written) are one kind of respect currency. Gifts in general also show respect. However, these currencies are not quantitative (i.e. they do not actually measure the amount of respect), and they are not (easily) tradeable to material benefits.<br />
<br />
The respect theory has a practical objective. We believe that respect is, in general, a positive phenomenon both at an individual and a social level. Individually, it is an important factor improving quality of life. In a society, it is a method to guide its members towards behaviour that is acceptable in and useful for the society. The respect theory aims to improve the explication of respect in a beneficial way. It also may encourage people to express their respect more, which may be a good thing for the society and its members. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Psychology<br />
<br />
Respect is a feeling of good opinion, honour, or admiration.<ref>[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/respect Respect in Wiktionary]</ref> It is related to an event, object, or individual. It clearly exists in humans, but it seems to exist in many social mammals and maybe in other animals as well. The respect theory should be able to capture the essential properties of this feeling. <br />
<br />
However, an individual may have strong feelings of respect (or disrespect) but the individual may not want to reveal this feeling to others for various reasons. Thus, there will be feelings of respect that will not be explicated. The following discussion differentiates the feeling itself and the ''explication of respect'', which is an expression of the feeling of respect. Because we cannot know whether an individual actually feels the individual claims, we need to assume that this is the case. Anyway, the respect theory only operates with the expressions of respect. To be precise about these, we use different symbols. R<nowiki>''</nowiki> denotes the actual feeling of of respect of an individual, R' denotes the explicated individual respect, and R denotes the aggregated respect perceived by the subject ("I").<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Economics<br />
<br />
Respect theory relates to [[:en:externality|externalities]], which are benefits or costs to people that are not involved in an economic transaction. For example, a piece of freely available information may benefit anyone irrespective of who actually paid for producing it. An external cost occurs when the production of goods cause pollution that is not charged from the polluter in a form of e.g. a pollution tax. Respect theory may be able to capture some of these externalities and thus create an economic system that is more efficient than one without respect. Respect theory, if properly applied, may be more efficient way of capturing externalities than [[:en:Externality#Possible solutions|many traditional methods]] such as taxation, criminalisation, government provision, or [[:en:tort|tort]] laws. {{attack|# |If someone pollutes the environment he should pay for this, e.g. via taxation. This has nothing to do with respect. Applying respect theory might mean that people receiving high respect must pay less than people with low respect. So the "penalty" is not base on the cause of the externalities.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 11:38, 1 December 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Ethics <br />
<br />
The above mentioned economic tools are not refined to actually capture efficiently the ethical aspects of actions. There are lots of things that are ethically questionable but still do not trigger any tort, not to mention criminal, laws. Also, ethically respected deeds are not at all covered by laws, which focus on forbidding bad things rather than rewarding good deeds.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Personal experience of a trialogue<br />
<br />
Respect can be viewed as a "[[trialogue]]" of a good property or deed, respect given by someone, and the good feeling of the owner of the property of deed by recognising the respect by others. Even babies are able to understand that someone is happy about something the baby did. And small boys are happy that their dads are proud of their skills in football. Respect is a very strong motivator of human life and endeavour. Actually, Robert Baden-Powell has stated that the true road to happiness is to help other people<ref>Robert Baden-Powell: Aids to Scoutmastership. Stevens Publishing (May 1992); originally published 1919. ISBN 0963205420</ref>. This is also a trialogue of respect, assuming that other people give value to your helpfulness (which is, usually, a reasonable assumption).<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Coherence of social respect<br />
<br />
There is a hypothesis that social respect, and also social valuations, MUST be coherent within the society at a given time.<ref>I don't know whether this hypothesis already existed, but [http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Respect_theory&oldid=13953 now it does]. --[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 00:10, 26 November 2009 (UCT)</ref> (Actually, this can be viewed as a definition for a society: society is a group of people, who accept the idea of belonging to the group given its coherent social valuation structure.) This coherence requirement does not apply to individuals, who are allowed to have inconsistent valuations, and they are also allowed to disagree with the social valuations.<br />
<br />
If this hypothesis holds, it means that when starting from inconsistent individual expressions of respect, the rules must make a synthesis that is internally coherent.<br />
<br />
===Rationale for rules===<br />
<br />
The rules of respect should follow general patterns of thinking that are deep in the brains of human beings. The ability of thinking about respect is inherent to humans (and probably other mammals, too). Therefore, the main source of information about the rules of respect lie in our own brains. <br />
<br />
* An individual should be allowed to express respect about anything. Also disrespect should be allowed, because it clearly exists in human thinking of respect. <br />
* An explication of respect is more valuable if<br />
** the respector is highly respected, <br />
** the explication is a large fraction of the total explications of respect by the respector,<br />
** the explication is informative ("I respect the whole world" is very uninformative and therefore not valuable),<br />
** the explication is true (i.e. felt by the individual expressing it, and not only said due to being polite).<br />
* The expression of respect reduces the respect of the giver, if the object of expression is disrespected by others.<br />
<br />
==Result==<br />
<br />
The respect currency should have the following properties: <br />
:{{attack_invalid|0 |How is this respect currency actually any different from traditional money?|--[[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 11:15, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
:: {{attack|5 |The point is not that respect currency has similar properties to money. The point is that it has some properties that money does not and cannot have. The major difference is that money measures scarce things, where someone's negotiating power sets prices of goods to high enough a level where people are interested in transactions. Respect currency works in situations where there is no scarcity (e.g. public information), so nobody has negotiating power, and the money price is zero. Respect currency works because it is free to give away but valuable to receive.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 22:10, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{comment|# |Money applies to material goods. Respect currency applies to immaterial goods.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 11:45, 1 December 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
* It should show the respect of the giver about an act (or the property) of the receiver. {{comment|1 |Traditional money already have this property|--[[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 11:15, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}} {{attack|# |If I pay you a euro for an apple I do so because I receive the good, not because I pay you respect.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 11:46, 1 December 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
* Once given, it should gradually diminish in time, so that the respect should be gained constantly. {{comment|2 |Traditional money already have this property (See [[:en:Time value of money|time value of money]])|--[[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 11:15, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
* It should be tradable to some material benefits, such as traditional money.<br />
* Highly respected people should be able to show more respect (i.e., their respect is valued more by the society).<br />
* There should be some kind of accounting, so that the acts worth respect are documented (i.e. it should be difficult to create fake respect by e.g. two people falsely respecting each other more and more and thus accumulating respect currency). {{comment|3 |Traditional money already have this property|--[[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 11:15, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
* A person doing respectful deeds full-time should be able to live with the respect currency he/she receives and trades for traditional money. {{comment|4 |Traditional money already have this property|--[[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 11:15, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
<br />
The respect theory, combined with [[trialogue]], is able to describe many complex societal and inter-individual relationships. The descriptions are based on '''the [[trialogue]] of respect''', which is defined as follows:<br />
# The basic actors in the respect situation are you, I, and the topic. "You" and "I" are interchangeable, as the difference is only the point of view. They can be individuals or groups. The topic can be anything, e.g. an act, a personal skill, a feeling, a valuation, or an object.<br />
# The topic is "owned" by me, i.e. it is my act, skill, feeling, valuation, or object.<br />
# Respect means the you give value to the fact that the ownership of the topic belongs to me.<br />
# The trialogue of respect occurs if and only if I give value to the fact that you give respect to the fact that the topic belongs to me.<br />
<br />
Although the definition sounds complicated, everyone knows the feeling created by the trialogue of respect. Just see the examples in the definition.<br />
<br />
The respect theory is also able to explain and operationalise ethics systems. Then, the topics are valuations shared by a group of people, e.g. a society. There are valuations that are shared by all members of the group and that are seen as indispensable valuations. Such a valuation forms a trialogue of respect with any two individuals from this group. The trialogue of respect strengthens a certain value system within a society. Another society may and will have another set of indispensable valuations.<br />
<br />
The valuation structure may be hierarchical so that a society divides into subgroups with additional indispensable valuations shared within the subgroup but not necessarily outside the group. Cultural clashes can often be explained by understanding the indispensable valuations and how the trialogue of respect about these valuations does not exist between some groups.<br />
<br />
===Mathematical expression of respect===<br />
<br />
The '''intrinsic respect''' can be calculated based on the individual respect explicated by the respectors. The instrumental respect (see later) can be calculated based on the intrinsic respect.<br />
<br />
R<sub>s</sub>(i:k|l) = &Sigma;<sub>j</sub> ((R'(j:k|l) / (&Sigma;<sub>k</sub> |R'(j:k|l)|)) * R'(i:j|l), where<br />
<br />
R = R<sub>0</sub> e<sup>-r(i|l) t</sup>, and<br />
<br />
R = aggregate measure of respect.<br />
R' = explicated individual measure of respect.<br />
R<sub>s</sub> = intrinsic respect.<br />
R<sub>d</sub> = instrumental respect.<br />
i = subject, an individual who observes respect ("I").<br />
j = respector, an individual who gives respect ("you").<br />
k = topic of respect.<br />
R'(i:k|l) = "i gives R amount of respect to k, given conditions l". Alternative expression: R'<sub>i,k,l</sub>.<br />
R(i:k|l) = "i perceives that R amount of total respect is given to k, given conditions l".<br />
R<sub>0</sub> = amount of respect at the time when it is given.<br />
r = (annual) discount rate; specifically r(i|l) = R(i:r|l). <br />
{{comment|1|Is it possible to have respect distributions?|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 08:35, 30 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
t = time since the explication of a respect (in years).<br />
l = conditions in which the amount of respect is applicable (e.g. respect may be very different under war or peace).<br />
<br />
It should be noted that j is an index of all relevant respectors. This includes i, who is also the subject as well as a respector. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between the explicated individual respect that the subject i oneself gives to k irrespective of other respectors, and the aggregated respect that the subject i perceives that the topic k has in the group j of respectors. To clarify this, R' denotes the explicated individual respect, and R denotes the aggregated respect.<br />
<br />
The '''instrumental respect''' (or extrinsic respect) is respect that can be derived from intrinsic, explicated respect. For example, respectors can give respect to a particular article or other information object. This respect can be further distributed to the contributors of the object based on how much each one has contributed.<br />
:{{comment|2 |Is it so that instrumental respect ''cannot'' be explicated, but it is always derived? If so, the derivation functions must be applicable to all relevant situations.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 07:35, 1 December 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
R<sub>d</sub>(i:j|l) = &Sigma;<sub>k</sub> R(i:k|l) RF(k:j), where<br />
<br />
RF(k:j) = respect fraction of topic k divided to j contributors. <br />
<br />
The j contributors mutually agree on (or use [[pragma-dialectics]] to resolve the dispute about) their fractions in such a way that<br />
<br />
&Sigma;<sub>j</sub> RF(k:j) = 1 for all k.<br />
<br />
In addition to derive respect to contributors (people), instrumental respect can be derived in a causal diagram to variables. This way, it is possible to start from valuable (or respected) outcome variables and distribute the respect to other variables, and ultimately, to people whose contributions improve the variable content and thus the assessment as a whole. There is some kind of connection between respect and [[value of information]], but it not yet clear what that connection is.<br />
<br />
The intrinsic respect can be written as R<sub>s</sub> ("respect of ''self''"), and the instrumental (or extrinsic) respect can be written as R<sub>d</sub> ("respect of ''deeds''"). The total respect R<sub>tot</sub> is<br />
<br />
R<sub>tot</sub> = R<sub>s</sub> + R<sub>d</sub>.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Application<br />
<br />
The first practical application of this mathematical expression is to estimate social respect. Society is thought as "I", with a few additional requirements:<br />
* The society must be coherent in its respect valuations; this is not required from individuals.<br />
* Because R' is an expression of valuations of an individual, the society cannot have intrinsic respect R'.<br />
* Instead, R' of the society should be seen as an R aggregated from several individuals' R and/or R'. The mathematics of this may become complex. I do not yet understand what this means, but additional requirements may be needed because of this.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Open money]]<br />
* [[Respect currency]]<br />
* [[Onor]]<br />
* [[:op_fi:Ilmastotekokilpailu|Ilmastotekokilpailu]]<br />
* [http://ethics.sandiego.edu/ Ethics matters] from the University of San Diego<br />
* [[:en:The Theory of Moral Sentiments|The Theory of Moral Sentiments]] of Adam Smith in Wikipedia<br />
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/respect/ Respect in Stanford Encyclopedia]<br />
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/value-theory/ Value theory in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]<br />
* [[:en:Subjective theory of value|Subjective theory of value]]<br />
* [[:en:Intrinsic value (ethics)|Intrinsic value]]<br />
* [[:en:Instrumental value|Instrumental value]]<br />
* [[:en:Value theory|Value theory]]<br />
* [[:en:Axiology|Axiology]]<br />
* [http://www.respectresearchgroup.org Respect research Group] in the University of Hamburg<br />
* [http://www.respectresearchgroup.org/respect_1652__Measurements_and_scales_for_respect.htm Measuring respect]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
* [http://www.respectresearchgroup.org/respect_109__Publications_on_respect.htm Literature about respect]<br />
* [http://www.respectresearchgroup.org/rrg/files/pdf/Articles/van%20Quaquebeke%2C%20N.%2C%20Henrich%2C%20D.%20C.%2C%20Eckloff%2C%20T.%20%282007%29.%20A%20conceptual%20framework%20to%20differentiate%20between%20tolerance%2C%20acceptance%20and%20respect.pdf van Quaquebeke]</div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Respect_theory&diff=13998Respect theory2009-12-01T11:45:01Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: /* Result */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Costs and valuations]]<br />
[[Category:Glossary term]]<br />
{{variable|moderator = Jouni}}<br />
<section begin=glossary /><br />
:'''Respect theory''' is a theory about how people perceive respect and distribute their respect to other people based on their deeds or properties. It also studies implementations of the respect within a society (descriptive), and properties of a theoretically optimal implementation (normative). Respect theory claims to be a major solution to the dilemma of economic growth and sustainability of resources: It is a method to redistribute resources based on the intrinsic value of things, unlike economics that measures utility. In addition, economics gives higher value to scarce utilities, while even if being good to others is abundant, it is still highly respected. Thus, respect theory captures the most important things better than the economic theory in a wealthy world where most people have already fulfilled their basic needs.<br />
<section end=glossary /><br />
<br />
==Scope==<br />
<br />
What are the properties of respect, how is it perceived, and how does it form, accumulate, and distribute in a society?<br />
<br />
More specifically, respect can be thought as a social activity, where voluntary, individual expressions of respect about things and deeds are handled with specific rules in such a way that a synthesis of these individual expressions tends to converge towards the social respect about the things and deeds. Specific questions about respect theory include:<br />
* How and in what format should the individual expressions of respect be collected?<br />
* What are the rules for handling the expressions?<br />
* What does "social respect" mean, and how can it be measured?<br />
<br />
==Definition==<br />
<br />
===Data===<br />
<br />
All the current currencies basically measure resources or services that can be traded to other resources or services. However, [[:en:Eric S. Raymond|Eric S. Raymond]]<ref>Eric S. Raymond: The Cathedral and the Bazaar [http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/cathedral-bazaar/]</ref> has noted that in a society where the basic needs have been fulfilled, social respect cannot be gained by collecting more wealth but instead giving something for common good. Therefore, it is actually necessary for a society to have some currency for social respect, in addition to the measure of resources. Otherwise respect remains implicit or hard to recognise, and it is inefficient in motivating people to work for social development. It is not enough to have the current focus on efficient resource distribution by using money as a means to create trust between people within the society.<br />
<br />
There should be a currency for respect. The respect currency should measure the amount of respect a certain act gains from the society. There exists some primitive examples of such a currency already. Honorary and other medals that are given to respected people e.g. on the 91st independence day of Finland (which is the day when the first draft of this page was written) are one kind of respect currency. Gifts in general also show respect. However, these currencies are not quantitative (i.e. they do not actually measure the amount of respect), and they are not (easily) tradeable to material benefits.<br />
<br />
The respect theory has a practical objective. We believe that respect is, in general, a positive phenomenon both at an individual and a social level. Individually, it is an important factor improving quality of life. In a society, it is a method to guide its members towards behaviour that is acceptable in and useful for the society. The respect theory aims to improve the explication of respect in a beneficial way. It also may encourage people to express their respect more, which may be a good thing for the society and its members. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Psychology<br />
<br />
Respect is a feeling of good opinion, honour, or admiration.<ref>[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/respect Respect in Wiktionary]</ref> It is related to an event, object, or individual. It clearly exists in humans, but it seems to exist in many social mammals and maybe in other animals as well. The respect theory should be able to capture the essential properties of this feeling. <br />
<br />
However, an individual may have strong feelings of respect (or disrespect) but the individual may not want to reveal this feeling to others for various reasons. Thus, there will be feelings of respect that will not be explicated. The following discussion differentiates the feeling itself and the ''explication of respect'', which is an expression of the feeling of respect. Because we cannot know whether an individual actually feels the individual claims, we need to assume that this is the case. Anyway, the respect theory only operates with the expressions of respect. To be precise about these, we use different symbols. R<nowiki>''</nowiki> denotes the actual feeling of of respect of an individual, R' denotes the explicated individual respect, and R denotes the aggregated respect perceived by the subject ("I").<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Economics<br />
<br />
Respect theory relates to [[:en:externality|externalities]], which are benefits or costs to people that are not involved in an economic transaction. For example, a piece of freely available information may benefit anyone irrespective of who actually paid for producing it. An external cost occurs when the production of goods cause pollution that is not charged from the polluter in a form of e.g. a pollution tax. Respect theory may be able to capture some of these externalities and thus create an economic system that is more efficient than one without respect. Respect theory, if properly applied, may be more efficient way of capturing externalities than [[:en:Externality#Possible solutions|many traditional methods]] such as taxation, criminalisation, government provision, or [[:en:tort|tort]] laws. {{attack|# |If someone pollutes the environment he should pay for this, e.g. via taxation. This has nothing to do with respect. Applying respect theory might mean that people receiving high respect must pay less than people with low respect. So the "penalty" is not base on the cause of the externalities.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 11:38, 1 December 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Ethics <br />
<br />
The above mentioned economic tools are not refined to actually capture efficiently the ethical aspects of actions. There are lots of things that are ethically questionable but still do not trigger any tort, not to mention criminal, laws. Also, ethically respected deeds are not at all covered by laws, which focus on forbidding bad things rather than rewarding good deeds.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Personal experience of a trialogue<br />
<br />
Respect can be viewed as a "[[trialogue]]" of a good property or deed, respect given by someone, and the good feeling of the owner of the property of deed by recognising the respect by others. Even babies are able to understand that someone is happy about something the baby did. And small boys are happy that their dads are proud of their skills in football. Respect is a very strong motivator of human life and endeavour. Actually, Robert Baden-Powell has stated that the true road to happiness is to help other people<ref>Robert Baden-Powell: Aids to Scoutmastership. Stevens Publishing (May 1992); originally published 1919. ISBN 0963205420</ref>. This is also a trialogue of respect, assuming that other people give value to your helpfulness (which is, usually, a reasonable assumption).<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Coherence of social respect<br />
<br />
There is a hypothesis that social respect, and also social valuations, MUST be coherent within the society at a given time.<ref>I don't know whether this hypothesis already existed, but [http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Respect_theory&oldid=13953 now it does]. --[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 00:10, 26 November 2009 (UCT)</ref> (Actually, this can be viewed as a definition for a society: society is a group of people, who accept the idea of belonging to the group given its coherent social valuation structure.) This coherence requirement does not apply to individuals, who are allowed to have inconsistent valuations, and they are also allowed to disagree with the social valuations.<br />
<br />
If this hypothesis holds, it means that when starting from inconsistent individual expressions of respect, the rules must make a synthesis that is internally coherent.<br />
<br />
===Rationale for rules===<br />
<br />
The rules of respect should follow general patterns of thinking that are deep in the brains of human beings. The ability of thinking about respect is inherent to humans (and probably other mammals, too). Therefore, the main source of information about the rules of respect lie in our own brains. <br />
<br />
* An individual should be allowed to express respect about anything. Also disrespect should be allowed, because it clearly exists in human thinking of respect. <br />
* An explication of respect is more valuable if<br />
** the respector is highly respected, <br />
** the explication is a large fraction of the total explications of respect by the respector,<br />
** the explication is informative ("I respect the whole world" is very uninformative and therefore not valuable),<br />
** the explication is true (i.e. felt by the individual expressing it, and not only said due to being polite).<br />
* The expression of respect reduces the respect of the giver, if the object of expression is disrespected by others.<br />
<br />
==Result==<br />
<br />
The respect currency should have the following properties: <br />
:{{attack_invalid|0 |How is this respect currency actually any different from traditional money?|--[[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 11:15, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
:: {{attack|5 |The point is not that respect currency has similar properties to money. The point is that it has some properties that money does not and cannot have. The major difference is that money measures scarce things, where someone's negotiating power sets prices of goods to high enough a level where people are interested in transactions. Respect currency works in situations where there is no scarcity (e.g. public information), so nobody has negotiating power, and the money price is zero. Respect currency works because it is free to give away but valuable to receive.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 22:10, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{comment|# |Money applies to material goods. Respect currency applies to immaterial goods.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 11:45, 1 December 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
* It should show the respect of the giver about an act of the receiver. {{comment|1 |Traditional money already have this property|--[[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 11:15, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
* Once given, it should gradually diminish in time, so that the respect should be gained constantly. {{comment|2 |Traditional money already have this property (See [[:en:Time value of money|time value of money]])|--[[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 11:15, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
* It should be tradable to some material benefits, such as traditional money.<br />
* Highly respected people should be able to show more respect (i.e., their respect is valued more by the society).<br />
* There should be some kind of accounting, so that the acts worth respect are documented (i.e. it should be difficult to create fake respect by e.g. two people falsely respecting each other more and more and thus accumulating respect currency). {{comment|3 |Traditional money already have this property|--[[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 11:15, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
* A person doing respectful deeds full-time should be able to live with the respect currency he/she receives and trades for traditional money. {{comment|4 |Traditional money already have this property|--[[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 11:15, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
<br />
The respect theory, combined with [[trialogue]], is able to describe many complex societal and inter-individual relationships. The descriptions are based on '''the [[trialogue]] of respect''', which is defined as follows:<br />
# The basic actors in the respect situation are you, I, and the topic. "You" and "I" are interchangeable, as the difference is only the point of view. They can be individuals or groups. The topic can be anything, e.g. an act, a personal skill, a feeling, a valuation, or an object.<br />
# The topic is "owned" by me, i.e. it is my act, skill, feeling, valuation, or object.<br />
# Respect means the you give value to the fact that the ownership of the topic belongs to me.<br />
# The trialogue of respect occurs if and only if I give value to the fact that you give respect to the fact that the topic belongs to me.<br />
<br />
Although the definition sounds complicated, everyone knows the feeling created by the trialogue of respect. Just see the examples in the definition.<br />
<br />
The respect theory is also able to explain and operationalise ethics systems. Then, the topics are valuations shared by a group of people, e.g. a society. There are valuations that are shared by all members of the group and that are seen as indispensable valuations. Such a valuation forms a trialogue of respect with any two individuals from this group. The trialogue of respect strengthens a certain value system within a society. Another society may and will have another set of indispensable valuations.<br />
<br />
The valuation structure may be hierarchical so that a society divides into subgroups with additional indispensable valuations shared within the subgroup but not necessarily outside the group. Cultural clashes can often be explained by understanding the indispensable valuations and how the trialogue of respect about these valuations does not exist between some groups.<br />
<br />
===Mathematical expression of respect===<br />
<br />
The '''intrinsic respect''' can be calculated based on the individual respect explicated by the respectors. The instrumental respect (see later) can be calculated based on the intrinsic respect.<br />
<br />
R<sub>s</sub>(i:k|l) = &Sigma;<sub>j</sub> ((R'(j:k|l) / (&Sigma;<sub>k</sub> |R'(j:k|l)|)) * R'(i:j|l), where<br />
<br />
R = R<sub>0</sub> e<sup>-r(i|l) t</sup>, and<br />
<br />
R = aggregate measure of respect.<br />
R' = explicated individual measure of respect.<br />
R<sub>s</sub> = intrinsic respect.<br />
R<sub>d</sub> = instrumental respect.<br />
i = subject, an individual who observes respect ("I").<br />
j = respector, an individual who gives respect ("you").<br />
k = topic of respect.<br />
R'(i:k|l) = "i gives R amount of respect to k, given conditions l". Alternative expression: R'<sub>i,k,l</sub>.<br />
R(i:k|l) = "i perceives that R amount of total respect is given to k, given conditions l".<br />
R<sub>0</sub> = amount of respect at the time when it is given.<br />
r = (annual) discount rate; specifically r(i|l) = R(i:r|l). <br />
{{comment|1|Is it possible to have respect distributions?|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 08:35, 30 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
t = time since the explication of a respect (in years).<br />
l = conditions in which the amount of respect is applicable (e.g. respect may be very different under war or peace).<br />
<br />
It should be noted that j is an index of all relevant respectors. This includes i, who is also the subject as well as a respector. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between the explicated individual respect that the subject i oneself gives to k irrespective of other respectors, and the aggregated respect that the subject i perceives that the topic k has in the group j of respectors. To clarify this, R' denotes the explicated individual respect, and R denotes the aggregated respect.<br />
<br />
The '''instrumental respect''' (or extrinsic respect) is respect that can be derived from intrinsic, explicated respect. For example, respectors can give respect to a particular article or other information object. This respect can be further distributed to the contributors of the object based on how much each one has contributed.<br />
:{{comment|2 |Is it so that instrumental respect ''cannot'' be explicated, but it is always derived? If so, the derivation functions must be applicable to all relevant situations.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 07:35, 1 December 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
R<sub>d</sub>(i:j|l) = &Sigma;<sub>k</sub> R(i:k|l) RF(k:j), where<br />
<br />
RF(k:j) = respect fraction of topic k divided to j contributors. <br />
<br />
The j contributors mutually agree on (or use [[pragma-dialectics]] to resolve the dispute about) their fractions in such a way that<br />
<br />
&Sigma;<sub>j</sub> RF(k:j) = 1 for all k.<br />
<br />
In addition to derive respect to contributors (people), instrumental respect can be derived in a causal diagram to variables. This way, it is possible to start from valuable (or respected) outcome variables and distribute the respect to other variables, and ultimately, to people whose contributions improve the variable content and thus the assessment as a whole. There is some kind of connection between respect and [[value of information]], but it not yet clear what that connection is.<br />
<br />
The intrinsic respect can be written as R<sub>s</sub> ("respect of ''self''"), and the instrumental (or extrinsic) respect can be written as R<sub>d</sub> ("respect of ''deeds''"). The total respect R<sub>tot</sub> is<br />
<br />
R<sub>tot</sub> = R<sub>s</sub> + R<sub>d</sub>.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Application<br />
<br />
The first practical application of this mathematical expression is to estimate social respect. Society is thought as "I", with a few additional requirements:<br />
* The society must be coherent in its respect valuations; this is not required from individuals.<br />
* Because R' is an expression of valuations of an individual, the society cannot have intrinsic respect R'.<br />
* Instead, R' of the society should be seen as an R aggregated from several individuals' R and/or R'. The mathematics of this may become complex. I do not yet understand what this means, but additional requirements may be needed because of this.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Open money]]<br />
* [[Respect currency]]<br />
* [[Onor]]<br />
* [[:op_fi:Ilmastotekokilpailu|Ilmastotekokilpailu]]<br />
* [http://ethics.sandiego.edu/ Ethics matters] from the University of San Diego<br />
* [[:en:The Theory of Moral Sentiments|The Theory of Moral Sentiments]] of Adam Smith in Wikipedia<br />
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/respect/ Respect in Stanford Encyclopedia]<br />
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/value-theory/ Value theory in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]<br />
* [[:en:Subjective theory of value|Subjective theory of value]]<br />
* [[:en:Intrinsic value (ethics)|Intrinsic value]]<br />
* [[:en:Instrumental value|Instrumental value]]<br />
* [[:en:Value theory|Value theory]]<br />
* [[:en:Axiology|Axiology]]<br />
* [http://www.respectresearchgroup.org Respect research Group] in the University of Hamburg<br />
* [http://www.respectresearchgroup.org/respect_1652__Measurements_and_scales_for_respect.htm Measuring respect]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
* [http://www.respectresearchgroup.org/respect_109__Publications_on_respect.htm Literature about respect]<br />
* [http://www.respectresearchgroup.org/rrg/files/pdf/Articles/van%20Quaquebeke%2C%20N.%2C%20Henrich%2C%20D.%20C.%2C%20Eckloff%2C%20T.%20%282007%29.%20A%20conceptual%20framework%20to%20differentiate%20between%20tolerance%2C%20acceptance%20and%20respect.pdf van Quaquebeke]</div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Respect_theory&diff=13997Respect theory2009-12-01T11:43:24Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: /* Rationale for rules */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Costs and valuations]]<br />
[[Category:Glossary term]]<br />
{{variable|moderator = Jouni}}<br />
<section begin=glossary /><br />
:'''Respect theory''' is a theory about how people perceive respect and distribute their respect to other people based on their deeds or properties. It also studies implementations of the respect within a society (descriptive), and properties of a theoretically optimal implementation (normative). Respect theory claims to be a major solution to the dilemma of economic growth and sustainability of resources: It is a method to redistribute resources based on the intrinsic value of things, unlike economics that measures utility. In addition, economics gives higher value to scarce utilities, while even if being good to others is abundant, it is still highly respected. Thus, respect theory captures the most important things better than the economic theory in a wealthy world where most people have already fulfilled their basic needs.<br />
<section end=glossary /><br />
<br />
==Scope==<br />
<br />
What are the properties of respect, how is it perceived, and how does it form, accumulate, and distribute in a society?<br />
<br />
More specifically, respect can be thought as a social activity, where voluntary, individual expressions of respect about things and deeds are handled with specific rules in such a way that a synthesis of these individual expressions tends to converge towards the social respect about the things and deeds. Specific questions about respect theory include:<br />
* How and in what format should the individual expressions of respect be collected?<br />
* What are the rules for handling the expressions?<br />
* What does "social respect" mean, and how can it be measured?<br />
<br />
==Definition==<br />
<br />
===Data===<br />
<br />
All the current currencies basically measure resources or services that can be traded to other resources or services. However, [[:en:Eric S. Raymond|Eric S. Raymond]]<ref>Eric S. Raymond: The Cathedral and the Bazaar [http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/cathedral-bazaar/]</ref> has noted that in a society where the basic needs have been fulfilled, social respect cannot be gained by collecting more wealth but instead giving something for common good. Therefore, it is actually necessary for a society to have some currency for social respect, in addition to the measure of resources. Otherwise respect remains implicit or hard to recognise, and it is inefficient in motivating people to work for social development. It is not enough to have the current focus on efficient resource distribution by using money as a means to create trust between people within the society.<br />
<br />
There should be a currency for respect. The respect currency should measure the amount of respect a certain act gains from the society. There exists some primitive examples of such a currency already. Honorary and other medals that are given to respected people e.g. on the 91st independence day of Finland (which is the day when the first draft of this page was written) are one kind of respect currency. Gifts in general also show respect. However, these currencies are not quantitative (i.e. they do not actually measure the amount of respect), and they are not (easily) tradeable to material benefits.<br />
<br />
The respect theory has a practical objective. We believe that respect is, in general, a positive phenomenon both at an individual and a social level. Individually, it is an important factor improving quality of life. In a society, it is a method to guide its members towards behaviour that is acceptable in and useful for the society. The respect theory aims to improve the explication of respect in a beneficial way. It also may encourage people to express their respect more, which may be a good thing for the society and its members. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Psychology<br />
<br />
Respect is a feeling of good opinion, honour, or admiration.<ref>[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/respect Respect in Wiktionary]</ref> It is related to an event, object, or individual. It clearly exists in humans, but it seems to exist in many social mammals and maybe in other animals as well. The respect theory should be able to capture the essential properties of this feeling. <br />
<br />
However, an individual may have strong feelings of respect (or disrespect) but the individual may not want to reveal this feeling to others for various reasons. Thus, there will be feelings of respect that will not be explicated. The following discussion differentiates the feeling itself and the ''explication of respect'', which is an expression of the feeling of respect. Because we cannot know whether an individual actually feels the individual claims, we need to assume that this is the case. Anyway, the respect theory only operates with the expressions of respect. To be precise about these, we use different symbols. R<nowiki>''</nowiki> denotes the actual feeling of of respect of an individual, R' denotes the explicated individual respect, and R denotes the aggregated respect perceived by the subject ("I").<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Economics<br />
<br />
Respect theory relates to [[:en:externality|externalities]], which are benefits or costs to people that are not involved in an economic transaction. For example, a piece of freely available information may benefit anyone irrespective of who actually paid for producing it. An external cost occurs when the production of goods cause pollution that is not charged from the polluter in a form of e.g. a pollution tax. Respect theory may be able to capture some of these externalities and thus create an economic system that is more efficient than one without respect. Respect theory, if properly applied, may be more efficient way of capturing externalities than [[:en:Externality#Possible solutions|many traditional methods]] such as taxation, criminalisation, government provision, or [[:en:tort|tort]] laws. {{attack|# |If someone pollutes the environment he should pay for this, e.g. via taxation. This has nothing to do with respect. Applying respect theory might mean that people receiving high respect must pay less than people with low respect. So the "penalty" is not base on the cause of the externalities.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 11:38, 1 December 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Ethics <br />
<br />
The above mentioned economic tools are not refined to actually capture efficiently the ethical aspects of actions. There are lots of things that are ethically questionable but still do not trigger any tort, not to mention criminal, laws. Also, ethically respected deeds are not at all covered by laws, which focus on forbidding bad things rather than rewarding good deeds.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Personal experience of a trialogue<br />
<br />
Respect can be viewed as a "[[trialogue]]" of a good property or deed, respect given by someone, and the good feeling of the owner of the property of deed by recognising the respect by others. Even babies are able to understand that someone is happy about something the baby did. And small boys are happy that their dads are proud of their skills in football. Respect is a very strong motivator of human life and endeavour. Actually, Robert Baden-Powell has stated that the true road to happiness is to help other people<ref>Robert Baden-Powell: Aids to Scoutmastership. Stevens Publishing (May 1992); originally published 1919. ISBN 0963205420</ref>. This is also a trialogue of respect, assuming that other people give value to your helpfulness (which is, usually, a reasonable assumption).<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Coherence of social respect<br />
<br />
There is a hypothesis that social respect, and also social valuations, MUST be coherent within the society at a given time.<ref>I don't know whether this hypothesis already existed, but [http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Respect_theory&oldid=13953 now it does]. --[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 00:10, 26 November 2009 (UCT)</ref> (Actually, this can be viewed as a definition for a society: society is a group of people, who accept the idea of belonging to the group given its coherent social valuation structure.) This coherence requirement does not apply to individuals, who are allowed to have inconsistent valuations, and they are also allowed to disagree with the social valuations.<br />
<br />
If this hypothesis holds, it means that when starting from inconsistent individual expressions of respect, the rules must make a synthesis that is internally coherent.<br />
<br />
===Rationale for rules===<br />
<br />
The rules of respect should follow general patterns of thinking that are deep in the brains of human beings. The ability of thinking about respect is inherent to humans (and probably other mammals, too). Therefore, the main source of information about the rules of respect lie in our own brains. <br />
<br />
* An individual should be allowed to express respect about anything. Also disrespect should be allowed, because it clearly exists in human thinking of respect. <br />
* An explication of respect is more valuable if<br />
** the respector is highly respected, <br />
** the explication is a large fraction of the total explications of respect by the respector,<br />
** the explication is informative ("I respect the whole world" is very uninformative and therefore not valuable),<br />
** the explication is true (i.e. felt by the individual expressing it, and not only said due to being polite).<br />
* The expression of respect reduces the respect of the giver, if the object of expression is disrespected by others.<br />
<br />
==Result==<br />
<br />
The respect currency should have the following properties: <br />
:{{attack_invalid|0 |How is this respect currency actually any different from traditional money?|--[[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 11:15, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
:: {{attack|5 |The point is not that respect currency has similar properties to money. The point is that it has some properties that money does not and cannot have. The major difference is that money measures scarce things, where someone's negotiating power sets prices of goods to high enough a level where people are interested in transactions. Respect currency works in situations where there is no scarcity (e.g. public information), so nobody has negotiating power, and the money price is zero. Respect currency works because it is free to give away but valuable to receive.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 22:10, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
* It should show the respect of the giver about an act of the receiver. {{comment|1 |Traditional money already have this property|--[[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 11:15, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
* Once given, it should gradually diminish in time, so that the respect should be gained constantly. {{comment|2 |Traditional money already have this property (See [[:en:Time value of money|time value of money]])|--[[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 11:15, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
* It should be tradable to some material benefits, such as traditional money.<br />
* Highly respected people should be able to show more respect (i.e., their respect is valued more by the society).<br />
* There should be some kind of accounting, so that the acts worth respect are documented (i.e. it should be difficult to create fake respect by e.g. two people falsely respecting each other more and more and thus accumulating respect currency). {{comment|3 |Traditional money already have this property|--[[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 11:15, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
* A person doing respectful deeds full-time should be able to live with the respect currency he/she receives and trades for traditional money. {{comment|4 |Traditional money already have this property|--[[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 11:15, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
<br />
The respect theory, combined with [[trialogue]], is able to describe many complex societal and inter-individual relationships. The descriptions are based on '''the [[trialogue]] of respect''', which is defined as follows:<br />
# The basic actors in the respect situation are you, I, and the topic. "You" and "I" are interchangeable, as the difference is only the point of view. They can be individuals or groups. The topic can be anything, e.g. an act, a personal skill, a feeling, a valuation, or an object.<br />
# The topic is "owned" by me, i.e. it is my act, skill, feeling, valuation, or object.<br />
# Respect means the you give value to the fact that the ownership of the topic belongs to me.<br />
# The trialogue of respect occurs if and only if I give value to the fact that you give respect to the fact that the topic belongs to me.<br />
<br />
Although the definition sounds complicated, everyone knows the feeling created by the trialogue of respect. Just see the examples in the definition.<br />
<br />
The respect theory is also able to explain and operationalise ethics systems. Then, the topics are valuations shared by a group of people, e.g. a society. There are valuations that are shared by all members of the group and that are seen as indispensable valuations. Such a valuation forms a trialogue of respect with any two individuals from this group. The trialogue of respect strengthens a certain value system within a society. Another society may and will have another set of indispensable valuations.<br />
<br />
The valuation structure may be hierarchical so that a society divides into subgroups with additional indispensable valuations shared within the subgroup but not necessarily outside the group. Cultural clashes can often be explained by understanding the indispensable valuations and how the trialogue of respect about these valuations does not exist between some groups.<br />
<br />
===Mathematical expression of respect===<br />
<br />
The '''intrinsic respect''' can be calculated based on the individual respect explicated by the respectors. The instrumental respect (see later) can be calculated based on the intrinsic respect.<br />
<br />
R<sub>s</sub>(i:k|l) = &Sigma;<sub>j</sub> ((R'(j:k|l) / (&Sigma;<sub>k</sub> |R'(j:k|l)|)) * R'(i:j|l), where<br />
<br />
R = R<sub>0</sub> e<sup>-r(i|l) t</sup>, and<br />
<br />
R = aggregate measure of respect.<br />
R' = explicated individual measure of respect.<br />
R<sub>s</sub> = intrinsic respect.<br />
R<sub>d</sub> = instrumental respect.<br />
i = subject, an individual who observes respect ("I").<br />
j = respector, an individual who gives respect ("you").<br />
k = topic of respect.<br />
R'(i:k|l) = "i gives R amount of respect to k, given conditions l". Alternative expression: R'<sub>i,k,l</sub>.<br />
R(i:k|l) = "i perceives that R amount of total respect is given to k, given conditions l".<br />
R<sub>0</sub> = amount of respect at the time when it is given.<br />
r = (annual) discount rate; specifically r(i|l) = R(i:r|l). <br />
{{comment|1|Is it possible to have respect distributions?|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 08:35, 30 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
t = time since the explication of a respect (in years).<br />
l = conditions in which the amount of respect is applicable (e.g. respect may be very different under war or peace).<br />
<br />
It should be noted that j is an index of all relevant respectors. This includes i, who is also the subject as well as a respector. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between the explicated individual respect that the subject i oneself gives to k irrespective of other respectors, and the aggregated respect that the subject i perceives that the topic k has in the group j of respectors. To clarify this, R' denotes the explicated individual respect, and R denotes the aggregated respect.<br />
<br />
The '''instrumental respect''' (or extrinsic respect) is respect that can be derived from intrinsic, explicated respect. For example, respectors can give respect to a particular article or other information object. This respect can be further distributed to the contributors of the object based on how much each one has contributed.<br />
:{{comment|2 |Is it so that instrumental respect ''cannot'' be explicated, but it is always derived? If so, the derivation functions must be applicable to all relevant situations.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 07:35, 1 December 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
R<sub>d</sub>(i:j|l) = &Sigma;<sub>k</sub> R(i:k|l) RF(k:j), where<br />
<br />
RF(k:j) = respect fraction of topic k divided to j contributors. <br />
<br />
The j contributors mutually agree on (or use [[pragma-dialectics]] to resolve the dispute about) their fractions in such a way that<br />
<br />
&Sigma;<sub>j</sub> RF(k:j) = 1 for all k.<br />
<br />
In addition to derive respect to contributors (people), instrumental respect can be derived in a causal diagram to variables. This way, it is possible to start from valuable (or respected) outcome variables and distribute the respect to other variables, and ultimately, to people whose contributions improve the variable content and thus the assessment as a whole. There is some kind of connection between respect and [[value of information]], but it not yet clear what that connection is.<br />
<br />
The intrinsic respect can be written as R<sub>s</sub> ("respect of ''self''"), and the instrumental (or extrinsic) respect can be written as R<sub>d</sub> ("respect of ''deeds''"). The total respect R<sub>tot</sub> is<br />
<br />
R<sub>tot</sub> = R<sub>s</sub> + R<sub>d</sub>.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Application<br />
<br />
The first practical application of this mathematical expression is to estimate social respect. Society is thought as "I", with a few additional requirements:<br />
* The society must be coherent in its respect valuations; this is not required from individuals.<br />
* Because R' is an expression of valuations of an individual, the society cannot have intrinsic respect R'.<br />
* Instead, R' of the society should be seen as an R aggregated from several individuals' R and/or R'. The mathematics of this may become complex. I do not yet understand what this means, but additional requirements may be needed because of this.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Open money]]<br />
* [[Respect currency]]<br />
* [[Onor]]<br />
* [[:op_fi:Ilmastotekokilpailu|Ilmastotekokilpailu]]<br />
* [http://ethics.sandiego.edu/ Ethics matters] from the University of San Diego<br />
* [[:en:The Theory of Moral Sentiments|The Theory of Moral Sentiments]] of Adam Smith in Wikipedia<br />
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/respect/ Respect in Stanford Encyclopedia]<br />
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/value-theory/ Value theory in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]<br />
* [[:en:Subjective theory of value|Subjective theory of value]]<br />
* [[:en:Intrinsic value (ethics)|Intrinsic value]]<br />
* [[:en:Instrumental value|Instrumental value]]<br />
* [[:en:Value theory|Value theory]]<br />
* [[:en:Axiology|Axiology]]<br />
* [http://www.respectresearchgroup.org Respect research Group] in the University of Hamburg<br />
* [http://www.respectresearchgroup.org/respect_1652__Measurements_and_scales_for_respect.htm Measuring respect]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
* [http://www.respectresearchgroup.org/respect_109__Publications_on_respect.htm Literature about respect]<br />
* [http://www.respectresearchgroup.org/rrg/files/pdf/Articles/van%20Quaquebeke%2C%20N.%2C%20Henrich%2C%20D.%20C.%2C%20Eckloff%2C%20T.%20%282007%29.%20A%20conceptual%20framework%20to%20differentiate%20between%20tolerance%2C%20acceptance%20and%20respect.pdf van Quaquebeke]</div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Respect_theory&diff=13996Respect theory2009-12-01T11:38:18Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: /* Data */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Costs and valuations]]<br />
[[Category:Glossary term]]<br />
{{variable|moderator = Jouni}}<br />
<section begin=glossary /><br />
:'''Respect theory''' is a theory about how people perceive respect and distribute their respect to other people based on their deeds or properties. It also studies implementations of the respect within a society (descriptive), and properties of a theoretically optimal implementation (normative). Respect theory claims to be a major solution to the dilemma of economic growth and sustainability of resources: It is a method to redistribute resources based on the intrinsic value of things, unlike economics that measures utility. In addition, economics gives higher value to scarce utilities, while even if being good to others is abundant, it is still highly respected. Thus, respect theory captures the most important things better than the economic theory in a wealthy world where most people have already fulfilled their basic needs.<br />
<section end=glossary /><br />
<br />
==Scope==<br />
<br />
What are the properties of respect, how is it perceived, and how does it form, accumulate, and distribute in a society?<br />
<br />
More specifically, respect can be thought as a social activity, where voluntary, individual expressions of respect about things and deeds are handled with specific rules in such a way that a synthesis of these individual expressions tends to converge towards the social respect about the things and deeds. Specific questions about respect theory include:<br />
* How and in what format should the individual expressions of respect be collected?<br />
* What are the rules for handling the expressions?<br />
* What does "social respect" mean, and how can it be measured?<br />
<br />
==Definition==<br />
<br />
===Data===<br />
<br />
All the current currencies basically measure resources or services that can be traded to other resources or services. However, [[:en:Eric S. Raymond|Eric S. Raymond]]<ref>Eric S. Raymond: The Cathedral and the Bazaar [http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/cathedral-bazaar/]</ref> has noted that in a society where the basic needs have been fulfilled, social respect cannot be gained by collecting more wealth but instead giving something for common good. Therefore, it is actually necessary for a society to have some currency for social respect, in addition to the measure of resources. Otherwise respect remains implicit or hard to recognise, and it is inefficient in motivating people to work for social development. It is not enough to have the current focus on efficient resource distribution by using money as a means to create trust between people within the society.<br />
<br />
There should be a currency for respect. The respect currency should measure the amount of respect a certain act gains from the society. There exists some primitive examples of such a currency already. Honorary and other medals that are given to respected people e.g. on the 91st independence day of Finland (which is the day when the first draft of this page was written) are one kind of respect currency. Gifts in general also show respect. However, these currencies are not quantitative (i.e. they do not actually measure the amount of respect), and they are not (easily) tradeable to material benefits.<br />
<br />
The respect theory has a practical objective. We believe that respect is, in general, a positive phenomenon both at an individual and a social level. Individually, it is an important factor improving quality of life. In a society, it is a method to guide its members towards behaviour that is acceptable in and useful for the society. The respect theory aims to improve the explication of respect in a beneficial way. It also may encourage people to express their respect more, which may be a good thing for the society and its members. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Psychology<br />
<br />
Respect is a feeling of good opinion, honour, or admiration.<ref>[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/respect Respect in Wiktionary]</ref> It is related to an event, object, or individual. It clearly exists in humans, but it seems to exist in many social mammals and maybe in other animals as well. The respect theory should be able to capture the essential properties of this feeling. <br />
<br />
However, an individual may have strong feelings of respect (or disrespect) but the individual may not want to reveal this feeling to others for various reasons. Thus, there will be feelings of respect that will not be explicated. The following discussion differentiates the feeling itself and the ''explication of respect'', which is an expression of the feeling of respect. Because we cannot know whether an individual actually feels the individual claims, we need to assume that this is the case. Anyway, the respect theory only operates with the expressions of respect. To be precise about these, we use different symbols. R<nowiki>''</nowiki> denotes the actual feeling of of respect of an individual, R' denotes the explicated individual respect, and R denotes the aggregated respect perceived by the subject ("I").<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Economics<br />
<br />
Respect theory relates to [[:en:externality|externalities]], which are benefits or costs to people that are not involved in an economic transaction. For example, a piece of freely available information may benefit anyone irrespective of who actually paid for producing it. An external cost occurs when the production of goods cause pollution that is not charged from the polluter in a form of e.g. a pollution tax. Respect theory may be able to capture some of these externalities and thus create an economic system that is more efficient than one without respect. Respect theory, if properly applied, may be more efficient way of capturing externalities than [[:en:Externality#Possible solutions|many traditional methods]] such as taxation, criminalisation, government provision, or [[:en:tort|tort]] laws. {{attack|# |If someone pollutes the environment he should pay for this, e.g. via taxation. This has nothing to do with respect. Applying respect theory might mean that people receiving high respect must pay less than people with low respect. So the "penalty" is not base on the cause of the externalities.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 11:38, 1 December 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Ethics <br />
<br />
The above mentioned economic tools are not refined to actually capture efficiently the ethical aspects of actions. There are lots of things that are ethically questionable but still do not trigger any tort, not to mention criminal, laws. Also, ethically respected deeds are not at all covered by laws, which focus on forbidding bad things rather than rewarding good deeds.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Personal experience of a trialogue<br />
<br />
Respect can be viewed as a "[[trialogue]]" of a good property or deed, respect given by someone, and the good feeling of the owner of the property of deed by recognising the respect by others. Even babies are able to understand that someone is happy about something the baby did. And small boys are happy that their dads are proud of their skills in football. Respect is a very strong motivator of human life and endeavour. Actually, Robert Baden-Powell has stated that the true road to happiness is to help other people<ref>Robert Baden-Powell: Aids to Scoutmastership. Stevens Publishing (May 1992); originally published 1919. ISBN 0963205420</ref>. This is also a trialogue of respect, assuming that other people give value to your helpfulness (which is, usually, a reasonable assumption).<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Coherence of social respect<br />
<br />
There is a hypothesis that social respect, and also social valuations, MUST be coherent within the society at a given time.<ref>I don't know whether this hypothesis already existed, but [http://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Respect_theory&oldid=13953 now it does]. --[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 00:10, 26 November 2009 (UCT)</ref> (Actually, this can be viewed as a definition for a society: society is a group of people, who accept the idea of belonging to the group given its coherent social valuation structure.) This coherence requirement does not apply to individuals, who are allowed to have inconsistent valuations, and they are also allowed to disagree with the social valuations.<br />
<br />
If this hypothesis holds, it means that when starting from inconsistent individual expressions of respect, the rules must make a synthesis that is internally coherent.<br />
<br />
===Rationale for rules===<br />
<br />
The rules of respect should follow general patterns of thinking that are deep in the brains of human beings. The ability of thinking about respect is inherent to humans (and probably other mammals, too). Therefore, the main source of information about the rules of respect lie in our own brains. <br />
<br />
* An individual should be allowed to express respect about anything. Also disrespect should be allowed, because it clearly exists in human thinking of respect. <br />
* An explication of respect is more valuable if<br />
** the respector is highly respected, <br />
** the explication is a large fraction of the total explications of respect by the respector,<br />
** the explication is informative ("I respect the whole world" is very uninformative and therefore not valuable).<br />
* The expression of respect reduces the respect of the giver, if the object of expression is disrespected by others.<br />
<br />
==Result==<br />
<br />
The respect currency should have the following properties: <br />
:{{attack_invalid|0 |How is this respect currency actually any different from traditional money?|--[[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 11:15, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
:: {{attack|5 |The point is not that respect currency has similar properties to money. The point is that it has some properties that money does not and cannot have. The major difference is that money measures scarce things, where someone's negotiating power sets prices of goods to high enough a level where people are interested in transactions. Respect currency works in situations where there is no scarcity (e.g. public information), so nobody has negotiating power, and the money price is zero. Respect currency works because it is free to give away but valuable to receive.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 22:10, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
* It should show the respect of the giver about an act of the receiver. {{comment|1 |Traditional money already have this property|--[[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 11:15, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
* Once given, it should gradually diminish in time, so that the respect should be gained constantly. {{comment|2 |Traditional money already have this property (See [[:en:Time value of money|time value of money]])|--[[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 11:15, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
* It should be tradable to some material benefits, such as traditional money.<br />
* Highly respected people should be able to show more respect (i.e., their respect is valued more by the society).<br />
* There should be some kind of accounting, so that the acts worth respect are documented (i.e. it should be difficult to create fake respect by e.g. two people falsely respecting each other more and more and thus accumulating respect currency). {{comment|3 |Traditional money already have this property|--[[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 11:15, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
* A person doing respectful deeds full-time should be able to live with the respect currency he/she receives and trades for traditional money. {{comment|4 |Traditional money already have this property|--[[User:Juha Villman|Juha Villman]] 11:15, 25 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
<br />
The respect theory, combined with [[trialogue]], is able to describe many complex societal and inter-individual relationships. The descriptions are based on '''the [[trialogue]] of respect''', which is defined as follows:<br />
# The basic actors in the respect situation are you, I, and the topic. "You" and "I" are interchangeable, as the difference is only the point of view. They can be individuals or groups. The topic can be anything, e.g. an act, a personal skill, a feeling, a valuation, or an object.<br />
# The topic is "owned" by me, i.e. it is my act, skill, feeling, valuation, or object.<br />
# Respect means the you give value to the fact that the ownership of the topic belongs to me.<br />
# The trialogue of respect occurs if and only if I give value to the fact that you give respect to the fact that the topic belongs to me.<br />
<br />
Although the definition sounds complicated, everyone knows the feeling created by the trialogue of respect. Just see the examples in the definition.<br />
<br />
The respect theory is also able to explain and operationalise ethics systems. Then, the topics are valuations shared by a group of people, e.g. a society. There are valuations that are shared by all members of the group and that are seen as indispensable valuations. Such a valuation forms a trialogue of respect with any two individuals from this group. The trialogue of respect strengthens a certain value system within a society. Another society may and will have another set of indispensable valuations.<br />
<br />
The valuation structure may be hierarchical so that a society divides into subgroups with additional indispensable valuations shared within the subgroup but not necessarily outside the group. Cultural clashes can often be explained by understanding the indispensable valuations and how the trialogue of respect about these valuations does not exist between some groups.<br />
<br />
===Mathematical expression of respect===<br />
<br />
The '''intrinsic respect''' can be calculated based on the individual respect explicated by the respectors. The instrumental respect (see later) can be calculated based on the intrinsic respect.<br />
<br />
R<sub>s</sub>(i:k|l) = &Sigma;<sub>j</sub> ((R'(j:k|l) / (&Sigma;<sub>k</sub> |R'(j:k|l)|)) * R'(i:j|l), where<br />
<br />
R = R<sub>0</sub> e<sup>-r(i|l) t</sup>, and<br />
<br />
R = aggregate measure of respect.<br />
R' = explicated individual measure of respect.<br />
R<sub>s</sub> = intrinsic respect.<br />
R<sub>d</sub> = instrumental respect.<br />
i = subject, an individual who observes respect ("I").<br />
j = respector, an individual who gives respect ("you").<br />
k = topic of respect.<br />
R'(i:k|l) = "i gives R amount of respect to k, given conditions l". Alternative expression: R'<sub>i,k,l</sub>.<br />
R(i:k|l) = "i perceives that R amount of total respect is given to k, given conditions l".<br />
R<sub>0</sub> = amount of respect at the time when it is given.<br />
r = (annual) discount rate; specifically r(i|l) = R(i:r|l). <br />
{{comment|1|Is it possible to have respect distributions?|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 08:35, 30 November 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
t = time since the explication of a respect (in years).<br />
l = conditions in which the amount of respect is applicable (e.g. respect may be very different under war or peace).<br />
<br />
It should be noted that j is an index of all relevant respectors. This includes i, who is also the subject as well as a respector. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between the explicated individual respect that the subject i oneself gives to k irrespective of other respectors, and the aggregated respect that the subject i perceives that the topic k has in the group j of respectors. To clarify this, R' denotes the explicated individual respect, and R denotes the aggregated respect.<br />
<br />
The '''instrumental respect''' (or extrinsic respect) is respect that can be derived from intrinsic, explicated respect. For example, respectors can give respect to a particular article or other information object. This respect can be further distributed to the contributors of the object based on how much each one has contributed.<br />
:{{comment|2 |Is it so that instrumental respect ''cannot'' be explicated, but it is always derived? If so, the derivation functions must be applicable to all relevant situations.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 07:35, 1 December 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
R<sub>d</sub>(i:j|l) = &Sigma;<sub>k</sub> R(i:k|l) RF(k:j), where<br />
<br />
RF(k:j) = respect fraction of topic k divided to j contributors. <br />
<br />
The j contributors mutually agree on (or use [[pragma-dialectics]] to resolve the dispute about) their fractions in such a way that<br />
<br />
&Sigma;<sub>j</sub> RF(k:j) = 1 for all k.<br />
<br />
In addition to derive respect to contributors (people), instrumental respect can be derived in a causal diagram to variables. This way, it is possible to start from valuable (or respected) outcome variables and distribute the respect to other variables, and ultimately, to people whose contributions improve the variable content and thus the assessment as a whole. There is some kind of connection between respect and [[value of information]], but it not yet clear what that connection is.<br />
<br />
The intrinsic respect can be written as R<sub>s</sub> ("respect of ''self''"), and the instrumental (or extrinsic) respect can be written as R<sub>d</sub> ("respect of ''deeds''"). The total respect R<sub>tot</sub> is<br />
<br />
R<sub>tot</sub> = R<sub>s</sub> + R<sub>d</sub>.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Application<br />
<br />
The first practical application of this mathematical expression is to estimate social respect. Society is thought as "I", with a few additional requirements:<br />
* The society must be coherent in its respect valuations; this is not required from individuals.<br />
* Because R' is an expression of valuations of an individual, the society cannot have intrinsic respect R'.<br />
* Instead, R' of the society should be seen as an R aggregated from several individuals' R and/or R'. The mathematics of this may become complex. I do not yet understand what this means, but additional requirements may be needed because of this.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Open money]]<br />
* [[Respect currency]]<br />
* [[Onor]]<br />
* [[:op_fi:Ilmastotekokilpailu|Ilmastotekokilpailu]]<br />
* [http://ethics.sandiego.edu/ Ethics matters] from the University of San Diego<br />
* [[:en:The Theory of Moral Sentiments|The Theory of Moral Sentiments]] of Adam Smith in Wikipedia<br />
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/respect/ Respect in Stanford Encyclopedia]<br />
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/value-theory/ Value theory in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]<br />
* [[:en:Subjective theory of value|Subjective theory of value]]<br />
* [[:en:Intrinsic value (ethics)|Intrinsic value]]<br />
* [[:en:Instrumental value|Instrumental value]]<br />
* [[:en:Value theory|Value theory]]<br />
* [[:en:Axiology|Axiology]]<br />
* [http://www.respectresearchgroup.org Respect research Group] in the University of Hamburg<br />
* [http://www.respectresearchgroup.org/respect_1652__Measurements_and_scales_for_respect.htm Measuring respect]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
* [http://www.respectresearchgroup.org/respect_109__Publications_on_respect.htm Literature about respect]<br />
* [http://www.respectresearchgroup.org/rrg/files/pdf/Articles/van%20Quaquebeke%2C%20N.%2C%20Henrich%2C%20D.%20C.%2C%20Eckloff%2C%20T.%20%282007%29.%20A%20conceptual%20framework%20to%20differentiate%20between%20tolerance%2C%20acceptance%20and%20respect.pdf van Quaquebeke]</div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Talk:Population_of_Europe&diff=11591Talk:Population of Europe2009-10-31T12:19:52Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Disaggregation ==<br />
<br />
{{comment|1 |So what you would need is the fraction of e.g. the subgroup of women 30-34 of the total population of a country. Or the fraction of the subgroup of women 30-34 of the total population in the grid cells?|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 17:06, 22 October 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{defend_invalid|2 |Fraction of the total population is better than a separate number for each grid cell. The latter is much more difficult to obtain for all grid cells.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:06, 22 October 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{attack|7 |Danielle already has this gridded data, so it could be used for the base year.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 19:26, 22 October 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{defend|# |yes, that's the plan|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 12:19, 31 October 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
{{comment|3 |And if then distinguishing between working and non-working, would you want it in fractions of the total population (e.g. 0.001 of the total population are women aged 30-34 and non-working) or in fractions of the fraction of the particular age (e.g. 0.6 of the women aged 30-34 are not working)?<br />
|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 17:06, 22 October 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{defend|4 |In this case, fraction of a given age group, not the total population, is easier.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:06, 22 October 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
{{comment|5 |Which calculations shall I do and which are done from the base? I thought at first I'd give you the data on the grid. But in addition you might want to have the national numbers and percentages as well. And if I do any calculations at all I might as well do all. I am not sure which percentages you would be interested in and if you agree to the procedure I proposed at the meeting and if you want to do the calculations internally etc.<br />
|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 17:06, 22 October 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
: {{defend|6 |All original data (totals, fractions etc) could also go to the base, but they can also stay in the model file only. In any case, the disggregation results should be uploaded to the Base for further use.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:06, 22 October 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
{{discussion<br />
|Statements= why not use Lutz data?<br />
|Resolution= Under discussion (to be changed when a conclusion is found)<br />
|Argumentation =<br />
{{comment|# |This data source is not used as it is outdated and newer projections are available.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 12:14, 31 October 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Units, boundaries, and other things==<br />
<br />
Comments to Alex. --[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 05:36, 31 October 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
Dear Alex,<br />
<br />
1) Your population data looks very much like a variable. See also my version of the same variable http://en.opasnet.org/w/Population_of_Europe<br />
<br />
2) The unit is always number of persons. You are right that the result is given,<br />
depending on the situation, for a country, grid cell, or subpopulation in a<br />
grid cell, but it does not change the unit. Think of this as a table that tells<br />
the unit on the top. Then the table contains two columns: country and<br />
population. Each row looks at particular geographical location along index<br />
"country", but the number in column population is always number of persons. The<br />
same applies if you have a larger table with columns country, grid cell, age,<br />
sex, and population. The unit does NOT depend on the number of columns.<br />
<br />
3) The variable is in principle independent of the assessment we are doing.<br />
Therefore, you cannot motivate choices you make with the assessment you are<br />
doing. I mean, in practice you can, but these are irrelevant arguments in the<br />
context of the variable, and another user can invalidate them just like that.<br />
Therefore, I wouldn't put them there in the first place. Examples (4-5):<br />
{{comment|# |Where would those arguments and choices be situated better, then?|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 12:03, 31 October 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
4) "Scope<br />
For the assessment, population data is needed for several reasons, e. g.as<br />
basic assumption for estimating the energy demand, but also as receptor for<br />
pollutantsso that health effects arise. Population data is needed..."<br />
<br />
Instead, just ask: What is the population size for years...<br />
<br />
If you want to be sure that the variable sticks to a particular grid size, you must define the grid in the scope.<br />
<br />
5) "The growth rate of the UN data is chosen which<br />
corresponds best to the EUROSTAT data to achieve consistency with the<br />
energy models."<br />
<br />
Variables are for estimating the truth, and you are suggesting a deviation from that because of the needs of an assessment. This is irrelevant for the variable and can be invalidated. Solution: use all three UN growth rates in the variable, and pick the suitable one for the assessment. Also the assessment should estimate the truth, so if you want to ignore other possibilities of growth, you should define that in the scenarios of the assessment (or just do what you do without defending your choices, and hope that nobody picks this up).<br />
<br />
6) Both surveys and data sources should be described under "Data".<br />
<br />
7) I copied this reply to http://en.opasnet.org/w/Talk:Population_of_Europe . You could update the variable in Opasnet with your text.</div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Population_of_Europe&diff=11590Population of Europe2009-10-31T12:18:45Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: /* Formula */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Jouni}}<br />
<br />
'''Population of Europe''' estimates the size of the population in Europe in 2000-2050.{{disclink|Units, boundaries, and other things}}<br />
<br />
==Scope==<br />
<br />
What is the the number of people in the countries of the European Union and on the 50x50 km Emep grid, for the years 2000, 2010, 2020, 2030, 2050, disaggregated by age (5 year age groups), gender and spatial location of residence?<br />
<br />
==Definition==<br />
<br />
===Data===<br />
<br />
Data available:<br />
* IPCC / SRES. Source: Lutz / IIASA 1995 {{disclink|why not use Lutz data?}}<br />
** From 1995; 13 regions of the world; stratified by 5 year age groups and gender, 1995 – 2100 in 5 year steps<br />
* CIESIN/SEDAC: GWP http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw/global.jsp<br />
** 1990 – 2015; total # per grid cell, extrapolate current population growth to 2015; 1°, ½°, ¼°, 2.5’; not stratification into sub groups<br />
* UN data http://esa.un.org/unpp/index.asp<br />
** 1950 – 2050; all countries, 5 y. age groups & gender; 3 growth rates<br />
* EUROSTAT<br />
** PRIMES and TIMES are based on this; GAINS is based on PRIMES<br />
* Very fine national data provided by Danielle from IC<br />
** 2001; LAU 2 level; later gridded 100m; 5 year age groups & gender<br />
<br />
<br />
Surveys were performed as a basis for the population data sources applied in the assessment (for past estimations). <br />
<br />
Data used:<br />
Data sources applied are: a) CIESIN/SEDAC data (http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw/global.jsp) b) UN data (http://esa.un.org/unpp/index.asp); c) high resolution data provided by Danielle from IC; d) Eurostat data. <br />
<br />
Ad a) Data is available for the years 1990-2015 in 5 year steps. Numbers are given as total number per grid cell (not stratified). An extrapolation of the current population growth to 2015 was undertaken to result in a projection of the population in the year 2015. Data is available on a grid with the following grid sizes: 1°, 0.5°, 0.25°, and 2.5'. Ad b) Data is available for the years 1950-2050 in 5 year steps. It is available for all countries. Data is stratified by 5 year age groups and gender. Three different growth rates are available. Ad c) ... .<br />
<br />
===Causality===<br />
<br />
* The number of people living in a grid cell, or country, is dependent on the birth rate, the mortality rate and the migration rate.<br />
<br />
===Unit===<br />
<br />
<nowiki>#</nowiki><br />
<br />
===Formula===<br />
<br />
* For national data the UN data is used directly.<br />
<br />
* For the gridded data the CIESIN/SEDAC data is used, which is on the grid. The UN growth rates from the UN data are applied to the gridded data. For the subgroup stratification source c) is applied. For gridded data the following steps are performed: <br />
** Step 1: The Gridded World Population (GWP) data for 2000 is taken as basis for each 50x50 km Emep grid cell. <br />
** Step 2: In a next step, if necessary, it is scaled to fit the country totals GWP of 2000 with those of the 2000 UN data. <br />
** Step 3: Then, the fine resolution data souce c) \wichtig{include source} , which is based on the year 2001, is used to calculate the shares of each subgroup (age and gender), specifically for each single grid cell! <br />
** Step 4: Now the growth rates for future years are estimated: Growth rates (per country) of the UN data from 2000 to 2010, 2020, 2030 and 2050 are calculated for each population sub group separately (to allow for shifts in the percentages of the subgroups instead of using the growth rate for the total population). <br />
** Step 5: The growth rates are now applied, for each year, to the sub groups of the base year.<br />
<br />
Given the numbers for the sub groups and years, the percentages for age groups, the percentages for working/non-working status:<br />
<br />
Let the following.<br />
* [[Country]] is the index for European countries. There should be a row "Sea" for sea areas.<br />
* [[Year]] is the index for years considered (selected years between 2000-2050)<br />
* [[Sex]] is the index for sex (Male or Female)<br />
* EMEP is the index for EMEP grid identifiers (1 - ca. 3000)<br />
* [[Age]] is the index for 5-year age groups of the population.<br />
* Population_by_country is the total population in Europe, indexed by country, age group, and year.<br />
* Country_emep is an indicator (indexed by EMEP and Country), which tells the fraction of each EMEP grid cell that belongs to the specified country. This sums up to 1 when summed up over Country.<br />
* Population_emep is the current population disaggregated into the EMEP grid.<br />
* Population_ic is the disaggregated population data for 2001. This should be first aggregated to EMEP grid (if that's what we want). This is indexed by age and sex.<br />
<br />
The [[Analytica]] code for disaggretagion could look like this {{disclink|Disaggregation}}:<br />
<br />
<anacode><br />
var a:= population_emep*country_emep;<br />
a:= a/sum(a,emep);<br />
a:= a*population_by_country<br />
</anacode><br />
<br />
<br />
See also<br />
* [[:image:Agriculture mega case study.ANA|Agriculture mega case study.ANA]]<br />
<br />
==Result==<br />
<br />
{{resultlink}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Mega case study]]<br />
* [[Risk assessment of nitrate in drinking water]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Talk:Population_of_Europe&diff=11589Talk:Population of Europe2009-10-31T12:14:47Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Disaggregation ==<br />
<br />
{{comment|1 |So what you would need is the fraction of e.g. the subgroup of women 30-34 of the total population of a country. Or the fraction of the subgroup of women 30-34 of the total population in the grid cells?|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 17:06, 22 October 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{defend_invalid|2 |Fraction of the total population is better than a separate number for each grid cell. The latter is much more difficult to obtain for all grid cells.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:06, 22 October 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{attack|7 |Danielle already has this gridded data, so it could be used for the base year.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 19:26, 22 October 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
{{comment|3 |And if then distinguishing between working and non-working, would you want it in fractions of the total population (e.g. 0.001 of the total population are women aged 30-34 and non-working) or in fractions of the fraction of the particular age (e.g. 0.6 of the women aged 30-34 are not working)?<br />
|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 17:06, 22 October 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{defend|4 |In this case, fraction of a given age group, not the total population, is easier.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:06, 22 October 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
{{comment|5 |Which calculations shall I do and which are done from the base? I thought at first I'd give you the data on the grid. But in addition you might want to have the national numbers and percentages as well. And if I do any calculations at all I might as well do all. I am not sure which percentages you would be interested in and if you agree to the procedure I proposed at the meeting and if you want to do the calculations internally etc.<br />
|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 17:06, 22 October 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
: {{defend|6 |All original data (totals, fractions etc) could also go to the base, but they can also stay in the model file only. In any case, the disggregation results should be uploaded to the Base for further use.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:06, 22 October 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
{{discussion<br />
|Statements= why not use Lutz data?<br />
|Resolution= Under discussion (to be changed when a conclusion is found)<br />
|Argumentation =<br />
{{comment|# |This data source is not used as it is outdated and newer projections are available.|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 12:14, 31 October 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Units, boundaries, and other things==<br />
<br />
Comments to Alex. --[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 05:36, 31 October 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
Dear Alex,<br />
<br />
1) Your population data looks very much like a variable. See also my version of the same variable http://en.opasnet.org/w/Population_of_Europe<br />
<br />
2) The unit is always number of persons. You are right that the result is given,<br />
depending on the situation, for a country, grid cell, or subpopulation in a<br />
grid cell, but it does not change the unit. Think of this as a table that tells<br />
the unit on the top. Then the table contains two columns: country and<br />
population. Each row looks at particular geographical location along index<br />
"country", but the number in column population is always number of persons. The<br />
same applies if you have a larger table with columns country, grid cell, age,<br />
sex, and population. The unit does NOT depend on the number of columns.<br />
<br />
3) The variable is in principle independent of the assessment we are doing.<br />
Therefore, you cannot motivate choices you make with the assessment you are<br />
doing. I mean, in practice you can, but these are irrelevant arguments in the<br />
context of the variable, and another user can invalidate them just like that.<br />
Therefore, I wouldn't put them there in the first place. Examples (4-5):<br />
{{comment|# |Where would those arguments and choices be situated better, then?|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 12:03, 31 October 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
4) "Scope<br />
For the assessment, population data is needed for several reasons, e. g.as<br />
basic assumption for estimating the energy demand, but also as receptor for<br />
pollutantsso that health effects arise. Population data is needed..."<br />
<br />
Instead, just ask: What is the population size for years...<br />
<br />
If you want to be sure that the variable sticks to a particular grid size, you must define the grid in the scope.<br />
<br />
5) "The growth rate of the UN data is chosen which<br />
corresponds best to the EUROSTAT data to achieve consistency with the<br />
energy models."<br />
<br />
Variables are for estimating the truth, and you are suggesting a deviation from that because of the needs of an assessment. This is irrelevant for the variable and can be invalidated. Solution: use all three UN growth rates in the variable, and pick the suitable one for the assessment. Also the assessment should estimate the truth, so if you want to ignore other possibilities of growth, you should define that in the scenarios of the assessment (or just do what you do without defending your choices, and hope that nobody picks this up).<br />
<br />
6) Both surveys and data sources should be described under "Data".<br />
<br />
7) I copied this reply to http://en.opasnet.org/w/Talk:Population_of_Europe . You could update the variable in Opasnet with your text.</div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Population_of_Europe&diff=11588Population of Europe2009-10-31T12:13:59Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: /* Data */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Jouni}}<br />
<br />
'''Population of Europe''' estimates the size of the population in Europe in 2000-2050.{{disclink|Units, boundaries, and other things}}<br />
<br />
==Scope==<br />
<br />
What is the the number of people in the countries of the European Union and on the 50x50 km Emep grid, for the years 2000, 2010, 2020, 2030, 2050, disaggregated by age (5 year age groups), gender and spatial location of residence?<br />
<br />
==Definition==<br />
<br />
===Data===<br />
<br />
Data available:<br />
* IPCC / SRES. Source: Lutz / IIASA 1995 {{disclink|why not use Lutz data?}}<br />
** From 1995; 13 regions of the world; stratified by 5 year age groups and gender, 1995 – 2100 in 5 year steps<br />
* CIESIN/SEDAC: GWP http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw/global.jsp<br />
** 1990 – 2015; total # per grid cell, extrapolate current population growth to 2015; 1°, ½°, ¼°, 2.5’; not stratification into sub groups<br />
* UN data http://esa.un.org/unpp/index.asp<br />
** 1950 – 2050; all countries, 5 y. age groups & gender; 3 growth rates<br />
* EUROSTAT<br />
** PRIMES and TIMES are based on this; GAINS is based on PRIMES<br />
* Very fine national data provided by Danielle from IC<br />
** 2001; LAU 2 level; later gridded 100m; 5 year age groups & gender<br />
<br />
<br />
Surveys were performed as a basis for the population data sources applied in the assessment (for past estimations). <br />
<br />
Data used:<br />
Data sources applied are: a) CIESIN/SEDAC data (http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw/global.jsp) b) UN data (http://esa.un.org/unpp/index.asp); c) high resolution data provided by Danielle from IC; d) Eurostat data. <br />
<br />
Ad a) Data is available for the years 1990-2015 in 5 year steps. Numbers are given as total number per grid cell (not stratified). An extrapolation of the current population growth to 2015 was undertaken to result in a projection of the population in the year 2015. Data is available on a grid with the following grid sizes: 1°, 0.5°, 0.25°, and 2.5'. Ad b) Data is available for the years 1950-2050 in 5 year steps. It is available for all countries. Data is stratified by 5 year age groups and gender. Three different growth rates are available. Ad c) ... .<br />
<br />
===Causality===<br />
<br />
* The number of people living in a grid cell, or country, is dependent on the birth rate, the mortality rate and the migration rate.<br />
<br />
===Unit===<br />
<br />
<nowiki>#</nowiki><br />
<br />
===Formula===<br />
<br />
Let the following.<br />
* [[Country]] is the index for European countries. There should be a row "Sea" for sea areas.<br />
* [[Year]] is the index for years considered (selected years between 2000-2050)<br />
* [[Sex]] is the index for sex (Male or Female)<br />
* EMEP is the index for EMEP grid identifiers (1 - ca. 3000)<br />
* [[Age]] is the index for 5-year age groups of the population.<br />
* Population_by_country is the total population in Europe, indexed by country, age group, and year.<br />
* Country_emep is an indicator (indexed by EMEP and Country), which tells the fraction of each EMEP grid cell that belongs to the specified country. This sums up to 1 when summed up over Country.<br />
* Population_emep is the current population disaggregated into the EMEP grid.<br />
* Population_ic is the disaggregated population data for 2001. This should be first aggregated to EMEP grid (if that's what we want). This is indexed by age and sex.<br />
<br />
The [[Analytica]] code for disaggretagion could look like this {{disclink|Disaggregation}}:<br />
<br />
<anacode><br />
var a:= population_emep*country_emep;<br />
a:= a/sum(a,emep);<br />
a:= a*population_by_country<br />
</anacode><br />
<br />
See also<br />
* [[:image:Agriculture mega case study.ANA|Agriculture mega case study.ANA]]<br />
<br />
==Result==<br />
<br />
{{resultlink}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Mega case study]]<br />
* [[Risk assessment of nitrate in drinking water]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Population_of_Europe&diff=11587Population of Europe2009-10-31T12:10:22Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: /* Causality */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Jouni}}<br />
<br />
'''Population of Europe''' estimates the size of the population in Europe in 2000-2050.{{disclink|Units, boundaries, and other things}}<br />
<br />
==Scope==<br />
<br />
What is the the number of people in the countries of the European Union and on the 50x50 km Emep grid, for the years 2000, 2010, 2020, 2030, 2050, disaggregated by age (5 year age groups), gender and spatial location of residence?<br />
<br />
==Definition==<br />
<br />
===Data===<br />
<br />
* IPCC / SRES. Source: Lutz / IIASA 1995<br />
** From 1995; 13 regions of the world; stratified by 5 year age groups and gender, 1995 – 2100 in 5 year steps<br />
* CIESIN/SEDAC: GWP http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw/global.jsp<br />
** 1990 – 2015; total # per grid cell, extrapolate current population growth to 2015; 1°, ½°, ¼°, 2.5’; not stratification into sub groups<br />
* UN data http://esa.un.org/unpp/index.asp<br />
** 1950 – 2050; all countries, 5 y. age groups & gender; 3 growth rates<br />
* EUROSTAT<br />
** PRIMES and TIMES are based on this; GAINS is based on PRIMES<br />
* Very fine national data provided by Danielle from IC<br />
** 2001; LAU 2 level; later gridded 100m; 5 year age groups & gender<br />
<br />
===Causality===<br />
<br />
* The number of people living in a grid cell, or country, is dependent on the birth rate, the mortality rate and the migration rate.<br />
<br />
===Unit===<br />
<br />
<nowiki>#</nowiki><br />
<br />
===Formula===<br />
<br />
Let the following.<br />
* [[Country]] is the index for European countries. There should be a row "Sea" for sea areas.<br />
* [[Year]] is the index for years considered (selected years between 2000-2050)<br />
* [[Sex]] is the index for sex (Male or Female)<br />
* EMEP is the index for EMEP grid identifiers (1 - ca. 3000)<br />
* [[Age]] is the index for 5-year age groups of the population.<br />
* Population_by_country is the total population in Europe, indexed by country, age group, and year.<br />
* Country_emep is an indicator (indexed by EMEP and Country), which tells the fraction of each EMEP grid cell that belongs to the specified country. This sums up to 1 when summed up over Country.<br />
* Population_emep is the current population disaggregated into the EMEP grid.<br />
* Population_ic is the disaggregated population data for 2001. This should be first aggregated to EMEP grid (if that's what we want). This is indexed by age and sex.<br />
<br />
The [[Analytica]] code for disaggretagion could look like this {{disclink|Disaggregation}}:<br />
<br />
<anacode><br />
var a:= population_emep*country_emep;<br />
a:= a/sum(a,emep);<br />
a:= a*population_by_country<br />
</anacode><br />
<br />
See also<br />
* [[:image:Agriculture mega case study.ANA|Agriculture mega case study.ANA]]<br />
<br />
==Result==<br />
<br />
{{resultlink}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Mega case study]]<br />
* [[Risk assessment of nitrate in drinking water]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Population_of_Europe&diff=11586Population of Europe2009-10-31T12:09:27Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: /* Scope */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{variable|moderator=Jouni}}<br />
<br />
'''Population of Europe''' estimates the size of the population in Europe in 2000-2050.{{disclink|Units, boundaries, and other things}}<br />
<br />
==Scope==<br />
<br />
What is the the number of people in the countries of the European Union and on the 50x50 km Emep grid, for the years 2000, 2010, 2020, 2030, 2050, disaggregated by age (5 year age groups), gender and spatial location of residence?<br />
<br />
==Definition==<br />
<br />
===Data===<br />
<br />
* IPCC / SRES. Source: Lutz / IIASA 1995<br />
** From 1995; 13 regions of the world; stratified by 5 year age groups and gender, 1995 – 2100 in 5 year steps<br />
* CIESIN/SEDAC: GWP http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw/global.jsp<br />
** 1990 – 2015; total # per grid cell, extrapolate current population growth to 2015; 1°, ½°, ¼°, 2.5’; not stratification into sub groups<br />
* UN data http://esa.un.org/unpp/index.asp<br />
** 1950 – 2050; all countries, 5 y. age groups & gender; 3 growth rates<br />
* EUROSTAT<br />
** PRIMES and TIMES are based on this; GAINS is based on PRIMES<br />
* Very fine national data provided by Danielle from IC<br />
** 2001; LAU 2 level; later gridded 100m; 5 year age groups & gender<br />
<br />
===Causality===<br />
<br />
* No [[parent]]s defined.<br />
<br />
===Unit===<br />
<br />
<nowiki>#</nowiki><br />
<br />
===Formula===<br />
<br />
Let the following.<br />
* [[Country]] is the index for European countries. There should be a row "Sea" for sea areas.<br />
* [[Year]] is the index for years considered (selected years between 2000-2050)<br />
* [[Sex]] is the index for sex (Male or Female)<br />
* EMEP is the index for EMEP grid identifiers (1 - ca. 3000)<br />
* [[Age]] is the index for 5-year age groups of the population.<br />
* Population_by_country is the total population in Europe, indexed by country, age group, and year.<br />
* Country_emep is an indicator (indexed by EMEP and Country), which tells the fraction of each EMEP grid cell that belongs to the specified country. This sums up to 1 when summed up over Country.<br />
* Population_emep is the current population disaggregated into the EMEP grid.<br />
* Population_ic is the disaggregated population data for 2001. This should be first aggregated to EMEP grid (if that's what we want). This is indexed by age and sex.<br />
<br />
The [[Analytica]] code for disaggretagion could look like this {{disclink|Disaggregation}}:<br />
<br />
<anacode><br />
var a:= population_emep*country_emep;<br />
a:= a/sum(a,emep);<br />
a:= a*population_by_country<br />
</anacode><br />
<br />
See also<br />
* [[:image:Agriculture mega case study.ANA|Agriculture mega case study.ANA]]<br />
<br />
==Result==<br />
<br />
{{resultlink}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Mega case study]]<br />
* [[Risk assessment of nitrate in drinking water]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Talk:Population_of_Europe&diff=11585Talk:Population of Europe2009-10-31T12:03:18Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: /* Units, boundaries, and other things */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Disaggregation ==<br />
<br />
{{comment|1 |So what you would need is the fraction of e.g. the subgroup of women 30-34 of the total population of a country. Or the fraction of the subgroup of women 30-34 of the total population in the grid cells?|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 17:06, 22 October 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{defend_invalid|2 |Fraction of the total population is better than a separate number for each grid cell. The latter is much more difficult to obtain for all grid cells.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:06, 22 October 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{attack|7 |Danielle already has this gridded data, so it could be used for the base year.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 19:26, 22 October 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
{{comment|3 |And if then distinguishing between working and non-working, would you want it in fractions of the total population (e.g. 0.001 of the total population are women aged 30-34 and non-working) or in fractions of the fraction of the particular age (e.g. 0.6 of the women aged 30-34 are not working)?<br />
|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 17:06, 22 October 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{defend|4 |In this case, fraction of a given age group, not the total population, is easier.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:06, 22 October 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
{{comment|5 |Which calculations shall I do and which are done from the base? I thought at first I'd give you the data on the grid. But in addition you might want to have the national numbers and percentages as well. And if I do any calculations at all I might as well do all. I am not sure which percentages you would be interested in and if you agree to the procedure I proposed at the meeting and if you want to do the calculations internally etc.<br />
|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 17:06, 22 October 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
: {{defend|6 |All original data (totals, fractions etc) could also go to the base, but they can also stay in the model file only. In any case, the disggregation results should be uploaded to the Base for further use.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:06, 22 October 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
==Units, boundaries, and other things==<br />
<br />
Comments to Alex. --[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 05:36, 31 October 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
Dear Alex,<br />
<br />
1) Your population data looks very much like a variable. See also my version of the same variable http://en.opasnet.org/w/Population_of_Europe<br />
<br />
2) The unit is always number of persons. You are right that the result is given,<br />
depending on the situation, for a country, grid cell, or subpopulation in a<br />
grid cell, but it does not change the unit. Think of this as a table that tells<br />
the unit on the top. Then the table contains two columns: country and<br />
population. Each row looks at particular geographical location along index<br />
"country", but the number in column population is always number of persons. The<br />
same applies if you have a larger table with columns country, grid cell, age,<br />
sex, and population. The unit does NOT depend on the number of columns.<br />
<br />
3) The variable is in principle independent of the assessment we are doing.<br />
Therefore, you cannot motivate choices you make with the assessment you are<br />
doing. I mean, in practice you can, but these are irrelevant arguments in the<br />
context of the variable, and another user can invalidate them just like that.<br />
Therefore, I wouldn't put them there in the first place. Examples (4-5):<br />
{{comment|# |Where would those arguments and choices be situated better, then?|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 12:03, 31 October 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
4) "Scope<br />
For the assessment, population data is needed for several reasons, e. g.as<br />
basic assumption for estimating the energy demand, but also as receptor for<br />
pollutantsso that health effects arise. Population data is needed..."<br />
<br />
Instead, just ask: What is the population size for years...<br />
<br />
If you want to be sure that the variable sticks to a particular grid size, you must define the grid in the scope.<br />
<br />
5) "The growth rate of the UN data is chosen which<br />
corresponds best to the EUROSTAT data to achieve consistency with the<br />
energy models."<br />
<br />
Variables are for estimating the truth, and you are suggesting a deviation from that because of the needs of an assessment. This is irrelevant for the variable and can be invalidated. Solution: use all three UN growth rates in the variable, and pick the suitable one for the assessment. Also the assessment should estimate the truth, so if you want to ignore other possibilities of growth, you should define that in the scenarios of the assessment (or just do what you do without defending your choices, and hope that nobody picks this up).<br />
<br />
6) Both surveys and data sources should be described under "Data".<br />
<br />
7) I copied this reply to http://en.opasnet.org/w/Talk:Population_of_Europe . You could update the variable in Opasnet with your text.</div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Talk:Population_of_Europe&diff=11584Talk:Population of Europe2009-10-31T12:03:03Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: /* Units, boundaries, and other things */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Disaggregation ==<br />
<br />
{{comment|1 |So what you would need is the fraction of e.g. the subgroup of women 30-34 of the total population of a country. Or the fraction of the subgroup of women 30-34 of the total population in the grid cells?|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 17:06, 22 October 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{defend_invalid|2 |Fraction of the total population is better than a separate number for each grid cell. The latter is much more difficult to obtain for all grid cells.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:06, 22 October 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
::{{attack|7 |Danielle already has this gridded data, so it could be used for the base year.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 19:26, 22 October 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
{{comment|3 |And if then distinguishing between working and non-working, would you want it in fractions of the total population (e.g. 0.001 of the total population are women aged 30-34 and non-working) or in fractions of the fraction of the particular age (e.g. 0.6 of the women aged 30-34 are not working)?<br />
|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 17:06, 22 October 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
:{{defend|4 |In this case, fraction of a given age group, not the total population, is easier.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:06, 22 October 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
{{comment|5 |Which calculations shall I do and which are done from the base? I thought at first I'd give you the data on the grid. But in addition you might want to have the national numbers and percentages as well. And if I do any calculations at all I might as well do all. I am not sure which percentages you would be interested in and if you agree to the procedure I proposed at the meeting and if you want to do the calculations internally etc.<br />
|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 17:06, 22 October 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
: {{defend|6 |All original data (totals, fractions etc) could also go to the base, but they can also stay in the model file only. In any case, the disggregation results should be uploaded to the Base for further use.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 17:06, 22 October 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
==Units, boundaries, and other things==<br />
<br />
Comments to Alex. --[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 05:36, 31 October 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
Dear Alex,<br />
<br />
1) Your population data looks very much like a variable. See also my version of the same variable http://en.opasnet.org/w/Population_of_Europe<br />
<br />
2) The unit is always number of persons. You are right that the result is given,<br />
depending on the situation, for a country, grid cell, or subpopulation in a<br />
grid cell, but it does not change the unit. Think of this as a table that tells<br />
the unit on the top. Then the table contains two columns: country and<br />
population. Each row looks at particular geographical location along index<br />
"country", but the number in column population is always number of persons. The<br />
same applies if you have a larger table with columns country, grid cell, age,<br />
sex, and population. The unit does NOT depend on the number of columns.<br />
<br />
3) The variable is in principle independent of the assessment we are doing.<br />
Therefore, you cannot motivate choices you make with the assessment you are<br />
doing. I mean, in practice you can, but these are irrelevant arguments in the<br />
context of the variable, and another user can invalidate them just like that.<br />
Therefore, I wouldn't put them there in the first place. Examples (4-5):<br />
{{comment|# |Where would those arguments and choices situated better, then?|--[[User:Alexandra Kuhn|Alexandra Kuhn]] 12:03, 31 October 2009 (UTC)}}<br />
<br />
4) "Scope<br />
For the assessment, population data is needed for several reasons, e. g.as<br />
basic assumption for estimating the energy demand, but also as receptor for<br />
pollutantsso that health effects arise. Population data is needed..."<br />
<br />
Instead, just ask: What is the population size for years...<br />
<br />
If you want to be sure that the variable sticks to a particular grid size, you must define the grid in the scope.<br />
<br />
5) "The growth rate of the UN data is chosen which<br />
corresponds best to the EUROSTAT data to achieve consistency with the<br />
energy models."<br />
<br />
Variables are for estimating the truth, and you are suggesting a deviation from that because of the needs of an assessment. This is irrelevant for the variable and can be invalidated. Solution: use all three UN growth rates in the variable, and pick the suitable one for the assessment. Also the assessment should estimate the truth, so if you want to ignore other possibilities of growth, you should define that in the scenarios of the assessment (or just do what you do without defending your choices, and hope that nobody picks this up).<br />
<br />
6) Both surveys and data sources should be described under "Data".<br />
<br />
7) I copied this reply to http://en.opasnet.org/w/Talk:Population_of_Europe . You could update the variable in Opasnet with your text.</div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Monetary_values_for_impacts_to_human_health&diff=13440Monetary values for impacts to human health2009-10-22T07:10:52Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Monetary values used for evaluation of impacts to human health in NEEDS: ==<br />
<br />
The following text is taken from the project NEEDS, which is part of the ExternE project series (www.externe.info).<br />
ExternE mainly deals with impacts of pollutants (classical air pollutants, heavy metals, etc.), noise, and greenhouse gases on human health, ecosystems, materials and crops.<br />
<br />
This summary "focuses on the main contributors of impacts to human health in terms of external costs. These are change of life expectancy (LE) and chronic bronchitis. <br />
<br />
The overall objective of NEEDS, RS1b, work package 6 is to obtain more reliable and credible results for the value of a life year (VOLY) lost by air pollution mortality, one of the most important parameters of ExternE and until now one of the most uncertain. The new values are derived from the work of a team of European experts, based on the results of a new contingent valuation (CV) questionnaire that has been applied in 9 countries: France, Spain, UK, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland. The total sample size is 1463. A procedure for transferring the results to other countries has also been developed and tested. <br />
<br />
The approach is innovative because it is based on valuing the change of life expectancy (LE) directly, in contrast to previous valuations of air pollution mortality that were based either on risks of death in a transport or employment-related accident context, or on a small change in the probability of dying in other contexts. There are some reasons for basing the valuation on loss of LE rather than a number of premature deaths, as recognized by ExternE since 1998. The principal reason is that the underlying epidemiological evidence only allows to quantify changes in life expectancy (life years), not changes in number of deaths. <br />
<br />
Based on the results of this questionnaire, our recommended VOLY estimates are <br />
for EU15 + Switzerland: 41,000 € <br />
for New Member Countries (NMC): 33,000 € <br />
<br />
However, for cost-benefit analyses of EU directives and policies we would recommend using the same value for EU25 ("EU26", including Switzerland), based on the VOLY value from the pooled sample. This estimate may itself be adjusted to correct for the difference in the proportion of "EU16" and NMC observations in our sample and the actual populations <br />
for EU25: 40,000 € <br />
<br />
These values are somewhat lower than the 50,000€ used by ExternE since the NewExt project. <br />
<br />
The QALY scale used by health economists is combined with the new VOLY to obtain an implied cost for morbidity endpoints, in particular chronic bronchitis, the end point making the second largest contribution after mortality (about 25%) to the total damage cost of PM, NO<sub>2</sub> and SO<sub>2</sub>. Until now the cost of chronic bronchitis assumed by ExternE has remained quite uncertain because it has been based on only two CV studies in the USA (that use essentially the same questionnaire), dating from 1990 and 1991, and the application of the results of those studies poses problems in terms of the legitimacy of the spatial and temporal transfer entailed. The result of the QALY approach turns out to be so close to the 200,000 € currently used for chronic bronchitis by ExternE, that no change is recommended.<br />
<br />
The following table lists the monetary values used for valuation of impacts to human health in NEEDS. Apart from the updates made within NEEDS the values are taken from (ExternE, Methodology 2005 Update: European Commission (2005). ExternE - Externalities of Energy - Methodology 2005 Update. EUR 21951 EN. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg. ISBN 92-79-00423-9. www.externe.info)."<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Health endpoint<br />
! Monetary values [EURO<sub>2000</sub>]<br />
|-<br />
| Medication use / bronchodilator use<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
| Minor restricted activity days (MRAD)<br />
| 38<br />
|-<br />
| Lower respiratory symptoms (adult)<br />
| 38<br />
|-<br />
| Lower respiratory symptoms (child)<br />
| 38<br />
|-<br />
| Cough days<br />
| 38<br />
|-<br />
| Acute respiratory symptoms<br />
| 38<br />
|-<br />
| Consultations with primary care physicians_Asthma<br />
| 53<br />
|- <br />
| Consultations with primary care physicians_Upper respiratory diseases<br />
| 75<br />
|-<br />
| Consultations with primary care physicians for allergic rhinitis<br />
| 75<br />
|-<br />
| Work loss days (WLD)<br />
| 82<br />
|-<br />
| Restricted activity days (RADs)<br />
| 130<br />
|-<br />
| Respiratory hospital admissions<br />
| 2,000<br />
|-<br />
| Cardiac hospital admissions<br />
| 2,000<br />
|-<br />
| Life expectancy reduction - YOLLchronic<br />
| 40,000<br />
|-<br />
| Increased mortality risk (infants) YOLLchronic<br />
| 40,000<br />
|-<br />
| Increased mortality risk YOLLacute<br />
| 60,000<br />
|-<br />
| New cases of chronic bronchitis<br />
| 200,000<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Methodological issue to be considered (please see also [[D18_Risk_characterisation_methodology_report]]):'''<br />
* The given numbers are for impacts on human health by air pollutants only. The outcomes and values haven been selected/determined in an interative process considering both the relevance of the health impact and the possibility of quantification.<br />
* '''Caution:''' The health endpoints of the study-site and the policy-site must be consistent (example: What is a chronic cough? A cough that lasts 2 months or 10 years?).<br />
* The preferencial method to receive monetary values for health endpoints (like those in the table) is the contingent valuation method which implies to ask people for their willingness to pay to reduce a given health risk. If this method is not applicable but for a specific health endpoint DALYs and YOLLs can be estimated, then monetary values for YOLLs can be taken to calculate the value of a health end point. '''Caution:''' The two methods cannot simply be mixed. Most values differ for the two methods because the DALY-approach uses expert elicitation for severity weights while the contingent value method asks directly for the preference of the population.<br />
* The values derived with the contingent valuation method in ExternE apply to small risks, like having an asthma attack or die half a year earlier than normal. They cannot be used to value big risks, such as a sudden death due to a car accident.<br />
* YOLLacute: example: an elderly person is so ill that he would have died anyway but due to high ozone concentration dies a day earlier<br />
* YOLLchronic: mortality that happens in the future; at the end of his life a person dies a day earlier because of the air pollution he has suffered years ago (in theory the value is the discounted value for an acute YOLL; in practice the values are derived the other way round: the questionnaire asks for chronic YOLLs and the acute YOLLs are derived from this)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* Desaigues, B., D. Ami, M. Hutchison, A. Rabl, S. Chilton, H. Metcalf, A. Hunt, R. Ortiz, S. Navrud, P. Kaderjak, R. Szántó, J. S. Nielsen, C. J. e. S. Pellegrini, M. B. Kohlová, M. Scasny, V. Máca, J. Urban, M.-E. Stoeckel, A. Bartczak, O. Markiewicz, P. Riera and V. Farreras (2007). Final Report on the monetary valuation of mortality and morbidity risks from air pollution. NEEDS project, FP6, Rs1b_D6.7.<br />
* European Commission (2005). ExternE - Externalities of Energy: Methodology 2005 update, http://www.externe.info/brussels/methup05.pdf<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* Publications about environmental efficiency and productivity by Mika Kortelainen: a method to derive a single-dimensional efficiency index from multi-dimensional input [http://joypub.joensuu.fi/joypub/search.php?setSearchStart=0&searchString=kortelainen].<br />
[[category:Intarese]]</div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Monetization_of_impacts&diff=13327Monetization of impacts2009-10-15T14:39:43Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
= Monetisation of impacts =<br />
<br />
by USTUTT (Alexandra Kuhn, Peter Bickel and Rainer Friedrich)<br />
<br />
== Purpose of monetising health impacts and quantifying health damage costs ==<br />
<br />
Human activities cause damages and impose risks on human beings, ecosystems and materials. For instance, a power plant when producing electricity may emit pollutants that are transported in the atmosphere and then when inhaled can create a health risk or after deposition can disturb ecosystems. In order to be able to assess and compare the damages (often referred to as “external effects”) with each other and with costs, it is advantageous to transform them into a common unit; the choice of a monetary unit here has advantages described later. Often the damages of an activity are quantified using the concept of external costs. External costs are costs that are not included in the market price of the goods and services being produced, i.e. a cost not borne by those who create it. Defining scenarios we use the avoided external costs of one scenario compared to the external costs of the other as a measure of the benefits of this scenario.<br />
<br />
There are several purposes for monetising health impacts and quantifying health damage costs.<br />
<br />
* When '''investment decisions''' are made, e.g. about which power plant technology to use or where to site a power plant, it is evident that it would be of interest for society to take environmental and health impacts into account and include the external effects into the decision process. To support the decision process, the social costs of the investment alternatives, i.e. the sum of internal and external costs, can then be compared. If decisions are to be taken now, but the consequences of the decisions reach decades into the future, the possible future costs have to be estimated. The same principle is valid for '''ranking of alternative policies'''.<br />
* In a similar way external cost estimates are useful for carrying out '''technology assessments''', and thus to find out the principal weaknesses and strengths of a technology and to be able to assess the overall performance and usefulness of a technology; this would for example help to answer questions about whether and where the technology would need further improvement, and whether subsidising it or supporting further research might be justified.<br />
* A third very important field of application is the performance of '''cost-benefit- analyses for policies and measures that reduce environmental and health impacts'''. Policies and measures for reducing environmental pollution generally imply additional costs for industry and consumers. Thus it is important for the acceptance of the measure to show that the benefits, for example reduced health risks, outweigh or justify the costs. The benefit can be expressed as avoided damage costs. To calculate these it is necessary to create two scenarios: a baseline scenario, which describes a development without the implementation of the measure or policy and a scenario including it. Then the impacts occurring for the two scenarios are calculated. The difference of the impacts is monetised; this gives the avoided damage costs or benefits (provided that the impacts of the scenario with the measure are lower than for the baseline scenario). These benefits can then be compared with the costs. If benefits are larger than costs, the policy or measure is beneficial for society’s welfare.<br />
* Another area of application is the assessment of health and environmental impacts occurring in a region due to activities of different economic branches, in short '''green accounting'''. For example one could monetise the health effects occurring due to emissions of different pollutants, and can then rank different source categories, economic sectors or pollutants according to their health impacts, compare health effects in different countries or imposed from one country to another or to compare health effects of different years to find out whether the situation is improving.<br />
* Quantifying external costs can also be used for internalising them, i.e. that the polluter has to pay for the pollution and the effects that he caused. This will lead to including the external costs into the market prices ("getting the prices right").<br />
<br />
== Why do we use monetary values? ==<br />
<br />
The applications mentioned in the first section above all have something in common: having calculated different impacts (risks, damage) on receptors (e.g. adverse health effects) or indicators that indicate to what extent objectives are fulfilled, it is necessary to compare these impacts with each other and with costs. To compare technologies or assess policies, it has to be found out whether one set of impacts and costs is better or worse than another set. This is not straightforward, '''as the different impacts have different units''', so they cannot be added directly. How can we compare, e.g. 10 cough days with one case of bladder cancer? So, before being able to add and compare impacts, it is necessary to transform them into a common unit. <br />
<br />
There are different possibilities for a common unit. Why do we use monetary values?<br />
<br />
# All the applications mentioned in the first section imply that there are different effects and impacts that somehow have to be weighted relative to others to get an overall assessment of whether one basket of impacts is better or worse than another. The first requirement to a decision support methodology is that this '''assessment or weighting of impacts is as far as possible carried out using quantitative figures and procedures'''. The reason is that only quantitative algorithms ensure the necessary transparency and reproducibility of results.<br />
# '''The use of monetary values as common unit into which impacts are transformed''' has a number of advantages. First, units are conceivable. The importance of an impact in monetary units, say €10,000, can be directly and intuitively grasped, as one can compare it with the utility of the goods and services that one could buy with this amount. Whereas an amount of, say 120 utility points, does not say anything about the importance of the impact. Secondly, monetary values are transferable from one application to another. This is because monetary units are defined independently of the assessment process. So if a monetary valuation of the risk to get a certain disease, e.g. bronchitis, has been found, this value can – with some caution and adjustment – then be used in a further analysis, where this disease occurs, without having to carry out a new survey on its monetary value. Thirdly, the applications mentioned in the first section at some stage require the use of monetary units. So in order to compare costs with utility, it is necessary to convert utility into monetary units. It would of course also be possible to convert costs into some measure of utility like ecopoints, but this is obviously less useful due to the first reason mentioned.<br />
# Having determined monetary values for impacts, e.g. adverse health effects, it is possible to conduct '''cost benefit analyses''' because now the costs and the benefits can be measured on the same scale. <br />
<br />
It may seem quite insensitive to allocate monetary values to impacts like health effects or the extinction of species. But preferences in society exist anyhow and monetising impacts just reflects those preferences for certain activities and decisions compared to other activities and decision.<br />
<br />
== Methods for monetisation ==<br />
<br />
How is it possible to get a measure for the relative importance of impacts and thus for the weighting factors or algorithms needed? As no natural law exists that somehow weighs impacts with different units, the logical possibility is to measure the preferences of the population. This can be done with a number of methods, e.g. by asking for or observing the '''willingness to pay''' to avoid a certain impact. The only alternative would be to measure the preferences of elected representatives of the population, with the argument that representatives are or can be better informed than the public. However, these representatives change, so that benefit transfer is difficult or not possible. Furthermore experience with multi-attribute utility analysis shows that decision makers are often not willing to expose their preference structure, possibly because they fear that they lose influence on their decisions. Although it is also possible to use revealed preferences of decision makers for example, the preferred way is to directly measure preferences of the population. <br />
<br />
Methods for monetisation can be grouped in <br />
* '''goods with a market price''' and <br />
* '''non-market goods'''.<br />
<br />
Either is it possible to determine the<br />
* '''willingness to pay''' a certain amount to avoid a certain impact, or the<br />
* '''willingness to accept''' which presents the amount of money one would demand as compensation for accepting a certain impact.<br />
<br />
Methods for deriving monetary values for market price goods:<br />
* Market prices (only for goods traded on markets! e.g. crops, timber)<br />
<br />
For non-market goods (public goods, human health risks):<br />
* Indirect evaluation methods<br />
** Hedonic pricing (wage differences due to risks, price changes of houses or rents due to difference in air pollution or noise; prices of commodities contain implicitly the willingness to pay for the no-market goods)<br />
** Travel cost method (number of trips to areas, e.g. recreation areas with certain features as a function of expenses including travel time)<br />
** Averting behaviour method / prevention costs - costs of products paid to reduce risks or damage (purchase of a safety equipment, e.g. airbags in cars, installation of water filtering systems)<br />
* Direct evaluation methods<br />
** Contingent valuation, contingent ranking (interviews to find out the changes in behaviour, e.g. number of trips, if a feature, e.g. environmental quality, of a good changes)<br />
** Participatory approaches<br />
** Surveys asking public decision-makers for their preferences (corresponds to multi-attribute utility analysis)<br />
<br />
Alternative approaches for weighting different impacts (e.g. use of multi-attribute utility analysis) are possible; however they have to be justified well.<br />
<br />
=== Contingent valuation method - CVM ===<br />
<br />
The method used mostly for quantifying health effects is the contingent valuation methods which uses surveys to ask for the willingness to pay. To get useful results in these surveys, impacts should be described and explained as well as possible before measuring preferences. Given that it would be not feasible to ask the whole population, it seems sufficient to ask a representative sample of the population. Thus, the '''assessment of impacts is based on the (measured) preferences of the affected well-informed population'''. To be able to get meaningful results, the interviewed persons have to understand the change of utility that occurs due to the impact to be assessed. This implies that '''it is important to value damages, not pressures or effects'''. For instance, it is not useful to ask for the willingness to pay to avoid an amount of emissions, say 5 tonnes of NO<sub>x</sub>, as no one – at least without further information or knowledge – can judge the severity of this or the damage or loss of utility caused by this emission. On the other hand, if somebody is asked for an assessment of a concrete health risk, e.g. a cough day, he can compare this impact with other impacts and changes of utility that he experiences. The advantage of the CVM compared to indirect valuation techniques is that it can be applied for all types of goods, i.e. also for goods where no market data or behaviour in the past can be found.<br />
<br />
== Comparison of WTA and WTP ==<br />
<br />
{|{{prettytable}}<br />
! <br />
! Willingness to accept<br />
! Willingness to pay<br />
|-----<br />
| Environmental improvement<br />
| Which minimum amount of money would you claim if the improvement does not take place?<br />
| Which maximum amount of money would you be willing to pay for the improvement?<br />
|-----<br />
| Environmental impairment<br />
| Which minimum amount of money would you claim for an impairment?<br />
| Which maximum amount of money are you willing to pay for the impairment not to happen?<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
== Health impacts: Components of Welfare (from a presentation by Alistair Hunt at a Heimtsa Meeting ) ==<br />
<br />
'''1.''' Resource costs i.e. medical costs<br />
<br />
'''2.''' Opportunity costs i.e. the cost in terms of lost productivity (work time loss (or performing at less than full capacity)) and the opportunity cost of leisure (leisure time loss) including non-paid work.<br />
<br />
'''1''' + '''2''' = '''Cost-of-illness'''<br />
<br />
'''3.''' Dis-utility i.e. other social and economic costs including any restrictions on or reduced enjoyment of desired leisure activities, discomfort or inconvenience (pain or suffering), anxiety about the future, and concern and inconvenience to family members and others.<br />
<br />
'''1''' + '''2''' + '''3''' = '''Willingness to pay (WTP)'''<br />
<br />
== Site and time dependency of emissions ==<br />
<br />
An important aspect is that damage costs depend on the time and site of the emission. For instance, if air pollutants are released in a densely populated area, the health of more people is at risk than for a site where equal amounts of pollutants are emitted but in a less densely populated area. Noise in a city at night is more annoying than a similar noise level outside the city during the day. '''The decision support methodology should thus be capable of calculating site and time dependent damage costs'''. Only a detailed bottom-up calculation allows a close appreciation of such site, time and technology dependence.<br />
<br />
== Discounting ==<br />
<br />
The willingness to pay of people is dependent on the time. If one could avoid an asthma attack tomorrow one would pay more than if one could avoid it in 10 years time. Therefore the values must be discounted if one looks into the future.<br />
<br />
== Evaluation of health risks ==<br />
<br />
Critical arguments often brought forward against monetisation include that basic human rights are not to be subjected to physical harm by other people. Another argument is that people would value a certain human life infinitively high. But in reality people weigh costs and benefits of investments into safety equipment carefully and a trade-off between health risks and income is found in day-to-day decisions. Furthermore what is to be evaluated are changes in ex-ante risks, not ex-post risks such as the deaths of known individuals.<br />
<br />
<br />
See also a presentation held at the [[Joint method development period in Kuopio in 2007 | Kuopio workshop]] by Alex Kuhn from USTUTT. The original presentation slides can be found [[Media:Monetisation.ppt | here]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Intarese general method]]<br />
[[Category:WP1.4]]<br />
[[Category:Intarese HI]]</div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Monetization_of_impacts&diff=13326Monetization of impacts2009-10-15T14:39:27Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: </p>
<hr />
<div>See also:<br />
<br />
<br />
= Monetisation of impacts =<br />
<br />
by USTUTT (Alexandra Kuhn, Peter Bickel and Rainer Friedrich)<br />
<br />
== Purpose of monetising health impacts and quantifying health damage costs ==<br />
<br />
Human activities cause damages and impose risks on human beings, ecosystems and materials. For instance, a power plant when producing electricity may emit pollutants that are transported in the atmosphere and then when inhaled can create a health risk or after deposition can disturb ecosystems. In order to be able to assess and compare the damages (often referred to as “external effects”) with each other and with costs, it is advantageous to transform them into a common unit; the choice of a monetary unit here has advantages described later. Often the damages of an activity are quantified using the concept of external costs. External costs are costs that are not included in the market price of the goods and services being produced, i.e. a cost not borne by those who create it. Defining scenarios we use the avoided external costs of one scenario compared to the external costs of the other as a measure of the benefits of this scenario.<br />
<br />
There are several purposes for monetising health impacts and quantifying health damage costs.<br />
<br />
* When '''investment decisions''' are made, e.g. about which power plant technology to use or where to site a power plant, it is evident that it would be of interest for society to take environmental and health impacts into account and include the external effects into the decision process. To support the decision process, the social costs of the investment alternatives, i.e. the sum of internal and external costs, can then be compared. If decisions are to be taken now, but the consequences of the decisions reach decades into the future, the possible future costs have to be estimated. The same principle is valid for '''ranking of alternative policies'''.<br />
* In a similar way external cost estimates are useful for carrying out '''technology assessments''', and thus to find out the principal weaknesses and strengths of a technology and to be able to assess the overall performance and usefulness of a technology; this would for example help to answer questions about whether and where the technology would need further improvement, and whether subsidising it or supporting further research might be justified.<br />
* A third very important field of application is the performance of '''cost-benefit- analyses for policies and measures that reduce environmental and health impacts'''. Policies and measures for reducing environmental pollution generally imply additional costs for industry and consumers. Thus it is important for the acceptance of the measure to show that the benefits, for example reduced health risks, outweigh or justify the costs. The benefit can be expressed as avoided damage costs. To calculate these it is necessary to create two scenarios: a baseline scenario, which describes a development without the implementation of the measure or policy and a scenario including it. Then the impacts occurring for the two scenarios are calculated. The difference of the impacts is monetised; this gives the avoided damage costs or benefits (provided that the impacts of the scenario with the measure are lower than for the baseline scenario). These benefits can then be compared with the costs. If benefits are larger than costs, the policy or measure is beneficial for society’s welfare.<br />
* Another area of application is the assessment of health and environmental impacts occurring in a region due to activities of different economic branches, in short '''green accounting'''. For example one could monetise the health effects occurring due to emissions of different pollutants, and can then rank different source categories, economic sectors or pollutants according to their health impacts, compare health effects in different countries or imposed from one country to another or to compare health effects of different years to find out whether the situation is improving.<br />
* Quantifying external costs can also be used for internalising them, i.e. that the polluter has to pay for the pollution and the effects that he caused. This will lead to including the external costs into the market prices ("getting the prices right").<br />
<br />
== Why do we use monetary values? ==<br />
<br />
The applications mentioned in the first section above all have something in common: having calculated different impacts (risks, damage) on receptors (e.g. adverse health effects) or indicators that indicate to what extent objectives are fulfilled, it is necessary to compare these impacts with each other and with costs. To compare technologies or assess policies, it has to be found out whether one set of impacts and costs is better or worse than another set. This is not straightforward, '''as the different impacts have different units''', so they cannot be added directly. How can we compare, e.g. 10 cough days with one case of bladder cancer? So, before being able to add and compare impacts, it is necessary to transform them into a common unit. <br />
<br />
There are different possibilities for a common unit. Why do we use monetary values?<br />
<br />
# All the applications mentioned in the first section imply that there are different effects and impacts that somehow have to be weighted relative to others to get an overall assessment of whether one basket of impacts is better or worse than another. The first requirement to a decision support methodology is that this '''assessment or weighting of impacts is as far as possible carried out using quantitative figures and procedures'''. The reason is that only quantitative algorithms ensure the necessary transparency and reproducibility of results.<br />
# '''The use of monetary values as common unit into which impacts are transformed''' has a number of advantages. First, units are conceivable. The importance of an impact in monetary units, say €10,000, can be directly and intuitively grasped, as one can compare it with the utility of the goods and services that one could buy with this amount. Whereas an amount of, say 120 utility points, does not say anything about the importance of the impact. Secondly, monetary values are transferable from one application to another. This is because monetary units are defined independently of the assessment process. So if a monetary valuation of the risk to get a certain disease, e.g. bronchitis, has been found, this value can – with some caution and adjustment – then be used in a further analysis, where this disease occurs, without having to carry out a new survey on its monetary value. Thirdly, the applications mentioned in the first section at some stage require the use of monetary units. So in order to compare costs with utility, it is necessary to convert utility into monetary units. It would of course also be possible to convert costs into some measure of utility like ecopoints, but this is obviously less useful due to the first reason mentioned.<br />
# Having determined monetary values for impacts, e.g. adverse health effects, it is possible to conduct '''cost benefit analyses''' because now the costs and the benefits can be measured on the same scale. <br />
<br />
It may seem quite insensitive to allocate monetary values to impacts like health effects or the extinction of species. But preferences in society exist anyhow and monetising impacts just reflects those preferences for certain activities and decisions compared to other activities and decision.<br />
<br />
== Methods for monetisation ==<br />
<br />
How is it possible to get a measure for the relative importance of impacts and thus for the weighting factors or algorithms needed? As no natural law exists that somehow weighs impacts with different units, the logical possibility is to measure the preferences of the population. This can be done with a number of methods, e.g. by asking for or observing the '''willingness to pay''' to avoid a certain impact. The only alternative would be to measure the preferences of elected representatives of the population, with the argument that representatives are or can be better informed than the public. However, these representatives change, so that benefit transfer is difficult or not possible. Furthermore experience with multi-attribute utility analysis shows that decision makers are often not willing to expose their preference structure, possibly because they fear that they lose influence on their decisions. Although it is also possible to use revealed preferences of decision makers for example, the preferred way is to directly measure preferences of the population. <br />
<br />
Methods for monetisation can be grouped in <br />
* '''goods with a market price''' and <br />
* '''non-market goods'''.<br />
<br />
Either is it possible to determine the<br />
* '''willingness to pay''' a certain amount to avoid a certain impact, or the<br />
* '''willingness to accept''' which presents the amount of money one would demand as compensation for accepting a certain impact.<br />
<br />
Methods for deriving monetary values for market price goods:<br />
* Market prices (only for goods traded on markets! e.g. crops, timber)<br />
<br />
For non-market goods (public goods, human health risks):<br />
* Indirect evaluation methods<br />
** Hedonic pricing (wage differences due to risks, price changes of houses or rents due to difference in air pollution or noise; prices of commodities contain implicitly the willingness to pay for the no-market goods)<br />
** Travel cost method (number of trips to areas, e.g. recreation areas with certain features as a function of expenses including travel time)<br />
** Averting behaviour method / prevention costs - costs of products paid to reduce risks or damage (purchase of a safety equipment, e.g. airbags in cars, installation of water filtering systems)<br />
* Direct evaluation methods<br />
** Contingent valuation, contingent ranking (interviews to find out the changes in behaviour, e.g. number of trips, if a feature, e.g. environmental quality, of a good changes)<br />
** Participatory approaches<br />
** Surveys asking public decision-makers for their preferences (corresponds to multi-attribute utility analysis)<br />
<br />
Alternative approaches for weighting different impacts (e.g. use of multi-attribute utility analysis) are possible; however they have to be justified well.<br />
<br />
=== Contingent valuation method - CVM ===<br />
<br />
The method used mostly for quantifying health effects is the contingent valuation methods which uses surveys to ask for the willingness to pay. To get useful results in these surveys, impacts should be described and explained as well as possible before measuring preferences. Given that it would be not feasible to ask the whole population, it seems sufficient to ask a representative sample of the population. Thus, the '''assessment of impacts is based on the (measured) preferences of the affected well-informed population'''. To be able to get meaningful results, the interviewed persons have to understand the change of utility that occurs due to the impact to be assessed. This implies that '''it is important to value damages, not pressures or effects'''. For instance, it is not useful to ask for the willingness to pay to avoid an amount of emissions, say 5 tonnes of NO<sub>x</sub>, as no one – at least without further information or knowledge – can judge the severity of this or the damage or loss of utility caused by this emission. On the other hand, if somebody is asked for an assessment of a concrete health risk, e.g. a cough day, he can compare this impact with other impacts and changes of utility that he experiences. The advantage of the CVM compared to indirect valuation techniques is that it can be applied for all types of goods, i.e. also for goods where no market data or behaviour in the past can be found.<br />
<br />
== Comparison of WTA and WTP ==<br />
<br />
{|{{prettytable}}<br />
! <br />
! Willingness to accept<br />
! Willingness to pay<br />
|-----<br />
| Environmental improvement<br />
| Which minimum amount of money would you claim if the improvement does not take place?<br />
| Which maximum amount of money would you be willing to pay for the improvement?<br />
|-----<br />
| Environmental impairment<br />
| Which minimum amount of money would you claim for an impairment?<br />
| Which maximum amount of money are you willing to pay for the impairment not to happen?<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
== Health impacts: Components of Welfare (from a presentation by Alistair Hunt at a Heimtsa Meeting ) ==<br />
<br />
'''1.''' Resource costs i.e. medical costs<br />
<br />
'''2.''' Opportunity costs i.e. the cost in terms of lost productivity (work time loss (or performing at less than full capacity)) and the opportunity cost of leisure (leisure time loss) including non-paid work.<br />
<br />
'''1''' + '''2''' = '''Cost-of-illness'''<br />
<br />
'''3.''' Dis-utility i.e. other social and economic costs including any restrictions on or reduced enjoyment of desired leisure activities, discomfort or inconvenience (pain or suffering), anxiety about the future, and concern and inconvenience to family members and others.<br />
<br />
'''1''' + '''2''' + '''3''' = '''Willingness to pay (WTP)'''<br />
<br />
== Site and time dependency of emissions ==<br />
<br />
An important aspect is that damage costs depend on the time and site of the emission. For instance, if air pollutants are released in a densely populated area, the health of more people is at risk than for a site where equal amounts of pollutants are emitted but in a less densely populated area. Noise in a city at night is more annoying than a similar noise level outside the city during the day. '''The decision support methodology should thus be capable of calculating site and time dependent damage costs'''. Only a detailed bottom-up calculation allows a close appreciation of such site, time and technology dependence.<br />
<br />
== Discounting ==<br />
<br />
The willingness to pay of people is dependent on the time. If one could avoid an asthma attack tomorrow one would pay more than if one could avoid it in 10 years time. Therefore the values must be discounted if one looks into the future.<br />
<br />
== Evaluation of health risks ==<br />
<br />
Critical arguments often brought forward against monetisation include that basic human rights are not to be subjected to physical harm by other people. Another argument is that people would value a certain human life infinitively high. But in reality people weigh costs and benefits of investments into safety equipment carefully and a trade-off between health risks and income is found in day-to-day decisions. Furthermore what is to be evaluated are changes in ex-ante risks, not ex-post risks such as the deaths of known individuals.<br />
<br />
<br />
See also a presentation held at the [[Joint method development period in Kuopio in 2007 | Kuopio workshop]] by Alex Kuhn from USTUTT. The original presentation slides can be found [[Media:Monetisation.ppt | here]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Intarese general method]]<br />
[[Category:WP1.4]]<br />
[[Category:Intarese HI]]</div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Intarese_framework&diff=10742Intarese framework2009-08-14T12:10:20Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Guidebook}}<br />
{{encyclopedia|Assessment frameworks}}<br />
[[Category:Glossary term]]<br />
<section begin=glossary /><br />
:'''The INTARESE framework''' comprises all relevant aspects and builds on all relevant methods to provide guidance for a comprehensive and integrated risk/impact assessment.<ref name="Intarese_framework">[http://www.intarese.org/kt/action.php?kt_path_info=ktcore.actions.document.view&fDocumentId=26 D5 Intarese Conceptual Model of Assessment Framework] (May 2007)</ref> It recognised the concept of the DPSIR, DPSEEA and MEME frameworks but provides a more flexible and comprehensive framework. The key [[Attribute | attributes]] are:<br />
:* the full chain approach, including variables and causal relationships linking the different steps in the chain from source to impact<br />
:* the logical process of assessment (steps involved in the execution of the assessment, tasks and responsibilities of the parties involved)<br />
:* information input and models (data input and processing, applying models, transforming intermediate variables into meaningful indicators and summary indices)<br />
:* appraisal of the information from multiple perspectives<br />
<br />
<section end=glossary /><br />
<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|-<br />
! Framework<br />
! Impact Pathway Approach<br />
! Full chain<br />
! DPSIR<br />
! DPSEEA<br />
|-<br />
| '''Used by whom'''<br />
| '''ExternE / Heimtsa'''<br />
| '''Intarese'''<br />
| '''EEA'''<br />
| '''WHO'''<br />
|- <br />
! '''Source'''<br />
| <ref>http://www.externe.info/</ref><br />
| <ref>http://www.intarese.org</ref><br />
| <ref>http://glossary.eea.europa.eu/EEAGlossary/D/DPSIR</ref> <ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPSIR</ref> <ref>http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPSIR</ref><br />
| <ref>http://www.euro.who.int/EHindicators/Indicators/20030527_2</ref><br />
|-<br />
! '''Summary'''<br />
| The impact pathway approach allows for the determination of impacts (e.g. health effects) and damages (external costs) due to emissions of pollutants.<br />
| The full chain covers all the aspects from the other frameworks and focuses on comprehensiveness and integration. It is limited to human health.<br />
| The causal framework for describing the interactions between society and the environment adopted by the European Environment Agency: driving forces, pressures, states, impacts, responses (extension of the PSR model developed by OECD).<br />
| The DPSEEA (Driving Forces - Pressures - State - Exposure - Effects - Actions) model is useful in designing a system of environmental health indicators within the decision-making context.<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! '''Scenarios'''<br />
| Scenario development / description: comparison of (a) policy option(s) to a reference scenario<br />
| Either consider the status quo or investigate scenarios<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! '''Driving forces'''<br />
| '''Activities''' <br> Activities that lead to emissions, e.g. driving a car, producing energy, using hairspray<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| '''Driving forces''' <br> Areas in public life that exert pressure on the environment, e.g. economic sectors, households.<br />
| '''Driving forces''' <br> The driving forces refer to the factors that motivate and push the environmental processes involved.<br />
|-<br />
! '''Pressures, e.g. emissions'''<br />
| '''Emissions''' <br> Emissions into air, water and soil, depending on activities and emission factors; can be reduced by applying mitigation measures<br />
| '''Sources: emissions, releases''' <br> Due to activities and processes (natural and anthropogenic)<br />
| '''Pressures''' <br> Resulting environmental burden, e.g. due to waste and built-up areas<br />
| '''Pressures''' <br> This result is the generation of pressures on the environment.<br />
|-<br />
! '''State of the environmental media'''<br />
| '''Concentrations / Depositions''' <br> Changes in the state of the environmental media leading to impacts<br />
| '''Quality of environmental media: concentration''' <br> After dispersion and transformation<br />
| '''State''' <br> State of an environmental compartment that is exposed to the burden, e.g. changes in atmosphere and lithosphere<br />
| '''State''' <br> In response to the pressures, the state of the environment is often modified.<br />
|-<br />
! '''Exposure'''<br />
| '''Concentrations / Depositions / Intake/Uptake''' <br> Concentrations that effect the population intake via ingestion. <br> Sensible area that is exposed to deposition <br> Material that is exposed to depostion<br />
| '''Exposure settings: Exposure''' <br> Depending on population behaviour, e.g. time-activity pattern, product use, diet<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| '''Exposure''' <br> Deterioration in the state of the environment, however, poses risks to human well-being only when there is interplay between people and the hazards in the environment. Exposure is therefore rarely an automatic consequence of the existence of a hazard: it requires that people are present both at the place and at the time that the hazard occurs. Exposure to environmental hazards, in turn, leads to a wide spectrum of health effects, which may be acute or chronic. The concept of exposure is best developed in relation to pollutants in environmental media. The amount of the pollutant absorbed, i.e. the "dose", depends on the duration and intensity of the exposure.<br />
|-<br />
! '''Impacts / Effects, e.g. health effects'''<br />
| '''Impacts''' <br> Impacts on the receptors, e.g. human health effects, adverse effects on crops, materials and ecosystems<br />
| '''Human body: dose, health effects''' <br> After inhalation, dermal exposure, ingestion Pathophysiological processes lead from a dose to a health effect <br />
| '''Impacts''' <br> Specific impact due to the environmental burden, e.g. greenhouse effect, soil pollution<br />
| '''Effects''' <br>Some hazards may have a rapid effect following exposure, whereas others may require a long time to produce an adverse health effect.<br />
|-<br />
! '''Damages'''<br />
| '''Damages''' <br> External costs of the impacts due to the emissions. Thus, the impacts are made comparable; and a cost-benefit-analysis can be conducted.<br />
| rowspan=2 valign="centre" | '''Social, cultural, political, economical and judicial settings: Impacts''' <br> Taking place of valuation and weighing; risk characterisation; e.g. policy deficits, disease burden, societal (external) costs, perceptions<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! '''Answers of society / Actions'''<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| '''Responses''' <br> Social reaction to the burden, e.g. research and laws<br />
| '''Actions''' <br> In face of the environmental problems and consequent health effects, society attempts to adopt and implement a<br />
range of actions. These may take many forms and be targeted at different points within the environment-health continuum. Actions may be taken to reduce or control the hazards concerned, such as by limiting emissions of pollutants or introducing flood control measures. The most effective long-term actions, however, are those that are preventive in approach, aimed at eliminating or reducing the forces that drive the system. <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Intarese_framework&diff=10741Intarese framework2009-08-14T12:03:56Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Guidebook}}<br />
{{encyclopedia|Assessment frameworks}}<br />
[[Category:Glossary term]]<br />
<section begin=glossary /><br />
:'''The INTARESE framework''' comprises all relevant aspects and builds on all relevant methods to provide guidance for a comprehensive and integrated risk/impact assessment.<ref name="Intarese_framework">[http://www.intarese.org/kt/action.php?kt_path_info=ktcore.actions.document.view&fDocumentId=26 D5 Intarese Conceptual Model of Assessment Framework] (May 2007)</ref> It recognised the concept of the DPSIR, DPSEEA and MEME frameworks but provides a more flexible and comprehensive framework. The key [[Attribute | attributes]] are:<br />
:* the full chain approach, including variables and causal relationships linking the different steps in the chain from source to impact<br />
:* the logical process of assessment (steps involved in the execution of the assessment, tasks and responsibilities of the parties involved)<br />
:* information input and models (data input and processing, applying models, transforming intermediate variables into meaningful indicators and summary indices)<br />
:* appraisal of the information from multiple perspectives<br />
<br />
<section end=glossary /><br />
<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|-<br />
! Framework<br />
! Impact Pathway Approach<br />
! Full chain<br />
! DPSIR<br />
! DPSEEA<br />
|-<br />
| '''Used by whom'''<br />
| '''ExternE / Heimtsa'''<br />
| '''Intarese'''<br />
| '''EEA'''<br />
| '''WHO'''<br />
|- <br />
! '''Source'''<br />
| <ref>http://www.externe.info/</ref><br />
| <ref>http://www.intarese.org</ref><br />
| <ref>http://glossary.eea.europa.eu/EEAGlossary/D/DPSIR</ref> <ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPSIR</ref> <ref>http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPSIR</ref><br />
| <ref>http://www.euro.who.int/EHindicators/Indicators/20030527_2</ref><br />
|-<br />
! '''Summary'''<br />
| The impact pathway approach allows for the determination of impacts (e.g. health effects) and damages (external costs) due to emissions of pollutants.<br />
| The full chain covers all the aspects from the other frameworks and focuses on comprehensiveness and integration. It is limited to human health.<br />
| The causal framework for describing the interactions between society and the environment adopted by the European Environment Agency: driving forces, pressures, states, impacts, responses (extension of the PSR model developed by OECD).<br />
| The DPSEEA (Driving Forces - Pressures - State - Exposure - Effects - Actions) model is useful in designing a system of environmental health indicators within the decision-making context.<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! '''Scenarios'''<br />
| Scenario development / description: comparison of (a) policy option(s) to a reference scenario<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! '''Driving forces'''<br />
| '''Activities''' <br> Activities that lead to emissions, e.g. driving a car, producing energy, using hairspray<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| '''Driving forces''' <br> Areas in public life that exert pressure on the environment, e.g. economic sectors, households.<br />
| '''Driving forces''' <br> The driving forces refer to the factors that motivate and push the environmental processes involved.<br />
|-<br />
! '''Pressures, e.g. emissions'''<br />
| '''Emissions''' <br> Emissions into air, water and soil, depending on activities and emission factors; can be reduced by applying mitigation measures<br />
| '''Sources: emissions, releases''' <br> Due to activities and processes (natural and anthropogenic)<br />
| '''Pressures''' <br> Resulting environmental burden, e.g. due to waste and built-up areas<br />
| '''Pressures''' <br> This result is the generation of pressures on the environment.<br />
|-<br />
! '''State of the environmental media'''<br />
| '''Concentrations / Depositions''' <br> Changes in the state of the environmental media leading to impacts<br />
| '''Quality of environmental media: concentration''' <br> After dispersion and transformation<br />
| '''State''' <br> State of an environmental compartment that is exposed to the burden, e.g. changes in atmosphere and lithosphere<br />
| '''State''' <br> In response to the pressures, the state of the environment is often modified.<br />
|-<br />
! '''Exposure'''<br />
| '''Concentrations / Depositions / Intake/Uptake''' <br> Concentrations that effect the population intake via ingestion. <br> Sensible area that is exposed to deposition <br> Material that is exposed to depostion<br />
| '''Exposure settings: Exposure''' <br> Depending on population behaviour, e.g. time-activity pattern, product use, diet<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| '''Exposure''' <br> Deterioration in the state of the environment, however, poses risks to human well-being only when there is interplay between people and the hazards in the environment. Exposure is therefore rarely an automatic consequence of the existence of a hazard: it requires that people are present both at the place and at the time that the hazard occurs. Exposure to environmental hazards, in turn, leads to a wide spectrum of health effects, which may be acute or chronic. The concept of exposure is best developed in relation to pollutants in environmental media. The amount of the pollutant absorbed, i.e. the "dose", depends on the duration and intensity of the exposure.<br />
|-<br />
! '''Impacts / Effects, e.g. health effects'''<br />
| '''Impacts''' <br> Impacts on the receptors, e.g. human health effects, adverse effects on crops, materials and ecosystems<br />
| '''Human body: dose, health effects''' <br> After inhalation, dermal exposure, ingestion Pathophysiological processes lead from a dose to a health effect <br />
| '''Impacts''' <br> Specific impact due to the environmental burden, e.g. greenhouse effect, soil pollution<br />
| '''Effects''' <br>Some hazards may have a rapid effect following exposure, whereas others may require a long time to produce an adverse health effect.<br />
|-<br />
! '''Damages'''<br />
| '''Damages''' <br> External costs of the impacts due to the emissions. Thus, the impacts are made comparable; and a cost-benefit-analysis can be conducted.<br />
| rowspan=2 valign="centre" | '''Social, cultural, political, economical and judicial settings: Impacts''' <br> Taking place of valuation and weighing; risk characterisation; e.g. policy deficits, disease burden, societal (external) costs, perceptions<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! '''Answers of society / Actions'''<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| '''Responses''' <br> Social reaction to the burden, e.g. research and laws<br />
| '''Actions''' <br> In face of the environmental problems and consequent health effects, society attempts to adopt and implement a<br />
range of actions. These may take many forms and be targeted at different points within the environment-health continuum. Actions may be taken to reduce or control the hazards concerned, such as by limiting emissions of pollutants or introducing flood control measures. The most effective long-term actions, however, are those that are preventive in approach, aimed at eliminating or reducing the forces that drive the system. <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Alexandra Kuhnhttp://en.opasnet.org/en-opwiki/index.php?title=Intarese_framework&diff=10737Intarese framework2009-08-13T13:47:33Z<p>Alexandra Kuhn: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Guidebook}}<br />
{{encyclopedia|Assessment frameworks}}<br />
[[Category:Glossary term]]<br />
<section begin=glossary /><br />
:'''The INTARESE framework''' comprises all relevant aspects and builds on all relevant methods to provide guidance for a comprehensive and integrated risk/impact assessment.<ref name="Intarese_framework">[http://www.intarese.org/kt/action.php?kt_path_info=ktcore.actions.document.view&fDocumentId=26 D5 Intarese Conceptual Model of Assessment Framework] (May 2007)</ref> It recognised the concept of the DPSIR, DPSEEA and MEME frameworks but provides a more flexible and comprehensive framework. The key [[Attribute | attributes]] are:<br />
:* the full chain approach, including variables and causal relationships linking the different steps in the chain from source to impact<br />
:* the logical process of assessment (steps involved in the execution of the assessment, tasks and responsibilities of the parties involved)<br />
:* information input and models (data input and processing, applying models, transforming intermediate variables into meaningful indicators and summary indices)<br />
:* appraisal of the information from multiple perspectives<br />
<br />
<section end=glossary /><br />
<br />
<br />
{| {{prettytable}}<br />
|-<br />
! Framework<br />
! Impact Pathway Approach<br />
! Full chain<br />
! DPSIR<br />
! DPSEEA<br />
|-<br />
| '''Used by whom'''<br />
| '''ExternE / Heimtsa'''<br />
| '''Intarese'''<br />
| '''EEA'''<br />
| '''WHO'''<br />
|- <br />
! '''Source'''<br />
| <ref>http://www.externe.info/</ref><br />
| <ref>http://www.intarese.org</ref><br />
| <ref>http://glossary.eea.europa.eu/EEAGlossary/D/DPSIR</ref> <ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPSIR</ref> <ref>http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPSIR</ref><br />
| <ref>http://www.euro.who.int/EHindicators/Indicators/20030527_2</ref><br />
|-<br />
! '''Summary'''<br />
| The impact pathway approach allows for the determination of impacts (e.g. health effects) and damages (external costs) due to emissions of pollutants.<br />
| The full chain covers all the aspects from the other frameworks and focuses on comprehensiveness and integration. It is limited to human health.<br />
| The causal framework for describing the interactions between society and the environment adopted by the European Environment Agency: driving forces, pressures, states, impacts, responses (extension of the PSR model developed by OECD).<br />
| The DPSEEA (Driving Forces - Pressures - State - Exposure - Effects - Actions) model is useful in designing a system of environmental health indicators within the decision-making context.<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! '''Driving forces'''<br />
| '''Activities''' <br> Activities that lead to emissions, e.g. driving a car, producing energy, using hairspray<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| '''Driving forces''' <br> Areas in public life that exert pressure on the environment, e.g. economic sectors, households.<br />
| '''Driving forces''' <br> The driving forces refer to the factors that motivate and push the environmental processes involved.<br />
|-<br />
! '''Pressures, e.g. emissions'''<br />
| '''Emissions''' <br> Emissions into air, water and soil, depending on activities and emission factors; can be reduced by applying mitigation measures<br />
| '''Sources: emissions, releases''' <br> Due to activities and processes (natural and anthropogenic)<br />
| '''Pressures''' <br> Resulting environmental burden, e.g. due to waste and built-up areas<br />
| '''Pressures''' <br> This result is the generation of pressures on the environment.<br />
|-<br />
! '''State of the environmental media'''<br />
| '''Concentrations / Depositions''' <br> Changes in the state of the environmental media leading to impacts<br />
| '''Quality of environmental media: concentration''' <br> After dispersion and transformation<br />
| '''State''' <br> State of an environmental compartment that is exposed to the burden, e.g. changes in atmosphere and lithosphere<br />
| '''State''' <br> In response to the pressures, the state of the environment is often modified.<br />
|-<br />
! '''Exposure'''<br />
| '''Concentrations / Depositions / Intake/Uptake''' <br> Concentrations that effect the population intake via ingestion. <br> Sensible area that is exposed to deposition <br> Material that is exposed to depostion<br />
| '''Exposure settings: Exposure''' <br> Depending on population behaviour, e.g. time-activity pattern, product use, diet<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| '''Exposure''' <br> Deterioration in the state of the environment, however, poses risks to human well-being only when there is interplay between people and the hazards in the environment. Exposure is therefore rarely an automatic consequence of the existence of a hazard: it requires that people are present both at the place and at the time that the hazard occurs. Exposure to environmental hazards, in turn, leads to a wide spectrum of health effects, which may be acute or chronic. The concept of exposure is best developed in relation to pollutants in environmental media. The amount of the pollutant absorbed, i.e. the "dose", depends on the duration and intensity of the exposure.<br />
|-<br />
! '''Impacts / Effects, e.g. health effects'''<br />
| '''Impacts''' <br> Impacts on the receptors, e.g. human health effects, adverse effects on crops, materials and ecosystems<br />
| '''Human body: dose, health effects''' <br> After inhalation, dermal exposure, ingestion Pathophysiological processes lead from a dose to a health effect <br />
| '''Impacts''' <br> Specific impact due to the environmental burden, e.g. greenhouse effect, soil pollution<br />
| '''Effects''' <br>Some hazards may have a rapid effect following exposure, whereas others may require a long time to produce an adverse health effect.<br />
|-<br />
! '''Damages'''<br />
| '''Damages''' <br> External costs of the impacts due to the emissions. Thus, the impacts are made comparable; and a cost-benefit-analysis can be conducted.<br />
| rowspan=2 valign="centre" | '''Social, cultural, political, economical and judicial settings: Impacts''' <br> Taking place of valuation and weighing; risk characterisation; e.g. policy deficits, disease burden, societal (external) costs, perceptions<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! '''Answers of society / Actions'''<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| '''Responses''' <br> Social reaction to the burden, e.g. research and laws<br />
| '''Actions''' <br> In face of the environmental problems and consequent health effects, society attempts to adopt and implement a<br />
range of actions. These may take many forms and be targeted at different points within the environment-health continuum. Actions may be taken to reduce or control the hazards concerned, such as by limiting emissions of pollutants or introducing flood control measures. The most effective long-term actions, however, are those that are preventive in approach, aimed at eliminating or reducing the forces that drive the system. <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Alexandra Kuhn